AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION wO 2-4155

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS TLLS.vO392

N
W;)S i~iiWASHINGTOND.C. 20546 WO 3-6925

FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY

June 1, 1969

RELEASE NO: 69-79

p PROQJECT: BIOSATELLITE D

contents
GENERAL RELEASE---------------------------------------------1-7
THE BIOSATELLITE D SPACECRAFT-------------------------------8
Tht- Adapter-----------------------------------------------8
Reentry Vehicle and Primate Capsule----------------------8
On-Orbit Stabilization and Reentry Attitude--------------8-9

S Separation and Entry Systems-----------------------------9

Recovery System------------------------------------------10
Command, Programming, Entry Timing-----------------------10-11
Telemetry and Data Return--------------------------------11-12
Tracking--------------------------------------------------12
El.ctric Power-------------------------------------------12
Temperature Control--------------------------------------12-13
PRIMATE SUPPORT---------------------------------------------14
Capsule Atmosphere---------------------------------------14
Water-----------------------------------------------------14
Food-----------------------------------------------------14-15
Urine and Feces Collection------------------------------15
Restraint, Day and Night Lighting, Camera, Othei---------15
Behavioral Tasks-----------------------------------------16
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTERS-----------------------------------17-21
THE DELTA LAUNCH VEHICLE------------------------------------22 23-25
LAUNCH WINDOW AND FLIGHT SEQUENCJ ---------------------------
RECOVERY OPERATIONS-----------------------------------------26
TRACKING AND DATA RETRIEVAL-------------------------------22
BIOSATELLITE PROJECT TEA-29

-0- 5/23/69

F
- . ., --- , ,
 H L .
NATIONAL AEROJWLTICS AND SPACt ADMINISTkATION
EWS WASHINGTOND.C. 20546

FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY

June 1, 1969
RELEASE NO: 69-79

BIOSATELLITE ORBIT PRIMATE

The United Statea will launch its third bio).ogical

a highly-
research spacecraft, the Biosatellite D, carrying
no
instrumented pigtail monkey, from Cape Kennedy, Fla.,
earlier than June 18.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration

of
satellite Is designed to use the weightless environment
about
space as & research tool to answer basic questions
a man-like
mental, emotional, and physiological proces3es in
of 30 days.
mammal two weeks or more in orbit--up to a maximum

(macaca
At flight's end, it will return the pigtail monkey
by aircraft
Nemestrilna) to the atmosphere for midair retrieval
and flight to Laboratories in Hawaii.

-more- 5/23/69
 -2-

The 14-pound adolescent male monkey will be carefully

instrumented so that during the flight scientists can monitor

wave patterns from ten areas of hi3 brain. They also will.

record heart action and respiration, take meaaurements at

four circulatory system sites, make three urinary measurements

and observe performance on two selected behavioral tasks.

After the flight, they will look for bone density changes by

X-ray at 17 skeletal points. They will seek changes in body

and blood cell mass, in fluid balance, and in the reproductive

system.

Experimenters believe the mission will be one of the

most intensive studies ever made of a complex living organism.

It will be the most exhaustive study ever wade of an organism
in weightlessness--far more so than could be made with a man.
Detailed physiological studies so far have not been possible
in manned space flights.

The instrumentation is painless and will not harm the

primate. Plans call for his return to Earth in good condition

for several months of further study of flight effects.

Twenty-four physical measurements will be recorded

simultaneously during the periods in which the monkey carries

out scheduled actv'ities during the mission.

-more-
 The detailed etud'ep. ,
*

I 1- I ma de
will be thihe first ever mate.
and
during per'ods of sleep, viakeflresed(Yrd,
for wnich i,}e mnokey I s rewarded.
during two difficult tasks,
I -hand
One task tests his short-;;e-n iremr,'j.
t l 1-y

t.), narige- also

coordir.nation. Food utiliz~a,1 Or:, t Jn rt(

will be studied.

Eighty per cent of' the experilmenta3 da'-a x1lJ be radioed

data bits per second)
to Earth by high-speed telemetry (22,'.OO
from 18 to 26 timres a day.

1ridlcated that
Manned flights and otIher reseiarr) :)a-e
short periods of
red blood cell volume has declined during
known to produce losses
weightlessness. Prolonged bed rest is
Soine sc.9entists think
of bone calcium and reduced muscle ize.
;mj; effietis. Russian
that prolonged weightl-issneesq twl:y -rijr
GJ 2' e 5j mi
eggest that
studies of dogs during a sp.,ce flix1,t,
3ma have increased
fluid in the smooth muscles of the int;,estr-res
and liver malfunctions may have- ',oc.urred.

il seek to verify
The Biosate].lite primate exoeritment
corioltiions bocome more
these findings to learn whether 6u
pronounced in prolonged weightlessnesr3.

-more-
 AA112 .,

PRIMATE SUPPORT SYSTEMS -

/ N
/ LIGHT
WATER DISPENSER - ATMOSPHERE
CONTROL SYSTEM
FOOD DISPENSER (OUTLEP
1~ (INLET'

TAPE RECORDER, '

I u> IlP

SUR!N- MEASUREMENT
(AND

BEHAVIORAL PANEL / TRANSPORT SYSTEM

DELAYED MATCHING TASK VISUOMOTER TASK / -

BUTTON
/9\ / < )CAMERA
Y X k FECES COLLECTOR

18-SECS HOLE
LATER PRESS
FOR oo f
0 REWARD

A * 0C .K1 -
AN0 S'8.0 . 't
D,5St
 -4-

The 1,5.16-pound, seven-foot-long Biosatellite D space-

craft will be launched into a 220-mile circular orbit. It

wil] be the first U.S. orbiting spacecraft to provide a two-

gas atmosphere resembling tne Earth's air (20 per cent oxygen,

80 per cent n:itrogen), Sea level pressure of 14.7 pounds per-

square-inch anllo a "shirtsleeve" temperature oi1 75 degrees will

be maintained.

Equipment aboard the spacecraft will dispense food as a

,eward for morning and afternoon work, and during one "free
rood" peiiod. It will supply water and will collect feces and

urine, providing a completely controlled laboratory environment

in space orbit.

Like previous Biosatellites, the spacecraft will main-

tain communications, power and stable attitude in orbit.

Electric power and drinking water will be produced by a hydro-
gen-oxygen fuel cell, similar to that on Gf mini spacecraft.

The one successful previous Biosatell te was recovered

from orbit in September 1967. It carried a payload of plants

and lower animals and demonstrated that plants require gravity

o maintain their orientation. Results showed further that

in some organisms. radiation effects are far more severe in the

weightless condition than on Earth. In some young and rapidly

dividing cells, weightlessness slows growth, allowing time for

repair of radiation damage.

-more-

-- (
 -5-
Instrumentation implanted in the monkey's body Includes:

ten electroencephalographic (EEG) leads, extremely thin stain-

less steel wires. These are surgically placed in the parts

of his brain associated with planning, recent memory, alertness,

long-term drives (fear, rage, sex), sleep and others.

An eleventh brain sensor will monitor brain temperature.

Two sensors will monitor eye motion. Two sensors in neck and

back muscles will monitor muscle tension and activity. Two

sensors under the skin on each side of the chest will provide
electrocardiogram (EKG) and respiration data.

Four catheters will monitor blood pressure in the

-principal veins and arteries, and one in the bladder will
collect urine continuously for three types of analyses, four
times a day. Pre and post-flight analyses of blood, urine,
and feces will permit about 50 different kinds of measurements
of biochemical metabolic effects.

Blosatellite D, third of the U.S. biological satellites,

will be launched by the two-stage, "long-tank" Delta vehicle.

The spacecraft consists of three main sections -- the

adapter section which remains in orbit; the reentry vehicle

which carries the retro-rocket and heat shield; and the pri-
mate capsule.
-more-
 -6-
The reentry vehicle will carry the primate capsule

into the Earth's atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. The

capsule will deploy a parachute and radio its position. Plans

call for the capsule to be recovered it mid-air by a U.S. Air

Force aircraft, and flown to temporary NASA laboratories at
Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii.

It aerial recovery is not successful, the capsule will

land in the ocean and send radio signals to search ships and
aircraft.

At least four important advances have been made in

preparing the experiment. All have immediate medical or

other applications. These are an "error-free" teaching system,

a shoe-box-sized automatic urinalysis laboratory, a new method

of surgically implanting and securing a permanent urinary

catheter, and new techniques that make the computer a pattern-
recognizer of complex physiological data.

The Biosatellite Program is managed by NASA's Office

of Space Science and Applications. Project management is by

NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. The Delta

launch vehicle is managed by Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Md., and is launched by Kennedy Space Center, Fla.

-more-
 BIOSATELLITE SPACECRAFT

REENTRY VEHICLE

REENTRY PRIMATE PARACHUTE RETRO ADAPTER

HEAT CAPSULE ASSEMBLY ROCKET
SHIELD

NA110N*& AQRONA.'0 AN.

N' irA. I grea..tP"'
 -7-
be by NASA's
Primary communications and tracking d.11
Network (STADAN),
satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition

operated by Goddard.

Electric
The Biosatellttes are built by the General
The Delta is built
Co., Reentry Systems Dept., Philadelphia.
Santa Monica, Calif.
by the McDonnell Douglas Aatroaautics Corp,,

by a team
The primate experiment isi being conducted
investigator, Prof.
of six scientists headed lby the principal

W. Ross Adey, UCLA Brain Research Institute.

FOLLOWS)
(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFOROATION

-mrre-
 THE BIOSATELLITE D SPACECRAFT

The seven-foot-long, 1,536-pound Biosatellite space-

craft divides into the adapter, which remains in orbit, and
the reentry vehicle, which returns the primate capsule into
the atmosphere.
The Adapter

The 965-pound adapter is a four-foot-long cylinder-

cone from 40 to 57 inches in diameter, which houses all systems
needed in orbit only. These are the attitude control system,
main radio transmitter and telemetry system, radio receiver,
command decoder, programmers, power controller, fuel cell, bat-
teries, tracking beacon, and tanks for liquid hydrogen and
oxygen, gaseous nitrogen, and waste water.
Reentry Vehicle and Primate Capsule

The four-foot-long, 570-pound reentry vehicle is a

40-inch-base-diameter blunt cone. It contains the 315-pound
primate capsule and separation and entry systems. Its aft
thrust cone nests into the adapter and carries a retro-rocket
and spin nozzles. Its oup-ehaped, fiberglass forebody encloses
the primate capsule, and is completely covered by a phenolic
nylon heat shield. An aft thermal cover, under the thrust cone,
protects the recovery parachutes and their deployment mechanisms
fronm entry heat.
The primate capsule is an aluminum blunt cone, slightly
smaller than the reentry vehicle, with nine cubic feet of in-
ternal volume. It orovides life support tor the primate,
houses experimental equipment and carries recovery parachutes.
On-Orhit Stabilisation and Reentry Attitude

-w-*--And-
 0
AAB26 -2

COMPONENT INSTALLATION, PRIMATE MISSION

3 2 1

1. HORIZON SENSOR
2. CRYOGENIC TANKAGE 9
3. POWER CONTROLLER
4. ANTENNA-TM (RE-ENTRY) 10
5. SIGNAL CONDITIONER 11
6. RADIATION DOSIMETER
7. WATER DISPENSER 12
8. CAPSULE URINE SYSTEM co
9. TAPE RECORDER 13
10. RE-ENTRY BATTERY
11. LIFE SUPPORT CONTROLLER 14
12. PROGRAMMER-TIMER
13. BEHAVIORAL PANEL 15
14. RECOVERY PROGRAMMER /
15. CAMERA 16 17 18 19 20 21 -
16. RE-ENTRY VEH!CLE 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
17. FOOD DISPENSER
18. RECOVERY CAPSULE 22. GAS MANAGEMENT ASSY 26. RADIATOR
19. FECES COLLECTOR 23. RECOVERY PARACHUTES 27. WATER ACCUMULATOR
20. BLOOD PRESSURE SENSOR 24. RETRO ROCKET 28. ATTITUDE CONTROL NOZZLE
21. ANTENNA-RECOVERY 25. FUEL CELL 29. MAGNETOMETER BOOM
BEACON (FOLDED)
 The in-orbit stabilization system consists of stored
high-pressure nitrogen gas, six cold-gas thruster Jets, and
three motion-sensing gyros. The gyros sense tiny motions in
three perpendicular axes. The jets fire selectively to damp
out or eliminate unwanted motions. They produce accelerations
of less than 1/10,000 G. Slight spacecraft decelerations
are caused by atmospheric drag of seven-millionths G at orbital
altitude.

For reentry, the spacecraft must be aligned precisely

to its orbital path, facing backward, and pitched downward
36 degrees. Two infrared horizon scanners provide data to
align the spacecraft in pitch and roll to the deorbit attitude.
For yaw, ground stations transmit data on the direction
of the Earth's magnetic field at the geographical point of
retro-fire. The spacecraft magnetometer then senses the direction
of the field as a reference to line up the spacecraft in yaw
with its orbital path.
With the required deorbit attitude in all three axes,
the reentry vehicle can separate and the retro-rocket can fire.
Separation and Entry Systems

Separation is controlled by programmed switches wrhich

first transfer electric circuits from the fuel cell in the
adapter to batteries in the capsule. They then order physical
disconnect of electric and fluid lines. They fire explosive
pinpullers. This allows spring actuators to drive the adapter
and reentry vehicles apart at about one foot-per-second.
Two seconds after separation, two cold-gas jets spin
up the reentry vehicle to 60 rpm. The solid rocket in the
thrust cone ignites, producing 1,000 pounds of thrust for ten
seconds, and slowing the vehicle by 420 mph. A second pair of
gas jets despins the vehicle to 12 rpm.
Explosive bolts separate the thrust cone and spin-up
system from the reentry vehicle. The slowed vehicle then
descends and enters the atmosphere. Aerodynamic forces turn
it heat-shield-forward, and the ablative heat shield dissipates
reentry heating.

-more-
F.A
 -10-

Recovery System

The recovery system is part of the primate capsule.

It consists of a two-parachute system and radio beacon.
About 17 minutes after retro-fire, at 80,000 feet
altitude, explosive bolts eject the reentry vehicle's aft
thermal cover, deploying a 19-square-foot drogue chute. The
chute slows the capsule, causing the reentry vehicle's fore-
body to fall away. Ten seconds later, the reefed main chute
deploys to 72 square feet. Cutters disreef the main chute,
opening it to 505 square feet. At about 10,000 feet, the main
chute has slowed descent of the capsule to 19.5 mph.
For sea landing, a recovery radio beacon operates for
12 hours.
Command, Programming, Entry Timin&i

Commands for spacecraft and experiment operations

come from the ground, or from one of six onbodrd programzmer-
timers in the reentry vehicle.
Ground commands cannot be received by the reentry vehicle
once it separates from the adapter. All entry and recovery
commands are from two programmer-timers.
Each programmer measures time intervals and contains
logic circuits to originate commands in timed sequence.
The main programmer-timer provides regular time pulses.
It commands heaters, tape recorder, and most other systems.
The main life support controller and associated equipment
command water and food dispensing, urine flow, primate tasks,
camera and other systems.
The separation timer has the key job of commanding
separation and retro-fire at the precise time in orbit to
reach the planned recovery point. It is started by ground
command, timed to 1/10 second, which orders an exactly-cal-
culated time delay (40 minutes to 7.5 hours) before the begin-
ning of separation commands.
The separation timer has the key job of commanding
separation events by timed ground command.

-more-
 -11-

The deorbit timer in tne reentry vehicle sends the

recovery
commands for spin-up, retro-fire, and de-spin. The
timer starts by deceleration switch, and issues recovery
commands.
Ground commands are received by one of two redundant
These
sets of command receivers and decoders in the adapter.
route commands to: tracking beacon; telemetry transmitters;
infrared
programmers; separation programmer; attitude gyros, tape
horizon scanners, magnetometer, fuel cell, water boiler,
urinalysis
recorder, camera, food and water systems, task unit,
experiment 9 etc.

The ground command system yes a varying-tone digital

of the
technique to deliver 70 separat,- .ommands. Frequency
command receivers is 148.93 megacycles.
Telemetry and Data Return

The higgh-speed (22,400 bits-per-second) telemetry system

data before
will return an estimated 80 per cent of experimental
primate recovery.
The spacecraft carries two sets of two-watt telemetry One
transmitters, plus digital sampling and coding equipment. The
set in the adapter sends data to the ground during orbit.
other in the primate capsule sends data after separation.
A signal conditioner amplifies the many extremely weak
and
signals from the experiments as much as 10,000 times,
to numerical
the multicoder converts these analog signals ground.
values from one to 60 for transmission to the
Sample data on the entire mission is stored by the
which
seven-channel, 87-hour tape recorder in the capsule,
collects experiment, engineering, and force data,
the
Orbital telemetry is sent at 136.68 megacycles in
code modulation mode. Data swords"
reliable, low-power pulse
12.5
have seven data bits each, and are sent at a rate of allocated
256-word frnmes-per-second. The 256 data words are
readouts and
65 per cent to reporting the 24 primate biomedical support systems
other experimental data, five per cent to primate operation.
(foods water, etc.) and 30 per cent to spacecraft
Data returned includes reports of spacecrat't attitude;
gas storage, temperature and pressure, tbenper .tures thmughout
capsule
the spacecraft; voltage levels And current di3tribution;
air supply and temperature; primate feeding and watering.

-more-

--
 -12-

Deorbit telemetry is sent At 240.2 megacycles in an

FM-FM mode. It reports spinup, retro-fire, and de-spin.
Tracking

The spacecraft reports its position by tracking beacon,

with a continuous signal at 136.05 megacycles. One of two
redundant beacons is selected by commend to radiate 100 milli-
watts via an omni-directional antenna. Tracking stations measure
position of the spacecraft, and this information is used to
calculate the spacecraft orbit.
The homing beacon in the primate capsule has an average
power of .4 watts and frequency of 242 megacycles.
Electric Power

The electr'ec power subsystem consists of a fuel cell,

batterles, inverters, converters, regulators, and distribution
circuits. The fuel cell produces electric power through the
combination of hydrogen and oxygen into waters For a 30-day
flight, it requires ten pounds of hydrogen and 80 pounds of
oxygen, for a continuous output of 135 watts, plus a quart and
a half of water per day. Pressurized liquid hydrogen and oxygen
are stored in 21-inch And 24-inch spherical titanium tanks in
the adapter.
A large silver-zinc 345 ampere-hour, 28-volt storage
battery in the adapter can run the spacecraft a full day with-
out the fuel cell. Small batteries are: two thermal batteries
in the thrust-cone for retro-fireD four silver-zinc batteries
in the capsule to provide power during recovery--including six
hours of life support and up to 12 hours of radio beacon.
Temperature Control

The temperature control consists of circulating liquid

to cool or heat spacecraft components. Heat. load varies with
primate day and night cycles, cold orbits, etc.
More cooling than heating is reqruired, and excess heat
(mainly from the capsule atmosphere system and the fuel cell)
is normally dissipated by the radiator (tubing wound around the
outside of the adapter). With a very heavy heat load, the water
boiler is activated. Rapid evaporation of water into space quickly
cools the circulating liquid which is piped through the boiler.
-more-
 -13-

The system includes boiler, radiator, heat exchangers,

pumps and thermostats.
Warmed are: urinalysis experiment, fuel cell controller,
liquid hydrogen and oxygen to turn them into gases, water
accumulator and storage tanks, all in the adapter.
A passive system holds internal temperatures in the
adapter between 0 and 100 degrees F. It consists of a 28-
layer aluminized Mylar insulation blanket, attached to the
vehicle skin. Cutouts in the blanket allow dissipation of
internal heat by radiation. Reflective exterior coatings
provide further passive control of temperature. During
entry, capsule temperatures may reach briefly 100 degrees F,
and insulation prevents them from rising higher.
Low-power heaters in the spacecraft batteries and in
the infrared sensors of the horizon, scanners prevent them
frot freezing. Ten-watt heaters can bring the sensors to
operating temperature of 50 degrees F. for deorbit in about
one orbit.

-more-

I,
 -14-

PRIMATE SUPPORT

Capsule Atmosphere

Capsule atmosphere is made from nitrogen (80 per cent)

and oxygen (20 per cent) provided from storage tanks in the
adapter. Pressure sensors and valves maintain normal atmospheric
pressure of 14.7 psi. Two thermostatically-controlled, low-flux
0
heaters on capsule walls keep atmosphere temperature at 75 F.

The gas management assembly in the capsule removes water

vapor (sweated and breathed out) from the capsule atmosphere by
cooling and condensing it onto a wick from which tt is forced
into storage tank. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by
two lithium hydroxide absorbers. Air Cooling is by heat
exchanger to the temperature control loop.

Particles (hair, nails, dust, etc.) are filtered out. Beds

of activated charcoal remove odor. Other chemical beds remove
ammonia, carbon monoxide, and noxious and toxic gases produced
from feces and other sources.

Water

The monkey's water supply is manufactured in the fuel

cell by combination of oxygen and hydrogen gas It is pumped
from the fuel cell to the water accumulator tank and from there
to a small (30 cc) tank with steel nipple attached. The monkey
empties the tank by stle'ng on rhe nipple, and the tank fills
automatically once an hour during the 12-hour day and once every
three hours at night, for a 24-hour maximum of 480 cc (about
one pint).

Ground commands can increase sater supply to 720 cc (a pint

and a half) per day. Ingoing water is metered, and the primate's
water consumption is radioed to the ground continuously.

Food

The monkey's meals come in the form of square pellets,

each weighing about two grams. He gets up to 60 pellets (120
grams) per day.

Food serves as a reward for behavioral tasks. The primate

does these tasks twice a day and can earn a maximum of 20 pellets
each session, or 40 per day. In addition, during a free period,
he gets additional- pellets beyond those earned, up to the day's
total of 60.

-more-

------ 7
 AA\B2(,-4

BIOSATELLITE ATMOSPHERE, WATER, AND ELECTRIC POWER

LIQUID OXYGEN TANK

NITROGEN TANK LIQUID HYDROGEN TANK
ATMOSPHERE CONTROL SYSTEM
LIGHT \FUEL CELL
WATER DISPENSER WATER AND

METABOLIC
WATER STORAGE
URINE PUMP AND COLLECTOR URINE STORAGE TANK
EXCESS WATER STORAGE WATER ACCUMULATOR
URINALYSIS EXPERIMENT

NAIONA, AND SPACEADOWISItAIION

AR@ONAUJICS
AWS RISIARC. CINh1t tMOMEEIIE*LD CAWON-A
 -15--

The monkey is alerted that a food pellet Is available by

a green light. He pulls a handle on the pellet feeder (located
to his right), and a pellet pops up in one or eight feeder slots.
When the monkey has failed to take 2 total of four pellets, the
feeder ceases to work until he takes one. Some 18b1' pellets are
stored on eight reels of perforated tape. Pellet consumption is
counted and radioed regularly to the ground.
Urine and Feces Collection

Urine (about 400 cc per day) goes directly from the primates
bladder through a catheter which passes out between the genitals
and the rectum and is routed to the storage tank in the adapter.
En route, a portion of it passes through the UC-JPL urinalysis
device. A small (100 cc) urine tank in the capsule will allow
urine collection during recovery.
Primate stools (about 40 grams per day) pass through a hole
in the bottom of the couch arid are transported in zero gravity tv
a flow of air to the storage bin under the couch. Gases are
passed out of the bin through a bacteria filter, and are then pro-
cessed by the atmosphere system.
Restraint, Day and Night Lighting, Camera, Other

During the flight, the seated primate will occupy a space

26 by 10 by 10 inches, with some additional front and side alcoves
up to five inches deep. He wears a vest-like nylon-cotton jacket,
which has an apron extending down over his legs. This suit is a
zipped to a hammock-like couch, laced to side rails. There is
headrest, and the couch is about 27 inches long.
This restraint system maintains the monkey in position during
hIgh-G launch and reentry periods. It has no pressure points which
could cause sores on a long flight. It allows motion of arms and
legs but prevents him from tampering with urinary and blood pressure
catheters and other sensors. It allows him to easily operate food
and water dispensers and to perform tasks.
The restraint suit was provided by USAF clothing Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
Day and night for the monkey are 12 hours each. Day is pro-
vided by an incandescent white light of six to 10 footctndles.
Night is a deep red light, 30 times dimmer than the daytime light.
A camera with 13,000 frames of 16 mm film will use these
lights to take one black and white photograph every 20 minutes,
(day or night) from liftoff to deorbit. It will take movies at
four frames per second for 20 minutes during launch, for seven
minutes during capsule separation and reent-y, and for nine two*-
minute periods during orbit. Photographs will be made of' the read
of the monkey.

-more-
the mon--key.
of
 Behavioral Tasks

The monkey earns a portion of his food by performing two

basic tasks, 15 minutes each, twice a day. These are part of
the brain studies and will help prevent boredom during his long
isolation. The primate will have been trained to perform these
tasks over a period of only 18 weeks, using newly-developed,
errorless training techniques. The tasks require skill, and the
primates respond to them very satisfactorily.
-i the delayed matching task, one of four symbols will first
appear on a lighted button in the center of a nine-inch disc
display, directly in front of the monkey. The primate then
pushes this button to turn off the symbol. Then all four symbols
(X, 0, triangle, and square) will appear on buttons around the
edges of the disc with a time lag of from one to 20 seconds.
The primate then pushes the lighted button bearing the symbol
matching the one wnich first appeared alone.

The second is a visuo-motor task requiring eye-hand

coordination.
Two discs rotate at different rates of speed. The top disc
is transparent, andi through it the primate can see a green
button in the bottom disc. Howevev, he can only push the button,
when a hole in the top disc lines up with it momentarily.
The top disc rotates at 55-104 rpm and the bottom one at
a slower rate so that the hole and button line up only once
every 56 revolutions. Mar, finds this task difficult, but pigtail
monkeys do it four times in five on Earth. Two successful
performances at either task earn one food pellet.

-more-
 SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS

Macaca nemestrina, the primate species to fly on Biosatellite,

has been studied extensively prior to the flight. The monkey,
native to Malaya and Thailand, is similar to man in major ore-ran
systems and in general aspects of brain organization and card-o-
vascular function. He is somewhat more resistant to stress,
exhibits more rapid healing, and is more of a vegetarian than
man. The flight monkey will weigh 14 pounds and be 31 inches tall.

The adolescent male monkeys are imported by the Ames Research

Center. They are health-checked at Ames and sent to UCLA,
principal experimental organization, for taek training and brain
sensor implants. Catheter implants will be made at UCLA labs
at Cape Kennedy. UCLA will deliver five fully-prepared flight
monkeys, installed in couches, to the capsule assembly area at
Cape Kennedy, 12 hours before launch. From these the flight
primate will be chosen.

During the flight, the other four primates will be main-

tained in environments approximating that of the primate capsule
as controls for the experiment.

Primate Brain Function and Behavioral Monitoring--University of

California at Los Angeles Brain Research Institute, Dr. W. Ross
Adey, Principal Investigator

The purpose of this part of the experiment is to measure

and interpret the electrical waves from the primate's brain,
and relate them to his behavior, his physiological state, and
to weightlessness. Primate brain wave data will be analyzed
by computer.

Brain waves are the sum of the individual electrical

impulses emitted by each brain cell. The ten brain sensors are
pairs of thin stainless steel wires which enter through small
holes in the monkey's skull. They are permanently sealed tn
place six months in advance of the flight by a molded cap of
dental acrylic. They are painless, since the brain has no
sensory nerves, and the primate quickly becomes accustomed to
them.

In weightlessness, all normal gravity inputs to the

nervous system are absent. These include regular signals to
the balance mechanism of the inner ear, signals from muscles,
tendons, and internal organs. Absence of these stimuli may
affect mental states such as Judgement, memory, concentration
and coordination.

-mcre-
 These
Four types of brain waves have been identified.with deep
and less, associated
are: 1) Delta waves: three Hz second, associated with
sleep. 2) Theta waves, 4-8 cycles per recent memory. They
alertness, orientation, discrimination, bottom of the brain,
originate in thie temporal lobe, near the the brain. 3) Alpha
and spread as a carrier wave throughout attention and resting),
waves, 8-13 cycles per second (focused 4) Beta waves, above 13
best developed in the vision centers. fear, sex, rage),
Hz (planning and long-term drives: hunger,
appear in the brain's frontal region.
brain very
The ten sensors in the pigtail monkey's
report on the
roughly follow this wave breakdown. They thinking, deciding,
following areas: Frontoparietal: planning,
focusing attention. irOntotemporal: recent memory, fine
uspMpg5:
attention focus. Occipal: visua cortex. long-term drives:
alerting, orienti scriminating. Amygdala
formation,
hunger, fear, rage, sex. Mid-brain, Re-Tcular
and wakerulness,
Centrum medianum: consciousness, sleep, ear, muscles, joints,
influenced by inputs from eye, ear, inner
and higher brain centers.
such states
Dr. Adey uses EEG wave patterns to identify
dreaming,
as: sleep (deep, light, drowsy), wakefulness, fatigue, and anger.
memorizing, success, failure, effort, anxiety,
neck and back
Data from eye motion, brain temperature, measurements,
muscle sensors, plus all other physiological
sensors in muscles
will be correlated with brain data. The
or under skin are very small.
eye motion.
Then two sensors in the eye muscles monitor
(Rapid eye motion in sleep indicates dreaming.)
by the UCLA
An "error free" teaching system developed matching
and delayed
experimenters to teach the visuomotor for a variety of other
tasks to flight primates shows promise
teaching applications.
of Southern California
Cardio-Vascular Monitorin - Universit oivsrao
Lo6sAgls Dr. J. P. Plee anI..
also will
Blood pressure, heart function, and respiration
sensors provide both
be monitored continuously. The two chest data.
electrocardiogram readings and respiration
arterv leaving
Blood pressure is monitored in the central
to lungs, the
the heart; the puLmonary artery, from heart
the tibial artery
central vein, returning to the heart; and
in the thigh.

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.....
 -19-

Readings are taken via four open-ended catheters which

enter the monkey at mid-thigh. Pressure of this fluid column
is taken continuously by external pressure transducers. The
.0055-inch-diameter catheters are kept clear by a saline-
heparin anti-clotting solution, pumped through them at .005 cc
per minute. Pressure sensors, heparin pumps and containers are
located on the back of the primate's couch.

Urinalysis and Mineral-Protein-Liquid Balance - University of

California, Berkeley-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Drs.
Nello Pace, U.C. and Joon Rho, JPL, Co-investigators

The body has mechanisms for maintaining normal fluid

content, protein and mineral percentages. These mechanisms may
depend on gravity to function properly over long periods of time.
Manned flights have shown that bones appear to lose density
and muscles to lose mass in space.

This portion of the experiment monitors automatically the

monkey's loss or gain of calcium, and of the nitrogen-contain-
Ing compounds creatine and creatiniae.

Loss of bone density is shown by loss of calcium. Since

tissue is the principal nitrogen-containing part of the body,
nitrogen loss is a clear indicator of muscle wasting. Creatinine
is excreted at a regular rate, related to total muscle mass, but
creatine shows a large increase in muscle-wasting diseases.
Losses or gains of calcium and nitrogen are determined
precisely by comparing input to outgo. The monkey's intake
will be known exactly by a count of the number of food pellets
of a known composition he eats.

Calcium is excreted in feces (80 per cent) and urine

(20 per cent). Nitrogen compounds go out almost entirely
in the urine. All feces will be returned to Earth and
analyzed after the flight for calcium and many other compounds.

Most of the urine will be left in orbit but regular reports

of urine quantities and total amounts of calcium, creatine and
creatinine excreted will be made from the spacecraft. A highly
miniaturized automat4a urine analyzer, 5 x 6 x 10 inches has
been developed by JPL engineers. The device will make three
analyses four times per day, clean itself chemically between
analyses of the primate urine, and reca.Librate itself once a
day. Measurements of changes in fluorescence and color of light
passing through a tiny urine sample (1/2500 ounce) will record
amounts of calcium, creatine, and creatinine leaving the monkey.

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-- -r
 -20-.

This compact "urinalysis lab" has great promise for medical

use.
In post-flight tests, University of California scientists
will compare the following with pre-flight levels:

1) Body cell mass - They will monitor the amount of

naturally radioactve potassium in the monkey's body compared
with the amount before flight. Since potassium concentrates
in body cells, number of cells can be calculated.
2) Red blood cell volume - Injected radioactive chromium
51 attaches to red cells; per cent of cells so labelled in a
given blood sample gives total volume of red cells.
3) Plasma volume - Experimenters will insect a blue
dye into t belood stream and degree of dilution of the dye
after thorough mixing tells total volume of blood plasma.
4) Total-body water - Experimenters will inject tritium
(radioactive watewhich will diffuse through all water in
the body. From the proportion of tritium in a blood sample, total
body water can be calculated.
5) Extra cellular fluid (including plasma) - Sucrose
labelled with radioactive carbon 14 is injecteC, Because sucrose
is a large molecule, it enters all body fluid areas except the
cells because it cannot pass through cell walls. Hence the
proportion of carbon 14 sucrose in the blood after thorough
mixing tells total extra-cellular fluid.
6) Intra-cellular fluid - Obtained by subtracting extra-
cellular fluid from total body water.

7) Blood will be analyzed for hemoglobin content and plasma

protein content.
8) More than 30 biochemical analyses of urine and feces
will be made, including for steroids, calcium, and phosphorus.

Bone Density Studies by X-ray - Texas Woman's University, Denton,

Tex., Dr. Pauline B. Mack, Co-investigator

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 -21-

Esefore and after flight, the primate will be X-rayed at

17 skeletal sites for changes in bone density. Five sets of
X-rays will be made periodically before the flight, beginning
14 days pre-launch, to obtain baseline data on skeletal mineral
present in spine, hands, arms, feet, pelvis and leg bones.
X-rays will be evaluated in a bone densitometer-computer developed
by Dr. Mack. She will obtain information about the amount of
skeletal mineral in 175 sections of the 17 skeletal sites.
After flight the primate will be X-rayed again at four, seven,
14, 30, and 60 days to measure his rate of recovery of any
bone mineral lost during the flight. In preliminary studies,
rapid regain of lost mineral has taken place.
In similar studies of the astronauts, before and after
flight, Dr. Mack found decreases in mineral in the bones because
of the inactivity imposed by weightlessness, both in the hands
and feet, the parts of the body X-rayed in this case. After
fli.ght there tas a regain in mineral density of bones of all
astronauts tested. There is evidence that exercise during
flight counters effects of bone mineral loss in weightlessness.
Th',e primate, because of his size, can be X-rayed in all parts
of his body, with emphasis on the spine, neck of the femur, and
other locations where osteoporosis (bone wasting) occurs in humans.

Reproductive System - Harbor General Hospital, Torrance, Calif..

Dr. A. T. Cockett, Co-investigator
Post-flight studies of testicular tissue and spermatazoa
will determine possible changes in tissue and several types of
reproductive cells during the flight. Sperm and pre-sperm
cells will be checked for numbers, motility, morphology, and
viability.
The permanent-implant urinary catheter method used on
Biosatellite D was developed by Dr. Cockett. It shows promise
for many similar catheterizations in infants and children.
Measurements of the monkey's brain activity and physiology
will continue for two weeks and longer after the flight. During
the first two weeks, post-flight examinations will be made on
a regular schedule with an extensive initial examination immed-
lately after recovery, removal of catheters at three days, and
restraint suit at four days.
Subsequent events in the monkey's life will be of interest
for several years to see if the maturing process and development
have been affected by the period of weightlessness.

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0 p 7$so
 -22-

Tr2 DELTA LAUNCH VEHICLE

Biosatellite D, weighing 1536 pounds, will be the heaviest

spacecraft ever launched by the outstandingly successful work-
horse Delta rocket. It is 590 pounds heavier than Biosatellites
I and !I, orbited by Deltas in 1966 and 1967.
This launch will be the 70th for the reliable Delta which
has orbited 66 satellites in 70 attempts.
For this mission, the two-stage, "long tank" Delta N will
be used. This vehicle will have a first stage 14.42 feet longer
than normal. The first stage will burn an extra 1.5 minutes to
launch the heavier Biosatellite D. The spacecraft will be launched
from Launch Complex 17; Pad A, on an initial launch azimuth of
119 degrees into a 231-mlle circular orbit, with a period of 92
minutes, and inclination to the equator of 33.50.
Delta is 106 feet high (including shroud). Its liftoff
weight is about 100 tc} * Liftoff thrust is 252,000 pounds;
maximum thrust, 363,00`. pounds, including thrust of three strap-
on rockets.
Engines for the kerosene-liquid oxygen fueled first stage
are built by the Rocketdyne Division, North American Rockwell
Corp. The three solid rockets which strap on the first stage
are by Thiokol Chemical Corp. The UDt4H-IRFNA fueled liquid
engines of the second stage are by Aerojet General Corp.
The first stage is eight feet in diameter, 65 feet high,
weighs 93 tons (including strap-ons), and has 184,000 pounds
of thrust. The second stage is 16 feet high, 4.7 feet in
diameter, weighs seven tons, and has about 7,800 pounds of thrust.
Major autopilot contractors for Delta are Honeywell, Inc.,
Texas Instruments, Inc. and Electro-Solids Corp. Guidance
contractor is Western Electric Co.

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 -23-

LAUNCH WINDOW AND FLIGHT SEQUENCE

Launch window for each day will begin at 11:10 p.m. EDT
and continue for four hours to provide for daylight recovery
near Hawaii every day. This window also allows for deorbit
attitude positioning, most readily achieved during darkness,
with reentry at daybreak.

These are the planned events in the Biosatellite D mission:

The main Delta engine and three solid strap-on motors fire
together. The solid motors burn for 39 seconds, and their
burned-out casings are jettisoned at 65 seconds after launch.
at 11 miles altitude and 1641 mph. The main engine burns out
after three minutes and 1h0 seconds at 77 mailes altitude, at
25 miles down range and 10,310 mph.
Six seconds later, the Delta second stage ignites. The
first stage separates and falls away. Altitude is 83 miles,
speed 10,300 mph., and Biosatellite is 154 miles down range.
The shroud covering the spacecraft is jettisoned at 3.85
minutes after launch. Second stage engines burn for 6.23
minutes with burnout at ten minutes after launch, spacecraft
231 miles high, 1311 miles down range, traveling 17,260 mph.

Injection into the first of a planned maximum of 469

orbits occurs at second stage burnout. One minute later,
separation of launch vehicle and spacecraft occurs.
Orbital Events

With separation, liquid hydrogen and oxygen tank wall

cavities are opened to vacuum for perfect insulation; attitude
stabilization system is turned on; boom for the reentry magneto-
meter is deployed; and the food pellet feeder is unlocked. At
11 minutes after launch, urine and fuel cell water lines are
opened.
At 13.3 minutes, the primate goes on the normal day-night
cycle for the flight. Day begins at 6 a.m. EDT and night at
6 Prm. He will have task-with-food-pellet-reward periods each
day from 9-9:30 a.m. and 1-1:30 p.m. arid 20 or more "free" food
oe3llets from 4-6 p.m. daily.
Fuel cell purge by flow-through of hydrogen and oxygen
vented to space now occurs automatically every six hours, with
the first one six hours after the final pro-launch purge.
At 20 minutes, the camera is switched from movie format,
and will now take one frame of the primate's head every 20
minutes for the rest of the flight. It will take nine two-
minute movie strips during the morning delayed matching task
on days 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 30.

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 -24-

At 32 minutes, the first Johannesburg, South Africa, pass

occurs; first telemetry is read out. At 97 minutes, the first
Fort Myers, Fla., pass occurs (end of orbit 1). Telemetry is
read out and urinalysis experiient turned on. On this pass,
spacecraft stabilization shifts to the low-power automatic system.
The higher power stabilization system will now be commanded on
twice a day for most of the rest of the mission.
At 3.3 hours, Quito, Ecuador, first acquires the spacecraft.
It commands the tape recorder from continuous record to automatic
sampling. It now will operate daily from 8:55 to 9:30 a.m.,
12:55 to 1:30 pem. during primate task periods, and from midnight
to 1 a.m.

At 4.94 hours, the first .ima, Peru, pass occurs. Telemetry

is reported. Data now will be collected for about five minutes
during one station contact each orbit. In addition, experiment
data will be collected during 58 of the total of 59 primate
task periods on the flight. For these passes, station coverage
will be extended from horizon to horizon, up to ten minutes.
At 18 hours, Fort Myers will command check-out of the
deorbit attitude system for a possible early call-down. The
deorbit timer will be operated on the following two orbits.
A similar deorbit checkout sequence is planned six days
before recovery.

At 15 days, a switch will be made from one to both lithium

hydroxide absorbers to continue the effective carbon dioxide
absorption from the capsule atmosphere. Switch will be sooner
if C02 levels warrant.
During orbit 464, six orbits (nine hours) before planned
separation, time--to-entry point is loaded into the separation
timer from Fort Fkyers. On orbit 465, Fort Myers turns on
horizon sensors. The magnetometer is turned on, and adjusted
to the Earth's magnetic field direction. During orbit 466,
Fort Myers commands the attitude for retrofire and deorbit,
starts the separation timer, and turns off the urine experiment.
Recovery Events

On orbit 469, last before separation, ground command arms

the separation sequence.
(At 23 minutes before separation, in case the main timer
fails, Johannesburg will order start of the back-up separation
timer to insure reentry.)

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 AAB2SO-5

BIOSATELLITE RECOVERY SEQUENCE

1 2 3 4 5 6
SEPARATION - 400 SFC SEPARATION -15 SEC TO REENTRY VEHICLE AND SEPARATION +2.05 SEC SEPARATIOrq +3.3 SEC SEPARATION + 14 SEC
I RECOVERY TELEMETRY ON -1.35 SFC ADAPTER SEPARATE SP NUP RETRO ROCKET IGNITION DESPIN
2. RESET RECOVERY 1. SHIFT POWER TO (ROCKET ACTION
PROGRAMMER CAPSULE TIME = 10 SEC)
2. RECOVERY BEACON ON
3 FEEDLINE AND
ELECTRICAL DISCONNECT
4. DEORBIT BATTERiES ON /
5. DEORBIT PROGRAMMER
STARTS TIMING X
(0

7 8 9 10 11 12
SEPARATION + 16 SEC SEPARATION + 175 MIN SEPARATION + 18 MIN SEPARATION + 1825 MIN SEPARATION + 18.3 MIN SEPARATION + ABOUT
THRUST CONE SEPARATION 1. GSWITCH OPENS 80,000 !. RECOVERY PROGRAMMER MAIN CHUTE RELEASES LINE CUTTERS DISREEF
FT. ALTITUDE TIMES OUT (REEFED) MAIN CHUTE AERIAL RECOVERY
2. RECOVERY TIMER STARTS 2. AFT THERMAL COVER
EJECTS, 55,000 FT.
ALTITUDE
3. DROGUE CHUTE DEPLOYS
4. HEAT SHIELD FALLS
AWAY

NATIKNAt AEROCNAUhICSAND SPACEA)MINISItRAIIN

AMES RESIARCHCINIEI MOCIF S4LD CAM.NIA
 -25-

From 400 to three seconds before separation, the separation

programmer-timer turns on the reentry telemetry transmitter,
and movie
sets the recovery programmer, turns on tape recorder
in the capsule,
camera switches capsule systems to batteries dis-
turns off task unit, turns on the recovery radio beacon;
connects oxygen, nitrogen, water, urine, and thermal-control
adapter
fluid lines. It orders electrical disconnect of the
and capsule, and activates capsule batteries.

At; 1.B5 seconds., electrical disconnect of adapter and

starts.
retro-fire cone occurs and the deorbit progranmler
At separation, the programmer orders separation; pin Two
pullers fire; adapter and reentry vehicle move apart. the reentry
seconds later, the deorbit timer orders spin-up of
after separation,
vehicle for stable attitude; and 3.3 seconds
retro-fire slows the capsule by 420 mph.
At 14 seconds, de-spin occurs, and at 16 seconds, theAtburned
16
out retro-fire cone separates from the reentry vehicle.
programmer.
minutes, deceleration switch starts the recovery
reentry
Twenty six seconds later, the programmer orders the deploys;
vehicle's aft thermal cover to eject; drogue chute
vehicle's lorebody falls away.
Ten seconds later, the drogue chute pulls out the main
disreef
chute from the capsule, and five seconds later cutters
it does not
the main chute. Aerial recovery then occurs. Ifafter separation.
occur, the capsule lands in the ocean 45 minutes support
Ten minutes later, recovery telemetry stops, Life to
batteries operate for six hours. Radio beacon continues
operate for about 12 hours after sea landing.

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 AAB260-6

BIOSATELLITE COMMAND AND DATA RETURN COVERAGE

NASA, DOD, AND INTERNATIONAL STATIONS

-ROSMAN
GIJYM.As /EAST. TEST RANGE, ;2
BERUDA ORIS 3
1,2,3,4'..2
-2

MOJAVE -FT MYERS ORBITS

HAWAII

E T QUITOR
-

C~SAMOA LM
SANTIAG SINGAPORE
JOHANNESBURG CARNARVON
TANANARIVE WOOMERA ORRORAL

*> ;- -- RECORD TELEMETRY ONLY STATIONS .. e ..

s.
-;..*...,.
-. ,.i
;, >-. . .
. - .
,

0 REGULAR CDMMAND TELEMETRY STATIONS

-,
LAUNCH AND RECOVERY STATIONS
 RECOVERY OPERATIONS
Force,
Recovery of the primate capsule will be by U.S. Air
as the
with support of other agencies, by mid-air pickup
on its parachute. Aerial recovery will be
capsule descends
agency.
made by an aircraft of the designated USAF recovery by
search aircraft will locate the capsule
For a sea landing,
Sea retrieval will be by helicopter and
its radio beaofon.
SCUBA divers or by Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service hold
would
personnel erecting a balloon station. The balloon
snatch from
a line aloft, at1tached to the capsule, for aircraft
agency will
the water. If the capsule overshoots, USAF recovery
begin remote area search.
Air
Other organizations taking part in recovery include:
AFB; Federal Aviation
Force Weather Forecasting Service; 1Hickam
Agency; Western Test Range; and Pacific Missile Range.

Facilities include: a recovery ship with helicopters.

Guam,
USAF Aerospace Rescue Service bases in the Phillipines,
be alert in the event of an
Florida, Bermida, and Azores will
early call-down.

M-PWI
 -27-

TRACKING AND DATA RETRIEVAL

Tracking, command, and data readout for Biosatellite D will

be by NASA's Satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition Network
(STADAN), headquartered at Goddard Space Flight Center, and by
the Manned Space Flight Network, and four foreign stations.
Immediately after launch, spacecraft control will move from
Cape Kennedy to the Biosatellite Operations Control Center at
Goddard in Greenbelt, Md. Control will remain there until after
the final deorbit command is sent to the spacecraft. Respon-
sibility for retrieval of the capsule then shifts to the Recovery
Force.
Five STADAN stations will be regularly used throughout the
mission: Fort Myers, Fla.; Rosman, N.C.; Quito, Ecuador; Lima,
Peru; and Santiago, Chile. One or more of these will send
commands and receive tracking and other data from five to ten
minutes on each orbit. Additional stations at Guam; Canary
Islands; Kauai; Mojave, Calif.; Singapore; Kashima, Japan;
Woomera, Australia; and Tananarive, Malagasy, will record data
only during primate tasks.
Eighty to 100 minutes of data will be received from the
spacecraft by all stations each day. On passes over Rosman,
Quito, Santiago and Carnarvon, Australia, data will be returned
to Biosatellite Control via high-speed data link. Computer
facilities at Goddard will calculate orbits, and orbit data will
be used to pinpoint recovery areas in mid-Pacific, and emergency
recovery areas for each day.
For recovery, voice links will join Biosatellite Control
with Air Force Recovery Control, and the deorbit monitoring
aircraft based on Okinawa. Reentry telemetry will be received
by recovery stations, aircraft, and ships. After the mission,
all recorded data will go to Goddard for processing.

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- - - - I'w
 -28-

BIOSATELLITE PROJECT TEAM

NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C.

for Space
Dr. John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator
Science and Applications Programs
Dr. Orr E. Reynolds, Di-ector, Bioscience Bioscience Programs
Col. George H. Duncan, Assistant Director,
Thomas P. Dallow, Biosatellite Program Manager
FA. Zihlman, Biosa ellite Program Engineer
Scientist
Dr. Norman W. Weissman, Biosatellite Program
Launch Vehicles and
R.W. Manville, Program Manager Small
International Projects
Isaac T. Gillam, Delta Program Manager for Tracking
Gerald M. Truszynski, Associate Administrator
and Data Acquisition

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Cal.

Dr. Hans Mark, Director
John V. Foster, Director of Development Manager
Charles A. Wilson, Biosatellite Project Systems Manager
Bonne C. Look, Biosatellite Spacecraft Scientist
Dr. Charles A. Winget, Biosatellite Project Manager
John W. Dyer, Biosatellite Assistant Operations
Experiments Engineering
Thomas H. Harmount, Assistant
Group Manager
Center, Fla.
John F. Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space
Dr. Kurt H. Debus, Director Launch
Robert H. Gray, Assistant Director for Unmanned
Operations
Hugh A, Weston, Jr., Chief, Delta Operations

0 Idard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md,

William B. Schindler, Delta Project Manager Data Systems
Eldon A. Wolkmer, Biosatellite Tracking and
Manager

6-neral Electric Co. (Spacecraft Prime Contractor

Reentry Systems Department, Philadelpi a.

Hilljard W. Paige, Aerospace Group Executive

Mark A. Morton, Deputy Aerospace Group Executive
Systems
Otto Klima, Jr., General Manager, ReentrySystems Programs
Walter D. Smith, Gen.Mgr, Space Reentry
Manager
Raymond A. Welsch, Biosatellite Programs Programs
Thomas E. Shaw, Chief Engineer, Biosatellite

-. .oe-