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    World War II in Photographs
    World War II in Photographs
    World War II in Photographs
    Ebook243 pages54 minutes

    World War II in Photographs

    By Andrew Webb

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    About this ebook

    World War II in Photographs is an innovative visual account of the major events of the greatest conflict of the twentieth century, the Second World War.

    Featuring over 250 original images of warfare in all its forms, the book portrays the significant actions and people of the years 1939-1945. From Dunkirk to D-Day, Churchill to Crete, Rommel to Russia, every aspect of the conflict is examined in astonishing visual detail.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherArcturus Publishing
    Release dateMay 24, 2013
    ISBN9781782126188
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      Book preview

      World War II in Photographs - Andrew Webb

      INTRODUCTION: BETWEEN THE WARS 1919–1936

      THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS have been described as a single war with a long pause for breath in the middle. While this is perhaps something of an exaggeration, it is undeniably true that the seeds of what would become the Second World War were sown in the aftermath of the First.

      When the armistice of November 1918 was signed, Germany possessed over 200 divisions on the front line in the West, with a further 70 occupying the territory gained from Russia in the East. The legend soon grew that Germany had not been defeated in the field, but had in fact been ‘stabbed in the back’ by communists and traitors back at home: the so-called ‘Dolchstoss’ legend. The embittered front-line troops returning home found a battered and dispirited nation, with many cities in the hands of ‘Workers’ Councils’, set up on the Soviet model. Many servicemen banded together into what became known as the ‘Freikorps’, an unofficial rightist militia, and took it upon themselves to restore order to the nation. The fledgling socialist government, lacking troops of its own, was forced to use these groups to combat communist occupation of cities, earning itself little respect from either Left or Right.

      At this point, a newly-demobbed Corporal Adolf Hitler was working for army intelligence assessing ‘radical elements’, one of which was the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (DAP), the German Workers’ Party. Attracted by their anti-Semitic, anti-capitalist stance, and also their lack of an established leader, Hitler became Party Member 555 (not number 7, as he would later claim), and quickly took over the party, renaming it the National Sozialist Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, (NSDAP), abbreviated to Nazi Party.

      The signing of the Armistice, November 1918. The German surrender of 1918 was widely regarded as a national humiliation by a people that believed itself undefeated in the field, a belief encouraged by the self-serving memoirs published by senior generals such as Erich Ludendorff. In fact, Germany was militarily and economically exhausted, and if it had not negotiated a peace in 1918, would have been utterly crushed in 1919.

      Freikorps unit on the streets in Germany, c. 1920. The post-war years were lawless ones in Germany, with both extreme Left and Right battling for control of the local city and state governments. The Freikorps units were mostly made up of disenchanted ex-soldiers, of a decidedly right-wing bent.

      Hitler speaks at the first gathering of flag and standard bearers of the Nazi Party on the Marsfeld in Munich, 28 February 1923.

      Nazi gathering in Munich, May Day, 1923. The expected battle with Communists failed to materialise when police, forewarned of the Nazis’ intentions, herded them on to the Theresienwiese, open land near the city, and held them there for the rest of the day.

      The ‘Beer Hall Putsch’, 9 November 1923. The attempt to take over the Bavarian government came to nothing when police opened fire on the putschists, which included Hitler and the First World War hero General Ludendorff. Fourteen of the ‘putschists’ were killed, including Hitler’s bodyguard Ulrich Graf, and another close confidant of Hitler Erwin Sheubner-Richter.

      Ludendorff and Hitler (front, second and third from right) at the trial subsequent to the failed November Putsch. Röhm of the SA is on the extreme right.

      Captain Ernst Röhm, leader of the SA. An original Nazi believer, this tough little ex-captain had emigrated to South America after the failure of the November Putsch in Munich, where he joined the Bolivian Army. In 1930 after a personal appeal from Hitler he returned to become head of the SA and of the SS. It was Röhm’s espousal of the continuation of the Nazi ‘revolution from below’, coupled with his insistence that the SA should be built up as a rival power base to the army that led to his downfall in the Night of the Long Knives, in June 1934.

      Stormtroopers parade through the streets of Germany, circa 1932. By this time, the Nazis had a considerable following, and Hitler was just months away from the Chancellorship of Germany.

      Day of Potsdam, 21 March 1933. The newly-appointed Chancellor Hitler greets President Paul von Hindenburg at the opening of the new German parliament at Potsdam, the old capital of Prussia.

      (Left to right) Otto von Meissner, chief of the Presidential Chancellery, Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen, Minister of Defence General von Blomberg, Chancellor Hitler and Goebbels in a photograph taken on May Day 1933, months after Hitler’s elevation to the chancellorship.

      Stormtroopers lead the Nazi boycott of Jewish business in Berlin, 1 April 1933.

      The November Putsch

      In 1923, inspired in part by the Italian Fascist ‘March on Rome’, Hitler made an attempt to take over the Bavarian government as a prelude to a ‘March on Berlin’, in which the war hero Ludendorff also took part. This

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