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The Art Of Enameling Upon Metals
Автор: Alexander Fisher
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Начать чтение- Издатель:
- Read Books Ltd.
- Издано:
- May 18, 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781473363878
- Формат:
- Книге
Описание
Активность, связанная с книгой
Начать чтениеСведения о книге
The Art Of Enameling Upon Metals
Автор: Alexander Fisher
Описание
- Издатель:
- Read Books Ltd.
- Издано:
- May 18, 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781473363878
- Формат:
- Книге
Об авторе
Связано с The Art Of Enameling Upon Metals
Отрывок книги
The Art Of Enameling Upon Metals - Alexander Fisher
The True Art of Enamelling on Metals
BY
Alexander Fisher
Contents
Enamelling
Part I
Part II
Part III.
Enamelling
Vitreous enamel, also called porcelain enamel, is a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal, glass, or ceramics.
The word enamel comes from the Old High German word smelzan (‘to smelt’) via the Old French esmail. Used as a noun, ‘an enamel’ is a small decorative object, covered with enamel coating. Enamelling itself is an old and widely adopted technology, and for most of its history it has been mainly used in jewellery and decorative art. Since the nineteenth century the term applies also to industrial materials and many metal consumer objects, such as some cooking vessels, dishwashers, laundry machines, sinks, and tubs.
The Persians were particularly skilled at utilising enamel, and they used it for colouring and ornamenting the surface of metals by fusing it with brilliant colours, decorated in intricate designs. This particular branch of industry was called ‘Meenakari’. ‘Mina’ is the feminine form of ‘Minoo’ in Persian, meaning heaven – thus referring to the azure colour of heaven favoured by enamellists. Iranian craftsmen of the Sasanian Empire era (224 - 651 CE) invented this art, and the Mongols spread it to India and other countries. The ancient Egyptians also applied enamels to stone objects, pottery, and sometimes jewellery, though they did produce less enamelled ornaments than other ancient Middle Eastern cultures.
Enamel was also used to decorate glass vessels during the Roman period, and there is evidence of this as early as the late Republican and early Imperial periods (500 BCE – 250 CE) in the Levant, Egypt, Britain and around the Black Sea. Enamel powder could be produced in two ways; either by powdering coloured glass, or by mixing colourless glass powder with pigments such as a metallic oxide. Designs were either painted freehand or over the top of outline incisions, and the technique probably originated in metalworking. Once painted, enamelled glass vessels needed to be fired at a temperature high enough to melt the applied powder, but low enough that the vessel itself was not melted.
Production is thought to have come to a peak in the Claudian period and persisted for some three hundred years, though archaeological evidence for this technique is limited to some forty vessels or vessel fragments. The French tourist, Jean Chardin, who toured Iran during the Safavid rule, made a reference to an enamel work of Isfahan, which comprised a pattern of birds and animals on a floral background in light blue, green, yellow and red. Gold has been used traditionally for Meenakari Jewellery as it holds the enamel better, lasts longer and its lustre brings out the colours of the
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