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Missing Presume Killed
Автор: Paul De Marco
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- Издано:
- Aug 9, 2020
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- 9781716667435
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- Книге
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Missing Presume Killed
Автор: Paul De Marco
Описание
- Издатель:
- Lulu.com
- Издано:
- Aug 9, 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781716667435
- Формат:
- Книге
Об авторе
Связано с Missing Presume Killed
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Missing Presume Killed - Paul De Marco
Missing Presume Killed
Paul De Marco
Copyright 2020
Paul De Marco
Reproduction in any manner, of the text in this document in whole or in part, in English or in any other language, or otherwise, without the written permission of the author is prohibited.
ISBN : 978-1-71666-743-5
Introduction
This book gives an historical account of the First World War, from the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip on 28th June 1914, through to the breaking of the Hindenburg Line on 29th September 1918, which precipitated the end of the conflict.
The vivid description of the fighting is interspersed with the stories of the lives of four men and their families from the town of Warwick, who answered Lord Kitchener’s call and volunteered in 1914. It gives a graphic account of the remarkable courage shown at Gallipoli, the Somme, and Passchendaele, and it reveals the true horror of living in the muddy trenches and the quagmire of Ypres.
The gallantry shown by some units defies belief, such as the attack by infantry of the 29th Division against the Turkish defences at Cape Helles in Gallipoli. Twelve Victoria crosses were awarded for gallantry that day, but the 29th would end the Gallipoli Campaign having suffered 34000 casualties.
Another example was the suicidal attack by the 137th Infantry Brigade against overwhelming odds at the St Quentin Canal in a desperate attempt to smash through the German Hindenburg defences. General John Campbell VC led the assault from the front, blowing his hunting horn as the men charged into machine-gun fire, and although few gave them any hope of survival, the 137th achieved the impossible that day.
Also peppered throughout the book are the individual accounts of heroism, such as the desperate charge made by the Australian Lieutenant Albert Jacka to counter a German attack at Pozieres on 7th August 1916. Another was on 25th September of that same year, when Piper Daniel Laidlaw of the 7th Kings Own Scottish Borderers played his bagpipes to lead the men through a hail of fire into the German trenches at Loos before he was downed by shrapnel.
The story describes the terror experienced by young men going over the top at zero hour, and for others, the daily fight to survive in a prisoner of war camp with a policy of denutrition forcing the men to beg for potato peels from French peasants walking past the camp. This mechanised war, where weapons of mass destruction like phosgene gas were first used, irrevocably changed the lives of everyone who fought in it, but ultimately the human spirit prevailed and even triumphed.
Storm clouds gather
Jim Edwards was approaching the Market Square in Warwick in the late afternoon of Monday 29th June 1914, when the loud voice of a newspaper boy suddenly caught his attention. The young lad was shouting, Read all about it, read all about it! Archduke shot dead!
Jim stopped to buy a copy of the Manchester Evening News which ran the ominous headline ‘Heir to the Austrian Throne Murdered.’ He then stood at the street corner with a small group of anxious businessmen reading the article, with the older men nervously blowing their tobacco smoke into the air, muttering their opinions about what it could all mean for Europe.
Jim was twenty-seven years of age, and he was a popular teacher at the local secondary school where he taught history to the senior students. As he walked up the pathway towards his Victorian stone-walled cottage, he saw the curtains in the lounge move as a little head appeared above the windowsill. It was his three-year-old daughter Charlotte, who was one of the two loves of his life. His wife, Cathy, opened the front door and strolled out into the warm evening sunshine to meet him, closely followed by the little girl.
Jim was rugged and athletic, with a Mediterranean complexion and almost jet black hair, whereas Cathy was petite and blonde, with intense blue eyes, and she was also blessed with an irrepressible smile. Their natures complemented each other well, as Jim tended to be headstrong and adventurous whereas Cathy had a more conservative approach to life.
Laying the newspaper down on the oak kitchen table, Jim bent over and gave Charlotte a tight hug, and as he did so Cathy glanced at the bold headline scrolled across the front page. She then said in some alarm, Jim, how awful! Why on earth would someone do a thing like this?
Jim sat down with Charlotte on his lap, looked up at the sun streaming through the yellow-and-blue glass of the back door and then said rather distantly, Apparently, Ferdinand and his wife were shot while they were sitting in their car in Sarajevo. The correspondent wrote that it was a young Serbian named Gavrilo Princip who did it.
Picking the newspaper up, Cathy read part of the article before saying, "It says that Franz was shot in the neck and Sophie in the stomach, but it seems like they didn’t die straight away.
They were both rushed to the home of the governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek, but Sophie died in the car on the way there. Franz passed away ten minutes later in the governor’s house.
Cathy was quiet for a moment, before adding, I don’t like the sound of this, Jim. Tensions were already high between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, and this is really going to stir things up.
Jim looked up at her, replying, Yes, you’re right. We need cool heads now because half of Europe is bound up in military alliances and it wouldn’t take much for all of this to escalate.
Cathy then said, Now, on a much lighter note, how do you fancy a little walk down to the Millwright Arms? We could have a drink there in the beer garden and make the most of this lovely summer weather.
My thoughts entirely,
Jim replied. And I’ll get you an ice-cold cola!
he went on, pointing at Charlotte with a broad smile.
Cathy then said, Thinking about it, why don’t we walk past Harry and Megan’s house, and see if they’re keen to join us!
Harry Slade was one of Jim’s closest friends, and they both played in the first XI team of the local amateur football club. The pair had gone all the way through primary and secondary school together, and they’d been inseparable until their respective marriages in the spring of 1909 had put the brakes on their boisterous nights out.
Harry was a bit of a rough diamond, but he had a wonderful sense of humour and he was intensely loyal to his friends and family. He worked as a mechanic on motor cars, which were growing in popularity as mass production brought the prices ever lower.
Fortunately, Megan and Cathy got on like a house on fire, and the foursome had always socialised together during their courting days, often at the local dance halls, or in the pubs after football games. Harry and Megan had a son named Billy who was the same age as Charlotte, and they went to the same pre-school together.
Warwick was something of a sleepy hollow and nothing of note ever seemed to happen in the Warwickshire town, but the surrounding countryside was idyllic and Cathy and Jim wouldn’t have changed it for the world. Jim liked to say, Where else in the world can you go and drink in a pub that William Shakespeare used to frequent?
At the Millwright Arms, it didn’t take long before Jim and Harry were into their old did I tell you about the time ...
storey-telling routine, with Harry recalling an away-game they’d played at Stratford-upon-Avon.
Harry said, Well, we were on a lad’s night out after we’d just thrashed their local football team, when ....
Sorry to interrupt, Harry, but I seem to remember that they beat us that day!
Jim said with a mischievous grin on his face.
Megan and Cathy gave each other a knowing look as Harry continued with his tale of debauchery.
"Well, as I was saying, we very nearly thrashed their local football team, and so we went on a pub crawl through Stratford-upon-Avon to celebrate. But somehow, in the early hours of the morning, Harry and I got separated from the rest of the lads and we both ended up with a bottle of Scotch in our hands down by the river.
It was pitch-black and we were completely lost, and so we just stumbled over to a park bench and sat there gazing out at the Avon, drinking whisky and chatting away until dawn.
What on earth did the two of you talk about all that time?
Megan asked curiously.
Harry was deep in thought as he replied, Oh, just the usual lad’s talk, you know, but I do remember us promising that we’d always be there for each other, no matter what.
Jim, somewhat surprised at his friend being so open about this in front of their wives, said, Yes, that’s right, Harry. I’ve got your back, remember!
And I’ve got yours, my friend!
Harry replied with a smile, as they instinctively raised their beer mugs together.
In the last week of July, the Royal Warwickshire Regiment was holding its annual camp on the Warwick Common, and it was a carnival atmosphere with the regular army battalion marching through the streets from Budbrooke Barracks, being eagerly watched by crowds of people lining the streets. The soldiers performed mock battles, rushing to form squares as had been done at the Battle of Waterloo 99 years earlier on 18th June 1815.
Jim and Cathy had taken Charlotte down to watch the rousing spectacle, but deep down inside, Jim was becoming increasingly worried about the escalating tensions in the Balkans, as Austria-Hungary was now making a series of demands on Serbia.
His fears heightened when the war of words culminated in Austria-Hungary actually declaring war on Serbia on 28th July. Jim’s concerns about a contagion effect of the crisis due to military alliances in Europe also came to pass, as Austria-Hungary was part of a huge alliance of Central Powers, which included Germany and the Ottoman Empire.
In response, Russia began to mobilise her army the following day, 29th July, and when a German ultimatum to Russia to stand down was ignored, Germany declared war on Russia on 1st August. But Russia was part of a Triple Entente with France and Great Britain, and so when Russia made a plea for assistance from France, the French Army immediately began mobilising. As a consequence of this, Germany then declared war on France on 3rd August.
The German government lost no time in sending an ultimatum to Belgium, which had declared its neutrality in the crisis, demanding free passage of German forces through its territory as it intended to invade France, but Belgium refused to allow this. Belgian sovereignty had been assured by Great Britain, so when the German Army invaded Belgium on 3rd August, Britain gave Germany an ultimatum to pull her forces out of the country by midnight, Berlin time, that same day.
The Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, and some of his colleagues were anxiously waiting for news in the Cabinet Room when the deadline finally expired at 11pm UK time.
A war telegram, stating, Commence hostilities against Germany
was immediately sent out to all Royal Navy ships throughout the world, and it was Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, who walked into the Cabinet Room to advise Asquith that this had been done.
The rapid escalation of tensions had taken the whole nation by surprise, and when Cathy listened to the shock announcement on the radio early on the morning of Tuesday 4th August, she just shook her head slowly, saying, I just can’t believe this, Jim. We’re at war!
Jim replied, It’s like a nightmare that we’re not going to wake up from, and it’s all kicked off so fast. The German Army’s already blazing a trail through Belgium heading for France as we speak.
Over the coming days, Jim attempted to maintain a sense of normality and calm during his history lessons, but the atmosphere around town was thick with tension and foreboding. It wasn’t long before the troops were out on the streets again, but this time it was for real, and the Royal Warwicks marched down the Hampton Road with their bayonets fixed, to the accompaniment of a full military band in red coats, with children and their parents eagerly cheering them on to war.
Jim’s football team always played a Saturday game as well as a mid-week match, and the Wednesday evening game happened to be an away fixture. But as the players put their kit on in the dressing room that night there wasn’t the usual boisterous banter going on.
One of Jim’s closest mates, Charlie Evans, said in a nervous voice, What do you think it’ll all mean for us then, boys?
It was Harry Slade who answered him, saying, Dunno, Charlie, but I reckon France will fall pretty damn quick if we don’t get an army over there soon!
Jim thought about Harry’s comment for a moment, then glanced over at Charlie and said, I think Harry’s right, but they’re going to need a massive recruitment drive, or maybe conscription to get the size of the infantry up if we’re to take the Germans on.
Charlie, in an attempt to lighten the mood, gave a wry smile before saying, Well, if the army needs a helping hand from me, I’m always up for a barney!
The lads packed up laughing at this comment, with some of them throwing their towels at him, and with one of them saying, Yes, you’d make a bloody good soldier, Charlie, because the Germans wouldn’t be able to catch you!
Charlie Evans was twenty-six years old, short, but hard as teak, and he generally played on the right wing as he was easily the fastest sprinter in Warwick. He was a carpenter by trade, working for a company that made high quality dining room tables, chairs, chests of drawers and other furniture. He was married to a Londoner named Virginia, who had a fantastic sense of humour, and this was no bad thing as Charlie was more fun than a barrel of monkeys and as mischievous as could be. Charlie and Virginia had a four-year-old son named Thomas, but as this name brought up images of middle-aged men, they simply called him Tom.
By chance the team stumbled across an old pub named the ‘Somerville Arms’ soon after the match, and so they all hurried inside to celebrate having won another away game. A few hours later, with pints of draught in their hands, they all got into a huddle and boldly sang God save the King
, and then the rousing Land of hope and glory.
Their roudy back-slapping and loud expressions of a desire to do their bit
soon earned the lads admiring looks and raised glasses from some of the older men sitting nearby. A few minutes later, a man in his forties, accompanied by a much older gentleman, wandered over to their table and asked if they could join them for a drink.
The younger of the two smiled and said, Good evening lads! My name’s Alfred, and this is my dear old friend, George.
Jim immediately noticed Alfred’s limp, and that he had a deep scar above his left eyebrow which had healed very badly, probably due to the wound having been stitched in a hurry many years earlier.
Carefully pressing some maple leaf tobacco into his pipe as he spoke, Alfred said, Lads, I’m very impressed with this show of patriotism, and it’s wonderful for older chaps like us to see this spirit in your generation. Cheers to you!
Jim leaned forward to shake Alfred’s hand and then said, And you, Alfred, did you see any action when you were younger?
At the question, Alfred’s expression seemed to change and his eyes saddened, as though they’d seen far too much pain for one lifetime.
He answered, Yes, I did. Some of us in here fought in the Boer War from 1899 to 1902. I was in the battles at Magersfontein, Colenso, Spion Kop and Mafeking, but the man who left home for South Africa wasn’t the same one who came back home three years later.
Harry, inquisitive as ever, leaned forward and said, Can I ask what you mean by that? Surely it must have been a great honour to have fought for Queen and country?
Alfred put a match to his pipe, taking short puffs through it to get the tobacco burning, and then answered, "What I mean is that the war changed me forever. You do things in battle that you never thought you were capable of, both good and bad. Out there, your only family is the soldier next to you and you’ll willingly give up your life for him.
But you see shocking things in war that leave you scarred deep down in your soul, like seeing your closest friends lying butchered on the ground right next to you.
Alfred then paused, and his gaze shifted so that he was now staring vacantly above the heads of everyone seated at the table, as though his mind had suddenly been haunted by some horrific memory.
But Harry interrupted the momentary silence, saying, Alfred, did you pick up any injuries while you were fighting down there in South Africa?
Alfred nodded, saying, Yes, a Boer soldier hiding out in a ravine somehow managed to shoot me in the hip from about 600 yards. It was a bloody good shot, I’ll give him that!
Alfred then turned and pointed to some torn regimental colours hanging above the bar, saying, "Do you see those colours over there from the Boer War? Well, in war, you become incredibly proud of the colours of your regiment, because they represent all the bravery and sacrifice of those who’ve gone before you, and the bond that this creates is a very special thing.
Just some advice lads: don’t think of war in some romantic way because nothing could be further from the truth, and when the bullets are flying past your head, you’ll want your mothers, your sweethearts, and the green fields of home like you can never imagine!
Charlie Evans noticed that the older man had just sat there in complete silence, and feeling a little embarrassed that he hadn’t been involved in the conversation, said, And what about you, George - did you ever go to war?
George gave a wry smile, and said, Yes, believe it or not, I fought in the Crimea.
The Crimean War!
Charlie repeated in amazement.
George continued: Yes, I’m seventy-nine years old now, but I went off to the Crimea in October 1853 when I was a just a lad of eighteen.
Charlie said, I remember reading about the cavalry charge that the Light Brigade made at Balaclava! You didn’t take part in that did you?
George replied, "No, I wasn’t involved in that one, although I did fight at Balaclava, but I was with the infantry at the time. That charge was made by the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, the 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, and I knew many of the lads who took part in it.
"What they did that day defies belief! A cavalry charge by 670 men straight into 20 Russian battalions with over 5000 troops whose position was defended by 50 big artillery guns. But somehow they weathered the hailstorm of shells and grape shot to get through that valley and engage the enemy with their sabers.
In the end, the Light Brigade was forced to retreat by the overwhelming number of Russians, and so they were blasted by the artillery all the way back through that Valley of Death. Of the men who made that charge, 118 died and another 127 were wounded.
So, the whole attack was a bit of a disaster then?
Charlie asked cautiously.
George answered, "Well, militarily, the Light Brigade was driven back in the end and they suffered high casualties, but what they did that day raised the morale of the whole British Army. Sometimes in war, it takes an outrageous act of courage against overwhelming odds to break the enemy, and the Russians were never the same after that.
A big cavalry charge is terrifying for the defenders, as the thundering roar created by several hundred horses charging down on you feels like an earthquake!
I don’t know if I’d ever have the guts to do something like that!
Harry said with a sigh.
At this, George looked Harry in the eye and said, Son, no-one can fathom just what they’re capable of in war until it happens to them. When you’re in an infantry charge with bayonets fixed, screaming as you rush into enemy fire, it’s amazing just how brave a man can be!
And were you ever injured in the Crimea, George?
Harry asked.
George patted his chest with his left hand as he replied, Unfortunately I took a lot of shrapnel in the chest at Sevastopol near the end of the war. They didn’t think that I was going to make it, but the nuns at the Barrack Hospital at Scutari somehow kept me alive.
At the mention of the name ‘Scutari’, Jim said, Wasn’t that the hospital where Florence Nightingale was based in Turkey during the war?
George smiled and said, Yes, she was there all right! In fact I very much doubt that I’d be here today without her and those magnificent nuns!
At this, George winked at Alfred and said, Well, my friend, I think we’ve bored these young lads enough for one night. We’d best be on our way!
The two men stood up, simultaneously raising their caps in a show of respect, before George said, Now take good care of each other lads, and I wish you all the very best of luck, whatever the future throws your way!
Thoroughly fascinated by the intriguing conversation they’d just had with the two veterans, Jim and his mates carried on talking about the Crimea, the Boer War, and the current conflict in Europe as they stumbled down a dark road hoping to make it in time to catch the last bus to Warwick.
Over the next few days, Jim detected a change in mood out on the streets, and as he walked home from school one day, he saw placards outside the town hall and the railway station calling for volunteers to join the British Army. These had attracted the attention of groups of young men who were now anxiously milling around on the street corners, cigarettes in hand, in an excited mood.
Jim hurried over to pick up a newspaper which ran an article on the recruitment drive by Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, before heading off home at a brisk pace in the fading evening sunshine.
Within minutes of Jim walking through the front door, Cathy detected that a change had come over her husband, as he seemed tense and preoccupied, and so she asked him how things had been at school. But instead of answering the question, he just pointed to the article in the newspaper about the need for volunteers, saying Look at this Cathy! Kitchener’s calling for 100000 men aged between 19 and 30 to volunteer for active service.
Cathy was silent for a moment, deliberately avoiding eye contact with Jim by turning and looking out of the kitchen window, before saying anxiously, And how do you feel about that, Jim?
He put the paper down and gave out a long sigh before replying, "Cathy, I just don’t know! The politicians are of the opinion that France on its own won’t last long in a war with Germany. Apparently the first contingent of our troops has already landed in France, but the army simply hasn’t got enough manpower for a prolonged war with Germany. The entire British Amy only has a quarter-of-a-million troops, and many of them are already serving in far-off countries.
If France does fall, can you imagine the mayhem and misery that would cause for the rest of Europe? I do feel that the right thing to do is for young lads to sign up, but I’ve got you and Charlotte to think of first and foremost.
Cathy’s lips parted as she tried to say something, but the sadness that was suddenly welling up inside her made her hesitate, and so she diverted attention by filling the copper kettle from the kitchen tap and placing it on the stove.
It was announced on the radio the following day that the French Army had launched a major offensive invading Alsace and Lorraine, but over the next few days it became clear that the German Army was putting up formidable resistance and launching ferocious counter-attacks.
On 12th August, Britain and France declared war on Austria-Hungary as the rapid deployment of British forces to France continued, but by 17th August, the British Expeditionary Force only had four infantry divisions and a cavalry division deployed in France. By that same date, Germany had used 11000 trains to transport over 3.1 million men over the Rhine into Belgium and France.
From 21st to 23rd August, the BEF and the French 5th Army attempted to defend a 25 mile front along the Sambre River, with the BEF concentrated at Mons to the west, and the 5th Army at Charleroi to the east. 27000 French soldiers were soon killed in a series of bloody engagements with the German 2nd and 3rd armies forcing the French to retreat.
At Mons, 100000 British troops were involved in a ferocious battle with 250000 troops of the German 1st Army. The British commander was General French, and apparently the German Kaiser had ordered his troops to walk over French’s contemptible little army.
But the British were somehow holding out until the sudden collapse of the French Army now left their right flank completely exposed, forcing them to make a tactical retreat.
Over the next two weeks, the BEF and the 5th Army fell back 250 miles to the very outskirts of Paris. The advancing German Army had inflicted terrible losses on the French in a very short period of time, with the French Army suffering 300000 casualties in the 17 days between the 7th and 24th August.
On 26th August, a somewhat minor event involving a German warship would end up have repercussions for the German Navy for the rest of the war. The light cruiser, SMS Magdeburg, ran aground in Russian territorial waters at Odensholm on the Estonian coast.
The Russians captured the vessel and its crew, and were also able to retrieve 3 German code books and the current encryption key, and they then passed one copy on to the British via 2 couriers on 13th October. But the Germans were unaware that the Allies could now decipher their ship communications and they made the critical mistake of failing to change their codes as a precaution.
On the Eastern Front, the advance of the Russian 2nd Army was stopped in its tracks by a German counter-attack at the Battle of Tannenberg from 26th to 30th August. The 2nd Army was decimated in the vicious fighting, with 125000 Russians also being taken prisoner, and the Russian general, Alexander Samsonov, committed suicide because of the sheer scale of the defeat.
But reporting on these significant losses and their implications for the outcome of the war were largely suppressed at home in order to keep morale high. The Defence of the Realm Act had been enacted in Britain just four days after hostilities began, and contained within it were severe restrictions on press freedom.
One of the regulations stated: No person shall by word of mouth or in writing spread reports likely to cause disaffection or alarm among any of His Majesty’s forces or among the civilian population.
Lord Kitchener went further, and even placed an outright ban on newspaper reporters going anywhere near the Front Line. Two journalists famously defied this ban, but they were subsequently arrested and sent back to England and then threatened with being shot should they ever report from the Front again.
Jim was suspicious of the generally upbeat and jingoistic coverage of the campaign in the newspapers, and inevitably news of the real situation began filtering back to England in letters written by British troops who were fighting in France. Although censorship was also in place when it came to the writing of letters, soldiers soon became adept at finding ways to let their loved ones know what was happening.
News also spread by word of mouth whenever a spouse was advised that her husband had been killed in action, and there was no disguising the frequent sight of black-clad grieving widows out on the streets.
On the morning of 6th September, as Jim, Cathy, and Charlotte were enjoying breakfast, there was a radio announcement stating that the British Expeditionary Force and the French Army were now engaged in bitter fighting with German forces just to the east of Paris. Over the next week, Jim carefully read all the newspaper articles relating to this critical battle, and whenever possible he listened to the hourly news broadcasts on the radio between his lessons at school.
The situation for the Allies soon became dire, but just when defeat looked inevitable, a massive counter-attack by a million men of the French Army and the BEF along the Marne River between 5th and 12th September defeated a force of 900000 German infantry.
The newspapers proudly ran articles about the grit and determination shown in the defence of the French capital, including one which revealed how, on the night of 7th September, there had been an urgent need to rush 10000 more infantry to the Front Line. The army lacked the military vehicles to transport all the troops, and so an urgent call had been sent out to Parisian taxicab drivers for help. 600 taxis had then gathered at Les Invalides in central Paris, and they had then ferried 3000 of the troops to the Front. To avoid detection and attack by the Germans, the taxicabs had only driven with their back lights lit, and so they had to navigate by following the tail lights of the vehicle in front of them.
The Battle of the Marne was a massive defeat for Germany, and the German commander, General von Moltke, had suffered a nervous breakdown midway through the fighting when it looked as though the 1st and 2nd armies were about to be encircled and obliterated.
The survivors of the British Expeditionary Force who had taken part in these battles later named themselves ‘The Old Contemptibles.’
The newspapers reported that the Germans had been forced to retreat about 44 miles north to the River Aisne, where they then dug in to defend their position. But the victory had come at a terrible price with French and British casualties of 263000, of which 82000 died. The German Army had suffered at least 220000 casualties of which about 68000 had perished.
However, the euphoria after ‘The Miracle of the Marne’ soon gave way to a realisation that this war could now drag on for much longer than was initially thought. The Allied and German commanders could all see the strategic value of channel ports in the northwest of France and the west of Belgium as these were the gateway to the North Sea, and so the two sides attempted to outflank each other as they headed north for the coast, clashing at Picardy, Albert, and Artois.
There were also early indications that the Germans would forego the unwritten rules of battle in this war, and that anything was now fair game for them. This included attacks on innocent civilians and even on those attempting to rescue sailors from sinking ships.
A shocking example of this was a German submarine attack on 3 British armoured cruisers on 2nd September 1914. The three 12000 ton cruisers were HMS Abouhir, HMS Hogue, and HMS Cressy, and they were on patrol off the Belgian coast about 18 miles northwest of the Hook of Holland.
These ships had waterline armour up to 6 inches thick, and the same protection was used to protect their massive gun turrets as well. The cruisers would normally have had destroyer escorts to intercept submarines, but a storm the day before had resulted in the 3 ships seeking shelter, leaving them cut off from the protection of the submarine-hunting warships.
The cruisers were sailing abreast of each other 2000 yards apart at 12 miles per hour when a German submarine, U-9, launched a torpedo which struck the Abouhir at 06:20. She very rapidly took on water, and capsized just 35 minutes later. The Abouhir could only get one lifeboat into the water and so as she was sinking, the crew began throwing anything they could overboard for the stricken sailors to cling on to.
HMS Hogue then came to her rescue, pulling up alongside her sister ship and quickly lowering her own lifeboats into the water. But while sailors on the Hogue were pulling men from the freezing sea, U-9
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