Street Art: From Around the World
By Garry Hunter
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About this ebook
Garry Hunter
Garry Hunter is a professional photographer and independent curator. Based in London, he is the founder and Creative Director of the Fitzrovia Noir community arts initiative, a group that specialises in installations in non-gallery spaces and urban sites undergoing major transition. His passion for street art has taken him all over the world, and he is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
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Street Art - Garry Hunter
INTRODUCTION
All around us, in the urban centres across the world, a creative phenomenon is taking place. Our towns and cities are saturated with the imagery of commerce and advertising, but alongside these there are also personal expressions of the modern human condition in the form of works of art on the street, available for everyone to see. Sometimes created under cover of darkness to avoid arrest, they are often considered temporary, being painted over or replaced by another piece within a few days. Increasingly, however, people have begun to recognize the power of this street art as a medium of expression, and its practitioners are coming out of the darkness and working on commissions and exhibiting in art galleries and cultural institutions.
As the 20th century drew to a close, street art was becoming firmly established as an accessible art form that was available to everyone and that went beyond the esoteric ‘tag’, the political statement or the religious affirmation. In order to examine this truly global phenomenon it is important to explore its origins at the very beginning of the built environment, when man started to construct his habitat and create territories away from the cave.
A HISTORY OF SELF-EXPRESSION
East Africa is often associated with the emergence of modern humans and it is here that the earliest evidence of the use of paint can be found. Man’s first foray into art is thought to have been body painting – perhaps as part of hunting and worship rituals – using pigments ground from berries and earth, for which evidence has only recently been discovered. As these practices were evolving 300–400,000 years ago, we can only imagine the spectacle of the human body as a primeval canvas and it is largely unknown whether the drawings assumed abstract or figurative form.
The Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc cave in the Ardèche region of France contains the oldest known examples of figurative painting and small 3D sculptures of the female human form, work that dates back at least 35,000 years. The animals depicted here may be totemic ancestors or spirit guides, framed within the hunter-gatherer’s experience of territory, family, threats and defence, and the fertility of both land and man.
The oldest known graffiti was carved by Semitic soldiers on an Egyptian cliff wall 4,000 years ago. It consists of two inscriptions that appear to contain a man’s name and a reference to God, and they represent the creative actions of individuals set apart from officially sanctioned hieroglyphics. Scratching into surfaces as a means of expression is still used throughout the continent in some places, as can be seen in the example above, which marks the arrival of television in West Africa in the late 1970s.
This Paleolithic painting of a bull at the Lascaux cave complex in France is one of the oldest known examples of figurative art in existence.
A television motif scratched into a wall in Niger, 1979: an example of how graffiti is used to mark social change.
There are also many early examples of wall scratching in regions that were seen as ‘cradles of civilization’, such as the early metropolitan areas of Ancient Greece and Mesopotamia. Deriving its etymological roots from the Greek word ‘graphein’ meaning ‘to scratch, draw or write’, ‘graffiti’ was also used in Ancient Rome as a common sign for secret societies, including early Christians who employed a simple fish symbol. This would appear temporarily chalked on subterranean routes to gatherings. It was also used as a test to identify others of the same faith when meeting on the street – if a curved sweep of the foot was answered with the reciprocal action that completed the fish cipher in road dust, further communication