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Textiles for Hygiene and Infection Control
Автор: Elsevier Science
Активность, связанная с книгой
Начать чтение- Издатель:
- Elsevier Science
- Издано:
- Jul 26, 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780857093707
- Формат:
- Книге
Описание
Part one offers an insight into design and production techniques for hygiene textiles. Chapters discuss nanotechnology and it’s applications in hygiene textiles, knitted spacer fabrics, innovative and sustainable packaging and biodegradable hygiene products. Part two explores design and production techniques for infection control textiles. Chapters examine micro-organisms, infection and the role of textiles, the creation of barrier textiles through plasma processing and methods for ensuring fabrics survive sterilisation. Part three concludes by investigating the variety of available hygiene and infection control products. Chapters consider washable textile-based absorbent products for incontinence, coated textiles for skin infections and antimicrobial treatments of textiles for hygiene and infection control applications from an industrial perspective.
Textiles for hygiene and infection control is an essential reference for manufacturers, designers, engineers and producers of hygiene and infection control products. It is also a useful tool for medical scientists, surgeons and nurses. Offers insight into design and production techniques for hygiene textiles Chapters discuss a range of applications, such as the use of textiles for incontinence An essential reference for manufacturers, designers, engineers and producers of hygiene and infection control products
Активность, связанная с книгой
Начать чтениеСведения о книге
Textiles for Hygiene and Infection Control
Автор: Elsevier Science
Описание
Part one offers an insight into design and production techniques for hygiene textiles. Chapters discuss nanotechnology and it’s applications in hygiene textiles, knitted spacer fabrics, innovative and sustainable packaging and biodegradable hygiene products. Part two explores design and production techniques for infection control textiles. Chapters examine micro-organisms, infection and the role of textiles, the creation of barrier textiles through plasma processing and methods for ensuring fabrics survive sterilisation. Part three concludes by investigating the variety of available hygiene and infection control products. Chapters consider washable textile-based absorbent products for incontinence, coated textiles for skin infections and antimicrobial treatments of textiles for hygiene and infection control applications from an industrial perspective.
Textiles for hygiene and infection control is an essential reference for manufacturers, designers, engineers and producers of hygiene and infection control products. It is also a useful tool for medical scientists, surgeons and nurses. Offers insight into design and production techniques for hygiene textiles Chapters discuss a range of applications, such as the use of textiles for incontinence An essential reference for manufacturers, designers, engineers and producers of hygiene and infection control products
- Издатель:
- Elsevier Science
- Издано:
- Jul 26, 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780857093707
- Формат:
- Книге
Связано с Textiles for Hygiene and Infection Control
Отрывок книги
Textiles for Hygiene and Infection Control
Tobler-Rohr
Part I
Design and production techniques for hygiene textiles
1
The design of novel hygiene textile products
M. Jassal, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), India
Abstract:
Absorbent personal hygiene products, such as diapers, sanitary napkins, tampons, incontinence products, panty shields, wipes, etc., are mostly single-use items and are designed to receive, absorb and retain body fluids and solid wastes. Significant innovation has been carried out to improve the performance of these products. This chapter discusses recent advances in technologies to improve the performance of hygiene products.
Key words
absorbents
adult incontinence devices
gel blocking
hydrogels
hygiene products
superabsorbent polymers
1.1 Introduction: hygiene products
Hygiene products form an important group of medical textiles. Use of these products was once restricted to hospitals and operating theatres for the hygiene, care, and safety of patients and hospital staff. Now, with the growing global population, longer life span, and improved hygiene and healthcare standards, textile materials used in the healthcare/hygiene sector have gradually taken on more important roles. Recently, the use of these products has also penetrated into the household sector. Owing to recent advancements in the polymer, fiber and textile engineering fields, the use of textile materials in this sector has witnessed a tremendous growth. This chapter is intended to provide the key requirements of hygiene products and recent advancements in the technologies to improve their performance. Several reviews¹, ² have been published in the literature and the reader is referred to these publications.
1.2 Applications of hygiene products
Hygiene products include both disposable and non-disposable items that are mainly used in hospitals, such as antimicrobial textiles, towels, diapers, sanitary napkins, tampons, panty shields, wipes, incontinence products and so on. Based on their application, these can be broadly classified into the following categories:
• Wipes. Baby wipes are commonly based on a nonwoven substrate material that is coated or impregnated with a liquid lotion, packaged in such a way that the wipes are dispensed as required. The absorbency of the nonwoven substrate is important in achieving good non-linting and cleaning performance from the wipes.
• Baby diapers, training pants. Baby diapers provide an effective absorbent structure to receive, absorb and retain urine and waste products from babies. The products should deliver absorption/retention functionality in such a way as to prevent irritation of the baby’s skin and contamination of the baby’s clothing, and be capable of disposal after use. Training pants represent an extension of diaper use for toddlers in helping with toilet training, in such a way as to provide a backup system of protection in case of accidents.
• Feminine hygiene products. The requirement of these absorbent products is to absorb and retain menstrual fluid discharges. The products are in intimate contact with the user, hence they must be without skin irritant tendencies, and provide containment and absorption without leakage.
• Adult diapers and incontinence pads. Adults who have to remain on duty for long durations (such as nonstop drivers and astronauts who cannot reach the toilet on time) and those who do not have control over their continence, find adult diapers very useful. They are worn like an under garment.
These absorbent products can be durable (cloth type) or disposable. The disposable category is hygienic, comfortable and multi-layered. The interior layer is highly absorbent, has high wicking tendency and can retain fluid. The exterior layer is composed of a waterproof material. Hence, they absorb the fluid and at the same time keep the skin dry.
Recent developments are hybrid reusable diapers and ultra thin diapers. Hybrid reusable diapers are made up of a material that is fully flushable and compostable to give extra care and comfort to adults as well as to babies. Ultra thin diaper manufacturing is possible due to the emergence of superabsorbent technology. These are highly functional and comfortable.
1.3 Key property requirements of hygiene products
The properties of hygiene products are dictated by typical end-use requirements, and are achieved by suitable raw material choices and design considerations.
• Water and saline absorption. High absorption and absorption under load are key requirements for diapers, training pants and continence devices. Appropriate absorption, absorption under load and absorption rate are needed for the design of different products.
• Barrier performance. Partial or total barrier requirements can apply to particulates, bacteria, fluids and viruses. In general, a hydrostatic head of > 40 cm is required and, to date, the only products that consistently pass a required viral barrier test are fabrics reinforced with impervious film.
• Mechanical properties/strength. Generally, strength requirements vary with the end-use application. High strength and good abrasion resistance are necessities because barrier performance may be affected by these properties.
• Sterilization stability. Fabrics used for medical purposes are generally to be sterilized. This can be done using a steam autoclave which operates at 121—132 °C, or using flash sterilization at temperatures up to 138 °C. Thus, when designing fabrics it is essential to understand the impact of sterilization procedures on performance features.
• Comfort and breathability. Comfort and good barrier properties represent two opposite requirements. For a sterilization wrap, the issue is that the barrier must prevent dust and micro-organisms from penetrating the sterilized package during storage and transportation. At the same time, it must be porous enough for the sterilant to penetrate the wrapped package and completely sterilize the contents of the surgical set. Comfort is also related to the breathability of the fabric used. As the required characteristics of breathable fabrics vary widely depending on their application, it is important to understand the differences in their construction. Further evaluation of the products is necessary to realize their potential for the intended end use. Breathability properties are also affected by temperature gradients.
• Disposable or reusable. Operating room garments can be broadly classified as single-use or reusable. The public image of the single-use medical garment industry is that they are less environmentally friendly, but a recent study has shown that the environmental burden for single-use textiles is slightly less than that for reusables when laundering operations are included. Also, the performance of single-use items is better than that of reusable garments.
• Linting and cleanliness. For wipes and related applications, linting is not acceptable because particles from the product drape may adversely affect the user.
1.4 Types of new technology to improve the performance of hygiene products
The films, tapes, adhesives, fluff pulps, superabsorbents and other materials that comprise baby diapers, feminine hygiene items and other disposable hygiene products are constantly being researched, and manufacturers continue to be challenged with making more sophisticated and advanced products to feed consumers’ craving for better designs and performance. In recent years, improvements in diapers, in particular, have included more stretchable waistbands, improved leg cuffs, thinner and more absorbent cores, more textile-like backsheets, and environmentally responsive products. Many aspects must be considered in the design of the hygiene products (and raw materials or components of them) to improve their performance as well as aesthetics. Some of the important factors are:
• breathability and comfort
• barrier properties/leaking
• wicking and wetting behaviour
• disposal and flushability
• protection/antimicrobial properties
• smartness/environmental response.
1.4.1 Superabsorbents
The storage of liquid in these products is achieved by the use of superabsorbent polymers. The first commercial hygiene product with superabsorbent polymer was a feminine napkin in Japan. In fact, personal hygiene products (diapers and incontinence products) account for the largest consumption of these polymers. Requirements of hygiene products are different for baby diapers, adult incontinence products and feminine hygiene products; therefore the swelling behaviour/properties of the superabsorbent are required to be adjusted/tuned
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