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Sesaxeb
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II Taoba (1958-1963): eleqtronuli teqnikis ganviTarebam, kerZod, tranzistoruli
(naxevargamtaruli) elementebis gamoCenam ganapiroba II Taobis kompiuteris Seqmna. lampa
Seiqcala ufro saimedo da ufro swrafi tranzistoriT. am manqanebs maxsovroba hqondaT
magnitur gulanebze. isini warmoadgendnen patara rgolebs, romlebsac SeeZloT
daemaxsovrebinaT ormagi informacia. tranzistoruli kompiuteri mis winamorbedisgan
gansxvavebiT gamoirCeoda maRali swrafqmedebiT. gaizarda misi muSaobis saimedoba, gamoyenebis
sfero, Semcirda misi gabaritebi da moxmarebuli energia. mas iyenebdnen sxvadasxva
statistikuri da ekonomiuri amocanebis amosaxsnelad. didia misi wvlili samecniero-teqnikuri
amocanebis gadawyvetaSic.
am wlebis mniSvnelovani monapovari ganekuTvneba programis sferos. II Taobis
kompiuterebSi pirvelad gaCnda is, rasac dRes veZaxiT operaciul sistemas. aseve, am wlebSi
Seiqmna daprogramebis enebi: fortrani, koboli, algoli. MA
am Taobis kompiuretebia: `M-220~, ` БЕСМ-4~, `УРАЛ-14~, `МИНСК-2~, ` МИНСК-4~Dda sxva.
III Taoba (1963-1974): 1964 wels firma IBM-ma waradgina eqvs moduliani mowyobloba IBM,
romelic iyo pirveli kompiuteri mesame TaobaSi. es manqanebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen
operatiuli sistemiT da hqondaT brZanebis erTiani sistema.
1957 wels robert noisma (SemdgomSi Intel-is damaarsebeli) gamoigona
srulyofili meTodi, romlis saSualebiT erT firfitaze Tavsdeboda
ramdenime aTeuli tanzistori da maTi SemaerTebeli yvela saSualeba.
miRebul eleqtrul sqemas uwodes integraluri sqema anu Cipi. 1968 wels
gamovida pirveli kompiuteri integraluti sqemiT. xolo 1970 wels Intel
firmam daiwyo integraluti sqemis gayidva.
amave welas Intel firmam aago didi egm-is centraluri procesoris analogiuri integraluri
sqema. ase gaCnda pirveli mikroprocesori Intel-4004.
integraluri sqemebis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia am Taobis kompiuteris swrafmoqmedebis sagrZnobi
amaRleba (80-100 aTasi ariTmetikuli operacia wamSi). agreTve Seiqmna diskuri tipis mexsiereba
da informaciis Semtan-gamomtani mowyobiloba _ disflei. disflei Sedgeba ekranisa da
klaviaturisadan. diskuri anu gare mexsiereba gankuTvnilia im informaciis dasamaxsovreblad,
romelic momxmarebelma SeiZleba mravaljer gamoiyenos.
kompiuteris ganviTarebis process Tan sdevda manqanis programuli uzrunvelyofis,
saeqspluatacio SesaZleblobaTa da mravali sxva maCveneblis mkveTri gaumjobeseba.
moipova ra lideroba, swored am wlebSi daiwyo IBM firmam IBM tipis kompiuterebis
gamoSveba, dawyebuli, patara kompiuterebidan, damTavrebuli yvelaze mZlavri da
ZviradRirebuli kompiuteriT.
60-70-iani wlebi iRbliani gamodga. 1969 wels `daibada~ pirveli globaluri kompiuteruli
qseli _ swored is qseli, rasac dRes `Intelnet-s~ vuwodebT. aseve,
swored 1969 wels erTdroulad gamoCndnen operatiuli sistema Unix
da daprogramebis ena C, romlebmac udidesi gavlena moaxdines
programul samyaroze da dResac inarCuneben am mdgomareobas.
am Taobis kompiuterebs miekuTvneba: `EC-1022~, `EC-1035~, `CM-2~,
`CM-4~, `EC-1055~ da sxva.
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personaluri kompiuteri
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MICROSOFT – maikrosoftis
Seqmnis istoria
uiliam henri geits III daibada 1955 wels qalaq sieltSi iuristisa
da skolis maswavleblis ojaxSi. bedma bili prestiJul kerZo skolaSi
miiyvana, sadac mas aRmoaCnda maTematikisaken midrekileba da sxva
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. bil geitsma iqve gaicno pol aleni. iqve,
adgilobriv gamoTvlil centrSi gaixsna sabavSvo wre, sadac orive
maSinve Caewera. merve klaseli bil geitsi ukve programebs werda Tavisi
pirveli alma mater-isTvis.
bolo klasSi yofnisas bili programistad moewyo aerokosmosur
korporacia TRW-Si, sadac weliwadSi 20 aTas dolars uxdidnen.
1975 wels Microsoft-i xdeba kerZo korporacia, romlis Tavjdomarea bil geitsi, xolo pol aleni
aRmasrulebeli vice-prezidenti. dasawyisSi firma Microsoft-is saqmianoba midioda arc Tu ise kargad. geitsi,
aleni da maTi TanamebrZolebi muSaobdnen dRe-RameSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, magram ar gaaCndaT arc Zala, arc
saSualeba raime genialuri produqciis Sesaqmnelad. erTaderTi rac maT SeZles, es iyo beisikSi
srulyofilebis Setana. kompanias ar hqonda produqciis gasaRebis menejeris ayvanis saSualeba. amitomac es
saqme TavisTavze aiRo geitsis dedam. igi yovelgvari moridebis gareSe sTavazobda Microsoft-is produqcias
sxvadasxva uzarmazar korporaciebs.
1977 wlis ivnisSi Microsoft-i iwyebs programebis meore enis ForTran-is gayidvas.
1978 wlis oqtomberSi Microsoft-isgan BASIC-is licenzias yidulobs firma Radio Shack-i da Apple–i.
BASIC 8080 pirveli programuli ptoduqti iyo, romelmac 1979 wlis 4 aprils erT milioniani premia
aiRo. premia, romelic gadaeca pol alens iyo Microsoft-is pirveli jildo.
kompania Microsoft-is seriozeli aRmavloba daiwyo 1980 wels, roca IBM-ma SesTavaza winadadaba, SeeqmnaT
sabazo operaciuli sistema mis mier gamoSvebuli yvela personaluri kompiuterisaTvis.
1982w. 1 aprils Microsoft-i evropaSi xsnis marketingisa da gasaRebis
warmomadgenlobas. aseve kompaniis pirvel sazRvargareTul ganyofilebas did britanetSi.
1982 wlis noemberSi kompiuterebis mwarmoebelma 50-ze metma firmam SeiZina Microsoft-
is diskuri operaciuli sistema MS DOS-is licenzia.
bil geitsma personaluri kompiuterebis mwarmoeblebs mouwoda, SeeqmnaT iseTi
produqcia, romelic gaTvlili iqneboda IBM-is personalur kompiuterebTan
Tavsebadobaze, raTa nebismieri programa, romelic daiwereboda IBM-is personalur
kompiuterebisaTvis Tavsebadi yofiliyo. geitsis mowodebam gaamarTla. sxvadasxva
firmebis mier warmoebuli kompiuterebis 80%-ze dayenebul iqna MS DOS-i. operaciuli
sistemis MS DOS-is aseTma winsvlam ganapiroba Microsoft-is pirveli nabijis gadadgma monopolistobisaken.
1983 wels Microsoft-ma publikas warudgina MS DOS-Tvis gankuTvnili teqsturi redaqtori Microsoft
Word-i. amave wels igi operaciul sistemas Windows. 1984 wels Microsoft-i Windows-Tvis qmnis eleqtronul
cxrilebs Excel-s.
Microsoft-is am warmatebas winaaRmdegoba gauwia a.S.S-s iusticiis saministrom da antimonopoliuri omic
gamoucxada. yvalaferi daiwyo iqidan, rom Microsoft-i monopolisti gaxda programuli uzrunvelyofis bazaze.
im droisaTvis aseT produqcias warmoadgerna kompiuterebis programuli produqtebi. aRniSnul produqtebiT
vaWrobaSi Microsoft-s uCveulo warmateba hqonda. Microsoft-is konkurenti, romelic ki gamoCndeboda msoflio
bazarze, an Seerwymeboda romelime kompanias, an ver uZlebda am kompaniis siZlieres da Cumad qreboda. aqedan
gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom Microsoft-i arasdros flobda msoflio bazris 80-90%-ze mets, igi Tavisi
arsebobiT mainc yovelwamierad arRvevda antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobas.
a.S.S-s antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba, tradiciulad, yvelaze ganviTarebulad iTvleba msoflioSi. am
kanonmdeblobaSi erT-erT sakanonmdeblo aqts warmoadgens Sermanis kanoni, romelic krZalavs `erTpirovnul
kontrols ama Tu im dargSi~. aRniSnuli kanoni, romelic brwyinvaled muSaobda yvela sxva dargSi, ver
muSaobda programuli uzrunvelyofis bazarze. bil geitss xSirad ibarebdnen sasamarTloSi, wauyenebdnen
aTasgvar braldebebs konkurentebis mospobaze, bazris monopolizaciaze da sxva, magram igi TiTqmis meoTxedi
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mSrali gamodioda wylidan, e.i. iseTi saqmeebidan, saidanac nebismieri sxva kompanias
sakmaod mZime jvars dausvamdnen xolme. am periodis ganmavlobaSi Microsoft-i ufro da ufro mdidrdeboda.
bil geitsi `amerikuli ocnebiT` cxovrobda rac sakuTari dauRalavi SromiT mopovebul uzarmazar qonebas
niSnavda. man mTel msoflios daanaxa, rom `amerikuli ocneba~ ara marto ocnebaa, aramed realurad miRwevadi
mizania.
aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Microsoft-s misi daarsebeidan dRemde a.S.S-s mTavroba farulad
mxars uWerda. ucnauri niWis mqone bil geitsi mTavrobis mxardaWeris gareSec gaxdeboda bizmesmeni, magram
amxela qonebas namdvilad ver Seqmnida, ramdenadac aramc Tu bazris 90%-is, aramed 25%-is dapyrobis Tanave
antimonopolisturi samsaxuri Microsoft-s mospobda, albaT a.S.S-s bazridan sakmaod didi Tanxa gavida
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imisaTvis, rom msoflios Tvalwin gaeTamaSebinaT speqtakli `amerikuli ocnebis~ Sesrulebis SesaZleblobaze,
magram amiT araferi daukargavT, piriqiT ormagad amoiRes. amdenad, a.S.S. aris is qveyana, sadac ganlagebulia
msoflioSi yvelaze mdidiri korporacia Microsoft-i, romlisganac saxelmwifos SeuZlia miiRos sakmaod didi
ekonomikuri da politikuri sargebloba, kerZod:
1) korporaciis mepatrone qveynis prestiJs maRla swevs, ramdenadac is msofioSi yvelaze mdidiari
adamiania;
2) korporacia Microsoft-i qveyanas uxdis uzarmazar gadasaxads, radganac monopolistebis gadasaxadi bevrad
Warbobs Cveulebrivi sawarmoebis gadasaxads;
3) dabolos bil geitsi arnaxuli Sromis moyvarea. igi dRe-RameSi 15 saaTze mets Microsoft-Tvis xarjavs.
Microsoft-is Semyure qveyanaSi ki Sromiswarmoebuloba mkveTrad izrdeba.
http://hascomuter.blogspot.com/
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http://www.marzi.info/italiano/DIARIO%20DI%20BORDO/EVOLUZIONE/evoluzione%20dei%20s
trumenti%20e%20dei%20metodi%20di%20calcolo.htm