A Life of Shakespeare

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Text originally published in 1942 under the same title.

© Valmy Publishing 2017, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

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Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

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A LIFE OF SHAKESPEARE

By

HESKETH PEARSON

With

An Anthology of Shakespeare’s Poetry

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

DEDICATION 4

CHAPTER I—AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL 6

CHAPTER II—SUNRISE 13

CHAPTER III—POET AND PATRON 20

CHAPTER IV—THE PRENTICE PLAYWRIGHT 29

CHAPTER V—THE POET PLAYWRIGHT 41

CHAPTER VI—‘THE TOP OF HAPPY HOURS’ 54

CHAPTER VII—ROMANS AND GREEKS 69

CHAPTER VIII—‘LIFE’S FITFUL FEVER’ 89

CHAPTER IX—GREEKS AND ROMANS 110

CHAPTER X—SUNSET 128

SHAKESPEARE’S POETRY 148

POEMS 149

Venus and Adonis 149

The Rape of Lucrece 149

Sonnets 150

HISTORIES 155

Henry VI, Part 3 155

Richard III 156

Richard II 156

King John 158

Henry IV, Part I 159

Henry IV, Part II 159

Henry V 160

Henry VIII 161

COMEDIES 162

The Taming of the Shrew 162

The Two Gentlemen of Verona 162

Love’s Labour’s Lost 162

A Midsummer Night’s Dream 163

The Merchant of Venice 164

Much Ado About Nothing 166

As You Like It 166

Twelfth Night 167

Measure for Measure 170

Cymbeline 170

The Winter’s Tale 171

The Tempest 172

TRAGEDIES 174

Titus Andronicus 174

Romeo and Juliet 174

Julius Cæsar. 175

Troilus and Cressida 176

Hamlet 177

Othello 179

Macbeth 180

King Lear 183

Timon of Athens 186

Pericles 187

Antony and Cleopatra 187

REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 190

DEDICATION

TO

HUGH KINGSMILL

‘The stream of time, which is continually washing the dissoluble fabricks of other poets, passes without injury by the adamant of Shakespeare.’

Samuel Johnson.

‘The striking peculiarity of Shakespeare’s mind was its generic quality, its power of communication with all other minds...He was just like any other man, but that he was like all other men....He not only had in himself the germs of every faculty and feeling, but he could follow them by anticipation, intuitively, into all their conceivable ramifications, through every change of fortune or conflict of passion or turn of thought. He had a mind reflecting ages past, and present:—all the people that ever lived are there.’

William Hazlitt.

‘At every new accession of information, after every successful exercise of meditation, and every fresh presentation of experience, I have unfailingly discovered a proportionate increase of wisdom and intuition in Shakespeare.’

S. T. Coleridge.

‘With the single exception of Homer, there is no eminent writer, not even Sir Walter Scott, whom I can despise so entirely as I despise Shakespeare when I measure my mind against his. The intensity of my impatience with him occasionally reaches such a pitch, that it would positively be a relief to me to dig him up and throw stones at him, knowing as I do how incapable he and his worshippers are of understanding any less obvious form of indignity.’

Bernard Shaw.

‘What did Shakespeare do? What did he add to the world’s totality?...If he had never lived, things would be very much as they are....He added no idea, he altered no idea, in the growing understanding of mankind.’

H. G. Wells.

CHAPTER I—AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL

LIKE so many youths of my time I made the acquaintance of William Shakespeare in a most disagreeable manner. At the age of fourteen or thereabouts I was told to stand up in class and recite the speech in Macbeth which begins:

‘If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well

It were done quickly.’

Having learnt it by heart I gabbled it off as fast as I could, safely reached the line ‘And falls on the other,’ and fell back on my seat with a sigh of satisfaction and relief. But the master was neither satisfied nor relieved.

‘Stand up, Pearson.’

I stood up.

‘I should be interested to know whether you understood a line of what you have just uttered?’

‘Not a word, sir.’

‘I thought so. Then your understanding is about to be quickened. You will write out that speech fifty times, and at the conclusion of the exercise you may have a dim idea of what it is about.’

Schoolmasters are lucky people. Their feeblest jokes arouse hearty laughter. This one went with a bang. I did not mind that, but I strongly objected to being kept away from cricket for two or three afternoons, and I registered a large black mark against Shakespeare for turning out such incomprehensible stuff. Why couldn’t the fellow write as clearly as Stanley Weyman or Conan Doyle? I silently vowed never to read his wretched plays unless forced to do so.

It was my first conscious vow, and it was broken. Another master made me laugh when he read the part of Fluellen in Henry V (‘God pless you, Aunchient Pistol! you scurvy, lousy knave, God pless you!’); and when Frank Benson brought his company to Bedford I actually enjoyed The Merchant of Venice and two or three other plays. But I still refused to read Shakespeare for profit and pleasure, and it was not until I was nineteen that accident undid what magisterial folly had done. I was staying in a country-house where every day was spent in hunting or shooting and every evening in discussing the day’s sport. It was not a promising atmosphere for the discovery of a literary genius; yet in such circumstances was Shakespeare revealed to me. One day it rained so hard that sport had to be abandoned. I searched the downstairs rooms for reading matter. The illustrated weeklies were all I could find. They depressed me as usual and in despair I roamed the house, at length finding a Bible and a one-volume Shakespeare in the attic. Having had far too much of the Bible as a child, it was Shakespeare or nothing. I went to my bedroom and began Hamlet, which thrilled me so much that I read it again that afternoon. Although in the ensuing days I continued to ‘chase little beasts and shoot little birds,’ I found myself returning to the house a good deal earlier than the rest of the party in order to put in an hour or two with Shakespeare before the tedium of dinner and sport-talk set in. Once I tried to switch the conversation over from the day’s run to something more interesting. I chose the moment with care, breaking into a discussion of the pack with ‘I should like to know Shakespeare’s opinion on the breeding of these hounds.’

‘Shakespeare’s?’

‘Yes. This is what Theseus says in A Midsummer Night’s Dream:

‘My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,

So flew’d, so sanded; and their heads are hung

With ears that sweep away the morning dew;

Crook-kneed, and dew-lapp’d like Thessalian bulls;

Slow in pursuit, but match’d in mouth like bells,

Each under each.’

Following a short silence, embarrassing for me, a complete blank for the rest of the company, someone said, ‘Rum way to write about doggies,’ someone else explained, ‘Poet, y’ know,’ and the conversation resumed its course. I did not try again.

From that time Shakespeare became my constant companion. I read all his plays and went to see most of them acted as often as I could raise the necessary money, many times going without my midday meals when working in the City, starving my body in order to feed my soul, and standing for hours in pit and gallery queues. My business career was wholly uncongenial both to myself and to my employers. Shakespeare filled my world, and several fellow-clerks caught my enthusiasm. We saw almost every production or revival of the plays and talked about them in office hours when our minds should have been otherwise employed. Beerbohm Tree’s annual Shakespeare Festivals at His Majesty’s Theatre were a terrible strain on my resources: I used to beg, borrow, steal, starve, pawn my clothes, and would quite willingly have sold my soul to the devil for two front-row seats in the centre of the upper circle (my favourite spot when funds permitted) to see Hamlet or Julius Cæsar or Twelfth Night or The Merry Wives of Windsor for the tenth or twentieth time. I cannot remember how often I have seen Hamlet, nor all the names of the actors who played the part,{1} but I know that I saw Johnston Forbes-Robertson in it at least a dozen times, in the West End, in the suburbs, at Edinburgh and at Birmingham. I can still vividly recall many of his gestures and intonations, and this performance of a great Shakespearean part was the finest within my experience as playgoer and actor. Next to it, and only next because the parts did not give equal scope, I should place Ellen Terry as Mistress Page and Hermione. Add Lewis Waller as Henry V and Hotspur, Godfrey Tearle as Antony and Geneviève Ward as Volumnia and Queen Margaret, and my list of perfect Shakespearean performances is exhausted, although I have seen nearly every London production of the plays in thirty years and a few exquisite bits of acting in secondary parts, such as Lyn Harding’s Enobarbus, linger in the memory.

My love of Shakespeare took me on to the stage and I joined Tree’s company, having already played Cassius, Master Ford and Duke Frederick in amateur companies. But I only appeared in two or three very minor parts at His Majesty’s, and, such is the irony of life, the rest of my theatrical career was spent in modern plays, most of which I heartily despised. I also tried to join Benson’s company, and I recall an uncomfortable episode in a small room near the entrance to the Bedford theatre, where I recited Henry V’s speech before Harfleur to Benson, who was standing about a yard away from me gazing out of the window to spare my feelings while I shouted the lines in a place where a whisper would have seemed noisy. He offered to take me into his company; but as I would have had to keep myself until he could pay me a salary sufficient to live on, I was forced to decline the offer. In those days Benson had a number of young people with him playing small parts for nothing while they learned their business; in fact it was considered a compliment to be allowed to join his company without the payment of a premium.

Shakespeare made me become not only an actor but an organiser. From 1912 to 1914 I was secretary to The British Empire Shakespeare Society, and in 1916, while I was in the army, I helped George Alexander to arrange the Shakespeare Tercentenary Performance at Drury Lane Theatre. My secretarial experiences did not make me warm towards my fellow-Shakespeareans: but I doubt whether Shakespeare himself would have liked Shakespeareans any more than Christ would have liked Christians.

By 1912 I had read a large number of books on my favourite subject, but none of them had given me much pleasure, and I cannot now remember anything about them. It seemed to me that they had all been written by men whose experience of life had been confined to the class-room or the quadrangle. Shakespeare was to them a subject for criticism, not one who had experienced and expressed every sensation of which mortal man is capable: they had written books for students of literature, not for such as might find in Shakespeare the joys, sorrows, and perhaps the final consolation of their pilgrimage. After ploughing through these wearisome productions I came across Frank Harris’s The Man: Shakespeare, which at least had the merit of being alive, Harris having put a lot of himself into it. Its defect, I now see, is that Harris had put far too much of himself into it, and there can seldom have been two such dissimilar creatures as Shakespeare and Harris. But it effectually blew away the cobwebs of scholarship and substituted a human being for a waxwork. Unfortunately the human being, compelled to look at the world through the eyes of Harris, had no sense of humour, and because Harris fancied himself in the part of a great lover Shakespeare also had to be the victim of a grand passion which turned him into a tragedian and wrecked his life.

Bernard Shaw, while over-praising Harris’s work, was too much of a humourist to accept such a tragic figure as authentic, and claimed Shakespeare as a fellow-comedian. It is natural for a writer to identify himself with the Grand Master of his art, and the dons have never failed to make Shakespeare dull, but I cannot accept either Harris’s tragedian or Shaw’s comedian as anything more than aspects of Shakespeare, whose nature comprehended a great deal more than they could apprehend. Shaw also accused Shakespeare of being a pessimist, of discouraging people. I should like to meet someone who has been discouraged or depressed by Shakespeare, except of course at school. Speaking for myself, I can say that he has been the most stimulating and exalting influence in my life. However ill or unhappy I have been, the mere memory of Falstaff and company has been sufficient to heal me and cheer me up. Such a statement must be supported by examples.

My early lunchless days in the City, due as I have said to my greater need of stage Shakespeare, brought on tuberculosis, and when I went to Mesopotamia during the 1914-18 war I was given less than a year to live by the doctors. Mesopotamia, where I served for three years, cured me; but it balanced matters by prostrating me with several other diseases, each of which nearly proved fatal. First I was afflicted with septic sores. For a month I lay in a tent where the temperature during the day varied from 120 to 130 degrees, my legs swathed in poultices, the renewal of which every night and morning was torture. At last the medical officer told me that the sores were getting worse and that I might have to lose one or both of my legs to prevent gangrene. Major operations in Mesopotamia during the summer of 1917 nearly always resulted in death, and I would certainly have died if something comic about the doctor had not reminded me of Falstaff’s description of Shallow: ‘A man made after supper of a cheese-paring; when a’ was naked he was for all the world like a forked radish, with a head fantastically carved upon it with a knife.’ That started it. As I lay there helpless I exercised my mind by remembering as much as I could of Henry IV. In those days I could have reeled off the whole of Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Cæsar and Henry V from memory; but I had only recently, under pressure of the war, fully appreciated the glories of Falstaff and his crew, and I had not yet got them by heart. Temporarily separated from my volume of Shakespeare, I reconstructed as many as possible of the Falstaff scenes, and in doing so felt renewed and inspirited to such an extraordinary degree that I disobeyed the doctor’s instruction to remain on my back and hobbled to and from the entrance of the tent every morning after his visit, clutching whatever could support me on the way and almost fainting with the pain. This exercise, I am convinced, saved my life, because the sores began to dry up almost at once and a fortnight after the Falstaff treatment I was convalescent.

Four months later I was down with a combined attack of dysentery and malaria. The first transformed me into a skeleton, the second induced moods of such black depression that no one who has been lucky enough to escape it can have the least conception of the mental abyss into which the sufferer is plunged. The first ray of light to penetrate my darkness came with an Everyman volume which the nurse had managed to pick up somewhere, I having asked her for anything by Shakespeare that she could lay her hands on. The volume contained the historical plays, and I feebly opened it at the first of the great Shallow scenes in Henry IV, Part 2.1 began reading it but could not take it in; the words conveyed nothing to my mind. I got as far as ‘old Double’ before consciousness returned, when I must have emitted a ghastly sort of gurgle, perhaps in recognition of the fact that the Double passage had once amused me, because a fellow in the next bed asked me what was wrong. Double was the first ray of light. Next day I tackled the whole scene. The effort exhausted me but the ray was wider and brighter. On the third day I read all the Shallow scenes. And then a very curious thing happened. My depression completely lifted; and though still so weak that I could scarcely lift an arm without the exertion of willpower, I felt as if I had been released from some dreadful load. I wanted to express my sense of freedom with a shout. I wanted to dance round the ward. I wanted to dive into the Tigris, which I could see through the window, and revel in the water. In some inexplicable way Shakespeare had cleared my mind by clarifying the universe. I seemed to be standing on a mountain, surveying the world with wonder and delight, understanding it, and affectionately sympathising with its struggling inhabitants. For some days I must have been very trying to the other occupants of that hospital, because of my light-heartedness under affliction, my meddlesome solicitude and obtrusive toleration. Anyhow my health began to mend, and though I remained subject to both disorders for several years I attribute my recovery from their first virulence to Justice Shallow and his companions.

More remarkable still was the application of the Falstaff cure to my head-wound. This too was not quite finished with for some years, but the cause of my immediate restoration to health was surprising. Again I was in hospital, dangerously ill. After two days of intermittent delirium I returned to consciousness, feeling so weak that when I tried to ask a question of the nurse at my bedside I could not force a whisper. My head throbbing painfully I closed my eyes, and it may have been some minutes or some hours later that I heard the nurse say to the doctor, ‘He’s got honour on the brain.’ That did not sound a bit like me and I mentally echoed the doctor’s surprise. ‘Something about honour setting legs and arms,’ she went on. ‘Hm! That’s strange,’ mused the doctor. ‘And he talked about surgical skill too,’ added the nurse. The words were wholly out of character, yet they were vaguely familiar. Suddenly it all became clear. In my delirium I had been quoting Falstaff’s speech on Honour. The humour of the situation seized me, and in spite of the pain in my head, the top of which seemed to be opening and shutting, I was convulsed with silent, helpless laughter, in which condition I again passed out. The doctor told me later that my recovery had begun when for no apparent reason my body had been shaken by successive spasms, which were followed by several hours of peaceful sleep.

Again and again, in sickness or despair, Shakespeare has come to my rescue; and as, with the years, my understanding of life has been deepened by the sorrow and heightened by the joy I have known, he has taken an ever-increasing share in my spiritual development. Other writers are for certain moods; he is for all moods. Other writers appeal to particular phases in one’s growth; he is for all phases. Other writers rise or fall in one’s estimation at different periods; he continually rises. Other writers are exhaustible; he is inexhaustible.

I can remember as if it happened yesterday the first time he was of practical help to me. At the age of twenty-one I was living at Brighton and passing through a restless phase of questioning the faith in which I had been brought up and wanting but failing to find something to take its place. I used to spend occasional evenings with the Rev. Felix Asher, a master at Lancing and vicar of Holy Trinity, Brighton, discussing my problems, and though he did his best to help me I became more and more uneasy. I now know of course that belief and scepticism are merely questions of individual temperament; that, for example, one believes in a future life because such a