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    Social Psychology for Beginners: Understanding Socio- Psychological Circumstances - 25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena
    Social Psychology for Beginners: Understanding Socio- Psychological Circumstances - 25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena
    Social Psychology for Beginners: Understanding Socio- Psychological Circumstances - 25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena
    Ebook92 pages3 hours

    Social Psychology for Beginners: Understanding Socio- Psychological Circumstances - 25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena

    By Lennart Pröss

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    About this ebook

    Social Psychology for Beginners: Understanding Socio-Psychological Circumstances

    25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena<

    Are you interested in social psychology?

    Do you want to know how our thoughts can mislead us?

    Do you know when and why we are partially irrational?

    Learn more about our actions and thoughts via amazing experiences in social psychology

    "In social psychology, there exist most varied effects that we encounter regularly in everyday life. Some of them can be used positively while others present dangers that can significantly influence one's own actions. In order to be able to react to the respective circumstances in the best possible way, it's advisable to deal with the effects in detail. In this way, you'll not only learn how to understand them but will even be able to control and use them later for yourself or prevent them, if they present a danger of negative impact."

    In this helpful guide you can learn...

    ... when our humanity can be set aside

    ... why the word "because" is so powerful

    ... dangerous thinking errors which we commit unconsciously

    ... how groups influence our opinion

    ... if racism in children can be prevented

    ... why we take information differently

    ... why we choose not to help

    ... and much more!

    Get the chance today and learn how the human psyche works in social situations with 25 socio-psychological experiments

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherLennart Pröss
    Release dateAug 27, 2019
    ISBN9781393430643
    Social Psychology for Beginners: Understanding Socio- Psychological Circumstances - 25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena

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      Book preview

      Social Psychology for Beginners - Lennart Pröss

      Social Psychology for Beginners

      Understanding Socio-Psychological Circumstances

      25 Easily-Explicable Socio-Psychological Phenomena

      ––––––––

      Lennart Pröss

      Table of Contents

      Preface

      1. Dehumanization - how a well-defined role affects obedience

      2. The Justification Effect and meaning of the word because

      3. The Chameleon Effect

      4. The False Consensus Effect

      5. The Halo Effect

      6. The Hawthorne Effect as a disturbance in socio-psychological experiments

      7. Influence of opinion by groups

      8. Milgram's experiment on obedience to authorities

      9. Milgram's Lost Letter Experiment

      10. Social Cognitive Learning Theory - how role models influence your own behavior

      11. Festinger's Experiment on Cognitive Dissonance

      12. Asch Conformity Experiment - The Emergence of Peer Pressure

      13. Dangerous thinking errors - why the confirmation error can cause us problems

      14. Can racism be prevented in children?

      15. Can learned helplessness be studied?

      16. The Priming-Effect

      17. Self-Deception

      18. Selective perception - that's why we take information differently

      19. Are we stronger in a group or weakened by teamwork?

      20. Stereotypes as executioners of a society?

      21. Choice Blindness

      22. Why we decide not to help

      23. Reason why we're afraid to take risks

      24. When external incentives reduce one's own motivation - the corruption effect

      25. The spectator effect  - why we watch instead of helping

      Conclusion

      Preface

      In social psychology, there exist most varied effects that we encounter regularly in everyday life. Some of them can be used positively while others present dangers that can significantly influence one's own actions. In order to be able to react to the respective circumstances in the best possible way, it’s advisable to deal with the effects in detail. In this way, you’ll not only learn how to understand them but will even be able to control and use them later for yourself or prevent them, if they present a danger of negative impact.

      In the following, you will be presented with 25 exciting socio-psychological effects, to which you are exposed in your daily activities—even if you are partly unaware of them.

      1. Dehumanization - how a well-defined role affects obedience

      Among the most important socio-psychological experiments is the so-called Stanford-Prison experiment of the American psychologist Philip Zimbardo, which was conducted at Stanford University in 1971. Human behavior during captivity needed to be investigated. The experiment was originally scheduled for two weeks; however, Zimbardo had to cancel it after only six days due to rapid changes in the behavior of guards and prisoners. Nevertheless, the Stanford Prison experiment ultimately provided significant insights into social psychology.

      In order to find the subjects for the experiment, Zimbardo and his research team ran advertisements in regional newspapers. Out of more than 70 students, 24 were ultimately selected to take part in the experiment.

      The decisive factors for the selection were different personality tests, which the students had to undergo. Candidates with extreme character traits and properties were excluded from the experiment.

      Thus, Zimbardo ensured that the participants were as average as possible. In order to participate in the study, subjects had to register to renounce fundamental rights such as freedom or physical integrity for the duration of the experiment.

      Once all candidates were selected, they were divided into two camps. Some of the subjects were to be used as guards and others as prisoners. In order to create the most real situation as possible, the ‘prisoners’ were arrested a few days after the division by real police officers and taken to the local police station; they were charged with robbery. From the police station, the prisoners were blindfolded and taken to the Stanford Institute with an artificial prison built in its basement. It consisted of three cells and a corridor, which served as a prison yard. The entire complex was equipped with cameras to monitor the behavior of prisoners and guards at all times.

      In order to conduct the experiment as much as possible under real conditions, the guards were equipped with uniforms as well as sunglasses and rubber batons. Initially, personal data was taken and prisoners deloused. In addition, they had to wear a nylon ankle and tights on their heads and put on their prison uniform. Underwear, on the other hand, was forbidden throughout the experiment. Instead of name tags, each prisoner was assigned a number, which was clearly visible on the uniform. The prisoners were housed in small groups of three. They were so small that only three loungers fit in. The toilets, on the other hand, were located outside the cells and were not visited without the permission of the guards.

      No prison rules were defined except for the toilet. Instead, the guards were given the task of setting the prison rules independently. In this way, they were granted unrestricted freedom of action.  The guards were also informed that the experiment was considered a failure the moment the prisoners were forced to break out.

      Shortly after the start of the experiment, the atmosphere in the prison was still normal. Initially, both camps tested how far they could go. It was noticeable that the guards quickly developed a tendency to exercise their power. Several times a night, appeals were made to demonstrate the said power to the prisoners. As the first sanctions for violating the rules, prisoners had to do push-ups.

      From the second day, the atmosphere changed fundamentally. The prisoners revolted against the keepers' behavior and blocked access to the cells. In addition, they refused to wear nylon stockings on their heads and numbers as well. To quell the uprising, the guards then invaded the prisoners' cells.

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