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Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inert gases (argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, radon)
Other components:
- water vapour, dust microorganisms
The composition of air varies from place to place and from time to time
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Atmosphere
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Uses of gases
Nitrogen preserve packaged foods Oxygen respiration, burning, rusting Carbon dioxide - photosynthesis
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Composition of air
Component
Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inert gases & other substances
Percentage (%)
78 21 0.03 0.97
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2. 3.
The gases in the air can be easily separated (respiration, burning, rusting) Each gas in the air still maintain its original properties The ratio of the component in the air varies according to the condition of a place
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1)
2)
3) 4)
LETS DO SOME EXPERIMENTS! What is the percentage of oxygen in the air? Does air contain water vapour? Does air contain microorganisms? Does air contain dust particles?
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Procedure: 1) A candle is placed on gas jar stand in the trough and fill the trough with water 2) The gas jar are divided into five equal parts using rubber bands 3) The candle is lighted up and the gas jar is inverted over the lighted candle 4) The changes of water level is examined as the candle goes off
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Observation: -As the candle continue to burn the flame get smaller and finally it goes off - The water level in the gas jar rose until it reach one fifth of the marked height when candle goes off Conclusion: Oxygen makes up of approximately 21% of the volume of air.
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Procedure: 1) Put some ice cubes into the boiling tube 2) Record the observation on the external surface of boiling tube after 15 minutes 3) Test the liquid on the external surface of boiling tube with dry cobalt chloride paper 4) If blue cobalt chloride paper turns to pink in colour, this proofs that the liquid is water.
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Observation: - Water droplets that formed on the outer wall of the test tube can be clearly seen. - Collected liquid droplets has been tested with a blue cobalt chloride paper and the paper then turns to pink in colour, proofs that the liquid is water. Conclusion: Air contains water vapour.
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Before
Observation: - Coloured spots of microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) are found on the surface of the nutrient agar after a few days Conclusion: Air contains microorganisms.
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PROPERTIES OF GASES
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
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OXYGEN Observation: The water level in the test tube rises slightly
CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The water level in the test tube rises slightly (but more than oxygen) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble in water
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OXYGEN Observation: The level of sodium hydroxide solution in the test tube does not change Conclusion: Oxygen is not soluble in sodium hydroxide
CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The level of sodium hydroxide solution in the test tube rises a lot Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is very soluble in sodium hydroxide
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OXYGEN Observation: The glowing wooden splinter bursts into flame (relights/rekindless) Conclusion: Oxygen supports combustion
CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The glowing wooden splinter extinguished (goes off) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide does not supports combustion
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CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The burning wooden splinter extinguished (goes off) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide does not supports combustion
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OXYGEN Observation: The colour of both litmus paper does not change Conclusion: Oxygen is neutral
CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The colour of blue litmus paper turns red Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is acidic
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Lime water
OXYGEN Observation: No change in lime water (remains clear) Conclusion: Oxygen has no effect on lime water
CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The lime water turns cloudy (chalky) Conclusion: Carbon dioxide turns the lime water cloudy maya_dgs2012
Control
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
OXYGEN Observation: The colour of bicarbonate indicator does not change Conclusion: Oxygen is neutral
CARBON DIOXIDE Observation: The colour of bicarbonate indicator turns yellow Conclusion: Carbon dioxide is acidic
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PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN
Colourless, tasteless & odourless Slightly soluble in water Not soluble in sodium hydroxide No effect on damp litmus paper No effect on lime water Relights a glowing splinter No effect on hydrogen carbonate solution Support combustion Neutral
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Colourless, tasteless & odourless More soluble in water Very soluble in sodium hydroxide Turns blue litmus paper to red Turns lime water cloudy Extinguishes a burning splinter Changes the colour of hydrogen carbonate from red to yellow Does not support combustion Acidic
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Not soluble
Very soluble
The splinter burns brighter (oxygen support burning Effect on moist No change in both litmus paper litmus paper (oxygen is neutral) Effect on No change limewater Effect on No change hydrogen carbonate
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Oxygen
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Carbon dioxide
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Respiration
Glucose
Oxygen
Energy
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To show that living things give out carbon dioxide during respiration
Observation : - The colour of hydrogen carbonate indicator in tubes P and Q change from red to yellow. Discussion : - Cockroaches and germinating seeds (living things) give out carbon dioxide during respiration. - Hydrogen carbonate indicator absorbs the carbon dioxide and changes colour from red to yellow.
We can use lime water to test the present of carbon dioxide Lime water turns cloudy in P and Q
Inhaled air the air that is breathed in during respiration. Exhaled air the air is breathed out during respiration.
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Oxygen
Carbon dioxide Inert gases Water vapour
21%
0.03% 0.97% Lesser
16%
4% 0.97% More
Summary:- The composition of oxygen in inhaled air is higher than in exhaled air - The composition of carbon dioxide in exhaled air is higher than in inhaled air
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Inhaled Air
Exhaled Air
Inhaled Air
Exhaled Air
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Organic substances alcohol, ether, xylene Carbon charcoal, coal Hydrocarbon petrol, diesel, kerosene, candles, butane The product of combustion depend on the type of fuel used
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Alcohol
Ether
Xylene
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Fuel Carbon
Coal
Charcoal
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Fuel Hydrocarbon
Kerosene
Butane
Cooking gas
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Candle
Product of combustion
Combustion of carbon
- Produces carbon dioxide,heat and light. Example: Charcoal + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light
Combustion of hydrocarbon
-Produces carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Example: Kerosene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat + Light
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Coal
Charcoal
Combustion of carbon
- Produces carbon dioxide,heat and light. Example: Charcoal + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light
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Cooking gas
Candle
Combustion of hydrocarbon
-Produces carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Example: Kerosene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat + Light
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EXPERIMENT TIME!!!!
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To investigate the effect of the size of a container on the length of time a candle burns.
Observation: The candle in the 500 ml beaker goes out first. The candle in the 1000 ml beaker continues to burn for some time before it goes out. Conclusion: The bigger the size of container, the longer the time for candle to burn. maya_dgs2012
Observation & Discussion : Gas jar becomes hot The lime water turns cloudy because the presence of carbon dioxide Conclusion: The burning of carbon produces carbon dioxide, heat and light.
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Observation & Discussion: The funnel becomes hot The dry cobalt chloride paper changes colour from blue to pink to prove that water is present The lime water turns cloudy because the presence of carbon dioxide Conclusion: The burning of hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide, water vapour, heat and light.
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Importance Of Combustion
Industry Burning of fuel to generate electricity in power station. Boiling water to produce steam to turn the turbines. Transportation Burning of petrol or diesel in engines to move the vehicles. Burning the kerosene in aircraft engine to produce energy to fly.
Others Burning of candles as source of light. Burning of natural gas for cooking.
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AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution occurs when air contains pollutants Pollutants are substances that are released into the environment. These substances are harmful to living things and pollute the environment Air pollution is the result of human action
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Sulphu r dioxide
Air pollutants
Carbon monoxid e
Lead compound s
Oxides of nitrogen
Chlorofluorocarbons
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Construction activities
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Haze
Acid rain
Global warmin g
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Sources and effect of air pollutants on human being and the environment
Air pollutant Smoke particles and soot. Sources - Cigarette smoke. - Smoke from motor vehicles. - Burning of rubbish. - Burning of fossil fuels. - Forest fires - Construction sites - Open burning - Cigarette smoke - Smoke from motor vehicles Effects - Cause breathing difficulties. - Make the eyes feel uncomfortable.
Dust / haze
- Causes lung cancer, coughing and asthma. - Causes tiredness, headache, brain damage and death.
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Carbon monoxide
Effects Damages lung cells Forms acid rain that damages Metallic structures and kills aquatic life Kills plants Form acid rain Causes damage to the ozone layer. Too much exposure to UV rays can cause, skin cancer, eye diseases and the break-down of the bodys immune system Causes green house effect Will result global warming, changes in climate, rising sea levels/ flooding
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Carbon dioxide
Acid Rain
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Or like these?
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Do not smoke
Relocate factories away from urban areas Encourag e the use of biodiesel or unleaded fuel in vehicles Limit the use of CFC in industry
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The end.. =)
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Evidence : B6D5E1 Make a presentation about: 1) Air pollution 2) Examples and sources of air pollutant 3) Effect of air pollution 4) Steps to prevent & control air pollution 5) Suggest ways to keep the air clean 6) Practice habits to keep the air clean
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Conditions
1. Presentation form:- Manila card or - Powerpoint presentation or - Video or others 2. Present by group of students - Max : 4 students - Min : 2 students 3. Time to prepare - 2 weeks (present after August exam) 4. Language used: - English / Bahasa Melayu
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Membuat perbentangan dalam pelbagai bentuk mengenai: 1. Pencemaran udara 2. Contoh bahan cemar udara dan sumber 3. Kesan pencemaran udara 4. Langkah-langkah untuk menghalang dan mengawal pencemaran udar 5. Cara mengekalkan udara supaya bersih 6. Mempraktikkan amalan yang mengekalkan udara bersih
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