,aw;gpay; topfhl;Lk; Ehy;

khzth;fs; ftdj;jpw;F. tpdhj;jhspy; xt;bthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; chpa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J/ ghl';fis ed;F gapd;W njh;tpy; mjpf kjpg;bgz; bgw v';fsJ rpy fUj;Jf;fs; cjt[k; vd ek;g[fpnwhk;/ (1) gog;g[k; vGj;Jk; ,uz;L fz;fisg; nghd;wit/ ,it ,uz;Lk; ,ize;jnj fy;tp/ ftdkhfg; goj;jy; kw;Wk; gpiHapd;wp vGJjy; ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpak;/ cd;dplk; cs;s Mw;wypd; |yk; mr;rkpd;wpj; njh;it vGjKoa[k; vd;W ek;gntz;Lk;/ vg;nghJk; cw;rhfj;Jld; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ cw;rhfk; thH;fifapy; gy ; btw;wpfis njoj;jUk;/ fy;tpf;F Mgj;J kwjp/ kwe;Jnghdtw;iw jpUk;gg; gog;gjd; |ynk epidthw;wiy tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;s Koa[k;/ njh;t[ beU';Fk; neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; mtru mtrukhf vy;yh ghl';fisa[k; gog;gjhy; ve;jg;ghlKk; kdj;jpy; epw;fhJ/ njh;t[f;F Kd;dnu jpl;lkpl;Lg; goj;jy; mtrpak;/ ,aw;gpay; ghl ifnalhdJ khzth;fSf;F topfhl;Lk; Ehyhf jahh; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ nkYk; TLjy; kjpg;bgz; bgw tpUk;g[k; khzth;fs; gj;J kjpg;bgz; tpdhf;fSf;F rpy ghl';fis (2 my;yJ 3 ghl';fis) jahh; bra;at[k;/ fl;lhakhf tpilaspf;f ntz;oa fzf;fpw;Fk; jahh; bra;at[k;/ ciHg;gpd; nth;fs; frg;ghdit/ mjd; fdpnah ,dpg;ghdJ/ thH;j;Jf;fs;

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

BLUE PRI T - PHYSICS

UNIT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. TOTAL PART-A 4 1 2 4 4 4 2 4 3 2 30 PART-B 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 20 PART-C 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 12 PART-D 1 -1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 8 MARKS 25 20 20 25 25 25 15 25 30 20 230

,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp
gFjp - m
1/ epiy kpd;dpay;

1 kjpg;bgz;Zf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

1/ xU fz;zhoj; jz;L. gl;Lj; Jzpa[ld; nja;f;fg;gLk; nghJ +8 x 10-12C kpd;D}l;;lj;ij Vw;fpwJ/ mJ Vw;Wf;bfhz;l my;yJ ,He;j vyf;l;uhdpfspd; vz;zpf;if/ (a) 5 x 10-7 (Vw;wJ) (b) 5 x 107 (,He;jJ J) -8 -12 (c) 2 x 10 (,He;jJ) (d) -8 x 10 (,He;jJ) ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fs;. r = 6 bfhz;l Clfj;jpy;. d bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; epiy kpd;dpay; tpir 0/3 N. btw;wplj;jpy; mnj bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;l mk;kpd;D}l;l';fSf; fpilnaahd tpir (a) 20N (b) 0.5 N (c) 1.8 N (d) 2N xU g[s;sp kpd;D}l;lj;jpypUe;J 2 m bjhiytpy; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 400 Vm1 vj;bjhiytpy; mjd; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 100 Vm-1 Mf mika[k? ; (a) 50 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 4 m (d) 1.5 m ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fs; +4q kw;Wk; +q, 30 cm bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ mk;kpd;D}l;l';fis ,izf;Fk; nfhl;od; kPJ vg;g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk; RHpahFk;? (a) kpd;D}l;lk; +q-ypUe;J 15 cm (b) kpd;D}l;lk; + q-ypUe;J 7.5 cm (c) kpd;D}l;lk; +4 q-ypUe;J 20cm (d) kpd;D}l;lk; + q-ypUe;J 5 cm

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rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy;. g[yj;jpw;F ,izahf. mjd; mr;R mika[khW xU kpd; ,UKid itf;fg;gl;lhy;. mJ czh;tJ (a) bkhj;j tpiria kl;Lk; (b) jpUg;g[ tpiria kl;Lk; (c) bkhj;j tpir kw;Wk; jpUg;g[ tpir ,uz;ila[k; (d) bkhj;j tpira[k; my;y. jpUg;g[ tpira[k; my;y kpd; ,UKidapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J x bjhiytpy; mika[k; g[s;spapy; kpd;dGj;jk;. vjw;F neh;j;jftpy; mikfpwJ? 1 1 (a) (b) 2 3 1 (c)
4

1 (d)

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3/2 'a' gf;fk; bfhz;l rJuj;jpd; ehd;F |iyfs; A,B, C kw;Wk; D-f;fspy; Kiwna kpd;D}l;l';fs; +q, +q, -q kw;Wk; -q itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ rJuj;jpd; ikak; O-tpy; kpd;dGj;jkhdJ/ 1 q 1 2q (a) (b) 4 a 4 a 1 (c) 4 a 4q (d) RHp

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10/ 11/ 12/

rk kpd;dGj;jg; gug;gpy; cs;s ,U g[s;spfSf;F ,ilna 500 kpd;D}l;lj;ij efh;j;j bra;ag;gLk; ntiy (a) RHp (b) tuk;g[s;s neh;f;Fwp kjpg;g[ (c) tuk;g[s;s vjph;f;Fwp kjpg;g[ (d) Kotpyp fPH;f;fz;l mst[fSs; vJ *;nfyhq msthFk;? (a) ,UKid jpUg;g[j; jpwd; (b) kpd;g[y tpir (c) kpd;g[yk; (d) kpd;dGj;jk; tpLjpwdpd; myF (a) C2 N-1 m-2 (b) N m2 C-2 (c) H m-1 (d) N C-2 m-2 1 TYk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; tpirf;nfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if (a) 1.129 x 10 11 (b) 1.6 x 10-19 (c) 6.25 x 1018 (d) 8.85 x 10 12 kpd;D}l;l mlh;j;jp bfhz;l. ,U vjpbujph; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w cnyhfj;jfLfSf;F btspna cs;s g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk;/ + - (a) (b) 2o 2o

 (c) 13/ (d) RHpahFk; o xU ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;F jpwdhdJ. jl;LfSf;fpilna kpd;fhg;g[g; bghUisf; bfhz;L epug;gtjhy;. 5F FypUe;J 60F Ff;F [ mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ kpd;fhg;g[g;bghUspd; kpd;fhg;g[ khwpyp (a) 65 (b) 55 (c) 12 (d) 10 kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;Ws;s cs;sPlw;w cnyhfg; ge;J xd;W. RHp kpd;gyj;ij [ vg;g[s;spfspy; njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ? (a) nfhsj;jpw;F btspna (b) mjd; gug;gpd; nky; (c) nfhsj;jpd; cl;gwk; [ (d) ,U kl';F bjhiyt[f;F mg;ghy;

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2/ kpd;ndhl;ltpay;
15/ 60C mst[s;s kpd;D}l;lk; xU kpd;tpsf;fpd; tHpna 2 epkpl';fSf;Fr; brd;why;. kpd;tpsf;fpy; bry;Yk; kpd;ndhl;lk;/ (a) 30 A (b) 1 A (c) 0.5 A (d) 5 A kpd;D}l;l';fs; vg;bghUspd; tHpna vspjhfg; gha;e;J bry;Yk;? (a) Fthh;l;*; (b) ikf;fh (c) b$h;kdpak; (d) jhkpuk; flj;jpapd; tHpna gha[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; vjw;F neh;j;jftpy; mika[k;? (a) ,Gg;g[ jpirntfk; (b) 1/ FWf;F btl;Lg; gug;gpd; ,Uko (c) 1/vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if (d) FWf;F btl;Lg; gug;gpd; ,Uko 240 V kpd;dGj;jj;jpy; braw;gLk; kpd; Nnlw;wpapd; kpd;jil 120 vdpy; kpd;jpwd; (a) 400 W (b) 2 W (c) 480 W (d) 240 W Fwpg;gpl;l ePsk; bfhz;l jhkpuf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil R. mjd; ePsk; ,Ukl';fhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mjd; kpd;jil vz; (a) ,U kl';fhFk; (b) ehd;fpy; xU g';fhFk; (c) ehd;F kl';fhFk; (d) khWglhJ ,U 2 kpd;jilfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,Ue;jhy;. bjhFgad; kpd;jil (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0.5 btg;gepiy Fiwa[k;nghJ kpd;fhg;g[g; bghUs;fspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; (a) Fiwa[k; (b) mjpfhpf;Fk; (c) khWglhJ (d) RHpahFk; 0 C fk;gpr; RUspd; kpd;jil 2 kw;Wk; = 0.004 / C vdpy; 100 C y; mjd; kpd;jil (a) 1/4 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 2/8 \ghunlapd; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpg;go. kpd;gF jputj;jpd; tHpna kpd;ndhl;lk; bry;Yk;nghJ. vjph;kpd;thapy; goa[k; madpfspd; epiw vijr; rhh;e;jJ my;y? (a) kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) kpd;D}l;lk; (c) fhyk; (d) kpd;jil

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3/ kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; tpist[fs;
24/ $%ypd; btg;g tpjp I2 (a) H = Rt

(b) H = V2 Rt

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(c) H = VIt (d) H = IR2t Nnlw;Wk; ,iHahf epf;nuhk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ Vbddpy; mJ (a) Fiwe;j kpd;jil vz; bfhz;lJ (b) Fiwe;j cUFepiy bfhz;lJ (c) mjpf kpd;jil vz; bfhz;lJ (d) mjpf flj;Jk; vz; bfhz;lJ btg;g kpd;dpul;ilapd; re;jpapy; bgy;oah; Fzfk; vjidr; rhh;e;jJ? (a) kpd;dpul;ilapy; cs;s kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) kpd;ndhl;lk; gha[k; neuk; (c) re;jpapd; btg;gepiy (d) kpd;dpul;ilapd; tHpna gha[k; kpd;D}l;lk; xU btg;g kpd;dpul;ilapy; Fsph;re;jpapd; btg;gepiy 20C jpUg;g[ btg;gepiy 270C vdpy; g[ul;L btg;gepiyahdJ/ (a) 520C (b) 540C (c) 500 C (d) 510C

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gal; - rhth;l; tpjpapd; rkd;ghL Idl o Idl (a) dB = (b) dB = 4 r2 4 (c) dB = o Idl x r

sin r2

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o Idl x r (d) dB = 4 r2 4 r3 nld;$d;l; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;. Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;ndhl;lj;jpw;F tpyfy; 30 fk;gpr; RUspd; jsj;jpid 90 jpUg;gpagpd; mnj kpd;ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; tpyfy;

(a) 30
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(b) 60

(c) 90

(d) 0

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irf;nshl;uhdpy; KLf;fg;gLk; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Jfspd; Rw;wpaf;ff; fhyk; vjidr; rhh;e;jjy;y? (a) fhe;jj; J}z;ly; (b) Jfspd; kpd;ndhl;lk; (c)Jfspd; jpirntfk; (d) Jfspd; epiw rPuhd fhe;jg; g[yj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l brt;tff; fk;gpr; RUspd; kPJ bray;gLk; jpUg;g[ tpir bgUkkhf ,Uf;f/

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; RUspd; jsk; fhe;jg; g[yj;jpw;F br';Fj;jhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; RUspd; gug;g[ Fiwthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;

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,a';F RUs; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; fk;gpr; RUis bjh';ftpl gh*;gh; - btz;fyf; fyitf; fk;gpiag; gad;gLj;jf; fhuzk;/ (a) flj;Jk; jpwd; mjpfk; (b) kpd; jilvz; mjpfk; (c) XuyF nfhz tpyfYf;fhd jpUg;g[ tpir mjpfk; (d) XuyF nfhz tpyfYf;fhd jpUg;g[ tpir Fiwt[ gpd;tUk; rhjd';fspy; xd;wpd; kpd;jil kpff; Fiwt[ (a) ,a';F RUs; fhy;tdhkPl;lh; (b) 0 - 1A mk;kPl;lh; (c) 0 - 10 A mk;kPl;lh; (d) nthy;l; kPl;lh; G kpd;jil bfhz;l fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; S kpd;jil bfhz;l ,izj;jlk; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tikg;gpd; gaDW kpd;jil Ra vdpy; gpd;tUk; Tw;wpy; vJ rhpahdJ? (a) G MdJ S-I tplf; Fiwt[ (b) S MdJ Ra-I tplf; Fiwt[ Mdhy;. G tpl mjpfk; (c) Ra MdJ G, S-I tplf; Fiwt[ (d) S MdJ G, Ra-I tplf; Fiwt[ rpwe;j nthy;l; kPl;lhpd; gz;g[ (a) RHp kpd;jil (b) RHp kjpg;gpw;Fk; G-f;Fk; ,ilna Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;jil (c) G tpl mjpfkhf Mdhy; <wpyh kjpg;gpid tpl Fiwe;j kpd;jil (d) <wpyh kpd;jil

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4/ kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;lYk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lKk;

36/ 37/ kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; gad;gLj;jg;glhjJ (a) kpd;khw;wp (b) miw Nnlw;wp (c) AC kpd;dpaw;wp (d) milg;g[r; RUs; 0.5m2 gug;gsita[k; 10 Rw;Wfisa[k; bfhz;l xU fk;gpr; RUspd; jsk; 0.2 Wb/m2 fhe;jg;g[yj;jpw;F Fj;jhf cs;snghJ fk;gpr; RUspd; tHpna gha[k; fhe;jg;ghak;/ (a) 100 Wb (b) 10 Wb (c) 1 Wb (d) RHp byd;*; tpjp ///////////////////// tpjpapd; mog;gilapyhdJ (a) kpd;D}l;l mHptpd;ik (b) gha mHptpd;ik

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(c)ce;j mHptpd;id (d) mw;wy; mHptpd;ik neh;f;flj;jpapd; jd; kpd; J}z;ly; vz; ////////// (a) RHp (b) Kotpyp (c) kpf mjpfk; (d) kpft[k; rpwpaJ b&d;wp vd;w myfpid ,g;goa[k; vGjyhk; (a) Vs A-1 (b) Wb A-1 (c) s (d) midj;Jk; xU fk;gpr; RUspy; gha[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; tpdhof;F 40 As-1 vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk;bghGJ. J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 12V vdpy;. fk;gpr; RUspd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz; ///////// (a) 0.3 H (b) 0.003 H (c) 30 H (d) 4.8 H

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5A DC kpd;ndhl;lk; cUthf;Fk; mnj mst[ btg;g tpisit cUthf;Fk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; mst[ //////// (a) 50A rms kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) 5A bgUk kpd;ndhl;lk; (c) 5A rms kpd;ndhl;lk; (d) nkw;fz;l vJt[k; ,y;iy kpd;khw;wp bray;gLtJ (a) AC apy; kl;Lk; (b) DC apy; kl;Lk; (c) AC kw;Wk; DC apy; (d) DC I fhl;oYk; AC apy; jpwk;gl bray;gLk; fk;gpr; RUspy; ,Ue;J g[wr;Rw;Wf;F kpd;ndhl;lj;ij ghar; bra;a[k; khWjpir kpd;dpaw;wpapd; cWg;g[ (a) g[yf;fhe;jk; (b) gpst[gl;l tisak; (c) eGt[ tisa';fs; (d) J}hpifs; xUkhWjpir kpd;Rw;wpy; bray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = Esin (t + /2), I = I sin (t - /2) vd;w kpd;ndhl;lj;ijtpl ////// vd;w fl;l mstpy; Ke;jpr; bry;Yk;/ (a) /2 (b) /4 (c) (d) 0 fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vjid kpd;khw;wpiag; gad;gLj;jp cah;j;j Koa[k;? (a) cs;sPL kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) cs;sPL kpd;dGj;jk; (c) cs;sPL jpwd; (d) midj;ija[k; neh;jpir kpd;ndhl;lj;ij jd;tHpna gha mDkjpf;fhj fUtp vJ? (a) kpd;jil (b) kpd;njf;fp (c) kpd;J}z;o (d) nkw;fz;l midj;Jk; xU AC kpd; Rw;wpy; (a) kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; ruhrhp kjpg;g[ RHp (b) kpd;ndhl;l';fspd; ,Ukor; ruhrhp kjpg;g[ RHp (c) ruhrhp jpwd; ,Hg;g[ RHp

(d) rms kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;g[. kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; cr;r kjpg;igg; nghy; 2 kl';F

5/ kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;. miy xspapaYk;

49/ kpd;fhe;j miyfspy;. Mw;wy; (a) kpd; g[yj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; g[yj;jpw;Fk; xnu msthf gut[fpd;wd (b) ,U g[y';fSf;Fk; br';Fj;jhfg; gut[fpd;wd (c) kpd; g[yj;jpy; gut[fpwJ (d) fhe;jg; g[yj;jpy; gut[fpwJ kpd; fhe;j miyfs; (a) FWf;fiyfs; MFk; (b) bel;liyfs; MFk; (c) FWf;fiyfshfnth my;yJ bel;liyfshfnth ,Uf;fyhk; (d) FWf;fiyfSk; my;y. bel;liyfSk; my;y ,lg;bgah;r;rp kpd;ndhl;lk; vd;w fUj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; Twpath;? (a) ngh*; (b) b&h;l;*; (c) khh;nfhdp (d) khf;*;bty; r r kpd;fhe;j miyfspy;. kpd;g[yk; E kw;Wk; fhe;jg;g[yk; B f;F ,ilna cs;s fl;l ntWghL (a) /4 (b) /2 (c) (d) RHp mZ epwkhiy vd;gJ (a) J}a thpepwkhiy (b) btsptpL gl;il epwkhiy (c) cl;fth; thp epwkhiy (d) cl;fth; gl;il epwkhiy epa{l;ld; tisaj; bjhFjpapy;. fz;zhoj; jl;Lf;Fk; jl;lf; Ftpbyd;Rf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Jsp ePh; itf;fg;gl;lhy;. tisaj; bhFjp (a) RU';Fk; (b) tphptila[k; (c) khwhJ (d) Kjypy; tphptila[k; gpd;g[ RU';Fk; xw;iw epw xspfw;iw. btw;wplj;jpypUe;J xsptpyfy; vz; bfhz;l Clfj;jpw;Fs; EiHfpwJ/ gLk; kw;Wk; tpyfyile;j miyfspd; miyePs';fspd; jft[ (a) : 1 (b) 1 : (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 xU xspapd; miyePsk; ehd;F kl';fhff; Fiwe;jhy; mjd; rpjwy; mst[ (a) 16 kl';F mjpfhpf;Fk; (b) 16 kl';F Fiwa[k; (c) 256 kl';F mjpfhpf;Fk; (d) 256 kl';F Fiwa[k; epa{l;ld; tisa Ma;tpy; m-MtJ kw;Wk; (m + 4) tJ fUik tisa tpl;l';fs;Kiwna 5 mm kw;Wk; 7 mm vdpy; m-d; kjpg;g[ vd;d? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 10 0 4000 miyePsKs;s xU xw;iwepw xsp miyfSf;F ,ilna cs;s ghij ntWghL 2 x 10-7 m mtw;wpw;F ,ilna cs;s fl;l ntWghL

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3 (d) /2 2 0 a'; Ma;tpy; 6000 miyePsKs;s xspapd; 3tJ bghypt[g;gl;il kw;bwhU |yj;jpd; 4tJ bghypt[g; gl;ila[ld; bghUe;JfpwJ vdpy;. me;j xsp |yj;jpd; miyePsk; vd;d? (b) 6000 0 (c) 5000 0 (d) 4000 0 (a) 4500 0 0.005m mfyj;jpy; 2500 nfhLfs; cs;s fPwwzpapd; kPJ 6000 0 ; miyePsKs;s xspahdJ neh;f;Fj;jhfg; gLfpd;wJ/ mjd; bgUk thpir vd;d? (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 xU rptg;g[ xspf; fw;iwapypUe;J tpspk;g[ tpist[ bgwg;gLfpd;wJ/ rptg;g[ xspf;F gjpyhf ePy xspiag; gad;gLj;jpdhy; Vw;gLtJ vd;d? (a) gl;ilfs; kiwe;JtpLk; (b) vJt[k; khwhJ (c) tpspk;g[ tpist[ FWfyila[k; kw;Wk; Tl;lkhf xd;W nrUk; (d) tpspk;g[ tpist[ mfykila[k; kw;Wk; xd;iwtpl;L xd;W gphpa[k; 60 js tpist[ nfhzj;jpw;fhd xsp tpyfy; vz; vd;d? (a) 1.732 (b) 1.1414 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.468

(a)

(b) 2

(c)

6/mZ ,aw;gpay;
63/ nfj;njhL fjph;fs; vd;gd (a) vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw (b) neh; kpd; madp fw;iw (c) kpd;D}l;lkw;w Jfs; fw;iw (d) g[iHf; fjph;fisg; nghd;wit 4 [ E = 3 x 10 V/m kjpg;g[ila kpd;g[yKk;. B = 2 x 10-3 Wb/m2 kjpg;gila fhe;jg;g[yKk; xd;Wf;bfhd;W br';Fj;jhf bray;gLk; gFjpapy; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw tpyfy; milahky; bry;fpwJ/ vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwapd; ,af;fk;. fhe;jg;g[yk;. kpd;g[yk; Mfpait xd;Wf;bfhd;W br';Fj;jhf ,Ue;jhy;. vyf;l;uhdpd; ntfk;/ a) 60 ms-1 (b) 10.3 x 107 ms-1 (c) 1.5 x 107 ms-1 (d) 0.67 x 10-7 ms-1 nghhpd; bfhs;ifapd;go. Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;g[fisg; bgWk; mst[ (a) ,af;f Mw;wy; (b) epiy Mw;wy; (c) nfhz ce;jk; (d) ce;jk; mZtpd; Kjy; |d;W tl;lg; ghijfspd; Mu';fspd; tpfpjk; (a) 1 : 1/2 : 1/3 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 8 :27 i&l;u$d; mZit mo epiyapypUe;J fpsh;r;rpahf;fj; njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r Mw;wy; (my;yJ) Kjy; fpsh;r;rpahf;f kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; (a) 13.6 eV (b) 10.2eV (c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.89 eV Qjh;\nghh;L mZ khjphpapd;go. mZ xd;wpd; epwkhiy (a) thp epwkhiy (b) bjhlh; epwkhiy (c) bjhlh; cl;fth; epwkhiy (d) gl;il epwkhiy

64/

65/ 66/ 67/

68/

69/

xU Fwpg;gpl;l mZtpd; Mw;wy; kl;l';fs; A,B,Cd; Mw;wy; kjpg;g[fs; VW thpirapy; cs;sd/ mjhtJ EA<EB<EC CapypUe;J Bf;F BapypUe;J Af;F kw;Wk; CapypUe;J Af;F jht[k;nghJ njhd;Wk; miyePs';fs; Kiwna 1, 2, 3 vdpy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rhpahdJ? 1 C 3 = 1 + 2 (a) 2 3 B (b) 3 = 1 2 1 +2 (c) 1 = 2 + 3 = 0 (d) 23 = 21 + 22

70/ 71/

mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ePs;tl;lg;ghij fUj;jpidf; Twpath; (a) J.J.jhk;rd; (b) nghh; (c) rhkh;bgy;L (d) o gpuhyp X-fjph; vd;gJ (a) ,af;f Mw;wiy fjph;tPryhf khw;wk; epfH;r;rp (b) ce;jk; khw;wg;gLjy; (c) Mw;wy; - epiwahf khw;wkiljy; (d) kpd;D}l;l mHptpd;ikj; jj;Jtk;

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75/

X-fjph; FHhapy; btspg;gLk; X-fjph;fspd; brwptpid vt;thW mjpfhpf;fyhk;? (a) kpd;dpiHapd; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjd; |yk; (b) kpd;dpiHapd; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpidf; Fiwg;gjd; |yk; (c) ,yf;fpd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjd; |yk; (d) ,yf;fpd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpidf; Fiwg;gjd; |yk; Typl;$; FHhapy; njhd;Wk; rpwg;g[ X-fjph; \nghl;nlhdpd; Mw;wy; vt;thW bgwg;gLfpwJ? (a) ,yf;fpd; fl;lw;w vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ,af;f Mw;wypypUe;J (b) ,yf;fpd; madpfspd; ,af;f Mw;wypypUe;J (c) nkhJk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ,af;f Mw;wypypUe;J (d) ,yf;fpd; mZ jht[k;nghJ Typl;$; FHha; xd;W 24800 V kpd;dGj;jj;jpy; bray;gLfpwJ/ njhd;Wk; X-fjph;fspd; bgUk mjph;btz; (a) 6 x 1018 Hz (b) 3 x 1018 Hz (c) 6 x 108 Hz (d) 3 x 108 Hz i&l;u$d; mZtpy; gpd;tUk; bgah;t[fspy; vjpy; bgUk mjph;btz; njhd;Wk;? (a) 2 1 (b) 4 1 (c) 6 5 (d) 5 2

76/

77/

i&l;u$d; mZtpy; gpd;tUkhW vyf;l;uhd;fs; jht[k;bghGJ. vjpy; bgUk miyePsk; bfhz;l fjph;tPr;R njhd;Wk;? (a) 2 1 (b) 6 2 (c) 4 3 (d) 5 2 nyrhpy; bjwpg;g[ epfH;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; (a) fpsh;r;rp epiy mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl moepiy mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;/ (b) moepiyapy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl fpsh;r;rp epiyapy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk; (c) moepiyapYk; fpsh;r;rp epiyapYk; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if rkk; (d) fpsh; epiyapy; mZf;fs; ,Uf;fhJ Qgp jz;oy; cs;s Fnuhkpa madpfs; (a) rptg;g[ xspia cl;ftUk; (b) gr;ir xspia cl;ftUk; (c) ePy xspia cl;ftUk; (d) gr;ir xspia ckpGk;

78/

7/ fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;bghUspd; ,ul;il gz;g[ kw;Wk; rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;

79/ V mjph;btz; bfhz;l \nghl;lhd;. gad; bjhlf;f mjph;btz; vo bfhz;l cnyhfj;jpd; kPJ gLfpwJ/ btsptplg;gLk; vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; (a) h (v - v0) (b) hv (c) hvo (d) h (v + vo) bghUs; xd;wpd; xspkpd; btspnaw;W Mw;wy; 3.3 eV vdpy;. gad; bjhlf;f mjph;btz; (b) 8 x 1010Hz (c) 5 x 1020Hz (d) 4 x 1014 Hz (a) 8 x 1014 Hz cnyhfg; gug;g[ xd;wpd; epWj;J kpd;dGj;jk; vjidr; rhh;e;jpuhJ? (a) gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; mjph;btz; (b) gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; brwpt[ (c) cnyhfg; gug;gpd; jd;ik (d) btspg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpirntfk; gad;bjhlf;f mjph;btz;zpy;. vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpirntfk; (a) RHp (b) bgUkk; (c) rpWkk; (d) Kotpyp xspapd; tpisit vjd; mog;gilapy; tpsf;f Koa[k;? (a) xspapd; Ez;Jfs; bfhs;if (b) xspapd; miyf; bfhs;if (c) xspapd; kpd;fhe;jf; bfhs;if (d) xspapd; Fthz;lk; bfhs;if gUg;bghUs; miyePsk; vjidr; rhh;e;jjy;y? (a) epiw (b) jpirntfk; (c) ce;jk; (d) kpd;D}l;lk; ,a';Fk; bghUs; xd;wpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; E vdpy; mjd; O gpuhyp miyePsk; h 2mE (a) = (b) =

80/

81/

82/ 83/

84/ 85/

2mE

h h

(c) = 86/

h 2mE

(d) =

87/

88/

E 2m 2A miyePsk; bfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; ce;jk; (a) 3.3 x 1024 kg ms-1 (b) 6.6 x 1024 kg ms-1 (c) 3.3 x 10-24 kg ms-1 (d) 6.6 x 10-24 kg ms-1 rhh;gpaypd;go. ,af;fj;jpYs;s jz;od; ePsk; (a) epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;jpw;Fr; rkk; (b) epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;ijtpl mjpfkhf mika[k; (c) epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;ijtpl Fiwthf mika[k; (d) jz;od; ntfj;ijg; bghUj;J. epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;ijtpl mjpfkhfnth my;yJ Fiwthfnth my;yJ rkkhfnth mika[k;/ 1 kg epiwa[s;s bghUs; KGtJkhf Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLk;nghJ cUthFk; Mw;wy; (a) 9 x 1016 J (b) 9 x 1024 J (c) 1 J (d) 3 x 108 J

8/ mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
89/ 4 mZf;fUtpd; Muk; (a) 1.3 x 10-15m (c) 1.3 x 10-13 m
27 28

8 Be

(b) 2.6 x 10-15 m (d) 2.6 x 10-13 m

90/

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13 Al kw;Wk; 14 Si vd;w mZf;fUf;fs; vjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mika[k;? (a) Inrhnlhg;g[ (Isotope) (b) Inrhghh; (Isobar) (c) Inrhnlhd; (isotone) (d) Inrhkh; (isomer) mZf;fU xd;wpd; epiw tG 0/03 amu vdpy;. mjd; gpizg;g[ Mw;wy; (a) 27.93 eV (b) 27.93 KeV (c) 27.93 MeV (d) 27.93 GeV

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mZf;fUg; gpsitia tpsf;FtJ (a) TL khjphp (b) jputj; Jsp khjphp (c) Fthh;f; khjphp (d) nghh; mZ khjphp mZf;fUtpDs; cs;s mZf;fUj; Jfs;fs; vjdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd? (a) <h;g;gpay; tpir (b) epiykpd;dpay; tpir (c) mZf;fU tpir (d) fhe;jtpay; tpir bgUk madpahf;Fk; jpwidg; bgw;Ws;sit (a) epa{l;uhd;fs; (b) - Jfs;fs; (c) - fjph;fs;(d) - Jfs;fs;

95/

96/

rpijt[ khwpyp 0/0693 / ehs; bfhz;l fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;wpd; miu Ma[l;fhyk; (a) 10 ehs;fs; (b) 14 ehs;fs; (c) 140 ehs;fs; (d) 1/4 ehs;fs; tptrhaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fjphpaf;f Inrhnlhg;g[
31 32 23 24

97/ 98/

99/

(a) 15 P (b) 15 P (c) 11Na (d) 11 Na mZf;fUg; gpsit xd;wpy; btspg;gLk; ruhrhp Mw;wy; (a) 200 eV (b) 200 MeV (c) 200 meV (d) 200 GeV mZFz;L btoj;jypy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; (a) fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fU gpsit tpid (b) fl;Lg;ghlhd mZf;fU gpsit tpid (c) mZf;fU ,izt[ tpid (d) btg;g mZf;fU tpid ,uj;jr; nrhifiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ
31 32 59 24

(a) 15 P
198

(b) 15 P
198 Au H 1

(c) 26Fe

(d) 11 Na

80 +X 79 + 1 , vd;w mZf;fU tpidapy; X vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;? (a) g[nuhl;lhd; (b) vyf;l;uhd; (c) epa{l;uhd; (d) oa{l;uhd; 101/ rpijtpd;nghJ (a) mZ vz; xd;W Fiwa[k; (b) epiw vz; xd;W Fiwa[k; (c) g[nuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if khWglhJ (d) epa{l;uhd; vz;zpf;if xd;W Fiwa[k;

100/

Hg

102/ Inrhnlhg;g[fs; vd;git (a) xnu epiw vz;iza[k; ntWgl;l mZ vz;iza[k; bfhz;lit/ (b) rkkhd g[nuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epa{l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; bfhz;lit/ (c) rkkhd g[nuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; khWgl;l epa{l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; bfhz;lit/ (d) rkkhd epa{l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; khWgl;l g[nuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; bfhz;lit/ 103/ fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;W bjhlf;f mstpy; 1/e kl';fhff; Fiwa vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; (a) miu Ma[l; fhyj;jpy; ghjp (b) ruhrhp Ma[l;fhyk; (c) miu Ma[l;fhyj;jpy; fhy; (d) ruhrhp Ma[l;fhyj;jpd; ,Ukl';F 104/ N13d; miu Ma[l;fhyk; 10/1 epkpl';fs;/ mjd; Ma[l;fhyk; (a) 5/05 epkpl';fs; (b) 20/2 epkpl';fs; (c) 10/1/0/6931 epkpl';fs; (d) Kotpyp 105/ xU jdpkj;jpd; neh;kpd; fjph;fs;. bgapd;gphpl;$; epiwkhiyapy; ,U ntWgl;l RtLfisj; njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd/ ,e;j neh;kpd; madpfs; (a) xnu epiwiaa[k; ntWgl;l jpirntfj;ija[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk; (b) xnu epiw kw;Wk; jpirntfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; (c) ntWgl;l epiw kw;Wk; xnu jpirntfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; (d) ntWgl;l epiw kw;Wk; jpirntfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;
56

106/

26 Fe mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;g[ Mw;wy; (a) 8.8 MeV (b) 88 MeV (c) 493 MeV (d) 41.3 MeV 107/ mZf;fUtpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk;. ghjurj;jpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; Rkhuhf (a) 1.3 x 1010 (b) 1.3 (c) 1.3 x 1013 (d) 1.3 x 104

s; 9/ Fiw flj;jp rhjd';fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;

108/ xU jdpkj;jpd; ntjp kw;Wk; kpd;gz;g[fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd mj;jdpkj;jpd; mZtpYs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; vit? (a) ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs; (b) RHYk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; (c) mjpfg;goahd vyf;l;uhd;fs; (d) bray;jpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs; N-tif Fiwflj;jpapy; cs;sit (a) ,af;fkpy;yh vjph;kpd; madpfs; (b) rpWghd;ik Ch;jpfs; my;y (c) ,af;fkpy;yh neh;kpd; madpfs; (d) kpd;Jisfs; bgUk;ghd;ik Ch;jpfs; P- re;jp ilnahoy; cUthFk; jpUg;g[r;rhh;g[ bjtpl;L kpd;ndhl;lj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ (a) bgUk;ghd;ik Ch;jpfs; (b) rpWghd;ik Ch;jpfs; (c) Vw;ghd; madpfs; (d) bfhilahsp madpfs;

109/

110/

111/ Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[ rpwg;g[ tiuapy; ilnahL bray;gLtJ (a) xU cah; kpd;jilahf (b) xU kpd; njf;fpahf (c) xU epWj;J (OFF) Rtpl;rhf (d) xU ,af;F (ON) Rtpl;rhf

112/ mtyh";rp Kwpt[ (avalanche breakdown) Kjd;ikahf rhh;e;Js;s epfH;t[ (a) nkhjy; (b) madpahf;fk; (c) khNl;ly; (d) kWxd;wpizg;g[ 113/ xsp ckpH;t[ ilnahoy; ckpHg;gLk; xspapd; epwk; vjidr; rhh;e;jJ? (a) mjd; gpd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[ (b) Kd;ndhf;F kpd;ndhl;l mst[ (c) mjd; Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[ (d) Fiwf;flj;jp bghUspd; tif 114/ xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; ckpH;g;ghd; - motha; re;jpf;F Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[k; Vw;ghd; -motha; re;jpf;Fg; gpd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[k; bfhLf;fg;gl:Ls;sJ/ motha; kpd;ndhl;lk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ vdpy;. mjd; (a) VCE mjpfhpf;Fk; (b) IC Fiwa[k; (c) IC mjpfhpf;Fk; (d) VCC mjpfhpf;Fk; 115/ ouhd;rp*;lUf;F chpa Kiwapy; rhh;g[ kpd;dGj;jk; bfhLf;fg;glhj epiyapy; (a) ckpH;g;ghdpy; mjpf kpd;ndhl;lk; Vw;gLfpwJ (b) btspaPL irifapy; cUf;Fiyt[ (distortion) Vw;gLfpwJ/ (c) Vw;ghd; Kid mjpf btg;gkilfpwJ (d) btspaPl;Lf; nfhL (load line) jtwhd epiyapy; mikfpwJ/ 116/ xU miyapaw;wp vd;gJ (a) gpd;D}l;lk; cs;s xU bgUf;fp (b) AC-ia DC Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; mikg;g[ (c) ntbwhd;Wk; my;y. bgUf;fpna MFk; (d) gpd;D}l;lk; ,y;yhj xU bgUf;fp 117/ fhy;gpl; miyapaw;wpr; Rw;wpy; (a) kpd;njf;fp gpd;D}l;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ (b) Kid bgw;w RUs; (tapped coil) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ (c) ,ira[W LC Rw;W gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy (d) kpd;njf;fp gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy 118/ ,yl;rpa bray;ghl;Lg; bgUf;fpapd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ KotpyhjJ/ Mifahy;. (a) mjd; cs;sPL kpd;ndhl;lk; RHp (b) mjd; btspaPL kpd;jil mjpfk;/ (c) mjd; btspaPl;L kpd;dGj;jk; btspaPl;L g[w kpd;jilia rhh;e;jpuhky; ,Uf;Fk;/ (d) mJ. kpd;ndhl;lf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rhjdkhf khWk;/ 119/ bfhLf;fg;gl;l mikg;gpd; yh$pf; bray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa nfl; (a) AND (b) OR (c) NAND (d) EXOR

120/ bfhLf;fg;gl;l Rw;wpd; btspaPL (Y) kjpg;g[ 1 vdpy; mjd; cs;sPLfs; ABC (a) 0 1 0 (b) 1 0 0 (c) 1 0 1 (d) 1 1 0

121/ g{ypad; my;$pg;uh tpjpfspd;go (A+AB) vd;w rkd;ghL vjw;Fr; rkk;? (a) A (b) AB (c) B (d) A 122/ ABC vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;od; vspikahf;fk; (a) AB + C (b) A.B.C (c) AB + BC + CA (d) A + B + C

10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs;

123/ cah; mjph;btz; miyfs; gpd;gw;WtJ (a) jiu miy gutiy (b) ghh;itf; nfhl;od; jpiria (c) madp kz;lyg; gutiy (d) g[tpapd; tisit gz;ngw;wk; bra;ag;gLtjd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; (a) btt;ntW mjph;btz; bfhz;l ,U miyfis ,izf;f (b) Ch;jp miyapd; miy totj;ijg; bgw (c) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; bfhz;l jftiy ePz;l bjhiyt[fSf;F jpwk;gl mDg;g (d) gf;fg; gl;ilfis cUthf;f tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy; (a) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; tPr;Rf;F Vw;g khWgLk;/ (b) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;/ (c) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; mjph;btz;izg; bghUj;J khWk; (d) gz;ngw;Wk; mjph;btz; brtpa[zh; mjph;btz;. beLf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;. gl;il mfyk; (a) irifapd; mjph;btz;Zf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; (b) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ,U kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk; (c) irif mjph;btz;zpd; Kk;kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk; (d) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ehd;F kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk; fl;lg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy; (a) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kl;Lnk khWk;

124/

125/

126/

127/

128/

(b) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kl;Lnk khWk; (c) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kw;Wk; mjph;btz; khWk; (d) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kw;Wk; fl;lk; khwhJ/ nuonah gug;gpapy; cs;s RF miythpir cUthf;FtJ/ (a) brtpa[zh; iriffs; (b) cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs; (c) brtpa[zh; irif kw;Wk; cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs; (d) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; cila Ch;jp miyfs;

129/

Xt;bthU rl;lj;ija[k; (glj;ija[k;) ,uz;L g[y';fshfg; gphpj;J xU brfz;Lf;F 50 fhl;rpfis mDg;g[tjd; nehf;fk;/ (a) glj;jpy; rpkpl;liyj; jtph;f;f (b) cah;e;j mjph;btz;fisf; ifahStJ vspJ vd;gjhy; (c) 50 Hz vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; kpd;dhw;wy; mDg;g[jypd; mjph;btz; vd;gjhy; (d) irifapy; cs;s njitapy;yhj ,iur;ry;fis ePf;f bjhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g ntz;oa mr;roj;j Mtzj;ij kpd;diyfshf khw;Wk; Kiw (a) vjpbuhspg;g[ (b) thpf;fz;nzhl;lk; (c) gz;ngw;Wk; (d) xsp khWghL ,U g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l';fspd; kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; -------q1q 2 q1q 2 (a) (b) (c) PE Cos (d) PE Sin 2 4 0 r 4 0 r

130/

131/

132/ cl;g[Fjpwd; bfhz;l Clfj;jpy; <wpyh neh;f;flj;jp xd;wpd; tHpna kpdndhl;lk; gha[k;nghJ xU g[s;spapy; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp--------0 I 0 I I I (a) (b) (c) (d) 4a 2a 4a 2a 133/ R kpd;jil bfhz;l n kpd;jilfs; bjhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; bghGJ bjhFgad; kpd;jil 1 (a) n/R (b) R/n (c) (d) nR nR 134/ kpd; mDg;gPl;Lf; fk;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,Hg;g[ vg;bghGJ Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;? (a) kpd;dGj;jk; Fiwthft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ (b) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ

(c) kpd;dGj;jk; mjpfkhft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; Fiwthft[k; cs;snghJ (d) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; Fiwthf cs;s nghJ

tpilfs;
1/ 7/ (b) (d) 2/ 8/ (c) (a) 3/ 9/ (c) (d) 4/ (c) 10/(a) 16/(d) 22/(d) 28/(d) 34/(c) 40/(d) 45/(c) 51/(d) 57/(d)
63. (a) 69. (b) 75. (c) 81. (b)

5/

(d)

6/ (a) 12/(d) 18/(c) 24/(c) 30/(c) 36/(b) 42/(c) 47/(b) 53/(a) 59/(a)
65. (c) 71. (a) 77. (b) 83. (d)

11/ (a) 17/ (a) 23/ (d) 29/ (d) 35/ (d) 41/ (a) 46/ (c) 52/ (d) 58/ (a)
64. (c) 70. (c) 7 6. (a) 82. (a)

13/ (c) 19/ (d) 25/ (c) 31/ (a) 37/ (c) 43/ (a) 48/ (a) 54/ (a) 60/ (a)
66. (c) 72. (a) 78. (b)

14/ (c) 20/ (c) 26/ (c) 32/ (d) 38/ (d) 44/ (d) 49/ (b) 55/ (a) 61/ (c)
67. (b) 73. (d) 79. (a)

15/ (c) 21/ (b) 27/ (a) 33/ (c) 39/ (a) ------50/ (a) 56/ (c) 62/ (a)
68. (b) 74. (a) 80. (a)

84. (d) 90. (c) 96. (b) 102.(c) 108. (a) 114. (c) 120. (c) 126. (b) 132. (d)

85. (a) 91. (c) 97. (b) 103.(b) 109.(c) 115. (b) 121. (a) 127. (c) 133. (d)

86. (c) 92. (b) 98. (a) 104. (d) 110.(b) 116. (a) 122. (d) 128. (b) 134. (c)

87. (c) 93. (c) 99. (c) 105. (c) 111.(d) 117. (a) 123. (c) 129. (a)

88. (a) 94. (b) 100.(c) 106.(c) 112.(a) 118. (a) 124. (c) 130. (b)

89. (b) 95. (a) 101.(d) 107.(c) 113.(d) 119. (a) 125 (a) 131. (b)

1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67

2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62 68

3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69

4 10 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 64 70

5 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 53 59 65 71

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72

73 79 85 91 96 102 108 114 120 126 132

74 80 86 92 97 103 109 115 121 127 133

75 81 87 92 98 104 110 116 122 128 134

76 82 88 93 99 105 111 117 123 129

77 83 89 94 100 106 112 118 124 130

78 84 90 95 101 107 113 119 125 131

3 kjpg;bgz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9
myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay;
y; 1. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; Fthz;lkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? ve;j xU mikg;gpd; kpd;D}l;lKk;> xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; rpWk kjpg;gpd; [1.6 x 10-19C] KO vz; klq;FfshfNt vg;NghJk; mikfpwJ. ie. q = ne 2. $Yk; tpjpia $Wf. ,U Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ftHr;rp tpir my;yJ tpul;L tpirahdJ kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;F NeHj;jftpYk;> mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjpHj;jftpYk; mikAk; 3. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf. xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kPjhd nkhj;j tpir vd;gJ kw;w kpd;D}l;lq;fs; mk;kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kPJ Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpirfspd; ntf;lH $LjyhFk;. 4.kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; $W? kpd;D}l;lq;fis Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpd; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;. (E) 5. kpd;Gyr; nrwpT ( ) tiuaW. kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lk; czUk; tpir mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU ntf;lH msT.
E = F NC -1 my;yJ V m-1 q 6. kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d? ,U rkkhd> vjpnujpuhd kpfr; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;D}l;lq;fs; xU kpd; ,UKidahFk;. v.fh. ePH> mk;Nkhdpah> CO2> FNshNuhghHk; %yf;$W. 7.kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf. kpd; ,UKidapd; VNjDk; xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; vz; kjpg;gpid kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s njhiytpdhy; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gjhFk;. P = q x 2d. jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF C m jpir q ypUe;J +q Nehf;fp. 8. ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. ,J kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; czT rikf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; ikf;Nuh miyfs; rPuw;w miyTWk; kpd;Gyj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. cztpy; cs;s ePHk %yf;$Wfs; miyTWk; jpUg;G tpirf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L gpizg;Gfs; Kwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd ,jdhy; ntg;g Mw;wy; cUthfp> czT rikf;fg;gLfpwJ. 9. kpd;dOj;j NtWghL - tiuaW. kpd;Gyj;jpy; ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gJ xU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F kpd; tpul;L tpirf;F vjpuhf XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. 10. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myF Nthy;l; XU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F xU $Yk; NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij kpd;tpirf; nfjpuhf vLj;Jr; nry;y nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy xU [_y; vdpy; mg;Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xU Nthy;l; MFk;. 11. kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW. XuyF NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf> mg;Gs;spf;F nfhz;L tur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;F rkk;. 12. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?

xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lkhdJ Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.

mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J kpd;D}l;lq;fspd;

vd; 13. rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vd;why; vd;d? xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd vdpy;> mg;gug;G rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdg;gLk;. rkkpd;dOj;j gug;gpd; kPJ ve;j ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kpd;D}l;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy RopahFk;. kpd; Gyf; NfhLfs; rkkpd;dOj;j gug;Gf;F n Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;. nrq; 14. kpd;Gy ghak; tiuaW. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if kpd;Gy ghak; MFk;. = E . ds = Eds Cos ,J xU ];NfyhH msT ,jd; myF N m2 C-1
hy; 15. epiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;why; vd;d? Gw kpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J> ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk; epfo;T. ,e;epfo;T flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpwJ. 16. 16. ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ Vd;?

Vnddpy;> NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg; gug;gpDs;> kpd;Gy kjpg;G Ropahtjhy; NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypd;NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa kpd;dpwf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. 17. 17. epiykpd;J}z;ly; vd;why; vd;d? xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpid njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;D}l;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. ,t;tif J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;D}l;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;. 18. 18. flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; tiuaW. xU flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; vd;gJ> mf;flj;jpf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;Fk;> flj;jpapy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT MFk;. kpd;Njf;F jpwd; myF ghul;.
19. 19. 1 ghul; tiuaW.

c=

q V

flj;jp xd;wpw;F 1 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; 1 ghul; MFk;.
why; 20. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.

midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg; ngw;Ws;s kpd;flj;jhg; nghUs;fs; kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh. ikf;fh/ vNghidl; 21. Kidtw;w %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf Neh;kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;> vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk; xd;whf nghUe;jp mikfpd;w %yf;$W Kidtw;w %yf;$W vdg;gLk;. v..fh. O2 , N 2 , H 2 22. KidTs;s %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf Neh;kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUeJ pypUe; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$W KidTs;s %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.

v.fh N2O,

H2O, HCl, NH3,

23. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.

Gw kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ epiyahd my;yJ J}z;lg;gl;l ,U Kidfspd; ,UKid jpUg;Gj; jpwd;fs; Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa xUq;fikg;gLfpd;w epfo;T Kidthf;fy; my;yJ kpd; Kidthf;fy; vdg;gLfpwJ. 24. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit? jhdpaq;F ve;jpuq;fspy; vhpnghUs; vhpA+l;Lk; mikg;gpy; jPg;nghwp Vw;gLtijj; jtph;f;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. kpd;jpwd; mDg;gPl;by; mjd; gaDW jpwid mjpfhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. kpd;fhe;j miyfis Njhw;Wtpf;fTk;> NubNah Rw;Wfis xj;jpirT nra;aTk; gad;gLfpwJ. 25. $h;Kid nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d? kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w flj;jpapd; $h;KidfspypUe;J kpd;D}l;lk; frpfpd;w epfo;T $h;Kidfspd; nray;ghL my;yJ xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)
26. 26. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;? jhkpuj;jpd; kpd;jilvz; FiwT. Mdhy; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; njhlu;e;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jNtz;bAs;sJ. jhkpuf;fk;gp vdpy; ntg;gepiy cau;thy; kpd;jil Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT cau;e;J tpLk;. / jhkpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. ;

27. Xk; tpjpiaf; $W.

khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; flj;jpapd; ,UKidfSf;fpilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;;j NtWghl;bw;F Neu;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ I V my;yJ V = I R 28. 28. jd; kpd;jil vz; tiuaW. XuyF ePsKk; XuyF FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpnahd;W kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; vdg;gLk;. jd;kpd;jil vz; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;fs; flj;jpfs;> fhg;ghd;fs;> Fiwflj;jpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; myF Xk; - kP 29. jpwd; 29. kPf;flj;J jpwd vd;why; vd;d? Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; nghUspd; jd;ik kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; vdg;gLk; 30. kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf. xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;D}l;lk; ,aq;Fk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa> XuyF fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; msthFk;. ,jd; myF Am-2 31. ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW. rhjhuz flj;jpfs; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fs; kpd;jilia jPBnud ,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngau;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ khWepiy ntg;gepiy Tc vdg;gLk;. ghjurj;jpd; ngau;T ntg;gepiy 4.2 K 32. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs; ahit? s;

(1) kpd; mDg;Gk; fk;gpfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk; (2) fzpdpfspy; epidT my;yJ Nrkpf;Fk; mbg;gil $Wfshf gad;gLfpd;wd. (3) kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; nfhz;l fhe;jq;fs; cjtpAld;> kpff;Fiwe;j Mw;wypy; ,uapy; tz;bia mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. 33. kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; tiuaW. 1C ntg;gepiy cau;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 0C apYs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfthFk;. pwd; 34. kpd;jpwd vd;why; vd;d? kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT kpd;jpwdhFk;. kpd;jpwd; = Ntiy / fhyk; kpd;jpwd; = V I 35. y; 35. kpd;dhw;wy vd;why; vd;d? kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahFk;. ,jd; myF I_y; MFk;. eilKiwapy; fpNyh thl; kzp vd;w myF gad;gLfpwJ. 1 fpNyh thl; kzp = 1000 x 3600 J = 36 x 105 J 36. 36. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf kpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghL %ba Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk; jpwe;j Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;jilia rhu;e;jJ my;y kpd;jilf;F Neu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; 37. vz; 37. kpd; Ntjpa vz tiuaW. kpd;gF jputnkhd;wpd; topNa xU $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz; vdg;gLk; 38. kpd; 38.; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kpd;fyd; NtWghL jUf. 39. 39. Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jiz kpd;fyd; ,Og; kPsh Ntjp tpid kPs; Ntjp tpid Gj; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk; jpir Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d? ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; MFk;. 40. ,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?

xuyF typikf; nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;. fyd; 41. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? kpz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;af; $bait mf kpd;jil FiwT. mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ. jhdpapa fspy; 42. jhdpapaq;fppfspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;? kpd;tha;fSf;F ,ilNa kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjpd; %yk; mfkpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf mf kpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.

myF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;

43. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d? rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fs; kPJ fjpu;fs;> X fjpu;fs;> Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fs;> kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;witgLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T xsp kpd; tpisT vdg;gLk.; 44. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW? xU xsp czu; NfNjhL gug;gpy;> gLk; fjpu;tPr;rpd; mjpu;ntz;izAk;> nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpu; kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;

45. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW? xU xsp czu; jfl;by; gLk; xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j xU mjpu;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpwNjh> me;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLfpwJ. 46. ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?
xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gJ> cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;;w> gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhDf;Fj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; MFk; vd; 47. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit? xspkpd;fyd; vd;gJ xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtpahFk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;. (1) xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; (2) xsp Nthy;l;lh kpd;fyd; (3) xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyd;.

48. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,aq;Fk; gUg;nghUSld; njhlu;Gila miyfs; gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vdg;gLk;. gpshq;f; khwpyp h> gUg;nghUspd; epiw m, jpirNtfk; v, vdpy; h miyePsk; = MFk;. mv 49. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW? ,U gupkhz my;yJ Kg;gupkhz ntspapy; Jfnshd;wpd; epiyia tiuaWf;Fk; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. 50. 50. xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ? cd; Kbtpw;F tpsf;fk; jUf. nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 vdTk;> V jpirNtj;jpy; epiw mvdTk; C jpirNtfk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy; rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

xspapd;

m=

m0
2

MFk;.

,q;F

V =

vdpy;

<wpyh

kjpg;igg;

ngWk;.

,J

V C2 rhj;jpaky;y. vdNt ve;j xU nghUisAk; xspapd; jpirNtj;jpw;F rkkhfNth> mjw;F NkNyh KLf;Ftpg;gJ ,ayhj xd;W. 1

51. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf. (1) ,aw;gpay; tpjpfs;> midj;J epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf mikAk; (2) midj;Jf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspYk; ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; khwpypahFk; s; 52. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; epa+l;ldpd; epiyk tpjp kw;Wk; ve;jputpay; tpjpfSf;F cl;gLkhdhy;> mJ epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. 53. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhjNghjpYk; nghUs; KLf;fkile;jhy;> mJ epiykk; mw;w Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F epa+l;ld; tpjpfs; nghUe;Jtjp;y;iy.

myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;

54. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? rkkhd mZ vz;izAk;> NtWg;gl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xNu 3 jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; MFk;. (v.fh) 1H1 1H2 1H ,it epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifapy;

NtWgLk;. xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

55. INrhghh;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rkkhd epiw vz;izAk; NtWg;gl;l mZ vz;izAk; nfhz;l ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;. v.fh 8O16 , 7N16, ,it ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk;. 56. INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rk vz;zpf;ifapy; epA+l;uhd;fis nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;. 16 v.fh 6C14 , 8O 57. 57. mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d? fhh;ghd; 6C12 mZtpd; epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpw;F rkk; rhjhuz epiw myfpy; 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg epiw-Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> 1 amu f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; = 931 MeV 58. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d? mZf;fUtpd; cz;ik epiw m. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Jfs;fspd; epiwia fhl;bYk; FiwT. ,e;j epiw NtWghL epiw tO vdg;gLfpwJ.mjhtJ Zmp + N mn - m = m (epiw tO) mp xU GNuhl;lhdpd; epiw> mn xU epA+l;uhdpd; epiw. 59. 59. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? epiw tO ( m) f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ. gpizg;G Mw;wy; (BE) = m.C2 mZf;fUj; JfSf;fhd gpizg;G Mw;wy; = BE/A 60. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? . mZ vz; 82-I tpl mjpfkhd mZ vz; nfhz;l fdkhd jdpkq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf > > Nghd;w fjph;fis ntspapLk; epfo;T fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 61. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d? C14 fjphpaf;fKilaJ. ,jd; miu MAl; fhyk; 5570 Mz;Lfs; caphpdq;fs; ,wg;G Vw;gLk; NghJ C14 vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ epWj;jg;gl;L C14 rpijtila njhlq;FfpwJ. ,we;j nghUspy; cs;s C14 msit fz;lwpe;Jk;> rpijT tPjj;ij fz;lwpe;Jk; mJ ,we;j fhyj;ij> mjhtJ mjd; taij fzf;fplyhk;. k; 62. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk vd;why; vd;d?

nraw;if Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;nwhU jdpkkhf khw;Wjy; nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. 63. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d? gUkd; gpwFk; Fiwe;jJ xU epA+l;uhdhtJ khWepiy gUkd: xt;nthU gpsitf;F mLj;j gpsitia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; gpsitg;nghUspd; gUkd; khWepiyg; gUkd; vdg;gLk;. kw; 64. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; gad;fs; ahit? 1. ciyfs; Njitahd epA+l;uhd;fisAk;> fjphpaf;f Muha;r;rp ciyfs: Muha;r;rpf;F INrhNlhg;GfisAk; cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. 2. ciyfs; cw;gj;jp ciyfs: gpsitf;F cl;glhj> mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis (U238) gpsitf;F cl;gLk; (Pu239) nghUshf khw;Wfpd;wd. 3. ciyfs; mZf;fU gpsitapdhy; cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wiy kpd; jpwd; ciyfs: Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd. 65. mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J xU fdkhd mZf;fU cUthFk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izT vdg;gLk;. mZf;fU ,iztpd; NghJ Vuhskhd Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk;. 66. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf. mZf;fU ,izTj; jj;Jtk; i`l;u[d; Fz;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mZf;fU ,iztpw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiyia mZf;fU gpsT%yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp ntg;gepiy) i`l;u[d; Fz;by; cUthFk; mZf;fU tpid 1H3 + 1 H2 2He 4+ 0n1+Mw;wy;. 67. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: - fhkhf; fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l fh];kh]; vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Gtpia milAk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. 68. Kjd;ik fh];kppf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? f; s; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs: tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg;glyj;jpDs; EioAk; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; 90% GNuhl;lhd;fs;> 9% `Pypak;> kw;Wk; fdkhd mZf;fUf;fSk; cs;sd. ,jd; Mw;wy; 108 MeV. 69. 69. Jiz fh];kppf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? f; Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s thAf;fSld; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; tpid Guptjhy; Jiz fh];kpf; fjpu;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jpy; Jfs;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs;> vyf;l;uhd;fs;> ghrpl;uhd;fs;> kPrhd;fs;> /Nghl;lhd;fs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; fye;J ,Uf;Fk;. tiuaW 70. fpa+hp tiuaW? xU tpdhb fhyj;jpy; 3.7 X 1010 rpijTfis jUk; fjphpaf;f jdpkj;jp;d; msT 1 fpA+hp vdg;gLk;. ,J xU fpuhk; Nubaj;jpd; fjphpaf;f nray;ghl;bw;F rkk;. 71. uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW? xU fpuhk; fhw;wpy; 1.6 X 1012 Nrhb madpfis cUthf;Fk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd; msT xU uhz;l;Id;; vdg;gLk;. vd; 72. Nrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d? Nghl;lhd; xd;W mZf;fUit Rw;wpAs;s typikahd kpd;Gyj;Jld; Nrh;e;J vyf;l;uhd; > ghrpl;uhd; cUthFk; epfo;T Nrhb cUthjy; vdg;gLk;. Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;l;uhd; ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J Nghl;lhd; cUthFk; epfo;T gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vdg;gLk;.

myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay;
73/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? khWjpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;;ndhl;lj;ij neh;jpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ neh;jpif kpd;ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; epfH;t[. #jpUj;Jjy;# vdt[k;. ,e;epfH;t[f;F gad;gLk; rhjdk; jpUj;jp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk;/ 74/ xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d? ouhd;rp*;lh; xd;wpd; Kf;fpa bray;ghL mjd; bgUf;fk; MFk;/ typik Fiwe;j iriffspd; tPr;rpid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; xU Rw;wikg;g[ bgUf;fp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ nkYk; ouhd;rp*;lh; Fiwe;j btspaPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. mjpf cs;sPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;fk;. kpd;dGj;jg; bgUf;fk; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ vdnt xU ouhd;rp*;lh; kpd;ndhl;l bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

75/ bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d? gl;il mfyk; vd;gJ. jhH;t[ btl;L kw;Wk; cah;t[ btl;L ,ilg;gl;l mjph;btz; ,ilbtsp vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/

mjph;btz;fSf;F

\ BW = fH - fL

76/ bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; g{ypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/

g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhitg; gad;gLj;j

Y1 = AB

Y2 = CD
Y = AB + CD = AB.( C + D )
77/ bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd? NAND kw;Wk; NOR nfl;Lfs; bghJ nfhl;Lfs; vd miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;. ,it kw;w mog;gil yh$pf; bray;ghLfis bra;af;Toait/

NAND kw;Wk; OR nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp mog;gil yh$pf; OR kw;Wk; AND mikf;fg;gLtij mwpayhk;/

bfl;Lfs; Md NOT,

78/ o-khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~ Kjy; njw;wk;~ TLjypd; epug;gp. epug;gpfspd; bgUf;fw;gyDf;Fr; rkkhf mika[k; A kw;Wk; B vd;gd cs;sPLfs; vdpy;. A + B = A.B ,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/ bgUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ epug;gpfspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;/ A kw;Wk; B vd;gJ cs;sPLfs; vdpy; A.B = A + B 79/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vd;gJ (IC) xU rpyf;fhd; gofbkd;glyj;jpy; kPJ bray;jpwd; kw;Wk; bray;jpwdw;w cWg;g[fisa[k; mtw;wpd; ,izg;g[fisa[k; bfhz;ljhFk;/ 80/ 80/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; g[ul;Lk; kw;Wk; g[ul;lyw;w cs;sPLf;F ,ilna kpd;dGj;jk; RHp nthy;l;Lf;Fr; (ov) rkkhf ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gLfpwJ/ vdnt g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL Kida[k; O nthy;l;lhf mika[k;/ ,f;fhuzj;jhy; g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL khaj;jiu mile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ 81/ 81/ bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/ OP AMP d; kpf Kf;fpag; gz;g[fshtd (i) cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpf mjpfk; my;yJ Kotpypahff; Tl mika[k;/ (ii) bgUf;fk; kpf mjpfk; (Gain) (iii) btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpff; Fiwt[ my;yJ RHp 82/ ,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il my;yJ cah; Mw;wy; bgw;Ws;s gl;il. ,izjpwd; gl;il vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,izjpwd; gl;il gFjpahfnth my;yJ KGikahfnth epug;gg;goUf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; xU nghJk; fhypahf ,uhJ/ 83/ flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il flj;Jg; gl;il

vdg;gLfpwJ/

84/ tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d? ,izjpwd; gl;ilf;Fk;. flj;Jg;gl;ilf;Fk; Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vdg;gLk;/

,ilnaahd

,ilbtsp

tpyf;fg;gl;l

Ge = 0.7ev Si = 1.1 ev
85/ 85/ cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? xU J}a. khrw;w. Fiwf;flj;jp cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vdg;gLk;/ cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapy;. fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if rkkhFk;/ 86/ khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d? cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khRr; nrh;f;if epfH;t[ khNl;ly; vdg;gLk;/ 87/ khNl;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? khNl;

khR mZf;fisg; bgw;Ws;s Fiwf;flj;jp. J}a;ikaw;w my;yJ khNl;lg;gl;l my;yJ g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ 88/ P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? |d;W ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpW mstpyhd khrpid J}a Fiwf;flj;jpg; gofj;Jld; nrh;g;gjhy; fpilf;fg;bgWk; gofk; P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 89/ -tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? Mh;rdpf; nghd;w Ie;J ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpwpa mstpyhd khrid J}a b$h;khdpa Fiwf;flj;jp gofj;Jld; nrh;f;f. fpilf;fg; bgWk; gofk; N-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 90/ miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? miyapaw;wp vd;gJ d-c |yj;jpypUe;J Mw;wiyg;bgw;W Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; khWfpd;w btspaPlhf khw;Wk; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; Rw;whFk;/ btspaPL kpd;dGj;jj;ijg; bghUj;J miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; tot miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; totkw;w miyapaw;wpfs; vd ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/ 91/ bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit? bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wf;F fPH;fz;l ew;gad;fs; cz;L/ (i) kpfkpfr; rpwpa cUt mikg;g[ (ii) Fiwe;j jpwid EfUk;/ (iii) ek;gfj; jd;ik (iv) kypthd tpiy (v) kpfkpfr; rpwpa vil (vi) vspjpy; khw;Wk; trjp Mfpait MFk;/ 92/ ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp OR nfl;il tiuf/

93/ Ex - OR nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/ cs;sPL

A B

btspaPL
Y = AB

0 0 1 1 94/

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

A.A + A.B = A + A.B = A (1+B) = A .1 = A 95/ C RO tpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpL 1/ AC, kw;Wk; DC kpd;dGj;j';fis mstpl

RUf;Ff A (A+B) A (A+B) =

2/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; miytotj;jpid bgw 3/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; mjh;btz;id mstpl 96/ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; OR nfl;od;; d cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/

tpil~

97/ Y = A + BC vd;w g{ypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid nfl;il I kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/

and

98/ gpd;D}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? bgUf;fpapd; btspapl;oUe;J xU gpd;dgFjpia vLj;J kPz;Lk; cs;sPl;ow;F mspg;gJ gpd;D}l;lk; vdg;gLk;/ tiffs; 1/ neh;Fwp gpd;D}l;lk; 2/ vjph; Fwp gpd;D}l;lk; 99/ 99/ vjph; gpd;D}l;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/ 1/ cah;thd epiy epWj;jg;gl;l bgUf;fk; 2/ ,iur;ry; Fiwg;g[ 3/ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l gl;il mfyk; 100 100/ miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit? bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk;

Af =

A 1 A

epge;jidfs; 1/ A = 1 2/ gpd;ndhl;l tiyiar; Rw;wp bkhj;j fl;lbgah;r;rp O my;yJ 2 d; KG kl';FfshFk; 101 ouhd; 101/ ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

xU ouhd;*p*;lhpd; bray;ghl;L g[s;spia rhpahf njh;e;bjLg;gJk; kw;Wk; irif mDg;gg;gLk; nghJ. rhpahd ckpH;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;ij epiy epWj;JtJk;. ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;gspj;jy; vdg;gLk;/ 102 g; 102/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;why; vd;d? khwhj motha;; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghd; - ckpH;g;ghs; kpd;dGj;j khWghl;ow;Fk;. mjw;fhd Vw;ghd; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ btspaPL kpd;djph;g;g[ MFk;/

103 103/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d? PN re;jpapd; ,Ug[wKk; mjpf mstpy; khNl;lg;gLtjhy; ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd; ,ilbtsp FWfpajhfpwJ/ ,J nghd;w FWfyhd bky;ypa re;jpapy; brdh; Kwpt[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ mjhtJ Fiwthd jpUg;g[ rhh;g[ toq;fg;gLk; NghJ typikahd kpd;Gyk; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf cUthFk;. jpUg;G rhh;G kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngUkkhFk;. 104 hd; 104/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij tiuaW? xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gJ bfhLf;fg;gl;l VCEf;F motha; ckpH;g;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; rpwpa khw;wj;jpw;Fk;. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; motha; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ cs;sPL kpd; vjph;g;g[ ri =

VBE I B VCE
105 105/ neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W ntWgLj;Jf? 1) bjhlh;kpd; iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; neh;nghf;F bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/ 2) ,yf;f iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/ 106 (multimeter) vd;why; vd;d? 106/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; ( ) gy;gad; kPl;lh; ,J kpd;dGj;jk;. kpd;ndhl;lk;. kpd;jil nghd;wtw;iw msf;f cjt[k; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; fUtpahFk;/ ,ij AVO kPl;lh; (ampere, voltage, ohm) vd;Wk; Twyhk;/ 107 107/ ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. CB mikg;ig tpl CE mikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;? CE kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpd;ndhl;lg;bgUf;fk; kw;Wk; kpd; Mw;wy; bgUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sd/ ,jd; fhuzkhf kw;w ,uz;L Rw;Wfis tplkpf mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ 108 108/ A D nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf Y= A .B A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

109 109/

OR nfl;Lfis bfhz;L A D nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/

110/
(A+C) A+BC vdf; TWf? (A+B) (A+C) = = = = = = = = A.A+AC+AB+BC A+AC + AB +BC A (1+C) + AB + BC A .1 + AB + BC A+AB +BC A (1+B) + BC A . 1 + BC A+BC

(A+B) =

111/

g{ypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/ ghpkhw;W tpjp

A+B = B+A AB = BA
nrq;g;g[ tpjp

A+(B+C) = (A+B) +C A(BC) = (AB) C

g';fPl;L tpjp

A(B+C) = AB+AC
112 112/ xU fl;l CE bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/

113. 113 xsp ckp;o; ilNahL ( LED ) vd;why; vd;d? Mw;wy; Cl;lg;gLk; NghJ fl;GydhFk; xspia ckpo;fpd;w Kd;Ndhf;F rhh;gpy; mike;j PN re;jp ilNahL MFk;.

114. gd;Ngw;w vz; - tiuaW? gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F gpd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;> gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F Kd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;s jfT miyg; gz;Ngw;w vz; vdg;gLk;. m = Ec / Ec 115. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ? thd; miy guTjypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;F gug;Gk; Gs;spapypUe;J Vw;Fk; Gs;sp tiu cs;s rpWk njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

tpjpfs; rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfs;

1. kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W? Kjy; tpjp xU %ba Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpy; kpd; ,af;F tpir Jhz;lg;gLk;. fhe;j ghak; khWgLk; tiuapy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd; ,af;F tpirAk; ePbf;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; tpjp xU %ba Rw;wp;y Jhz;lg;gLk; kpd; ,af;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G mr; Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;. 2. nyd;R tpjpiaf; $W? xU Rw;wpy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirahdJ mjidf; Jhz;l fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;j gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;. 3. gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp) tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eL tpuy;> fl;il tpuy; %d;iwAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itf;Fk; NghJ Ms;fhl;b tpuy; fhe;j Gyj;jpiriaAk;> fl;il tpuy; flj;jp efUk; jpiriaAk; Fwpj;jhy; eLtpuy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria Fwpf;Fk;. 4. Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?

rpwg;G X fjph; epwkhiyapy; Njhd;Wk; thpapd; mjph;ntz; mjid ckpOk; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;zpd; ,Ukbf;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;.

fzf;Ffs;

1. kpd; tpsf;F Xd;W 240v kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk; mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A vdpy;; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jilitf; fzf;fpLf.
Givem v I R = v I = = = 240v 0.5A 240 0.5 = 240 =480 Y2

R=480 2. 0.C y; epf;Nuhk; kpd;jil 10 mjd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; 0.004C ePupd;

nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.

Given Ro = =

10 0.004.C

R100 = ? Rt = Ro [1+ t] R100 = [1+0.004 x 100] R100 = 14

3. 100 W> 220V kpd; gy;G xd;wpd; kpd;dioapd; kpd;jilapidf; fzf;fLf. P

Given P V R = V2=(220)2 P 100 = = = 100 W 220 V

484

R = 484

4.

xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; 20.48m. ,J tlf;F Nehf;fp 40ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtp fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5T> vdpy; ,wf;ifapd;

KidfSf;fpilNa J}z;lg;gLk; kpdpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf

Given B=2X 10-5T, l=20.48m; V=40m-s-1 e=- = -Blv=-2x10-5 X20.48 X40

e=-0.0164v

5) xU RUspy; ghAk;

4A kpd;Nlhl;lk; 0.5s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf

khWk;NghJ kw;nwhU

RUspy; 50mv kpd;dpaf;f tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ vdpy; mt;tpU RUs;fSf;FfpilNa cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;iz fzf;fpLf

Given I1 = 4A; I2=8A; dt =0.85 e=50x10-3V m= -e dI dt = 50 x 10-3 4 0.5

M= -6.25 x10-3H

6) jstpisT khdpapy; 60CC, rh;f;fiuf; fiury; 300 mm ePsk; nfhz;l Nrhjidf; FohapDs; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ Row;wg;gLfpwJ. cs;s rh;f;fiurapd; msT vd;d?
Given l = 300 mm = 3 decimeter = 9o m = V lxS S = 60; V = 60cc = 9x60 = 3 = 3x 60

Row;rp jpwd; vz;.60o vdpy; fiurypy;

7)

,e;Jg;G gbfj;jpd; mzpf;Nfhit ,ilntsp d = 2.82 Ao ,g;gbfj;jpidf; nfhz;L Kjy; thpirapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ngUk miyePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf
Given d = 2.82A ; = 2.84 x 10-10m n=1 ngUkk; ngUkk; = = 2d SIN ngUkk; n 2X2.82 x 10-10 x1 1

 ngUkk; = 5.64 x 10-10 m

8)

84

Po-

218

miu MA+l;fhyk; 3 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fspy; mJ rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL

vd;d?
T =3m; u) 15 = 5 3 t= 15m

15 epkplq;fspy; 5 miu MA+l;fhyk; cs;sd

Kjy; miu MA+l;fhyk; Kbtpy; 2-tJ 3-tJ 4-tJ 5-tJ

kPjk; cs;sit

= 50% = 25% = 12.5% = 6.25% = 3.125%

rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL = 100 3.125

= 96.875%

9. Nulhdpd; miu MA+l;fhyk; T = 3.8 ehl;fs; mjd; ruhrhp fzf;fpLf

=T 0.6931 = 5.482 = 3.8 0.6931

MA+l;fhyj;ijf;

ehl;fs;

10. xU ngUf;fpf;F vjph; gpd;D}l;lk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; ngUf;f vz;. 50-y; ,Ue;J 25-f;F FiwfpwJ. mjd; gpd;D}l;l jftpidf; fhz;f

Af = A 1+A 25 = 50 1+X50 = 0.02

5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa
1.

tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. tpsf;fk; kpd;fyj;Jlk; ,izf;fg;gl;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. x ,Ue;J yI Nehf;fp xy; nray;gLk; E vd;w rPuhd kpd;Gyk; flj;jpapy; epWtg;gLfpwJ. kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lhuhd;fs; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;lhJ. kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jTld; y Kidapy; cs;s vyf;uhd;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpH s; jpirapy; F = eE vd;w tpiria czUk;. ,jdhy; vyf;uhd;fs; KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd; madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ gpd;Ndhf;fpa tpir nraw;gLk;. ,it kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhd jpirapy; Vd vd;w rPuhd ruhrhp ,Og;G jpirNtfj;Jld; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.
fzf;fPL: ,U Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp fhyk; vdTk; vyf;l;uhd; ngWk; KLf;fk; a vdTk; nfhz;lhy;> ,Og;G jpirNtfk; Vd = a m epiw nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; KLf;fk; eE a= m eE / Vd = = E m e / = vd;gJ ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.

m ,af;f vz; vd;gJ XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;G jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF m2 V-1 S-1 2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;. L ePsKk;> A nFWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. mjd; KidfSf;fpilNa E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. flj;jpapd; XuyF gUkdpy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; Vd vd;w epiyahd ,Og;G jpitNtfj;Jld; ,lg;gf;fkhf ,aq;Fk;. flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = nAL vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;lk; = e flj;jp topNa ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; q = (nAL) e L kpd;D}l;lq;fs; flj;jpapd; topNa nry;y MFk; fhyk; t = Vd q (nAL) e flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I= = = t L / Vd I = n A e Vd

flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhllk;> ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;.

rkd;ghL (1)y; ,Ue;J J = n eVd

I = n e Vd A

I kpd;Ndhl;l mlHj;jp) A 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.

(/ J =

kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; njhFgad; kpd;jilapid Xk; tpjp nfhz;L fhzyhk;. R1, R2, R3, R4 kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd. ,jdhy; xt;nthU kpd;jilapd; topahfTk; xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;;lk; I ghAk;. njhFg;gpd; KidfSf;fpilNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = V Xk; tpjpg;gb> xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL N V1,V2,V3,V4 vdpy; V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4, V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3, V4 = IR4 Rs vd;gJ njhlhpizg;gpd; njhFgad; kpd;jil vdpy; IRS = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4 / RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 MfNt njhluhf ,izf;fl;Ls;s gy kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;F njhFgad; kpd;jil> jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;. 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. R1, R2, R3, R4 kpd;jilfs; V Nthy;l; kpd;dpaf;F tpir %yj;Jld; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd. xt;nthU kd;jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghLk; Vf;F f; rkk;. njhFg;gpid milAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; KiwNa I1, I2, I3, I4 vd gphpe;J nry;Yk;. Xk; tpjpg;gb I1 =
V V V V , I2 = , I3 = , I4 = R1 R2 R3 R4

I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 V = V + V + V + V

RP R1 R2 R3 R4 ,q;F Rp vd;gJ gf;f ,izg;gpy; njhFgad; kpd;jilahFk;. 1 1 1 1 1

vdNt>

Rp R1 R2 R3 R4 gy kpd; jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; kpd;jilapd; jiyfPopfspd; $LjyhdJ njhFgad; kpd;jilapd; jiyfPopf;Fr; rkk;.

5.

mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;. kpd;fyj;jpDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk; mfkpd;jil: nry;Yk; epfo;tpy; kpd;fyj;jpDs; cs;s kpd;gF jputk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F xU kpd;jiliaj; jUfpwJ. ,J kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil vdg;gLk;. Nthy;l; kPllH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil ; lH fhzy;: glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rhtp K jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir E mstplg;gLk;. caHkpd;jilAila Nthy;l; kPl;lH tpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; kpd;Rw;iw jpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;. R vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp K %lg;gLk;. R f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F rkk; (V) V = IR .................. (1) kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil r fhuzkhf> Nthy;l; kPl;lH fhl;Lk; msthdJ V, kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir EI tpl Fiwthf mikAk;. V = E-lr (m) lr = E ................. (2) ) E-V (2) I (1)y; tFf;f
E V r= R V

E,V kw;Wk; R kjpg;Gfs; njhptjhy; mfkpd;jil r kjpg;G fzf;fplyhk;. 6. fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf Kjy; tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy;> ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk; re;jpf;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Ljnjhif j; RopahFk;. re;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; kuG: NeHf;FwpapidAk; re;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntspapy; nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjpHf;FwpapidAk; ngWk;. ,uz;lhk; tpjp: xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;i;wg; ngUf;fp tUk;; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;. kuG: kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis NeHFwp cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis vjpHFwp cilajhfTk; fUJNthk;. 7. tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;. jj;Jtk;:

fphpr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mBg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ

mikg;G: P, Q, R, S vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd. E kpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fyk; A,C Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. B, Df;F ,ilNa G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH f; cs;sJ. G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I, I1, I2, I3, I4, Ig vd;W gphpfpwJ. tpsf;fk;: fphpr;r/gpd; Kjy; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpg;gb re;jp Bapy;> I1 Ig I3 = 0 -----------(1) re;jp Dapy> I2 +Ig I4 = 0 -----------(2) fpHr;r/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb ABDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLj;j I1P + IgG - I2R = 0 -----------(3) mNj tpjpia ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLfpwJ. I1 P + I 3 Q - I4 S - I2 R = 0 -----------(4) fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; ( g = 0 ) fhl;Lk;NghJ B kw;Wk; D Gs;spfs; hy; (I xNu kpd;dOj;jjpy; mikAk;. Ig =0 vd rkd;ghLfs; (1) (2) (3) y; gpujpapl I1 = I 3 -----------(5) I2 = I 4 -----------(6) I1P=I2R ------------(7) rkd;ghL (5) (6) (7)d; kjpg;Gfis rkd;ghL (4)y; gpujpapl g; I1 P + I 1 Q - I2 S - I2 R = 0 I1(P+Q) = I2 (R+S) -----------(8) rkd;ghL (8)I rkd;ghL (7)My; tFf;f I1(P+Q) I2 (R+S) = I1 P I2 R
P+Q P Q P R+S R S = R

1+
P Q

Q P

= 1+
R S

S R

,JNt rkdr; Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid MFk;. P, Q, R d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpe;jhy; S d; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplyhk;.
8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk;

jj;Jtk;:
tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; nray;Kiw tbtNk kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;whFk;. ,J fpHr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. mikg;G :

kpd;jil Gwf;fzpf;fjf;f %d;W jbj;j jhkpug; gl;ilfs; kug;gyif kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;W jhkpug; gl;ilfSf;F ,ilapy; G1, G2 vd;w ,U ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. xU kPl;lH ePsKk;> rPuhd jbkDk; nfhz;l khq;fdpd; fk;gp AC msTNfhYf;F ,izahf kug;gyifapd; kPJ ,Oj;Jg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpapd; kjpg;G njhpahj P vd;w kpd;jil G ,ilntspapYk;> Q vd;w gbj;ju kpd;jil G2 ,ilntspapYk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J vd;w cNyhfj; njhLNfhyhdJ fhy;tdh kPl;lH (G) kw;Wk; caH kpd;jil (HR) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. AC fk;gpapd; KidfSf;F FWf;Nf nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; rhtp ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;: kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W fk;gpapd; kPJ njhLNfhiy efHj;jp fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;sp J fk;gpapd; AJ kw;Wk; JC gFjpfs; tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; R>S vd;w kpd;jilfSf;F gjpyhf mikfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ P = R = r.AJ

Q S r.JC r vd;gJ XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilahFk;. P AJ 1 / = = Q JC 2 AJ = 1, JC = 2 P = Q 1 2 Kid kpd;jil fhuzkhf

l1 ; kjpg;gpy; rpWgpio Vw;gLk;. ,g;gpioia l2

jtpHf;f P kw;Wk; Q it ,lkhw;wk; nra;J rkd; nra;Ak; Gs;sp J MdJ fk;gp ACapd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,Uf;FkhW mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;L Pd; ruhrhp kjpg;G fzf;fplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;: fk;gpapd; kpd;jil (P) Muk; (r) kw;Wk; ePsk; (L) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;G njhpAkhdhy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;iz Pr2 = rkd;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L fzf;fplyhk;. L kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;: t1, t2 ntg;gepiyfspy; fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpd; kpd;jilfs; KiwNa R1, R2 vdpy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; kpd;jil vz; R2 R1 = /o C %yk; fzf;fplg;gLfwpJ. R 1 t2 R 2 t1

9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp kpd;dOj;jkhdpahFk;. mikg;G: kug;gyifapd; kPJ 10kP. ePsKs;s khq;fdpd; fk;gp rPuhdjhf> 1kP. ePsKila 10 gFjpfshf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpf;F ,izahf kPl;lH msTNfhYk;> fk;gpapd; ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; njhlHG Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; njhLNfhy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ. jj;Jt tpsf;fk;: kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A A>B KidfSf;fpilapy; xU kpd;fy mLf;F Bt> rhtp K cs;sJ. ,jdhy; fk;gpapy; ( ) rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ,J Kjd;ik (I) Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk; njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; A KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Jizr; Rw;whFk;. A kw;Wk; Jf;F ,ilapyhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F f; tpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ. vdNt fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; fhl;Lk; AJ rkd; nra;Ak; ePskhFk;. r vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why; AJf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = Ir Rop tpyf;f epiyapy; E = Ir I kw;Wk; r khwpypfshtjhy; E ,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;. ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;.
10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd; kpd;dpaf;F

kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis xg;gply;: jj;Jtk;: kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk; ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;. mikg;G: kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gp AB MdJ> kpd;fy mLf;F (Bt) rhtp (K) kpd;jil khw;wp Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kjd;ikr; Rw;whFk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A Kid> DPDT rhtpapd; ikaKid C> cld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid D cld; fhy;tdhkPl;lH (G) caH kpd;jil

(HR), njhLNfhy; (J) Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. DPDT rhtpapd; C1, D1 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E1 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; C2, D2 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpsf;fk;: Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdTk;> XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vdTk; fUJf. DPDT rhtpia jFe;jthW rPuikj;J> E1 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp fhytdhkPl;lH Roptpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;gbr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; 1 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = I r 1 kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtg;gb E1 = I r 1 .................. (1) E2 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izAk;gb DPDT rhtpia rhpnra;J gpwF fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; Rop tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; 2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; 2f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL E2 = I r 2 .................. (2) rkd;ghLfs; (1)I (2)My; tFf;f E1 1 = E2 2
11. ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia tpthp.

Kjy;tpjp;
kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (m) kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; ; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;F NeHjftpy; mikAk;> t fhy mstpw;F nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdpy; m q (or) m = z I t ,q;F z mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz;> myF KgC-1 ghuNlapd; Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: kpd;gFg;Gfyd; xd;Wld; kpd;fy mLf;F> rhtp> kpd;jil khw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lH Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> Nja;j;Jf; fOtp Jilj;J cyu itj;j gpd;dH mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjid kPz;Lk; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;. I1 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhy mstpw;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mk;kPl;lhpd; cjtpahy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; mstplg;gLfpwJ. vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> ed;whf ePhpy; myrp> cyu itj;J> kPz;Lk; mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw m1 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. vjpu; kpd;thia kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp I2 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhyj;jpw;F nrYj;jp ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw m2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
m1 I1 =

,g;NghJ

vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.

m2

I2

/ mI xNu msTs;s I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; t1,t2 vd;;w ntt;NtW fhy msT ntspg;gLk; jpz;kj;jpd; epiwfs; KiwNa m3, m4 vd fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd. m3 t1 ,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk; m4 t 2

nrYj;jp>

/ m t ; m I t (or) m q vd mwpayhk; 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia tpthp. ,uz;lhk; tpjp kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;D}l;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;nghOJ> xU kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw (m) mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F (E) NeHjftpy; mikAk;. mE
CuSO4 kw;Wk; AgNO3 Nghd;w ntt;NtW fiury;fs; nfhz;l ,U kpd;gFg;Gf; fyq;fs;> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lUld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhkpu kpd;thia CuSo4 fiurypYk;;>; nts;sp kpd;thia AgNo3 fiurypYk; nrUf Ntz;Lk;. vjpH kpd;tha;fis vLjJ vLj; ed;whf Nja;j;Jf; fOtp> cyu itj;J gpwF mtw;wpd; epiwfis fhz Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp rpwpJ Neuk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vjpHkpd;tha;fis ntspNa vLj;J ed;whf fOtp> cyu itj;J gBe;j jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; epiwfs; m1 , m2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. m1 E1 ,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;. m2 E2 E1, E2 vd;git jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wfs; MFk;. /m E MFk;; 13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. ,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;. njtpl;ba jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiuay; - kpd;gFspahFk; jhkpug; ghj;jpuk; - NeHkpd;tha; Jj;jehf jz;L vjpHkpd;tha; Ez; Jis ghz;lj;jpy; ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyk; Mf;]PfuzpahFk;. Zn jz;L ePh;j;j H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++madpjUk;. Ez; Jisfs; topNa nrd;W CuSO4y; Cu++ madpfis cUthf;fp jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Jj;jehf jz;bypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhkpuj;jpy; cs;s NeHkpd; bypUe; madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;. ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,jdhy;

,J

jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. Nldpay; kpd;fyk; jUk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08 V ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F epiyahd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juhJ. kpd; 14.nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. ,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk; njtpl;ba mNkhdpak FNshiuL fiury; - kpd;gF jputk; Jj;jehf jz;L vjpHkpd;tha; khq;fdPR il Mf;i]by; fhHgd; jz;L> %lg;gl;l Ez;Jis ghz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ NeHkpd;tha; Zn + 2NH4 C 2NH3 + ZnC2 + 2H+ +2eMf;]p[Ndw;wj;jhy; Nfj;Njhby; Zn++ madpfshfTk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fshfTk; ++ khw;wkilAk;. Zn madpfs; NH4C cld; tpidGhpe;J ZnC2 Tk; mk;Nkhdpah thATk; jUk;. i`l;u[d; madpfs; Ez;Jis topNa MnO2 cld; tpidGhpe;J mtw;wpd; NeHkpd;D}l;lk; fhHgd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gLk;. fhHgd; kw;Wk; Jj;jehf jz;Lfis ntspapy; ,izf;Fk;NghJ Zn ypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; C I mile;J mjd; NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;. vdNt C apypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. ,jd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.5V kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.25A ,J njhlHr;rpahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; juhJ. mkpy 15. fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyk;; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyj;jpy; cWjpahd ug;gu; my;yJ fz;zhbahy; Md ghj;jpuk; cs;sJ. ePu;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; - kpd;gF jputk; nkd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l fhuPak; - vjpu;kpd;tha; fhuPa Mf;i]L - Neu;kpd;tha; kpd;fyd; ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ NfNjhby; Vw;gLk; Mf;]pINdw;w tpidapy; fhuPak; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl; kw;Wk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisj; jUk;. vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntspr;Rw;wpy; NfNjhbypUe;J MNdhbw;Fr; nry;Yk;. vdNt> MNdhby;> Mf;]pId; ,wf;f tpid eilngWk;. MNdhby;> fhuPa Mf;i]L fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl;il jUk;NghJ> ,U vyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiy Mf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ntspr;Rw;wpy; kuG kpd;Ndhl;lk; MNdhbypUe;J NfNjhbw;F ghAk;. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 2.2 Nthy;l; kpd;gFjputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp 1.28.

gUg; 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G

kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;
16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;. ,J xspkpd; tpisit Muha cjTk; NrhjidahFk;.

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l FthHl;]; Fkpo; xd;wpDs; Nfj;NjhL C kw;Wk; MNdhL A vd;w ,uz;L Jj;jehfj; jfLfs; cs;sd. jfLfs;> kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; czHTkpf;f fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jfLfspd; kPJ vt;tpj fjpHtPr;Rk; tpohjNghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfotpy;iy). fjpHtPr;R vjpHkpd;thapd; NfNjhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfo;fpwJ) lk; fjpHtPr;R NeHkpd;thapd; MNdhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ,e;j NrhjidapypUe;J xspkpd; tpisT fhuzkhf ckpog;gLk; Jfs;fs; vjpHkpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. fjpHtP 17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwptpd; tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp. MNdhLf;Fk;> Nfj;NjhLf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilAk;> gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk; epiyahf itj;J gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; ntwpit khw;wp> mjw;Fhpa xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhy;tdhkPl;lupy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ. gLfjphpd; nrwpit mjpfhpf;f> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; NeHNfhl;Lg; gFjpahf mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLk; fjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.