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    Exegetical Fallacies
    Exegetical Fallacies
    Exegetical Fallacies
    Ebook207 pages3 hours

    Exegetical Fallacies

    By D. A. Carson

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    About this ebook

    This book offers updated explanations of the sins of interpretation to teach sound grammatical, lexical, cultural, theological, and historical Bible study practices.

    "A must for teachers, pastors, and serious Bible students."--Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBaker Publishing Group
    Release dateMar 1, 1996
    ISBN9781585582808
    Exegetical Fallacies
    Author

    D. A. Carson

    D. A. Carson is research professor of New Testament at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois. He has been at Trinity since 1978. Carson came to Trinity from the faculty of Northwest Baptist Theological Seminary in Vancouver, British Columbia, where he also served for two years as academic dean. He has served as assistant pastor and pastor and has done itinerant ministry in Canada and the United Kingdom. Carson received the Bachelor of Science in chemistry from McGill University, the Master of Divinity from Central Baptist Seminary in Toronto, and the Doctor of Philosophy in New Testament from the University of Cambridge. Carson is an active guest lecturer in academic and church settings around the world. He has written or edited about sixty books. He is a founding member and currently president of The Gospel Coalition.

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    • 5/5
      This little book is wonderful, it breaks down the numerous fallacies on scholarly works from logic to linguistic fallacies
    • 4/5
      (Note: this is a review of the first edition, not the second.)This is a thought-provoking read, but not an easy one, unless you're comfortable with some fairly advanced terminology from logic and greek grammar. But recommended for all those who take the study or application of theology seriously -- which should include all preachers.Carson looks in turn at different classes of fallacies, arising from Word Studies, Greek Grammar, Logic and then Presuppositions/History. In each he then subcategorises them into many smaller classes, and gives one or more examples from each. Wisely he takes his examples from many different theological positions, and doesn't exempt one of his earlier works. Wisely too, it's not a very long book, as it's dense enough as it is.Worryingly, some of the fallacies he lists, particularly around the greek grammar, are ones that I've been taught in greek class at college (eg, around interpretation of aorist tenses and conditionals). Others require a greater mind than mine to notice, so having him point them out and show the (usually missing) logical steps that are in error, has also been useful. But it was somewhat off-putting that even with a year's greek study, most of the grammatical terminology he uses was new to me. The book has very thorough references, and an scriptural index.
    • 5/5
      An extremely helpful book for the serious student of the Bible.
    • 5/5
      This book ought to be a must read for every pastor, minister, and teacher of the Bible. Though there are other texts out there that deal specifically with many of these fallacies (for word studies see Silva "Biblical Words" and Barr "Semantics of the Biblical Language), this book serves as a compendium for the exegete. I have read it at least twice and I always find myself being humbled as I approach the Bible. Care must be taken as we approach the Text and so this book is a healthy preventative from erroneous interpretations and applications. Much is taken for granted today and it is the opinion of this reviewer that Biblical Fidelity is decreasing and Biblical Illiteracy is increasing. This book can serve as a corrective to both. Though it may not be 'night-time' reading for the lay person, teachers ought to demonstrate and implement these rules into their teaching, along with providing them to the people so they too can use it on their own. Overall, this book is excellent.
    • 5/5
      Each of us brings our own fallacies when dealing with Scripture. However, if we truly believe in its authority as the Word of God, then we are called to be aware of these blind spots. Carson's book is a wonderful guide to fallacies in many areas of Bible study. How many sermons have been preached on mistaken exegesis? This book asks you to find yourself in the fallacies, and it convicted me in several places.This is an excellent book, that tells us that sometimes a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. This is especially true as regards the Bible.
    • 4/5
      Clear, concise, unashamed of calling people out (including himself). "A little self-doubt will do no harm and may do a great deal of good: we will be more open to learn and correct our mistakes." (142) Great book.
    • 5/5
      I have had this book in my Amazon basket for way too long. Unfortunately it had slipped to the third page of my books to buy and I had forgotten about it, until an Amazon price change reminded me it was there (I saved a whole 4 pence on the previous price)!So this book is a look at various fallacies of biblical exegesis. It is the kind of book any serious student of scripture should read, and the author is very careful to limit his criticism to criticism of method, without getting caught up in defending his own theological persuasions. Indeed he even criticises his own published work, which seems very fair.The book is divided into sections - firstly on fallacies around language (words especially), then around grammar, then logical fallcies and presuppositional fallacies and such like. The structure works well enough, although by the end I was wondering whether there was another way to structure the material. On reflection, I cannot think of anything better though. the problem is simply that there are too many ways we can err.I felt that some knowledge of Greek helped me in the reading of this book. The author transliterates all the Greek words he discusses, but he does not actually translate any (and does the same with German once too). Fortunately I understood everything I needed to, but I felt a translation would make this book more accessible to students of the Bible with no knowledge of Greek, who are not working from the Greek but might be evaluating the arguments of people who are saying things like "ah well, in the original Greek we see this word play..."Some of my favourite pet peeves were covered nicely in this book, and many others I had not considered. And the fact that I can think of other pet peeves that were not covered is not a bad reflection on the book, because the point is to give us the exegetical tools for avoiding falling into error. And inasmuch as that is what the book is attempting, it achieves just that.
    • 5/5
      Dr. Carson does a tremendous job with this book. The book is not much over 100 pages, but it really provides an engaging and insightful survey of the most common exegetical mistakes.The examples provided are varied and the author provides wonderfully lucid explanations. I had to skip one of the chapters that dealt with Greek grammar, because it was too advanced for me to benefit from it. While the book is highly technical in some regards, the Dr. Carson does explains things very clearly and doesn't use more technical language than he needs to.This book is a gem even for those who may never do any heavy-duty exegesis, and just want to be able to test what they hear from various preachers and commentators. Beyond that, though, anyone who is preaching or completes seminary should read this book at least once. It is a true classic.
    • 4/5
      What you CAN'T read into the text of the Bible. Some of the things we want the Bible to say cannot be supported by honest intellectual investigation, this helps sort out the aceptable methodology from rejected ones.With Fee's "How to Read the Bible for All It's Worth," it is a good introduction to the process of exegesis and hermeneutics.
    • 5/5
      Carson convinced me of one thing...nothing is more dangerous in theology that someone who doesn't know Greek or Hebrew but is armed with a Strong's Concordance and/or a Vine's dictionary. This book is actually incentive to me to REALLY LEARN Greek and Hebrew.
    • 4/5
      It was a good read, but I think there were some fundamental problems with Carson's work. At some points it seemed that he was unable to criticize his own methods that this book. It was also written with a considerable amount of bias that went unchecked. Important read for exegetes but also an interesting example of strong-willed bias in scholarship.

      1 person found this helpful

    • 5/5
      An excellent book... It's a must read for every biblical exegete
    • 1/5
      This book is a handy summation of the major types of exegetical fallacies. It provides clear definitions and good illustrations, and is especially adept at distinguishing and relating the various "members" of the various families of related fallacies. Carson is clearly an exegete of uncommon skill, especially in his grasp of the general rules of linguistics and logic.However. I would have to say that I feel generous giving the book a single star because of one single factor: the tone. I've read a good many scholars who could have used a lesson or two in humility and gentility, but I've never read another book that could match this for arrogance and condescension. In fact, it's so bad, you expect about halfway through that Carson is going to reveal that the book is a parody of exegetical criticism. You keep waiting for the, "Oh, I'm just kidding! I really do respect the authors I'm critiquing and their works are, overall, extremely valuable." That moment never comes.And the REAL issue is that the information in the book is truly valuable, well-organized, and easy-to-follow. I'd love to use this text in a hermeneutics class, but since I'm trying to teach students to be lovers of the Word of God and not to be pompous, self-important, condescending jerks, I'll have to look for another text.

      2 people found this helpful

    Book preview

    Exegetical Fallacies - D. A. Carson

    © 1996 by D. A. Carson

    Published by Baker Academic

    a division of Baker Publishing Group

    P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

    www.bakeracademic.com

    Ebook edition created 2013

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

    ISBN 978-1-58558-280-8

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

    Scripture quotations labeled KJV are from the King James Version of the Bible.

    Scripture quotations labeled NIV are from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com

    W. Gordon Brown

    In Memoriam

    Contents

    Cover

    Title page

    Copyright page

    Dedication

    List of Abbreviations

    Preface to the Second Edition

    Preface

    Introduction

    1. Word-Study Fallacies

    2. Grammatical Fallacies

    3. Logical Fallacies

    4. Presuppositional and Historical Fallacies

    5. Concluding Reflections

    Index of Subjects

    Index of Authors

    Index of Scripture

    Notes

    List of Abbreviations

    Preface to the Second Edition

    The surprising success of this book suggests that there is an encouraging number of preachers and teachers of Scripture who want to correct common errors in exegesis. I am grateful to God if this book has been a help.

    Many readers have written to share with me their own lists of amusing fallacies. A few of their suggestions have found their way into the pages of this second edition. Three or four reviewers or letter writers strenuously objected to this or that example. I have tried to take their complaints to heart. In a couple of instances I have revised the section; in two or three instances I merely dropped the material or substituted better examples, not always because I thought I was wrong on the issue, but simply because in this book I am not trying to score points on particular subjects so much as give indisputable examples of exegetical fallacies. But most of the material in the first edition has been retained here. Occasionally I have dropped material not because I have changed my mind as to the exegesis, but because I would defend my position a little differently today.

    By contrast, from time to time I have inserted fresh examples. In addition, the material in the fourth chapter has been expanded somewhat. Granted the rapid changes taking place in the field of hermeneutics, that chapter could easily have become a couple of books. Restraint prevailed, so that not too many pages were added.

    I would have liked to expand the fifth chapter, but it seemed best not to enlarge the book too much at one go, not least because it is primarily used as auxiliary reading in exegesis courses, so that too great an increase in length would probably destroy its usefulness. In particular, I rather wanted to say more about the interpretation of literary genres than I did. The little I added may be of use to some. And if this book ever goes to a third edition, perhaps that will be the time to add more to the fifth chapter.

    Soli Deo gloria

    D. A. Carson

    Preface

    Most of the material in this book was first delivered at the Spring Lectureship sponsored by Western Conservative Baptist Seminary in Portland, Oregon, in 1983. It is a pleasure to record my thanks to James DeYoung, the chairman of the Lectureship Committee, not only for the invitation, but also for efficient arrangements and boundless courtesy. My thanks, too, to the faculty members and students who went out of their way to make me feel welcome.

    Some of the material in these pages still retains elements of its genesis in lectures, although the notes, of course, played no part in the original series. Far more of my examples have been taken from New Testament scholarship than Old Testament scholarship, not only because that reflects my relative expertise, but even more because many of these examples have been drawn from classroom material culled over the years in the course of teaching students responsible exegesis of the New Testament. Although my reading of Old Testament scholarship assures me that comparable examples are no less frequent in that corpus, to prevent this book from growing out of bounds I have decided to retain the original limits.

    Some of those who have heard or read part or all of this material have sometimes criticized me for being unfair to their preferred viewpoint on some theological or exegetical point. I have tried to listen to their criticisms and make changes where needed; but I am encouraged to note that approximately the same proportion of Baptists as Paedo-baptists, Calvinists as Arminians, and so forth, have voiced objections and suggestions, so perhaps the balance is not too far off. I can only insist in the strongest terms that I have tried not to use these pages as a sounding board by which to give vent to personal prejudices. Doubtless I have in some measure failed, but readers who take too great offense in discovering just where I have damaged their preferred interpretations might profitably ask themselves to what extent their own prejudices have influenced their judgment.

    My secretary Marty Irwin typed the manuscript under extremely short notice and considerable pressure; I am profoundly grateful for her efficiency and enthusiasm. Mark Reasoner gave valuable assistance with two of the indexes.

    Soli Deo gloria.

    Introduction

    To focus on fallacies, exegetical or otherwise, sounds a bit like focusing on sin: guilty parties may take grudging notice and briefly pause to examine their faults, but there is nothing intrinsically redemptive in the procedure. Nevertheless, when the sins are common and (what is more) frequently unrecognized by those who commit them, detailed description may have the salutary effect of not only encouraging thoughtful self-examination but also providing an incentive to follow a better way. I hope that by talking about what should not be done in exegesis, we may all desire more deeply to interpret the Word of God aright. If I focus on the negative, it is in the hope that readers will thereby profit more from the positive instruction they glean from texts and lectures.

    Before pressing on to the study itself, I shall avoid distracting questions later if at the outset I sketch the importance of this study and the dangers inherent in it, and frankly acknowledge the many limitations I have adopted.

    The Importance of This Study

    This study is important because exegetical fallacies are painfully frequent among us—among us whose God-given grace and responsibility is the faithful proclamation of the Word of God. Make a mistake in the interpretation of one of Shakespeare’s plays, falsely scan a piece of Spenserian verse, and there is unlikely to be an entailment of eternal consequence; but we cannot lightly accept a similar laxity in the interpretation of Scripture. We are dealing with God’s thoughts: we are obligated to take the greatest pains to understand them truly and to explain them clearly. It is all the more shocking, therefore, to find in the evangelical pulpit, where the Scriptures are officially revered, frequent and inexcusable sloppiness in handling them. All of us, of course, will make some exegetical mistakes: I am painfully aware of some of my own, brought to my attention by increasing years, wider reading, and alert colleagues who love me enough to correct me. But tragic is the situation when the preacher or teacher is perpetually unaware of the blatant nonsense he utters, and of the consequent damage he inflicts on the church of God. Nor will it do to be satisfied with pointing a finger at other groups whose skills are less than our own: we must begin by cleaning up our own backyard.

    The essence of all critical thought, in the best sense of that abused expression, is the justification of opinions. A critical interpretation of Scripture is one that has adequate justification—lexical, grammatical, cultural, theological, historical, geographical, or other justification.[1] In other words, critical exegesis in this sense is exegesis that provides sound reasons for the choices it makes and the positions it adopts. Critical exegesis is opposed to merely personal opinions, appeals to blind authority (the interpreter’s or anyone else’s), arbitrary interpretations, and speculative opinions. This is not to deny that spiritual things are spiritually discerned, or to argue that piety is irrelevant; it is to say rather that not even piety and the gift of the Holy Spirit guarantee infallible interpretations. When two equally godly interpreters emerge with mutually incompatible interpretations of a text, it must be obvious even to the most spiritual, and perhaps as well to most of those who are not devoted to the worst forms of polysemy (about which I will say a little more later), that they cannot both be right.[2] If the interpreters in question are not only spiritual but also mature, perhaps we may hope that they will probe for the reasons why they have arrived at different conclusions. With continued cautious, courteous, and honest examination, they may in time come to a resolution of the conflicting interpretative claims. Perhaps one is right and the other is wrong; perhaps both are in some measure right and wrong, and both need to change their respective positions; or perhaps the two interpreters are unable to zero in on the precise reasons why they disagree, and therefore remain unable to track down the exegetical or hermeneutical problem and resolve it. No matter: from our point of view, what is important is that the two interpreters are involved in critical exegesis, exegesis that provides, or attempts to provide, adequate justification of all conclusions reached and of every opinion held.

    But if critical exegesis offers sound reasons, it must learn to reject unsound reasons. That is why this study is important. By exposing our exegetical fallacies, we may become better practitioners of critical exegesis.

    Careful handling of the Bible will enable us to hear it a little better. It is all too easy to read the traditional interpretations we have received from others into the text of Scripture. Then we may unwittingly transfer the authority of Scripture to our traditional interpretations and invest them with a false, even an idolatrous, degree of certainty. Because traditions are reshaped as they are passed on, after a while we may drift far from God’s Word while still insisting all our theological opinions are biblical and therefore true. If when we are in such a state we study the Bible uncritically, more than likely it will simply reinforce our errors. If the Bible is to accomplish its work of continual reformation—reformation of our lives and our doctrine—we must do all we can to listen to it afresh and to utilize the best resources at our disposal.

    The importance of this sort of study cannot be overestimated if we are to move toward unanimity on those matters of interpretation that still divide us. I speak to those with a high view of Scripture: it is very distressing to contemplate how many differences there are among us as to what Scripture actually says. The great, unifying truths should not of course be minimized; but the fact remains that among those who believe the canonical sixty-six books are nothing less than the Word of God written there is a disturbing array of mutually incompatible theological opinions. Robert K. Johnston has a point when he writes:

    [That] evangelicals, all claiming a Biblical norm, are reaching contradictory theological formulations on many of the major issues they are addressing suggests the problematic nature of their present understanding of theological interpretation. To argue that the Bible is authoritative, but to be unable to come to anything like agreement on what it says (even with those who share an evangelical commitment), is self-defeating.[3]

    This may not be very carefully worded: the self-defeat to which Johnston refers may be hermeneutical and exegetical; it has no necessary bearing on the Bible’s authority. But he does help us face up to some embarrassing disarray.

    Why is it that among those with equally high views of Scripture’s authority there are people who think tongues are the definitive sign of the baptism of the Spirit, others who think the gift of tongues is optional, and still others who think it no longer exists as a genuine gift? Why are there some who hold to a dispensational approach to Scripture, and others who call themselves covenant theologians? Why are there several brands of Calvinists and Arminians, Baptists and Paedo-baptists? Why do some stoutly defend a Presbyterian form of church government, others press for some form of congregationalism, and still others defend the three offices and hierarchical structure that dominated the West for almost a millennium and a half from the time of the subapostolic fathers on? Dare I ask what is the significance of the Lord’s Supper? Or why there is such a plethora of opinions regarding eschatology?

    In one sense, of course, the reasons are not always rational, or amenable to correction by improved exegetical rigor alone. Many local Bible teachers and preachers have never been forced to confront alternative interpretations at full strength; and because they would lose a certain psychological security if they permitted their own questions, aroused by their own reading of Scripture, to come into full play, they are unlikely to throw over received traditions. But I am not talking about such people. I am restricting myself for the sake of this discussion to the wisest, most mature, best trained, and most devout leaders of each position: why cannot they move to greater unanimity on all kinds

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