Everand Logo

Welcome to Everand!

  • Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

    Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

    Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development
    Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development
    Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development
    Ebook414 pages2 hours

    Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development

    ()

    Read preview

    About this ebook

    Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development discusses the advances in molecular biology, biophysics, and informatics—among other disciplines—that have provided scientists with the tools to create new vaccines against emerging and re-emerging pathogens.

    For example, the virus-like particle technologies that led to licensing of highly efficacious HPV vaccines have only come into full realization in the last 10 years. Their success has, in turn, accelerated the pace with which nanoparticle vaccines are being developed

    Given the rapidity with which the field is changing and the absence of any text documenting this change, there is a need for a resource that surveys these new vaccine technologies, assesses their potential, and describes their applications. This book provides that resource and complements traditional vaccinology books, but also serves as an excellent standalone for researchers and students with basic knowledge in immunology.

    • Introduces new topics in vaccine immunology in the context vaccine design and production
    • Consolidates the growing body of knowledge on new vaccine technologies that have only emerged in the past 2 – 3 decades
    • Reviews the currently licensed vaccines that have utilized leading-edge technologies and how this has translated into improved efficacy and safety
    • Provides a broad overview of innovative vaccine technologies, including immunological aspects
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateOct 15, 2016
    ISBN9780128025420
    Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development

    Related to Human Vaccines

    Related ebooks

    Medical For You

    View More
    View More

    Related podcast episodes

    Related articles

    • Article

      Why MRNA Covid-19 Vaccines Like Pfizer's Jab Should Be Part Of A Long-term Public Health Strategy

      Apr 20, 2021

      The advantage of mRNA vaccines like Pfizer's is they're much easier to update than the "viral vector" vaccines like AstraZeneca's. We should still use AstraZeneca now for over-50s, but our best long-term strategy is to use mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, and

      3 min read

    • Article

      VACCINES & VARIANTS

      Jul 16, 2021

      VACCINES & VARIANTS
      6 min read

    • Article

      Anatomy Of A Pandemic

      Jul 24, 2020

      Anatomy Of A Pandemic
      19 min read

    • Article

      The Truth About The Covid Spike Protein

      Sep 26, 2021

      The Truth About The Covid Spike Protein
      12 min read

    • Article

      Collateral Damage

      May 23, 2021

      When Pfizer-BioNTech shareholders and execs met online at a conference hosted by Barclays Bank in March to discuss how the biggest campaign with the fastest-produced vaccine in world history was progressing, adverse events did not make the agenda. Th

      7 min read

    • Article

      People Who Had Covid Probably Won’t Get It Again

      Nov 21, 2021

      If you’ve had a bout of Covid, what are your chances of reinfection? Surprisingly low, and it could be less than 1 percent, which suggests people develop natural immunity from the virus, a new research study estimates. And if you are unlucky enough t

      1 min read

    • Article

      Expanding Precision Medicine

      Jul 30, 2020

      Expanding Precision Medicine
      9 min read

    • Article

      Researchers Rush To Test Coronavirus Vaccine In People Without Knowing How Well It Works In Animals

      Mar 11, 2020

      Researchers aren’t waiting to see how well an experimental #Covid19 #coronavirus vaccine prevents infection in animals before trying it in people, breaking from the usual protocol.

      6 min read

    • Article

      Study: COVID Vaccines Didn't Impact Placentas During Pregnancy

      May 12, 2021

      CHICAGO – New data from researchers who studied women who were vaccinated while pregnant found no evidence that the vaccine affected their placentas. The new findings, published Tuesday in the Obstetrics & Gynecology journal, may help switch the focu

      2 min read

    • Article

      The Infection Connection

      Nov 24, 2019

      The Infection Connection
      11 min read

    • Article

      What Is An MRNA Vaccine?

      Dec 29, 2020

      What Is An MRNA Vaccine?
      1 min read

    • Article

      Why Is Biomedical Research So Conservative?: Funding, incentives, and skepticism of theory make some scientists play it safe.

      Jun 16, 2016

      How do scientists decide what research to do? One would like to think that they take a suitably scientific approach to this question by thinking about important problems that need to be solved, and asking which of these problems could be solved given

      8 min read

    • Article

      Covid-19 News

      May 23, 2021

      Covid-19 News
      1 min read

    Related categories

    Reviews for Human Vaccines

    0 ratings

    0 ratings0 reviews

    What did you think?

    Tap to rate

    Review must be at least 10 words

      Book preview

      Human Vaccines - Kayvon Modjarrad

      2014;15(10):895–899.

      Part I

      Designing Vaccines From a New Starting Point

      Outline

      Chapter 1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies

      Chapter 1

      Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies

      L. Morris¹ and T.A. Moody²,    ¹National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa,    ²Duke University, Durham, NC, United States

      Abstract

      Effective vaccines for a number of human pathogens are lacking. In general, vaccines mimic natural protective immune responses. Thus, the improved ability to harness the native power of the human immune system and isolate pathogen-specific antibodies is helping to fill an important gap in vaccine development. Here we highlight the technological advances that have fast-tracked the discovery of new anti-infective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We discuss their role in a reverse vaccinology approach toward facilitating the design of better immunogens. We also review the development of mAbs as biological drugs to both prevent and treat infectious diseases. This chapter will focus mainly on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and influenza virus but will also discuss other pathogens where significant progress has been made, as in the case of respiratory syncytial virus. These technologies are applicable across different diseases, providing a platform for tackling new or reemerging pathogens, such as Ebola viruses. The emergence and expansion of monoclonal antibody technologies herald a new era in the fight against infectious diseases.

      Keywords

      Monoclonal antibodies; neutralization; single B cell sorting; B cell culture; high-throughput screening; next-generation sequencing; reverse vaccinology; human immunodeficiency virus; influenza

      The antibody response to human pathogens is generally robust, highly specific, long-lasting and, in many cases, able to clear infection. The initial encounter between a naïve B cell receptor (BCR) and a foreign antigen activates B cell clonal lineages that subsequently undergo somatic hypermutation and selection in a process that increases antibody affinity. In most cases, the first detectable antibody response in the plasma is of the IgM class, switching to IgG and IgA classes within several weeks after infection. As most high-affinity antibodies develop, B cells engage CD4+ T follicular helper cells in germinal centers and exit as plasmablasts. Intermediate IgM and class-switched memory B cells are also released into circulation at predictable intervals during the process.¹,² Large quantities of antibodies are produced by short-lived plasmablasts that are found in the circulation during an acute infection. These cells appear in particularly high numbers in response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), although the vast majority are not HIV-1-specific because of extensive B cell hyperactivation that is a hallmark of the disease.³ For those infections that are cleared, resolution is associated with a decline in the circulating plasmablast and retention memory B cell pools that are available for recall upon subsequent exposures. Consequently, secondary responses are more rapid, generate higher affinity antibodies and mediate protection against reinfection or at least severe disease.

      The BCR is an integral membrane form of the antibody that is specific to each B cell. Antibodies are heterodimeric proteins consisting of heavy and light chains that combine to form a basic Y shaped structure. Both surface-bound and secreted antibodies have a compartmentalized construction that includes a region able to recognize antigens. The process of antibody gene rearrangement⁴ results in a large array of antibody binding sites that are further diversified by somatic hypermutation.⁵ Each antibody contains two antigen recognition sites making up each arm of the Y shaped structure. These portions—the fragment antigen binding or Fab regions—are the primary focus of efforts to isolate and characterize human antibodies. The third major functional and structural component of an antibody is the fragment constant or Fc region that defines antibody isotypes and subclasses. It interacts with effector arms of the immune system either by binding receptor molecules (e.g., plasma complement proteins) or by binding cell surface receptors on effector cells (e.g., NK cells). These Fc-mediated effector functions likely play an important role in a number of infections as they enhance the antiviral efficacy of antibodies. Antibody functions can be further manipulated through recombinant engineering of the Fc region, either by mutating amino acid residues, changing glycosylation patterns, or both. This has been a common practice for the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical

      Enjoying the preview?
      Page 1 of 1