Atoms and Elements Structure of an atom Protons Electrons Neutrons Mass Charge Nucleus Electron orbitals Elements Essential

Essential & trace elements

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Figure 2-1: Atomic structure

All the Elements

Figure 2-2: Periodic table of the elements

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Ions and Isotopes

Ions have charge

Cations +
Anions -

Isotopes vary mass

Neutrons Radioisotopes

Unstable nuclei
Emit energy -radiation Medical uses as tracers
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Ions and Isotopes

Figure 2-3: A map showing the relationship between elements, ions, isotopes, and atoms
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Molecules and Compounds

Common in biosystems
Carbon (C)

Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)

Figure 2-6: Electron configuration of the three most common elements in the body
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Molecules and Compounds

Bonds capture energy Bonds link atoms

Molecules
Molecular weight Chemical formula
Figure 2-7b: Chemical structures and formulas of some biological molecules
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Types of Chemical Bonds

Covalent bonds Common in biosystems Share a pair of electrons Ionic Bonds Transfer an electron Opposite charges attract
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Figure 2-9a: Ions and ionic bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Hydrogen bonds Weak partial bonds Water surface tension

Van der Waals forces - weak

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Figure 10a: Hydrogen bonds of water

Functional Groups

Direct reactivity of a molecule Common examples in biosystems

Table 2-1: Common Functional Groups

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 Polarity of Molecules Partial charges on regions of molecule Soluble in polar solvents ( i. e. H2O)

Non polar molecules

No regional partial charges

Do not dissolve easily in water (i.e. lipids)

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Figure 2-8: Water is a polar molecule

Ionic Bonds and Ions Ionic Bonds and Ions

Gain 1 positive charge for each electron lost Gain 1 negative charge for each electron gained Dissolve and disassociate in polar solutions Important ions of the body
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Figure 2-9a : Ions and ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Ions

Table 2-2: Important Ions of the Body

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Hydrogen Bonds (H-bonds)

Figure 2-10: Hydrogen bonds of water

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Solutions: Water is the main Solvent in Biosystems

Solutes dissolve in liquids

Solvents dissolve solutes

Solution: solute dissolves in solvent Solubility , ease of dissolving

Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Figure 2-11: Sodium chloride dissolves in water
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Concentrations
Amount of solute in a solution
Mole defined Molarity1 mole in 1 liter

Equivalentscharge
Weight /volume Grams solute/ml solvent Volume/volume Percent solution
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Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) in Biosystems

Acid - contributes H+ to solution (CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3- )

Base - decreases H+ in solution ( NH3 + H2O <=> NH4+ OH-) Buffer minimizes changes of pH

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Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) in Biosystems

Figure 2-12: pH scale

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Carbohydrate Biomolecules: Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen

Complex carbohydrates: polymers (polysccharides) "Simple sugars" monosccharides (glucose, ribose)

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Carbohydrate Biomolecules: Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen

Figure 2-13-1: Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrate Biomolecules: Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen

Figure 2-13-2: Carbohydrates

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Lipids: Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen; little Oxygen

Triglycerides: Glycerol,Fatty acid chains Eicosanoids, Steroids & Phospholipids

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Lipids: Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen; little Oxygen

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Figure 2-14: Lipids and lipid-related molecules

Proteins: Amino acid polymers

Amino Acids: essential, amino group, acid group Protein structure: polypeptides, primary quaternary

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Figure 2-15: Amino acid structure

Combination Biomolecules
Lipoproteins (blood transport molecules) Glycoproteins (membrane structure)

Glycolipids (membrane receptors)

Figure 2-19: Chemistry summary

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Nucleotides, DNA and RNA

Composition Base Sugar Phosphate Transmit and store Information (genetic code) Energy transfer molecules ATP Cyclic AMP NAD & FAD
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Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA

Figure 2-18: RNA and DNA

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Summary

Atoms: structure, mass, charge & orbitals

Bonds: covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Solutions: solutes, solvents, concentrations pH: hydrogen ions, acids, bases & buffering Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids

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