Modern Republicans, A Study Guide

Modern Republicans, A Study Guide

By Bobby Everett Smith

Non-Fiction

Copyright © 2020 Bobby Everett Smith

All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

Eisenhower, in War and Peace

Events 1953 to 1961

Richard Nixon

Events 1968 to 1974

Gerald R. Ford

Events 1972 to 1976

Ronald Reagan

Events 1980 to 1988

George H.W. Bush

Events 1988 to 1992

George W. Bush

Events 2001 to 2009

Donald Trump

Events 2017 to Present

About the Author

Eisenhower, In War and Peace

by Jean Edward Smith

Characters

Harry S. Truman elected American vice president under FDR in 1944. 33rd President of the United States, took office as president upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945. Succeeded by Eisenhower in 1952.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Governor of New York, 32nd President of the United States–1933 through April 1945. Truman succeeded Roosevelt as President of the United States. Commander in Chief to Dwight D. Eisenhower during World War II and before.

Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader. Governed the USSR from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, he served as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952. Led the Soviet Union in World War II and participated as one of the world leaders for the Allies in World War II.

Sir Winston Churchill, British statesman, army officer, and writer, served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.

General Douglas MacArthur, an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor and led the reconstruction of Japan after its surrender.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower, an American Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. Succeeded by John F. Kennedy as president in 1961.

Mamie Daoud Eisenhower, Ike’s wife from Denver, Colorado. Married to Dwight D. Eisenhower, President.

General George Patton, a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European theaters of World War II. Best known for his leadership of the U.S. Third Army. Reported to Eisenhower during European operations of World War II.

General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army, under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman and served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman. Eisenhower reported to him during World War II.

Tom Dewey, candidate for President in 1948 against Truman; lost election in a surprise upset. Supported Eisenhower for Democratic candidate for president in 1952.

Joseph McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin; known for alleging that numerous Communists had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, film industry, and elsewhere. Not a favorite of Eisenhower.

General Matthew Ridgway, 19th Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He served in World War II, as Commanding General of the 82nd Airborne Division, turned around the Korean war, when MacArthur was fired in April 1951 for insubordination, Ridgway took command of all U.N. forces in the Far East.

Adlai E. Stevenson, politician, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. Ran for President of the United States against Eisenhower in 1952.

John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State under Eisenhower. He concentrated on Cold War alliances such as NATO, was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and helped instigate the 1953 Iranian coup d’état and the 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état.

Lucius D. Clay. U S. Army in World War II. In 1945 served as deputy to General Dwight D. Eisenhower. The following year, he was made Deputy Governor of Germany during the Allied Occupation. Supported Ike’s political bid for the presidency in 1952 and 1956.

David Eisenhower, father of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Married to Ida.

Ida Eisenhower, mother of Dwight D. Eisenhower, prime motivator in Ike’s early life.

Milton Eisenhower, brother to Dwight D. Eisenhower. President of Johns Hopkins University, advisor to president.

Arthur Eisenhower, brother to Dwight D. Eisenhower

Earl Eisenhower, brother to Dwight D. Eisenhower

Roy Eisenhower, brother to Dwight D. Eisenhower

Gregory Zhukov, Soviet Army officer, who became Chief of General Staff, Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Minister of Defense, and a member of the Politburo. took the German Instrument of Surrender in 1945.

Harry Hopkins 8th Secretary of Commerce, and one of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s closest advisors. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the WPA, which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country.

Mark Clark, Army officer who saw service during World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. He was the youngest four-star general in the United States Army during World War II.

Kay Summersby, a member of the British Mechanized Transport Corps during World War II, who served as a driver and later as personal secretary to Dwight D. Eisenhower during his period as Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force in command of the Allied forces in Europe. They were together a great deal until the war ended, when Eisenhower cut ties and returned to the United States

Bedell Smith, officer of the United States Army who served as General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s chief of staff at Allied Forces Headquarters during the Tunisia Campaign and the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943. He was Eisenhower’s chief of staff) in the campaign in Western Europe from 1944 through 1945.

Omar Bradley, officer of the United States Army during and after World War II. Bradley was the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and oversaw the U.S. military’s policymaking in the Korean War.

John Lee, Army engineer, lieutenant general. Commanded the Communications Zone in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.

Executive Summary

Born in Texas but raised in Kansas, Dwight D. Eisenhower was a well-recognized and promoted military officer in World War II who later became the 34th president of the United States for two terms, from 1953 to 1961. Ike, as he was known to most of his friends, graduated from West Point in 1915 and began his lifetime career as an officer in the United States Army.

Ike married Mamie Daoud from Denver, Colorado in 1916. Mamie was not well-educated, but she was from an affluent family, charming and good-looking. She had some setbacks but became a good Army wife, supporting him throughout his army and presidential career. They had two sons. Little Ikey, died at a young age and second son, John, grew up to be a West Point graduate supporting his father throughout his life.

Ike gained early recognition in the Army for his organizational skills and his ability to articulate solutions for complex ideas. He reported to General Douglas MacArthur who took a liking to him and transferred with him to the Philippines where he was Chief of Staff. Ike learned a lot about the Philippines during his tour there.

On December 7, 1941, Ike and Mamie were just getting settled into their new post in San Antonio, Texas, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and World War II started in the Pacific, quickly followed by a declaration of war in Europe.

Ike was called to Washington where he was assigned to lead the development of the plan to conduct World War II. Ike reported to George C. Marshall in Washington, Chief of Staff of the Army, and he soon became known to Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the United States. Mentally honest and with great moral courage, Ike was up to any task the government gave him,

Marshall became convinced that Eisenhower was ready to take over the War Plans Division (G3). The Army was reorganized under three forces: Air, Ground, and Supply. Ike was promoted to Major General and he became not only Chief of the War Planning group but Marshall’s deputy for the disposition of all army forces on a global scale.

In his new job, it was Ike’s responsibility to translate FDR’s strategy into a war plan against Hitler. Ike’s initial plan called for a cross-channel invasion of France from England.

Eisenhower was not happy with progress with U.S. forces in England. General Marshall assigned him and General Mark Clark to go to London to evaluate the situation. Clark and Eisenhower arrived there on May 26, 1942. Kay Summersby, a British driver, met them and she developed a relationship with Eisenhower throughout his term in Europe. When the war ended, they parted, and Ike returned to Washington and Mamie.

On his trip report, Ike indicated that the current leadership in Europe was lacking. Marshall told Eisenhower to draft a memo outlining the duties of a Supreme Allied Commander in Europe–A plan to prepare for and carry out military operations in the European Theater. On June 11, 1942, after getting FDR’s approval, Ike was named the Supreme Commander.

Ike and his staff planned and executed D-Day, the largest amphibious landing the world had ever seen. D-Day was scheduled for June 5, but weather moved in preventing the kind of air support that Ike required. He pushed the invasion back by 24 hours. Ike’s weatherman predicted that the climate would turn favorable late on the fifth of June and last through the next day. Ike made the decision to Go.

Shortly after midnight on June 6, 1944, American paratroopers began landing on the flanks of the Allied invasion in Normandy, France. At 3 a.m. British and American bombers began their raids on the coastal defense. Over 13,000 sorties were launched. Next, Admiral Ramsay’s fleets opened with an offshore bombardment. A total of 6,483 ships steamed towards the beaches. At 0630 the American First Army under General Omar Bradley came ashore at Utah and Omaha beaches. An hour later, the British Second Army invaded Gold, Juno, and Sword beaches. A total of 132,000 troops came ashore that day.

The fighting in Normandy lasted 75 days. Germany lost 500,000 men killed, wounded, or captured and the Allies had lost 200,000. Allies quickly replaced their losses; Germans could not replace their losses.

Ike and his Allied forces continued into Germany somewhat in competition with Soviet Forces for the control of Berlin. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945; Hitler committed suicide on April 30 and the Germans surrendered on May 7, 1945.

Ike returned to Washington after the War and held positions as Chief of Staff of the Army, President of Columbia University, and Supreme Commander of NATO. In 1952 he ran for President of the United States as a Republican and defeated Democrat Adlai Stevenson.

Eisenhower served two terms as President. The American people took Eisenhower for what they wanted an American to be–fresh, strong, decent, and generous. He was likeable, had a marvelous smile, and spoke off-the-cuff with conviction, passion, and persuasion. He was a great example of American values and family virtues. The American people loved this war hero, the first since Ulysses S. Grant.

Eisenhower’s greatest achievement as President was the passage of legislation which authorized the Interstate Highway System. The highway system was the largest public works project ever attempted. Ike sold the country and Congress on the need for the vast system based on the need to move industrial products across the nation in the event of war with the Communists.

Ike proposed that the highway system be funded by a gasoline tax. The tax was initially 4 cents per gallon of gasoline, but it is now 18.4 cents per gallon. Today the highway system covers 46,876 miles and contains 55,512 bridges and 14,756 interchanges.

All the highways and bridges need repair as of writing this report in 2018.

In America, in the Deep South, separate but equal had been the policy which allowed for segregation of black citizens in schools, restaurants, and churches. Blacks in the South were required to ride in the back of the bus.

In 1954, the Supreme Court, in a decision written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, declared that racial segregation was a denial of equal protection under the law. The now-famous case of Brown vs. The Board of Education expressed for the first time that a new series of racial equality laws was now the law of the land. The Eisenhower administration expressed their belief that school segregation was unconstitutional.

In Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957, the school segregation issue came to a head. When nine black students persisted in their determination to integrate the Little Rock High School, Governor Faubus called out the national guard, citing his fear of violence as the reason. The Guard was there to prevent harm to citizens, the Governor said.

The president disagreed and ordered General Maxwell Taylor to lead the 101st Airborne and to use force in Little Rock if necessary. Ike offered no conditions. the black students will be admitted to Central High using whatever force may be necessary.

Eisenhower spoke to the nation and appealed to the decent people of Arkansas to support the rule of law. Using his 101st Airborne forces allowed the nine students to enter the school and desegregation of American schools to continue. Thus, will be restored the image of America and all its parts as one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon for the presidency in the 1960 election by a small margin. Kennedy carried 303 electoral votes to Nixon’s 219 votes but with only a 112,000-vote margin in the popular vote.

In a farewell address in January