Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Oak
Some Blunders
of
Indian Historical
Research
SOME BLUNDERS
OF
INDIAN HJSTORICAL RESEARCH
by
p. N. OAK. M. A., LL., B.
tor Re10rltlaa World Hlltory
Ph! 3'3!'1!>:'4 ,.
1
111
HINDI I ' N
2. 8.0 (; .I."' , Road,
(N!. Pt2nls,;l 0\llij, Katcl SQn. N.D 5
BHARATI SAHITYA SADAN
J0(90, Connoupt Cirws, New Delhi-110001
CONTENTS
.....
Preface 5
Wbat Prompted My H11tonc Quest 9
lllunder No.
1 Indian mooumeots Credited to Alien Muslim ll
2 : Ignoble Akbar Believed Noble 81
3 : Fahh in Mediaeval Chronicl<l 105
4 : Mylh of the lndoSaraccnic Theory of
Archhcccure 126
5 Myth of cbo Moahul School of Pai nting 139
6 : Mych of che Development of Music in
Mcdi>eval Muslim Coum 14 I
1 : Mych about the Moahul Garden Art 143
8 : Mythic&l Golden Penods Under Alica Rule 146
Key Principles for a Correct Appraisal of lo4iao
Mediaeval History 147
9 : Akunder's Oefnt Claimed to be Great
V&ctory over Porus I S6
l 0 : Adya Sbankaracharya' o Antiquity
UnderBsumated by 1297 Yeara 169
II l ord Buddba '1 Antiqu&ty Uoderesti- ted by
Over .1 300 Yearo 184
Mllslo,. IIUratl Sallll,a Sadan.
30/90, Coooou&)ll <:ircuo, New OelbiIIOOOI .
12 : Aotlqully of Lord Roma and Krishna' Btu
Gronly Underestimated 20 I
I 3 ' Arya' on Ideal Ml-utrued as a a- 211
14 : Antiquity of tbo Vedaa Groal)' Uuollrllllll'l 221
Ul ... , ..
l'vlltiJ et : A,ay PrU>IUI,
X II, Novia Sbabclan, OelhIIOOll.
OnJ in of Allah" ul!odo Gocl aocl !Cabo u
Hlld For,oueo
l oci K.&llaU1'1 Rctl rrom Bah to tbe Baldc
aoc1 Keau co IC&ba Forsoneo
If>
Role o1 S..O.krit u A.,.;.Dt World
u aa...,e Forson..,
HJoclo Onaio or Proph<l Mohammad Porsoueo
221
241
273
lll
219
Preface
li 0
role io for over 3 milleoniom bu
Continuous a e . 1
laotio& to lodiao bistonu numerous b ouuenos
,.esultcd '
0
tmP ct concepts Tb0$0 myths nurtured uoder
t
: ... .os as saarotan b
aa ' t'on and pacronage for many centunes ave
eromeot reeDJOl I of
sov d
1
stamp of authority through sheer passage
:now acqu1rc
time.
If by history we mean a fact ually a.nd accu
nte account or
3
country'' past current Indan btStoncs deserve
to be clt llcd with Arabian Niah ts.
Sacb bistory must be repudiated and rewritten. In this book
1 bavc indicated a few of Indian h istorical research.
The blunders listed herein are by oo means tbe ooly o nes.. Tbey
are jon a sampling or tbc vast scope for research tbu awaitt
ocbolat1 wbo are prepared to ta.ke a second look at Indian and
world history aud do some fresh tbiol:log nninhibited by pR
tutoring.
My earlier reocarch publication titled TAJ MAHAL WAS A
RA.Jl>UT PALACE hat already exposed a sJaring aod far
reaching misconception of Indian history.
Like a virus the of Indian biltorlcal
rucarcb have affected other spheres too. For inatuco ahldcnta
or archltcctorc and civil engineering are tau&bt to bellne that
mediaeval monumcots In India and West Aaia ue ol
SatOoie arcbitcctuTe while in fact it bas been shown ill tba
followill& paaea tbat tbe lodo-Saraccalc arcbitcc:!ure tbeory It a
IIIJtb. Alllllediaeval mooumeota arc prc.MIIIIim Rajpot -o-
faiJcly credited to alien Mualim mkn. liltewdc it -
architocts and craftamco wbo deaiJDed ud buill W.c
Asian moou_JDeDII tioce they were drivco Kr- lodiaa borclero
tO bWid aucb DIODQIIICDII Ia the aatift Ieoda ol
6
mao)' ,.-..t links in tbe Jnclo-Saraceolc
... ..,. o( atcbotcclvre is tile c:Jill<O or Htndu pallerns 10 tbo
1
,..t d<IIJI
00
all ll)tdlaef&l moouOleots. Tboa 11 troed 10 be ex-
rlaooe>l anr as tbe lc:tUll or tbe prefereo or tbo Hlodu
I
h emploJed. There are many !laws 10 tbls arauments,
.. .... b d' d .
c.baU'f'iai.stic: Mud1m accounts ave ere tft .H10du
ari"U llfltb des!,Joing tbeor mooumeniJ, For oDJionce on the
ease of the T&J Mabsltbey ascribe its design to some myllth-
ous EJsa Elfendl.
Eveo if lbt credit aoy dulsn to a Hindu, in those days or
and fanaticism they would never have tolerat-
ed any Hindu artist weaving 'infidel' deslsns into the pauern,
of a Muslim Olo,que or tomb. So even chis areumcnl falls to
tbt srouod.
Tbc othtr !a.cctiou.t usertioa is that the master arcbitcc:t
uled to lay do..., tbe broad out6ne of tbe detisn, lea vona !I to
tbt oodovidaal workmen to 611 io tbe details according to tbelr
todoJdual whuns and fancies. Tbe bolloWDcss of tbis arl!llment
becomes appueot CJ> a little rdlectioo.
Uaka lbe eotire contemplated d<.fiBJ> bas been laid dowo
allbe ery ourt It would be impossible to order tbe required
mat<'ial or lb kind and io tbe quantity desired.
II indovodual workmen were left to work out their own
dCSI&ot tbey would all work to cross purposes and no
oop remain amenable to I be cootrol of their supervisors since
lba7 would keep dod gins and delaying, ahirkina and thwarting
I be Project on tbe plu of lack of limo or lntpiratlon in fulfill
1
n& lbdr pll1 of the task, The argument that Hindu pallerot
adoto 'Muttlm' monuDI<l!u bouusc Biodu work.meo wero
all.-..od a !tee batld II tbus pJJpably absurd uaonloed from aoy
ale.
I) Bluu&l " uacrtloDJ about the rouodlng or Old Otlbl " a
poc:a 1111t- or the .._ cl'
a ... ur ..... tbJI ba.e formed part or
CDfTUd. <li>toned lad&aa b.iJtory.
Vic are told thal 014 Dc.\bl
fiC&Il)OU.O IO tbe 11tb C. wu founded by Mo&ul Emperor
CI'IJba OLD llllod GUiry, If lbat were true bow is tho
1
"' ?la lb.al c:l4c h becomes tloe oewett Delhi
1
c<-u foUftded pclor to BrhiJb rule in lodla. IU JUCb h abolll4
rant whlo Loncloo and New York Ia ao-
Tahnurlanl wbo raided Delhi Ia lbe Cbriatmu of 1391
A.D. clearly montiOOJ tbll be pcrpctnlod bilmasqc:rcaln 014
He aiJo adds that the Kali11 I.e :he 'infidel' Hindus
colkcted In tbc Jama Mujld lo counter-attack hi troops. ThiS
proves tbat Old Delblls in facllhc oldest pon of 1be sprawhaa
ancient metropolis or Delbl,
Ta.imurlnna' testimony alao proves that Old Delbta ma1o
temple was in Tatmurtana' attack convened 10to a motquc.
Had l.bal not been so Hindus would never bavo rallied in thai
building, Tho rae\ I btl they IBihercd there as a mailer or riaht
proves thO\ tbe bultdlna called Jam Masjid. errinslY credited
to Sbabjaba.n. was a Hindu Temple wben Talmurlang'a troop
stormed into Delhi.
There io yet another poi Diet to 014 Dclbi's antiquity.
In Dclbo there 11 a monument called Purana l.c. Old
Forr. This is believed to date from pre-Muslim tim01 ood CYC1I
from \be Mah.tbbarata era. If, tbet<fo.rc, Old Fort sipes tbe
IDCienttn:os: fore how come that Old Ddh1 .iiiPJifits a aear
Olodern townhip I Sucb ast the lllogicalities which bedevilood
\'itia.te curreot bisrorieal ttxiJ aod undcthnc tbe oeed for aomc:
rc-tbinkina.
llaides belns ami<ltd 1lth diJtortiOOS and IIJ)OmtlotS
Indian biliary bu bten badly maimed. Many oril! imporoant
chapters arc completely miuing. Like the Bntisb cmp1re whbin
our own memory, io tbc remote past the Jodian empire alcnd ..
cd to tuch diiiiOI plrtl or lhc world Japan in the Eaal, Ball
lo tbc South, at lean Arabia In tho We>t oad tho Baltic in tbe
anrlh. 1'racu or Ibis vaal sway are delioeiotod Ia some ol the
last chapters of tb.it volume.
h h hoped tbal tho pr<scol publieaJjoll would prove bdpful
in biabliabtlaaa few major trroll in lodiaa bistoncaltboabol
ancllodicatiDJ lbc dJrtellon of refUn:b.
Thi1 book lou been 1001 OUI Of pnal, This iJ ltJ tbml
edilloa. Hence II I belna updated ancl sotu adclouoos ba'fC
been made bore aod lbctc
11
u
1
admitatioo over tbo contcnta
..... .......
oltP boOL d
. ban bowent marotaroc a stunned
rrot-on&l b.il= or \be appatlioa tbou&hl that aU
aao professed so far in hiiiOI)' is b&lk:ally
lllc1ba .. stud be unruencdly Jettisoned. So they teocl
""""'' ancl musrbclr error nor correct iL lnlltacltboy
oathtr IO Of lheiO discoveries or tbey II)' tO
D.OI tO ha\'C cUJV
lbdll
118 Divya Jtunja
1076, Qokb.ale Road
PUI'II!.-411016
P.N. Oak
President
lnltituto for Rewriting Indian
and World History
What Prompted My Historic Quest
FEEL deeply eooeerood at tho alarm in: stale o! LDdiaa
bistory u it is bcios tauabt in oor educatiooat ioshtutJoos. as
il Ia being rackled on mlaludlna In our raearcb
organizalii)Ds and 11 is b<iaa preseolcd 10 !he world at larac
tbrou&h ofBeial and academic channels.
Tho ex1cnt and doplb of I he loaccuracies and fabricaliODJ
thai bedevil Indian hlt!ory amount to a national calamity.
Wbat i llill more uaalc is that besides the many diltor
tioos, perversions and anomalies tbat ftbou.nd in cune:ot h\SlOfl
cal 1exu there arc mlssina cbapten. 'Tbo$0 mlssioa
c:bapters relate especially to the way tblt Indian Kabatriyu
once held from Ball bland Ia the South East par:ilie to the
Baltic io \be north and from Korea to Arabia and pouibly
over Maico. II b io that vall reaioo, attbe very lout, tbat the
diavijayu (conqueJII) which we bear about very ol't.en 10
'Indian scriptures, were carried ouL Ov bistorr., IOAkc ao
mention of that sway.
At lean a broacl rcalitation of the major poiou at wbicb
Indian hiotorical research bu branched off the path or faCiual
and ebroooloaical 1ru1h, and a realizAtion that a1 Jeut some of
ita importanl cbapton aro misslna, is essential on tbe pah of
scholars, ttachina inatitulloo.t, resear<>b orsaoizatroos, otudants,
teachers and lay moo
It Is intended 10 uofolcl hero quito I few blunders or Indian
hillorical rcscareb wblcb bavo occurred 10 me. By .on mCIDI do
I presume to a)vc ao ubaustlvc lilt of ouch blunders. 'Tbe few
that I int<nd to Jl with bcrcaftcr abollld serve u spocimcoa
to alert aU those connected with tndiao b11tory, that the fare
acrved to them, day Ia and day out, io tbc ... me or ladrM
history u infected with my\bl, and 11 dofideol lo
valoa bccau$0 of Ita mrssloa c:baptcn.
'"
Or
rammar ayntu or tubjeet molter ,,.
I("''"'" crt Off b h
.,.,.d<mo< tot bOOits fiod ua htabtr, dowfi ?'uc I
--atmtat at tbc dc,ec:hve a e eteot Dv1ao
be our- d b
h I
-'oa taught to ua ancl prescnte to 1 e
hilt MY I at s ""'
J.tl
TflloUalo our subJtOI tillc it SOME BLUNDE,RS OF
I SOlAN UJSTORICA L. RESEARCH yet at least m &omc
onlton<ct, ;
1
woU be observed, those blunders have a bearing ot>
old biatory. Tbc rcwrilio8 of tbc moss on& cbap!" fauhy
p0f1ooos of todtau history wlll occessotate rcctproca! adjuu-
mcoll on htitOnd Of other rcaions aod of the world as I whole.
Foom tbtJ poont of view tbtl !Opt< ahould be O(
o
111
port- to lfudcntJ. teachers and scholars of history all the
orld ovu
It ao happened that l bod soocc my childhood been very
d<tply lntcrcatl in visiting blstoric monuments. Over tho
)'Cin, cspealliY wbco I v;,ued Oclbl. A&ra and Fatehpur Sikri
and wa told, .u everybody el1c 11 told, that almost Btl tho
o><dia.va! monumrnts there were boi!t by this or that t ullan, a
ttl lei of qucstic>DI arose 10 my mood.
How wu 11. I thought, thot the Hindut, wbo bad ruled
lodoa for at least 4,000 yean from tbc Pandavu to Pritbviraj,
dod oot hl\c even a JoDtle monument to their credit ? tr tboy
dtd nor buold any monuments where did they, their courtiers
and th: commoo people live 1 I( during tbat period, u IS
nomlaJcally dccn'b< riven of milk and honey flowed in India.
told r-ety chunoey emlued amoke of gold, wbere was a!ltbat
ullh ttlllcd' And l r Rome is bu!lt by tile Romans, London
,t.ondoncn and Tok)o by the Japanue, bow come that to
'""" lane O..lho, Asra, Fatebpur Siltri, Allahabad, Ahmed
b>' aDd be> I of other cirh teem in& with mediaeval moou
"7't"' ...,. buill by a "' do UIOrtrueot of forei&oen like
lurb lraoiaDJ, Mongolt, Abyuloians, KuakJ and
1
111
1 the valley. II derived from cbc Saoskrol word
I UD frJCIDIDI "w t Th b
phil er . e I nne or the sreat Saoskrot
Sbt.Uaraebuya, oa a bill io Srinaaar, 11 a famous
Vrrl .. l
About lO mUct bcrore we tca.c.b Sno.atar u a chvcnao.o
ludo us by a 1o-11 milo motonblc r....S co Vcnoaa.
Ttus markl the aource or I he river Jhclum tthieh cmuac:s u ,
-c-lear blue water lount rrom under tbc surface oo pla1n a.od
level ground. Verlnaa IS H&bl Yl.fllliOD or tbc SaoJ\ut
VARINAO meanioa " Water Serpeoc". Hindus arc ko!Tim for
their eob111 wor1hip. Popular Hindu lore credits a cobra wltb
being tbc mllln prop or our earth. Tt\JC to tradition. tctnple
..of VarJnas still oc.nlc lo o. abonty under a nearby tree. Tbc
r-iver-fount is enclosed in 11 small circular cistcro. ArounsJ tbc
-<=nero s a 8 to tO feet hi&h plinth w'itb abcd vau\u:. lnJ1.de
these d:nk vauh.t, rc audcnt Hindu s.tone ima.a:e nm wotahlp-
9Cd by Ooara prleau wearlna turbaos no tbelr bead aod
JAJldal paste mat'k' 00 roreheads. Nearby can be seeD the
remains or extensive plinths clearly and1cating lOme budd
ing wbicb. stood tbere b.u demolished. These todlcauoaJ
o.rc enough to coovtocc an mpuhal observer that tbe aDCtC1\t
Varinag temple wblcb stood there wa desttoycd by Mullolll
-conqucron. The aru if acanted b sure to yield more. iaL.-JU
and other evidence. lo 1pitc of thiJ ovenohel111fnc evidco a
<omparalively rtttnL uditonc tablet hal been interpolated 11
the s:itc to announce io Urdu tbat tb.t ma.soary "'or\
enclosiog the rount was tonltruetcd Akbar's or Jahan&ot''
behest.
That claim c.annot J:ltnd cros.suatnination. Tbc cxtont
ma1onoy con5tructlon soloh as it is "'ould hardly do credu oven
to common hnu\eholdor or moderate me1.1o1, much luJ
to mlshty emperor of Jllndusthan Eocfosong rlverfounllln
<lstcros Is a boly duty ror II indus while ct bas llCVCf been & part
or MusiJm tradition. Had a Muslim emperor beeo tbe
tbe premosel would have been a mosque ClOd oot tbe bounl of
Hiodu priests and Hindu deotfcs. Ancient Hindu tllll&<l od
fCCC01 amprovlscd temple ar Varin& could DC\'C[ have
or tbesote, Moreover. the oamc Varinll "'ould bavelOOJ bad
been chanscd to aometbiDJ on tooorout Araboc. Alltb ... ....,.
-alder-Ation tbow that inuead or underttioa aoy kldot-
CX>nllruction on the 1ite. Akbar and Jabaaaor da110)..! tt..
INDIAN
aoc:orao Varioaa temple to which tbe exlstrna plinth beara
111010
WICGcM.
l)oll..,.no bot 1101 Balltlcn
lb1t rocldtatally lc.tds to an oncil:.ry prondple. l1lo
proaaplc" tbat wb<acYU tbe "at?" or. Muslim ruler ""boa
IO aiDOOUIIICDt which (rom ali eVIdence IPpe&n tO be of HiQdu
oraia, the Muslim rul<r must be regarded . at conqueror
and ddlrO)<r of rhat monument rather than us bu1ldcr,
Vs. Fscrual yidcncc
Ler us also be clear about another poin1. Diehnrd bistorlan
1
ore prone ro deory tbe kind of evidence, I am leading, as mere
rbeomona and <ODJCCtorcs. They clamour for wbar they call
daCilmrnrary crldcnce. Let me tell them that tbey koow not
hal rht) are tolkins about. Firstly, they themselves have been
sultry or bavina 11cribed tbe various mediaeval monumeots to
doll'cnnt Mullim sultar.s and emperors on mere hearsoy worbour
ony documcauuy proof such as wagebills, bluc-pronrs and day.
14>-day uptDJ< aoxounu of tbe monumenta. At timet they have
bad tbe ftltnly support of a few sly statements on the memoirs
or Murlun nlltu and <brooidCJ or mediaeval Muslim Wttterr,
mo.tly tmp!o}ed by tbe ruleu themselves. Butrbey know fully
"'lit I do that are ever so maoy veuions of these
rncmoono aod ebrooiclCJ wlddy differing from each other, and
cursory references 10 a few monuments are found io isolated
.. ntona. HiJtoriltnt also know that these chronicles nod
mcmonaare aotariaus for eooraining w11hrul thinking. half
trutht, II'Ois prevaroclltions, and deceitful cbauvim
Ilk claims
In ru.l hfe we are confrontd with suspictoua
decumcou oo tb ' d d
e DOC So t U COntradictory (nctual evideOCC 00
tht othrr
11
,. alway the 14tter which prevoils Take the
"'
11
"-of ad d bod
.,. n .,..
01
Y lyooa by the roadside, whocb has note
Tbat 10:!";
1
"
01 10
"Y that t ht 1'<110n b,.. commuted suo cod<
. ....,_. :S."' .. y doeumeotary cvodcnee. But wtll our
.._ llloup ot and refuie to '"'CJtlaare the deth
CO. rlocle>callcd f.!::"
1
'"Ouod in t be back ? l o aucb
.....,, Wtll ht thrown awdy as trash oocl
11
tbc de.atb will be tovctliaatod u murder. The: ume pri.DcpJ.e
oppllts to medla<"ll monumcats which ore JU11 lokc dt&d
bodiea tylna mulllolcd and hovo ausplclOUs autcceden11. Let
001, therefore, lradilion-bound hlttofillllt make I fttbb Of-
caned documentary proor aod I brow their band up ia a.uaulat
ed honor at tho kond or cvidenc:c I am feadmg. The above
.. ptonarlon abould eonvln<:e them lbot the kind of cvodcocc I
am lcadina un .rood in a courr of low for deeblve judamcoto,
aplon the kind orruroay and fabricated bland Alltcmenll
that they hove been ban kina upoo-ood that too in vory few
caset. All thcJe ccnaurie.J.
NIJbll aad Sbothnu
fuvlos donlt obove with IOmo considerations (uodamcnlal
to my thcsiJ 1 1ball now tum 1.0 1 few 01hcr moou--
monll In Kaahmlr. Thtre are two htaurirut landscape aardeno
in Kashmir, known u Nisbat and Shalimar. Hillery hos
wrongly a.scrobtd rbcm ro rbc Moautr. Nilbat and Shalimar (t
variation of .Sbahmor&) ore both Saosknr wordL Nlshar meoo1
"well trimmed." A a aucb tl can apply ollly to prden Tbot 11
aloo a currcot Htndu 1umamo prevalent in K&shmir SlSDiryooa
a very talented and accomplished ramUy. Shalimrs means "o
m011nroio rrock windloa throuah rice fields (sal) or tbrouab 11111
limbtr trees (lhol) ...
Throuahout the gordeos ooe cso dlscero a plinth patcern
suggesting that the gardens were enclosed by fortifioatooos ond
were part or dcmollahcd palaces. Their still sr ... d. u
do the walls and but ions on aome Oanlcs. Tho aatewayure In
the ornate Hindu aryle. Buld .. , the Mogula with their, .. , In
far-away could by no atretcb or lmlraioation_ bope to
enjoy tbe beauty nnd coollb of cardens loid 700 nut .. away
The way, moreover, fay tbJouab dense foresta and lleop holly
country. A vish to Kasbm1r tbeo was.. as tC iJ C\'CD aow. an
PliO or modern air SttvlO<S, but I dream. F'or I Moaul
monarch to tra>ct>o !bat d"taace at rbc letillrely Pce ol an
elephAnt ond wtlh all hb "'Uitb aad penon lllld harem upoocd
to hostile a !lacks, (Of rhc dub;oua plcuure of peadlllJ a few
cool boun rn Ni1hat and Sbaltmor, io a life-UDI<, ,. .. silly
io the Ulfeme
22 INDIAN HISTDRtCAI. IlJs&.aCllt
The .. me IIJUment applies to what called tbc Sba
Clllm>a the royal fount. That fount bad beta Patr b.
,..s by tbe H1odu of Kashmir throuah the aacs, b Ool-
1u Urdu name "ShJ.bi Chasma" is a mere translaUon
old Sanslrit oame, Raj Nirzar.
Tbc name of Kashmir's famous llllre "Dal" is also or Sa
knt oraa1n "Oal'' means a leaf and signi6ct foliaae. Tbc n:
1ns ptdeos 10 tbat lake aod its abounding lotus plants
'
permantnt aurction which eltplains the name " Dal".
0
Tbc names of ntany other tracks in Kashmir arc still
Sanskrit, such as Sonmarg (mea nina a golden P11tb) and Oul.
marg which was formerly i.e. lho path of 0 odd<J&
Oaurl. The name Cbandaowadi Is also purely Saoskril.
II will lhus bo teen that in Kashmir there ie hardly any
1racc or Muslim culture excepl in its populalion whicb wu
fort1bly conve"ed 10 Islam.
Another place lroown as Zaio Lanka In Wular Lake, wu
built by a kin& called Ravaoa whose name is found aa
1001
K.ubmir's pre-Muslim Hicdu rule"'. Since in the Ramayana
Rav>lll's capital wasl.aolca it was that Hindu Kina Ranna
who hwll tbt palacc in the Wular lake and called it w ka.
Liter when a Muslim ruler called Zajouudin made it his rw-
dcoce the palace got associated wi1b bis rumc. Our bistoriaos
wbo, therefore, wen thot Zainuddio built t he Lanka palace 10
Wular Jake are guilty of a &ross error.
This should suftice lo convince all tbat "11 mediaeval moou
mon1, ueh as oy ist, io Kashmir were buill by pre Muslito
RaJput rulen. .'' the Muslims bad built t hem, they would
:e .. , have COD JUred up Sanskrit names for those mo.oumeoll.
1oleovcr, we would have also been able to lay our ha.ods on
concnaiag the con.nructoa u:" :t-.e moou.meot! , la
""
1
1D eou" tcccnds Previous RlttJUt record were all burnt
by tbo M111Lom rulen In their faootic wratn ao<! also witb
cw to claam OWOCnlup and authorship of the bllildiogs tbe.lll
oclct In the IKcaee of the occcuary documcoll on e11bet
lOde ... b&>e tO WlD tO factual eYldCDCc WbiCh II OverwbclaJ-
UliJJ ID fa. our or Hmdu, IUj pul authorship or all mcdaacval
Uf01Al4 NOI'CVNflrnS C&f01TI!l> TO AUEH lfUILU.U 1)
bualdiop In India-be they mouscleuUII, tombt, sbrmcs.
motques. font or
To hiltorians who 1lill fail to see the COS<II<Y &Del fote;t of
above factual ancl argummts I would IUgcA that
tbey bcuer a.earch tbe1r bearta and ascc:nai.o. whether It i.a their
proressiooll fear of losa of face wbicb is muqucnd1a1 aa
righteous JOholnrly iodi8llllfOO II the ID-Otlled abKoC<t of
doeume tal')' evidence. Thy may tbcmse)vcs ponder on the
roct whether their traditional clainu in favour of Ibis or that
sullao, oro based oo documtnlary evidence.
There Ia aloo no rcuon why we should express despair and
hclplcsrncu In the absence or documentill)' evidence and the
falsity of mediaeval chrooiclu. We never display sueb utl<r
helplessness wbcn we have to investigi1te, say, a murder eom
mined wilbout even a ot apparent evidence. lt iJ common
day-to-day uperieoce that sucb murders are ultimately brouab\
bome 10 the murderen oo the basis of SlfOng and trrtfullbl<
cirrumsraotial evidtn". This should prove that wbenever we
arc faced wieb falsification, abKJICC ot dC$1tuchOD C( dDCWIIt%1
tary evidence we cao arrive 11 indiputable eooc:lusioos wilb
the help or cirtumslaotial evidcoet. II is prcci1ely because
Scholara of Indian history paid DO heed tO Ibis very SOWid and
welltned metbod or JUdicio.l fovesligatioo tbat Indian med1&
oval h111ory bappeos to be riddled with numerous 1ncont1Sien
citt, contradictJons. Bbturditacs and eaigmas.
fl is pity I hoi olltbosc who wrote mcdiaovallodian biiiO.
ries fai led IO take nolice of ell tho rclcvllllt facts before
jumping to lhelr cooclusions aod raising moouera of myths
which they ond we all find difficult 10 gel oiT our chest.
In Punjab lb<r< arc I be Piojorc Oardeos falsely &a'rabed 10
tbe Mog\lb. tnvodors doo'llay aardeos in victim countries.
DELHl MONUI\f NTS
OOIIerallons or biSIOrian llld 11\rougb them peOple tbc
world over bave been roundly fooled In belinlll& for lbo laM
several ctnturits that most ur tbe mooumcata to
Dclh1 were bu1h by lis Mushm monarchs. Tbcy "re ao1. All
lbe mooumcn11 belona to the pu-Musluu era a..S wne bu1ll by
INOIAH IIISTOkiC'At. a.BSilAcu
2'
rule" Evon lhe tomb and
Pt!Ait r<< \l .. lom bel eed to sheller lhe , roves O( Mushm
1
eviOot: Hindu a nd lemple.s
naJrn oDd "'"'" pr
ttpolch<"-
tan>< ICIO m"
10
rnediaen l Muslim rulers
bCK moau "-""'""'
Ia u:rbcl
1
ided by b""Y or by bland JtolemenlJ
hJ12(iftaDI bate btCn :tborilltt or cblu\iniuic Mu&hm cbr4ni ..
"' lbe ordlnory pr<eatilloo or bavros these
del>. lliJ tal. roumscantial evidence we have
at"'-''""" vcro6rd by gle whiclllw struck deep roo11 In
f-,eno ar&red lbO prel<.d .;d of bistoty,
,..,W1Qmt:nl rccor .
romlncnt rnooumcnll ' " Oel h1 should
A rev<" of
reeder that rh<i< bulldloss much
uft1et lo . asoos slurtcd. In fact the monumcnls
l)c(Ore the t;fu\J m IllY I own limeS 3tC but 3 fraCiiOn Of tho
that hll't survived that exl&ted in India when Muslim
tmmro'llltCtuttc:luns .. ,. ,
I
'ct the abundllDCC or sucb polallll tnln
UI\'1J1NU larltd n .
I
... If one of the &r<aiCSI Att taChOnJ tO
ttOCi a ad ctmp ts w- ''--
tbt 1ondcn.
CIINNINCRAJ\t:S CUNNli"C
Old Aknlldcr Cuaaialham (a retired militWI co&ioeer)
hod CIIDlliDPTili&J<Sted
1
n his lcttct dated September IS, 1842
to CoL sl Ln (in LGOdon) when Cunningham was a mere 28
,
01
-old that a.Uuolo!}' could be used as a subtle
j,ru.tiCilarsd rtlltioul tClOI to pcrp<tuatc Briusb rule over India
01id ptctd Cbriitianity. That letter may be seen at pnge
of Volumt VII of lhe ) tat 1843 in lbc Journal of the Royal
Asallc SG<lct)', London.
A !ulltr oouol may be bad in my llOO.pnge book titled
D VEDIC 11RITAGE in 11 special titled An&lo-
M..._ Arcbatolocltll Co111plrll:)'.
II btu usc of Cunoln&ham's crofcy suggestion that he was
oppooo11d the fln1 an:lueolociclll cblcfio lndia after hlJ retire
...., !ooa rhc Bru .. h lodiao army though he did oat kno., a
llaill abtoat on, archttun: or IIIICicnt Indian biJtory.
'' wu Ia hl U!*lt) lhc 6,.t archaeolot:Jcal chief tlul
C&uoopa CODCOcrtd orcb&colo&!C&I rtcordo and put up
&ham nodco t historic. mooumen1s wuuooly ao4 ta.Dd.omly
1Krib1DJ tower.. ma.o.doos, font. tOWrubipa_ lea. caoalt etc.
to JOmc ruler. courtier or fak.tt
Cunnioaham abo lnvcnccd the myab tlat var.ou.s Mu.Una
ruJcrs bu1h KVCQ Cclict OC DcJbJ,. Cuaninaham doant ClfC. C'VCD
aD Iota or cvldtncc aoywbcrc... He didn't bl.-\l't to bec:auJC he
wa the bi& bon ora newly act up depa.rtmeot meant to play
h_avoc witb fodian I JChacolosy.
Oeneratlons or Kho1ars have t incc bi&h tcadem.c
dcgn:u and occupied biah academic and govcrnmeolol pod.
tions and bnvc been pufveyJna Cunnlnahams cuno1og (abriOII
iioos. That is why all the aooCalled upcrts ia Muslim or Moalll
arc nod architecture: in variouJ lad ian and overR&I unWcnhlet.
colleges and museums IUt" all a misguided lot. Their bt.ada arc
crammed wlch (alse IUtOnng.
Cunningham transferred tbo entire Hindu architcccurat
credit to a o1l Muslim account to spite: the Hindus eM elate
the Muslims bopint thereby fo create a bone or cooteotloo.
which he hoped would pcrpetoate British role ood hlc,
Cbristiu dominaclon ia India .
Red Fori
Let us stan our review with 1be Rc<l Fort, PritbYitOJ Ru<>,
a cootemporary chrooicle tella us that Pritbvirp.j lived oo a
palace on the bank o f the Yamuna river. Traditional KCOiiOU
a.lso tell us that PrilbvJraj"t pals.cc was kaowa &J l.oiKot l, t .
red-walled sttuclure. The only building in Deihl wblcb
answers four .. squarc 10 tbese two spe:cificatioos is wbDt is today
known as lho Red Fort, And yet the Mogul emperor Sbahjalwl
is bciog wrongly aivcn the Credit or havloa buill the Red Fort
ia Oolbl .
Taimurlana who iovaded Delhi In 1398, !bat is n .. rlY :!50
years before Shohjoban, refers to Old Delhi whO'SC lnhabluau
he mas.sacrcd. And ycl Old Delhi it mcotiooed in our bl&toria
u a coty fouoded by Sbahjobon. Tbc Rtd Fo11 la Dell u the
very fG<al point or Old Delhi. In fact Old Delhi 11 but1t arouod
tbe oalal road-The Cboadn Cbowk whlcb JOIDI the Red
Fort wilb tbe buoldlna ,.boch" oow koowo u the Fatcbpun
26 IND<AN IIISTOiliCAI.
lof(l(qOC bot hich was tbe temple of the btrcdhary cleh
Ddbl't Hindu n>lert. So e\'ell 400 bc:fore Shahjahoo
Odht .,,tb ' '*Red Fon aod tbc: mato tratllcanery, the Ch&Ddnl
(:llo'a'k dtcl .... ,
Tbe Yamuna bank to tbe rear of the fort is lroown as Raj.
bst. Thai it
0
s.mkrtl word. It could not have stuck 00 uo1eso
.. of Rojas lad occupied the Red Fort Prior
10
Shabjahan and btS Muslim predc:ccuors. No Roju or
n>led from tbe Red Fort afrer Shabjahan, the fifrb &oneration
MoJul empuor. Had Shabjabllll built the fort, the bank atreteh
of the Yamuna ott be rc:ar would lulve bee.o known as 8adabob
Obal aod not RaJabat.
The Otlbl 1110 of tbe fort bas a pair of stone elephant out
11
dc 11. IJiam strictly forbids the raising of any images wbilc
RaJpUt mooarc:hs w<rc koowo for tbeir love of the elephant.
Oo oltber side of I be fort archways are embossed JIOOC
IIOftT e111blems wbicb appear oo all mediaeval Hindu buildiop.
Ruooio1 water channels, through whicb Yamuna water
cowted tiJ way throughout the fort, again suueat Rojput
eoonfiJCtioo bc:etuse Muslims witb a desert tradition eould
never bavo tbouabt or ruoniog-watcr channels.
Tbe Sbtavao aod 8bado pavilions and tbe Kosar Kuod io
tbt: Otw.oIKhu aro acaio all Hindu terJDS.
Tbe DiwaniKbas and the Oiwan-iAm do not have a
aio&Je dome or minaret which the Muslims are belicvod to
nllitt oo. The marble balcony in which the ruler Uicd to aitltl
tbe DiwaoiAm bas a t.tmple type ceiling with stalnctltc
coda sucktn8 out obliquely. Tbc Diwao-iKbat bas a alrlklng.
&imtllnty Wttb tho royal apartment inside Am bar (old Ialpur)
but!t by the RaJputs lo pre-Muslim timet.
Ecryooe or the Mo&ul rulers bad a harem of 5,000 won>CO
-ltoned to momoln and cbTooiclel. All of tbcm. abc rul<r
btlll>tl( aocl hJs maoy Cbtldrco could by DO stretch Of imtliDI-
tioa be to tbc two-three rooms thai compose
tbc Diut Khu.
A martlc arm wall our abo DiwaoiKb dttplay
1
belaocc moor aymbollc of royal justice. Tbc Moaul rulert wP
ttmJAW WONUMOCTJ caDIT1."D TO ALICH NUJUMS
27
reptded 99 pc_r eeoc or rbdt aubjcct.t as mere vumia coo16
ne.vcr tb10k O( ftAuntin& thai f)"mbol Of JUStice in thcu paJ.acc.
But the Rtjput "'lers tdil<d by their Brohman eouoclUon did
ccrtalnly hove tbe clispcotolioo of jutokc u ooe of their
primary ruottions consraody impressed oo them throu&h tbc
acalcs motlr.
Tbc tnd tbo Dlwao-iAm have a mandap
style Hmdu workmaosbip. Besides, tbe OiwaniKbas.
be11.rs :t clo,;e rescmbtanco to the Interior palac:c lo Ambat (Old
Jo!pur) built oround A.D.
A Persioo couplet inlold on o woll or the l>iwaoIKh ..
proclaims the placo at a veritable *l:teave.o on Earth'. Sucb a
bout cao only emanate from a captor. Had Shahjaboo bc:eo
the or!gloal builder of tho fort he would never hive deocribcd
tbe buildin& in such superlltive terms. Tbe oriS-irtal buildc:r It
oncn very modest about hi I CODJtructioo. Moreover a builder
is more- C:ODICious of tbc buildinc's deft:etJ to ever lhiot of call
iog it a verilable Heaven on Earth.
. Aoother Important psycholoaical prlodple also appliC$ io
th1s cue. A penon colll his bulldil a abed( or a eotta&c rotbcr
than a paradise. It i elso wort_hwb.ile co.nsidcri.o& thaJ no
matter bow beautirut a wife a man may bavc be would. oevc
1
sbout about her beauty tbe road square or bou.KIOPL
Similarly a person wbo tolls eod apcods moocy to build a
bu}ldlos is not the one who bouts abouttt. Oo tbe other hod
netgbbours or strMgefl who hove an evil ey< on o building or
wornan, are the one; who pral'" tho physical b<auty or tbooc
We bave eo octuollaotaoco from mediaevlll hiflory.
Padmtnt, the queen of Cbitor fort Is fomcd ror her physical
allure. There could hve been buodrods of women as b<autiful
as bcr n lodto's Kshatriya bousebolda. But histories lave boon
ilent recardnJ> their physical bt:auty promcly bt:cau$0 IUCb
beauty wu never bra&aed about 11 least io Indio iD public. Bot
Pad mini's phyical bt:auty nmc to b< about ooly bc:et-
the >lien in-.drr Allauddio KhPJt was so a>amotmd of btt
that he moved hav<o ood hell to capture her. Tbio aboulcl
convtooc iitors to tbc Red Fort, ood hhtonaAJ that the twa,.
&in& Pcr>Oao couplet the DKbu 11 yet aootl>6 _,.
- INDIAN lit.n'OafCAI. I
tlO!t
,,,.,., rroortblt tb< cc>uplet was iolald by the captor,
0
ron wbo, dADkd b7 tile Otnlle beAuty Of the moouiiii'Q I lilt
a to tbelll u war booty, cbuacteriud It a,
1
,.,.., ...
from the Red Fori we see that tbe two Oeo
alon...., oely a llooe't rbrow from the fort, are botb '"'
Mulllm. Ooo la tbc red Jain Temple ud the other tho o:"":
Slwtbr Temple. Hod Sbahjallall bu!lt Red Fort he ...
never bave allo"ed the two ooo-1slamoesbnnes to remain thtrt.
Tbcsc tWO temples are there beeowe the fort WU tOOilruttOd
by tbe RajpOIIteeral centuries before Sbahjabao.
Cbandol Cbowk, tbo maio thoroilahfare stemmlna rrom tbe
1or1 lo almost oxclusovety inhabited by Hindus. Had tbe
MoJUis buOt tho fort we should bave seen Turks, Arabao
1
,
Pmlloo, Arabs. Abyasoooaos and Hindu converts sell led lo
Cblndoo Cbowk
The wbole of Old Ddlll bu a teemios and ovcr-wbtlmloa
Htodu pepulatloa. lo its complicated, winding alley all their
lobuta too 111< boilr Ia tbc rradirioaal Hindu llyle. To maioralo
tk!acrvdd .. por llh Sballjabao boih bouus for Hinduuod
rOITllrd tho bole city with a -massive wall is absurd. As
tosri6es Old Delhi exi11ed eeoru-
roa bd'oro Sba!ojabao.
II aalut such over,.btlmios proof ooe or rwo out or
DIIIDCIOUS widtly dill'trina spurious veniool or the McmOIII of
illllbJihao, cooralo a passins rcftrcoec 10 some fort and some
tOWD rounded by Sl!abjabao b!Siorians must at once spot tbe
<111m 1o be unrounded aod dishonm.
Muslim cbronlclcs smack or the Arabian Nlahll.
chroaides arc fairy tales inreuJnd ro humour the aocr
tho patroo ooblemao and wiD owards ror rbe $Crlbc .
.., ... rl&ll ot ........ .
s .-, as we OlltKIVCl improvrsc Impromptu
-.."or IIIII Jade ma
1
d
-
10
&oc pa aees wbeo rccouorln& be rome
.. rw.t. Brttllb biJtoriaos Sor H.M. EIJool
- .. .._ _ bne rcpcal<dJy poillted out wholo com
a alia"
10
of Mllllom monarchs lbat tbooe
I8JWaa tbat the mooareb or tho ,fal
2.9
D
t"fiD 10 ,.t,U.l'C ... U5UM5
EJ(1'S c;aB
ft40ltU'M ubhc coo.sumptioo to
u bt to include ror P r medieval MuJIIm
o;:tlbe (loCitd ! iabtVOIUIIIC ttudy
0
that <he boSIOtY ol
II>< prf"" blo late Sir H.M. 1!1\iOI aod lDietc.stcd
cbroolclCS l c I dll is aG unp
... vslim era ao n
tbc. , ... ,
rraud." I d abOUl Oellu'S num<rOUI
hi
ro be oot ce bs aod lllliU><>-
A suao&c t oa so maoy t.oUl
oumelltl iJ tbat there cve:aces. We have the auma)'UD
wirbOul corrdpondtD& . (kbao Tomb, Lodl Tomb.
,.:mb. Kb!LD tomb, Billtiar Kakl
Alluddin Kholjl To b and a host or otb<ts
Tomb, Nizamuddin Tom h ' Muslim succts>ion w.s
Students or history all and parricidal conllicu.
always attended by bloody I ' t cooceivable tbal tbe successor
Under such circumstance! for tbe bated predoceuor
would .,ver build 4 paloroal blood all his life. And could tl
aft<r tblrsrin& for rbc former s I ror himself or blS cboldren
bo built no po ace
be thAI a ptrson w I . I tomb built for bos predoces-
. " . bad P aua
duriaa btJ lue rome
1
tomb built for himself after
1
ro bad o palatta c!
.sors. an-d u u ? Was some sort o( a tomb--blUI
dutb by bll suocesso I A rulin& monarch will build hundreds
. ct between them h - r
ong pa r bimKif tnd bis child reo before be ever I ,,... 0
or .P;:ces O:tarllll tomb for dead ancestor. Botfl tbeso con
P bould coovioee any serious student or hlstory t hat
SJdcraroons
1
di alace1
1hc.rc are ever ao many t ombs wttbout correspon og p .
the Mushm monarchs butlr neither tombs nor palaces.
'The alien Mushm nobility and ruling famlliu found "
plethora
0
r Hindu c.aptured bu11dings which were used ns resi-
dences whole alive and tombs after death. This also explains
wby tho bodies or Allauddln KhiiJi ood lltmusb have been un
ceremoniously tucked oway in lhlme outer apartments or tbc so-
ClUed Kutub Mioar building complex. Aocoeot Hindu shes
coosbtioa or captured palaees, temples and mansions wcte
frtcly used to bouse the living aod the dead. TbaltS why we
6nd them Otnate t=ple-like srrocturos aod spacious palatial
bulldiogs 'This leads to another or my historical &odtop wbtcb
lboulctserve as a key to tbe IIUdy o( Indian mediaeval btJIOry,
that "bat is believed to be the tomb or a Muslrm ruler or
""""" " ....... CAL at:JIA&CM
it uJllll ruideDCC or t
.- 5<> 1 po.-' tomb
l',.. .. _...,_al ...
;.. .. ...-,; :,Jon.,..,..
_ .. .
,.OIJII4...,.. ,_ ;ndftblt' &
0
,,.rwbeiJIIrDI proof
t1ro ,.,.o Mill' . bJillr<dl or ycJrt before
A..... 1l nJo rollfl f.(iSllDf to ucribc tbc tower to
ttrll ... d ,.,,.,.,.. ,, .. ,.,..,
, ... ...., .. ..
Kttoi!OM" b vutub Mioar II known as
od"'lolDI I ' "
no .,.r "' ,.qrd Mibiraawll. It JignlficJ
,...,, not b. Sud<trlli br"" lltrODOmcr Mlhlm or
.., .-1r1t brl<
1
tlle17a>Oifelltions ottbe Hrndu
:woo.
1M Uti .., ldl u u auaiptioo WI be demoyed
...,
110
.-r.tllr )II aot wd th11 be raisrd aoy to>' cr.
nr......,. ......,.d Klnr.ttululam mosque.
- dlllodpd frvm til< so-coll<d ,Kutub Minar have
..., ...., cro- odo rth Anblc leuerlos on the other
.,.._..., - rirl>o>'Cd to the Mu.eum. They
....... dlllltlll Ianden used to remove the If one-
..... O(HI6da bWidJIIP, """the "ooet inside out to bide
"' - r....r ud l..,.itre Atblc leuering on tho new
,_,.
llaaiSitrtltltlolr:Q-'JU ''II ,
- ,...,
010
lu be decrphcred In the
,._ Cll 111101ooo pUtan ood II N
.,.. "'
1
umerous rmages strll
- droop drlfiallled.
.... _ iolrot .,..,. althe .
... oWs llrlatple IDirouoclmg structures. It 1
1
..__,. mlicr Hiodu buildioas
- ...... ,_
14
1 10
between for Kutubuddio to
::----. ......;..,.:::;:It that it is
-:----... plane surf-s. Those
...., .... "'' ,. m:aot
10
call the Muslim rui-
..,., tried 10 ao to the top and
lt
uy t.o Jhout to the people below. Had they dooe to they would
<bi\'C round out for thcmsciYH that no one oa the around can
beat 1hem !rom tbllt hcaht Suc.b absurd daims have: bttn
mde 10 Muslim aulhorsbip of nrli Hindu build1op.
Another Important con.sidcrauon is tbat the: c.otra.occ- to the
tower fa.ccs north and not the west as rs eojoln-cd by
and practice.
At either Jlde or the enlrUCC Is the lotus flower
emblem which al10 prove. that It was Hindu bufldina. The
stone Oowcrt arc 1 lmpo.rta.ouign of tb_e Hindu autbOrthip
or mediaoval buildings. Muslims never usc such dowers on the
bu.ildiogs they C'onscruct
The fric:te pane rot on the 1owcr abow sigru: of tampenoa.
abruptly or In a medley or Incongruent lines. The
Amble: lc.ucrin& is lncctJpcrscd with Hindu motifs like lotus
buds banain& limp. Sir Soyyad Ahmad Khan. a staunch Muslim
a.od a scholar. hu admitted thai tbe lower is :1 Hi ndu bu1ld1Dio
tr one were 10 hoover in an aeroplane over the top of the
tower tho variou.J aallc:rics sHdio& imo c.ath other froiD top to
bottom appeor like a 24-petal lotUJ in full bloom. The figure
24 bei.nJ a muhiple of 8 is pcred in ved1c tradldoo. Even the
br1clc red colour or tbe rower is sacred to lbC' Htndus .
The Hindu title or the tower Wll! Vishnu DhwJ (I.e.
Vishnu's standard} t\lias Vtjbnu Stambb alia' Dhruv Su1mbb
(i.e. a polar pillar) obviously conooltD& an astronomical obser
vauoo tower. 1'ho Sno.skrh inscription JO 8rahro1 scmpt on che
non rusting Iron plllor close by proclaims Lhnt the ,lofty iiBn
dard or Vlabnu w ral1ed on tho bllloek nomed Vishnu pad
Girl, That description indicates that a statue or the r<Ctinlng
Visbou joitiating the crta1ion was conseeralcd in the ccotrsl
brine there which was rav&d by Mohamed Gbori aod b11
hcncbman Kutubuddin. Tbc pillar was rai$ed ot the commond
.()(tao anc1enc H10du k1na who bad made grca' conquests '" the
East and the Well.
The tower bad IeVen IIOttyJ rcpreJCDllng the days or tbc
week or those only five e .. lf now. The siath wa dismantled,
hauled don and rccucted oo tho lawns closeby
)4 INDIAN
as,.._
Tilt WCI'lll .,,.., bAld ""tu.lly. rtatue or u.. "''
Bnh"' IJololil IM \'cdu and begiootog obe crcatto our.rlleod
...- ... I a btl< marble canopy with aold Abo.,
llalaio! Ia
1
1. Til< oop tbiH Jlories ..,...., to matble. n:'"'"'
_ _. 1!1' \lusltmo who deoesced the Drab )' "''"
..-. ma 1t11u
T!Jr Mad"" ratdtn alto dcstro,.u the reclioioa Vt&bou
1
'
.
Th< lroa ptllarwu rho Guud Dhwaj alias Garud S
1, tht ltllltnd pest of tbe Vishnu temple. ""'bh
Oa ou
01
do was ao ellipticaleoelave formed by 27 Naub
(COQ.IItllallon) t<mples. A Jlgaotic red stone, ornate gatc::a
led
10
tbc .. cred enclav< lrnown as Nakshatralaya. Y
ll>c aateway Is traditionally known as Alaya-Dwar. ore
Cuoolllabam twills the traditional Hindu name to fraudu.
I<:CII} uorlb< tbe great doorway to Sultan Allauddin tho b
Allauddto btcnsclf makes no aucb claim. ua
By' AitJUddto's umc the surrooodiogs were totally crum.
bWIJ rutos Why would Allauddin want to raise an oro
. (tb H" d ate
l'pliiiC poe .. ay o e- on u orlillgc colour) leadioa from
..,.hue to nowhere 1
The theory propounded by interested Muslims that,, iJ
mU&UJD., totr tl motivated lie. No muauin would
lor 1 day aec<pl a JOb where be has to climb and uru:limb five
llll)<l. day a ftt&bt or 36$ narrowing, curving steps i.o the dark
- of lbt IOIVCr. He is bound 10 fall and die throu&b
abm tlb1UII10D.
lt.laThe arched. aaoewsy of the edJoioi.ns so-cr.lled Kuwalul
m mol(juc os In no way dilferenl !rom the ornate orcbway
of templuto Oujarat. The frieze patterns oo this building too
oltoto .. , or .. .... p b .
rovmg I a.t Mushm conquerors trans
I'OI<d 610oaa 11 random 1 h .
1
o eaae I .or consc.ence In readyin&
ar .., ttmpla for use u mol(jues.
1
"'b " made up of <JW:Uy 24 folds, are< and
-I ICrll&hOI Tboa tbowa that tbe fi&ure 24 had a
-.- l'fO:Pneoce and siaol1i<:aoc:e .
fot letha
14
rn tbc premises. The
'TI COIISicllotioo
1
ltabt are 27. Considerod alooa with tbe
tills t._. ._ :lou IIICnhoned eulier it leaves no doubt
ill A.rabic obsorvatioo pole.
MtAar' sicnifies ao uttooomtcal
CUJ>lTil> TO AUlD< MUJLIJoO
ttfotAH M\oN"' "' ...
o,.....lion) Tower. Tbal wa bow il wu dcacribcd to S41tan
( - - tater referred to In covn eorraponden<c. ln
Kulu .....
1
...,.. dd bo
(tlmc the name orSvltan Kutub\l ID u.cne to
---oat<cl with lbe K.utub Tower t...Uoa to the m!J.
""II'"""' - Mi teadlui userliOO tbllt Jtutubudclrn butlllbe Katob uat
lroo stripJ bavc been used to keep the
tosctb lo the of tbo tower. Somolar Jtnps haw
bccD used io the none walla or ... , ... ForL ln my book TD}
MtJ!ral was
0
Rojpul Polo.- I btvo already deall al_..,m
wllh tb orlaln or the fort and proved that h 01;\Sted durma
M
$1
- lim Therefore otll apparent that tbc. use or lfOD
pw u - ' ld' a
strlpJ
10
keep together 11onu In buae but tngs wu a nuu
Tbat dovico uaed in tho sCH>alled Kutub Minor lo Ddbl
...,v;cc. I" R" d
11 another proof or hs havlna been pre-Mu om 111 u ,...,.,.
Jfo 24-petallolus Ia pulled up from ha eentrc it_ will form a
tower or 1hat pattern. Lotlll pAttern is never Mushm.
Nlullrddln Tomb
What Is believed to bo obe tomb of fakir Nizamuddin ll Ia
fact ao old temple wbieb wbell dama&ed durin& early Muolim
assawll bc<amc the abode or Niz.amuddin who was bllried
tbtre after bts death.
Around obe sbrioc can be noticed to numerable otber pavi-
Uoos. walls. araves, basltOOI, towers. plinths etc w!W:h &0 to
prove lbat it was oneo . a prutpcrous t ownship wbicb waa
stormed and captured. Muslim faklra happened to occupy such
devastated sties. Tbcy were later buried where they arayed.
Tbe burial ploeu of Muslim fakira arc, therefore. QOI ouaiool
constructions but earlier captured buildings.
RumJU Tomb
The so-called Humayuo Tomb lo New Delhi was lbe focal
point of a vtat townsblp, described above. lt was lbe Lllkabm
Temple of that township. Even to this day it forms part of
"hat is callod the Jaipur estate In New Delbi. What ll today
known as the Anb-kiScnl formed the huge m&Siive dcfODJIYe
structure aro11nd the -lied Humayun Tomb. Buma,yun UICd
to llve there. Wbeo be fell dowo the II &ira of the ao-ca1lad
!iter Mandai Ia Parana Qlla be wu earricd to t ilts eapnacd
t:K01AN I
""
od
mplo only tboul hair a mile ""' ay, It..,
lh u < cd Ia lb
'-tbll be lay 111 11111i1 be do Aod 01 .., .. the a
:;:' ...
6
,
1
, IN; u bunecl i o tbe pa!.occ 10 he a
Wba tl bdkvedlo IN; Honnt yua Tomb ,. on fact a apa I
..,.
111
,
11
,..
1
ecl Tctaplc of Oodd.., Lakshml 'lritb
&"-fDctOUJ tteways. a row of ornameotaJ lt&dia ,'
- .... , housct. au ani rooms and no as or baltic-'
0
1t, aoocx... . W . b
1
utat.
I
I &rouod '' Several ettero iC . o 11rs have pointtd
cd wa o - I sl ' I . Out
lb.l.l ttlcre b a cJosc m1 aruy betwetn tbe
Hu.,.yun tomb a nd lh< TaJ '" Agra . In my book ToJ
Alalral wtJJ
0
Rqj;wt Po/oct I have proved that the TaJ Mabal
, 'rom b<lnJ
10
original Muslim mausoleum ilia an corlic
'
1
r " ' h . b li I
Hladu Temple Pltlacc. l.lkcwuc w at c evcd to be the
Rumayun tomb
11
also an Hindu temple palace.
Nolioe tbe numerous Shakcl Cham (David'$ Sta r) Hindu
tlll<ric deiiSft thll odom ill rop facade (l
To eaO 11 Humayuo's romb is a big hoax since Humayun Is
DO! 11
1
11 ounecl 10 rbll builcliog. Acc:ordio! ro Abu! Foul
Hllllltyuo lies buncd Ia Sirbind while accord & 10 Farbbta
Humayua 11 buried Ia Agra.
MO<I'tr lhm is ao &f&VC at the ground level tbe
o( the buUd& lo the first floor overhead there lu
simple marble oe:notapb but Humayuo's name is not Inscribed
011 ir
C....tranly a writer G. Le :Boo bas in his book tided
TN Watld of AA<Ieal ladlo, published a photo or ma rble
rootpnau found ID rhc building. He them OS Viabnu's
footpnata. Tbatcoofirms our fiodiog that what is believed to
IN; Hull!.lyun' o mousoltum ia 10 tact Lakshmi'a temple ainco
IAUbmllt tbe spouse of Lord V!Jhou.
Yet Cuantoaham baa put up a fake archaeological nolle% al
!hat baoldloa creclorinaua creation to some non-descript Bel*
....... cblldta. ...USow tamale of Kumayun'a team ina hare!ll
1111 jOOO woiDCo H011r 00111d a Bcp Becum wbo hod no roof
- U. locad durin& bcr owo Ufe1lme be tbe author of sucb
1
""' d- edikc 1 Alld by would abc adorn the buddial
.,. 1M ....S ltuotlu llliUilc liao ot iorerlocked uiaoaJu ?
UC'DlAN JotOHUMtfritl c:aeDtTIU TO AIAlH WUIUWJ
Wby hu the build loa hundreds or rooao ia iu numuvu.
1.1oreyt 7 Why arc 1be roomt aad &he ttrracct chaUCftQ Wttb
1toc 11,... of oldi .. rf folk If it wu bullt lot \he 111fct f V.by
has U three dercosave waUa. tatcly ptcY &Dd aaaaa.
outbouscJ clc. 1
The c.ntire templcpelacc hu a hu*" buc.me.at 11ri'th a edho&
IJigb cnougb co acc-ommodate a mouoctd Tbc pusllla.ai
mous An:bat olo&.Y depaumcat haa atver cared to clc:a:n, h&bt
<Up aad explore IUCh dark fCCtliCI p:lore Ia bu.odrfdJ or bbtoric:
monu.ments tbrouahout fndla.
JUiokrl
Tbc area in wb1ch tho Niz.aou.addio abrioc and Humayuo
Tomb Are locactd is koowo at Xllokri, Tbia word 1ipi6.e. a
Jocallty which got II "ked" tbat Ia the ccotrol hon plllor UJ>-
rooccd. Obviously tho refcre.occ b to the day wbca the ocre.m,o.
nial iron pillar, which accordloa to aocitot ctas:tom wu ootl
.$CCTIItd in the centre or Hindu townahips, got Uprooled WbCD
rhe towiUbip """' .rormc<l by the lovadlag MoloO> armies.
Humayun's s:oo Akbar waa DOl even 14 years old wbm hil
f a ther die<!. Akbar waa fae<d with lbc ovuwbclmiog miabt of
a oumbcr of very powerful catmles lodudiog bia owo auanlian
Bchl3lll Khao and a awo111 adl'tr1&1J Htmu. Tbrouabout blo
Ak.bar waacd iaccssant warfare 'lrith Indian priaceo. He
was also faced with revohs by bis owu oobte:me.o and kinsmco
.aU bis life. Vloecat Smub bao obocrvc<l io hi book At&or r/N
Greor Mogul that Akbar had ooc revolt or tbc otbor olwayo oa
hand. Jt ia absurd to think lhll 13-ycar-old Akbar would ever
raise 11 stupcn.dout toooumoot for bis tattler ill the midsl or
wars.
Some ebroolclero have diohoncatly alaimed tbtt it wu
Akbar's foster mother, a cblldlell ovidO"' or Humayun wbo
'built lhe moaumcal for bet butbllld. Th11 ciaUD mull be tub-
jeeted to a close cross:..eumiaalioo. A tbUdlw widow or a
dcccued mooueb, Illiterate and keeping bcnetr witbio tba
i mpeomable ooofinct or a batqa, one amoaJ a lftmiaaloc ol
5.000 used to IN; loa atale of UlriiiiC f'C11111)' benoit.
'"omco cou idctccl rbc-la for1uutc ,r !hey ,., '"" eq..,.
34
..
I
1
ClOfllct to live io peace ucl ICCUrit
.,.. _,, b d ' nd
lhJCIIbl Ml or oil for tbdr dally ... o. Even tbue
_.. ... etc bard to come by 10 th01< habuleat d t
-If w&J so dupcrately sbon or funds that
ALbl.r 11 ooce
wb<olotlllN bis tt<&JUr<r for IB!clauer did oat ba,.
....,. tbll paiU')' To coos1 er t Akbar or bia rao
1
rr
motlltr .-11<4 r&lahal musolculD for Rumayuo's dead body
11
ridoto>loutln tbo cxucme.
susrJanc Tomb
tomb 11 supposed to bave been bu1lt over,
-o who""' the prime minister or the Nawab or Oudb.
.
Tbit clatm
100
canoot otand close scruuny,
Fortrly hlltorlans arc divided on the point wbother lito
JJ!III'Oicum bullllo 1753 or 1754. This aborp divergence
h dur to the fact tht both the groups are on a completely
.,
0111
trail That buildtag was extant numerous etnturiu
bdorc Sa!dar
1
aoa' death. Moreover it is not a bulldiaa which
cald bt coo11ructe.! whbio a year.
Just abo>< the ootrallc:e to the buildioa is a btautirul Rajpuc
,t
1
te woado with a ourow'oruace balcony or the type wbich
..., bt ..., to tbm huadrcds ia ca.stlcs aad palapcs in Raj.u-
thao, Tbc square buddtog is completely or Raj put deai&e
Tbc eclt6ec It olto coeloscd by a protective wall, bavioa ba"ioas
at coram aod watch cow<rs at intervals. All auribuceo
pnm: that n W&5 a maosioo used as a resideocc.
N>othc1 polo! lA bt considored is that Safdarjana had b<cn
duand and dbmlncd from acrvieo prior to bla death. Who
.,II build a palatial tomb for all unemployed nobleman ? Why
of all placu doet bia palatial moaurunt exist In Delhi If be
aa prillle attOIItcr tn Oudb ? Jf bis dead body can bo"t of
ouca rutiDJ plaoc how mucb ma rc Javlah abould
be thr Pllaoc io wblob Safdarjaaa ahould have stayed wbllc
llhvc Wltae11 that pelac:e 7 No body cu ahow.
11
:=-
to be ..... Ditcl tbac Safdarjaaa' soa or bclr
:;'* Da .. -lliCtcd lbe 1D1plficut tomb for tbc dccufCd.
... : W ':.:.
0
,"' >ery allloeot pc110o. He llould
0\llor Pllocea or bia - in Oelbi 10 be rkb
3l
coou.1h to orde-r 1 pelaee for dud body But we. rc sbowo
no palAce bdooaiaa 10 Sa!darj.ana or hh aon. How h '' thea
tbal ooe who did not bave IDY palac. to Hvo hl trbUc alive a.ot
oor, ,r by mJJJC.. on hh death ?
More.ver there oo arave u Juch to the bau:mmc. Thuc
aro only two moundt or loou: rc.d .. \trlck powder wblc:h acu
blowo away and 'ttl'hlcb the. arobacoloay dcptrlment keeps rcplr-
nisbioa fraudulently 10 ma1nt1in a prctt"ce or the buriAL Tbe:
otbcr ruo\lnd It tuppOKd 10 be for Sardur,anaa w1fe. Out which
wife l Slnc l1e had 111 horcnt fili i or oonlort, And then If
there arc two ara.ve cnoundaln I he bascmCot bow oomc tbcrc lt
oll),y one on tho 1lrtl ftoor 7 liven tlun
hat no u1unc Inscribed h ThM marblo too \VAl pilfered
from llllotbl:r lilo\llu mootloo ftllcly !belled Abdur Rablm
Kban Kbamft tomb 1 SafdarJID8 wa1 buncd ftl 1';1parahat 1o
Uttar Prdesb. Therefore bit tomb In Deihl Is an hou.
So.Coltd Sb Moodal
Wbatlt called Sbcr MaadoJ IMide Pur.ana Qda is mll
circular tower Wllh a few DlUTOW rooms.. Tbt very word
.. Mandai .. lbOWJ lbt II WII the cnatjoa or lht RJpuls. Sbc.r
Shah appropriated It chrouah conquell But only because bla
ornuc allac:bcsto h blundctinc Wttte-m .eholan auribule this
s.m.U isollltc.d. uu.ocatcd tower to Sbcr Sbab Indian blltorians
have. not been able IO act rid or that mytb. In lbo tasc or Sbcr
Maodl mora 1mportancc tbould auscb ro tbo wor<l 'Mandai'
than co 'Sber' btcauso It is coo pun)' 1 "ructurc for any ruler
co bo111t about. Sceondty, the fanatic 1nedlacval Musllm rulon
would oeVC)t a Sanskrit nL\MO' IC) describe lbeir own
original construchon. Ttur<lly. the very term Mand:tla' sign,nu
Ira round 1hapc lndlcat1n8 that those who dotlaned and order
ed tbls acnocturc were rho,. nurtured In chc San1krit ltadltlon
and cbac It Ia tho cruncaced tow.r or an cntwhllc p>laee.
Tu&blaqabd
Tuahlaqabad b a maniv:, battlemeoted wlled roW1Uh1p.
in. Dclhl lruldc it cao be tceo burnt ond ru10ecl teuomcou.
uoderarouod pusaau. tow and butooos razed to tbt
around. The 1\oablah made tbOJ captured toWl!.lhlp rbdr bead
quatten. 8c1DI a1toe1ated with their ume for
INDIAN lflSTOl<tC.U. ka..,. _
}1.
.,.
Mli<'" aod ti'Cblcolo&tcal i&oboa
'"'':'Jtl<,adoo&l> asocr tllattbe townsbop "llS founded by ..Ss
'"' bll<l .. II ouJbl toM tnhtod tbot do not co U..
ToJ
1
, ' "'ld but co toed 11 over and plott exlstins .,
104 anw DV1 Cl,lb
, nsta Moreo\'6 demoyers ere not butlden. c
onv m" "fid . h b r "
10
"
tbc rood In a "notter roru e eR!I. ts t e tom o Ghlasuddin
,... -..
11
11 1
curiou.s pyranudal suucture. Towards
Turt ... q ' " n d
11
'
c:ao thll $ott: mall OJt-bes anllit by llny orutmcat
1
IJ'<"'" . b "d' d
ill.stS-J.'!f\l\IQ.I tbat thlJ 011 tog wa.s convene JDto 1 tOCJb
was
001
on&i:lally buflt for the purpose: It
fDfiii<.J
pon of tbe cxtcosl\e TaJblaqabod townshtp tbougb it
0
.,...
ilaodJ apart as a truocartd Thts too is aur.
roulliled by a blfb blttlemcntod wall. ,Inside are some pavittoas,
and
10
undcraround passage, allleadtng 10 the conclusion tbat
thr tom!> 1 supcrlmposition.
Tbe fonifiahotu oarby toowa as AdUabad and Naito Kot
IlK abo t Hi,du roru laid ,.'LIIO by Muslim manudtrs.
r ......
Nw tile spens atadiUID iafroot or Delb i Gate is an old
fornfied towosblp known 8J tho Ferouhah Kotla. From It
0
..,.. It bu beco wrongly w umd that Ferouhah Tusbloq
for bis o o eutle.. But Arbok pillar is firmly plun.
ed oo ou urpn storey. Fuouhab was mown for bis rer"'loUt
IWUrt He could not tokrue Hindu. History bas
n<Oldtd that bt uoed to bum people alive for tbe crime or idolo
-anhip To belle>< tbas <Jdla roler would 011 bis oa hout
In Atbot ptiJar, Willi Hio<b rtliJiOUS edicts iO$CTibed OD II, OD
h11 owo palo<e Is blgbl) ollotica1 Femzsbah could never bn
1011c to lletp peoce under iL lo fact tbe chipped oft' tip of
tb< r<llat sbows tbat to bil fanatic fury Ferouhab must ba ..
tried 10 pan out tile pillar. But obvic"' It would bave cko-
1"'led tb< llole castle and l.rt 1 ppina bote io its <t!lllll
Qt..i.,..,,, be bid to put up wub tba :..-hen pntar to .. nl
....,., ... P"'- htdJ be f0<10d 6t <OOOJb to tor btt ..,.;..
daoct clal!ftl tb>lt doJ1 Of IIISI&bihtw "'YOit and i-DI
ufut_ 1
1
- ocbr< ooloor lion< ..,..ooea ll&os
kJI'" cSl' _...,. 1 .. ..,
1
o( tb roocoed kibla. Koraooe ov:rwntloa etc. <I '
':": ll< odY1!ed to master this techoique or idcotiryi:
boldiop .. Hindu to rcsoSI raocttOUS ood
hlllllo doiCIIl
To tbo Muslim 1 would like to thBI tbolr Drat procll ..
on b1JID11lhould their own Hindu
aod rttumto H!pdul<m whoch '' now ready to welcome them
bart ., IDII&<JirtD&<d brethren. Muslimr who ore nol pre
IO do tbat may thereby realize tbat they lack I he basic
(41rtF aod hoouty to study history or to SJl$1k or write about
Jt. Tboor bo close tbclr eyes to their own history will
...... u, ICI'Oit tbe truth in other areas or history and palfo-
... aopcdll MtniiiD coocoetion or world history.
ACRA MO:SUMEI'IITS
nr TaJ'olol
to lamr or tbt currcnt btiicr tbt it wu Sbabj&ban wh
"'"lt tit< TIJ Mlhl eooccde only two poiots end even lho:
DOC'"'''""' ubtt.uual ruervalioos :
_:ralv:::: aro, two sepulcbral mounda in 1bo
_
14
,.., ""It< TJ look like Muslim 1ombs ond
lllllo or COAlDiu tat Mahal, one or tbe ;hbu
All.vCIOIICio41o
1
tbu poo:l and or Sbahjohan himself,
t.Oif. It Is ... u btnn ba shall now point Out our rescrv
-.do b .. c IIIIIICtlm.,' ltl(b mounds arc fake, Sucb
lullrLop "'"' ao dud 0 nuod on I be tcrntces or historic
..._ ptJIOG could be bu d b
... lltb.u
00
fie Y aoy chaooc.
:::.t'-4 "IS lli1b1
7
do 'fdk burial date or Mumtn
lol lltr b.uial u tfu\ Wbethcr abe wu at all
-.-:0::-Jcon ot :: lll<lltioned u
.......... aolcu I Suc:b neueaqs CYCD
tD " lilted to have be..; coos
t toiOtAH MONUME'tiTS c-I!Ot"f80 tO Al.lEN ftoiiVSL1WJ
uuctt:d for bet hocly. ll hl&bly sutpiclout. Maow:ha. aa officer
4n the tcrvk:e of the P.at fod1a Company duuna
titXJ_e. bu cecorded tbat Akbar" tomb IJ empty. Who knowt
1be.o wbdbcf Mumtut tupposed tomb ts oot cQpty too lo
tpite or aueb wciabt)' we are rndy to presume tbat
ohc owo tomo could be those of and Slabjahao.
2. The po1nt 'n f&V'OUt of tbo tradition.at Taj leJ.C:G.d
<COuld be cbt Koranlo teats have bcc.n h11cribtd tJont tho out
side or tom.: \)f abo archn. Our wei&.hty on ths
pctlat :.1 thAt IUOh I.Otc,tiptlonS CJtilt Ol\ tbe U.teriot o( I he
... dhni o :o Ko Zoj)do io !\)mer and on lhe $0ca\lcd Kutub
Minor in 0.\M. but theY aro known to bo eaOlllull& 1'bo
-etching;s on the TAj theteroro only suJpiciout value:. tbosc:
..arc meft ovcrwritin& on 11. cmptured Hindu buitdiog.
Prooi'J in tupport of our cont<ntioo thollbe Taj Mabol lt
aoeient liindu temvte--p:.lacc complu knowo :u Tc:jomalualaya
are a.s: uoder-
(t) Shabjabon's own officoal court cbroolclt l1'hc Bcbhah-
nouoa) rc<OICit oo pa&c 403 volumc I that Mumtn' body
bumcd from a gra\e io Borhaopur (after 1 sia.mc:mtb burial
there) .,., brou&bt to Aara and iol<rrtd inside maosroo or
uolquc spteodour aappccl whb a dome. Tbat manilon tbco
known u Rajo Mruinab'a mansion was owned by Mansia&b's
graut!Jorl JAiJin&h.
(2) In a lett written by prrnee Auran111eb in 1652 A.D. to
hi rutin& father emperor Shahjahan, Aurangzcb rtportl carry
ina out s.>mo urgcnt. hasty repairs to tho oracl:cd dom and
lcal<log aevco-noteycd building comp\n. Contrarrly tho
modem ateheologlcol notice at lbc Taj eotroooc asserts that
the Taj wu ready brand oow In 165.!. Oou the an:batelOJY
department know hotter than pr\oce Auraoatcb t
{3) Thcre oro two palra of Sbabjtban-Mumtu aravcs, a
pair ucb In obc marble bucmcot and tbe marble ground ftoor
"Wby '"'o srvu uch t Did each or th<m de a double dCJtb t
Aod wby u tbc marble alab or Mum111'1 cenotaph lo tbc bAst-
meat jUJI wbote when tiS bump aad tbc olhc:t tbtoc
o:ootapba bavollhpeo decoration. That "a JUJpfcoous
II'I'DlAt< lflt
d "'at
111
tbtl Mumtaz'a iotmncntln Aara w
'"' fJI"I It' JP"' Mabtraj.l'a tcmpiC'palaO' D<ml plex ..
""' "'v t b ..,
ilclllt ............ t
...,. h bao wb<>l< rei& WliS supposed ,., be a &ollie
bll aotldl CVCD a S<111P of aboutrb:
ru:d oftb< TIJ Thus tbrrc an: no orden COIM1iq,00
":":'be for or IC'!u:aitlon
..,...
11
.., .,
10
, oo dtsJ! draWmC$. no bills or r<eclph,
and ao rJf;dtC account ,beets.
(Sl 'fh< oamc Tal Mahal Itself aigolfies 1 royal resloeoec or
lbC btsl amana rc.tldcnces. By DO or imaslnalion OOUid
1
l'-''>'ard ever be dClignatcd as a palace unless a palnoc Itself
bu be< convcriCd Into o grnvcYird
(6l Had Sbah;ahall r<IIIY beco the eonreiver of tho Taj he
aced aot bavc sperlally instructed Mulla Abdul Hamid not to
G>conooc or describing its construction In the official
bc,.usc the arandcur and ma,r-sty of Taj u the
bell aeblc>rmcot or a ruling monarch ooald never be loSI
slallt or b
7
a paid coon cbro11icler. He should not aced a
pr<ial , .. , ..scr roe ...
Ill Mlla Abdul Hamid's chronicle eoota1ns ocrious d*'e
paacle " " tbt a!>scDcc of lte designer's oaooe, ao4 a ridicu
14uly rt utimate (*I lak.b rupees) of tho cost or tho Taj,
blb b tcOft'ed at b) sobsequeot scbolan.
((() E-.a otbtr estimAtes of the vary from Ra. SO lakb&
to "' 9 crottt ad 17 lakb,.
\9) Sbab,ahau's roiSJ! wu no golden reigo since it wu
marrod uooadloa wan aod revolts. epidemics aod famine..
(16) Sbahjahaas overbtarioc. conceited
1
tingy and aelf-
..atred oature ruled out any pouibility of bls wutina aoy
IIIOD<J
00 1 ltotimeotal projetl amounting to throwing away
_, "" d4 body.
Ill) Tbat bo could .
..s.nu,.,
1
W<b not nco Ia Ius wildut dreams cooccivo
1M& .... lbc ..,:.:ous project is apparent from tbe fact
-u., toil
08
teU us that he modo tbe
,.,..111 A..:;:crc taUODI Without &ivioa :bem aoy eu:.
- UJ1 that be made RIJU
Maharajas pi)' \a tat: parl or the C0\1. So CYC.'O tbe addhioa
and llct'llhnn rtqulrc4 i.o coovt.thDI a pallco 1oto a comb
were JOI done b) m1k101 labourt:rs 1011 for mttc mcalfC
ratioM aocS by .mpotioa lco;'a Oft aubs.crvlcot
(tl} If il ttupcodOUI mooume.ot tlkc tbe Tl h buih rot
c:ooson there would bo ocnmoalal butlal date and il wcnt\4
nos ao uarccorded. But oot ooly it t he burial date not mc:o-
t1oncli btU evon abc pc.. aod durina wbcb 1ht may have. bun
burled in tho Taj! V4flet from lb monlbl 10 nia.c yeaf1 or
Muroca:t"J clta\ho
(13) Mu01tn bnvoa b<cn ronrrlcd 10 Shah]aban wbeD lh
htttec w1u l l yens oiU sboWt that the w bi.s wnptt entb wife
be:e-ause tu Shabjabla"t tln' e and royal ebUdren a\
lhat used to be p14nic:tl much before 'bey cotcrcd I heir tu nJ.
H1vins been umpteenth ond ont amooc at \t ast S1000
wlvc:s there was no reaJOO wb) the 1houW be COcmtt morated
i.n a dreamland mon\lmcnt.
Even by birth Mumtn bcona a commoner sbc did ant
dcser"'-e a palatial monument .
(IS) Hi>tory milia no mcnuon or aoy apecbl outOflbC'
way auaduncot or romance bct..,eco Sbabsabaa \Dd MumJ.u.
durin& tbm life umes uohkt 1b1t or Jabanair IU1d Nul)t ban.
This sbow1 tb&l the aubte'lucnt of IO\'c il 1 coaooc-
uon seeking to JUitify lhC "' about !be bulldina or tbt Ta}
fot Mumtu's dud body.
116) Sbahj&ban Wit no paoron or.... Had be be .. ODC be
"ould no< bnvo hAd the hurt to d top tbc banda t>f those who
are said to tolled to bu\ld (he monument for his wife, An
prtlst, el peclolfy ono dlscoololotc on hll wife' dh. would
not Indulge Ia an orsy or a kill rut oraflsmen. But tb
maimlns nory Is apparently true !)aulc, .node to toil o101ci
teu ly oo mea arc raUoos JUt\ to uJurp an anctcnt 30d
palace to bouse a corpse, iofurlatcd tbc workmen
who broke 10t0 revolt.
J 17) The sublerraoun emerscncy .-11 from tbe Toj ID the
fort could ooty exiSt a pala. A dead bodY do<s not aced
uy CiQpe rou1c aod a subterranean one at tbac.
,0
e of tb< tao1ona that II tbe rear pou,
11
lo
Clll Tilt ulotco<
1
raJt h oeoul marble structure cooJlslo o f a nearly
(191 EvcJ> : l&ot ,.;
1
, wbicb could :101 be llD orlaonol
!DAib < P'
,..,.!> I -
TJ .,.,
111
plex coota o... ourly 300 or even
(,20\ Til< ...... h h
I
'
111
eorridors, on 1 e ... scmcnt, 1 & upper
..,.,tt rooms a on
f't\Ort and Ht miD)' IOW'H'J,
The ..,...ued m0$QUO on ooc Oank aod tho nondes-
Cll t<rl'ln cophemlstically explained &Miy as a uselou
11
the .,.st pavilions, auard rooms and waitina
Ulh c( tilt polaoc.
(lll Tbe plume pavilioos in tbc Taj premi;cs could never
101111
JWt of
1
sombre tomb bot olways of a palc:e.
(2.)1 The wonlo Kalu aodBual (tower) are Sanskrit words.
Tbt)' OIYJI4
0
,,., bave (lltaed ea orional maUS<)Ieum uoleu
Ill<)
11
ock 1c tbr promiw before tbc buddiog wa< requositlonod
lot ..,.,.....,. 11110 tom).
(24) The decorauvo patterns are not only ento.ely oflodoao
IIDII botl\10 of ll<red !loodu motifs like tho lotos, whicb
'nlfl4d' cbsrocteruu.,, aooordlna to Islamic bolter,, would
occr atlDw IllY peace 10 tbesool of tbo oodivoduals lyins buried
ut>4trocolh
125) The pllcrll1. ardlcs, suppotlioa brackets and cupolas
ate ellllnly lD tbe lilndu atyle sucb as caa be seen all over
1\ojpolllll.
WI! Ukr <W1 otber IUlpicioua upec& or tbe raJ the
period oiOODIInlt:llotl b vatllllllly Ill ltd IO be ) 0; 12, 13, 17
01 21
,can. "biclt apoa Jlnn':a thattbe traditional versooo os a
...,__ "PrattAtlt &he above P<llods are all uue so nee
- _,
110
"' "''" I b
a... w o( "'" w t on 10 years. Some others,
.. I ,..:,.c: .::"' llnbbcd at dlffcrcot pcnods. These
or.,...&Jiyo pate.;c. to the bellcr &bat the Taj wa$
tiT) E- To..,.,.,., tollt
--IIOCIIloc all or the btai tnooy lbot he saw tbc c:oatmen
ldooa wort wblc wcakcnona tb:
l tCDIAN MONU.MunS C"aEOn"'D TO AUDt MUSUIIU
a.so of tra.ditionaHsu stronatben our ea.o bc.cauc Tavetoior
arrived on India onlr In 1641 l.o. 10 yura after Mumta'
<Ieath. If blo Stltconcnt lo 10 be believed the Taj wu not hcaun
C\'en aOer 10 years of Mumta&t dcatb. His llltemeo\ belpa ut
to refute tbc lradiuoool theory. It bu all alooa
been our >>tention lbat Jao Sloab's bcredirary p1lace ,....
1ake" ov<r from him and Mumtu buried In h &Omclimc all.tr
bar dcoth. Sinee abo wao olrudy burled In the buildlna for II
year bcrorc TavorQ.iar arrived in India, herders 10 tho build-
t.oa only Mumtu s Tomb. and when durioa bis prea.eoce in
India from 1641 to t668 aK&tfoldlna "'"' uloed and Komo\c
-ctcbiogs wero carried ou1 be. rcrcrred 10 h "tbc eomlbeD
-cemeut and tbc cod of the buildioa work" durina bit preHDOe
In todia. We therefore, fully accept Taven:aicr't record aod &lYe
it a most honoured place in our lcstimooy.
(i8) Apparently tbe rcpona that Sbabjoh:w lcvitd larao
:.mounts on Raju and Maharaju and the SCM:alled bulldma
work draaaed on over 10, 12, 1'3, 17 end even 22 yea,. are all
very true dc .. lb. We fully accept tbem. They fit on four square
with our caae. Sine< Sbabjaban wu too shrewd t o opeod ony
thing ou1 of hit own J9Cket and would 1- no opportunity or
taxing and persecuting tho local people he made political ond
economic capilli I eve a OUt Of tbo d .. th of h!J OWD wife. WbJle
on the one head be compelled tbe Rajas eod Mahara;aa to pay
for the alteratiODS IO the pallte, owned by 000 of their OWD
l<itb and kio, that it may be converted into a tomb, he made the
labourcn and artisans toil on a meaarc ration. That lswby the
work draaged on .. l a snail' p1oe over a lang period.
(29) The designers oro votiously mentioned by Westetn
acholars to be Europeans and are claimed by Muslima to be
Muslims while the l mperlal library Manuscript aootalns all
Hoodu names. Wbat greater proof Is ocedod of tbe uuer falllly
of the traditional Taj tbcory.
(30) Apart from tho feet that the Imperial Lobrary Manu-
tcript lilts all Hindu name1 there II one other very r<IDllrbbk
detail wbioh the trodillonal claims aboul the drslpcll
of the Taj he ins lORI< European I Or MJls\imo. It lboUid bo
noted tbtl even a moo& the Westera tcholars there are two
HIJTDRtC.u. I
, rau"" Ooc aurrbul the TaJ desla.o to Ocronlrno Vcr
,.. dl . A oneoao.
ltalt.n Tltc 11tbtt croup ere tl to ushn de Bourd
l
"tcnchman. The coofusion n the Mutlim camp or sc.;o,u.,
1
d ld d
. "' '" ,,
tqllallt Tlte)' too are tV e 1010 three groupS
0
monlltM that l'!ssa Effendi waa n Turlc, aoothcr
1
Dt
1
p . s n ,
vtbcmcnll) be was a erstao. nee after all P.u.
rtrco.dt 1s a fictitious nAme plucked from nmoog those
I
1
. d
In l.bc wrrtcr' s cltues h s oauona Y rerulliDt vngue. Tbe thlld
vcrr
00
iJ rbc Ahmad Mcbodis was tbc urchhccc.
(31) far (rom CllUsiog blm aoy expenditure the Toj
robe the procrbtal hen laying golden &as for Shahjahao.
Tr&diuooal accoonl$ tell us chat the Toj had gcmstuddca
matblc scrccot, gold railings ond silver doors. Even SbahJahan'
own or een his wife's plocc did oot possess such fairy-t ole
laarurcs wb.ift the two were alive. It is absurd to 6Uggest thnr
them coSll} ocd fabulous fiuuru almost dropped from btavto
o1 sooo u Mumrsz died. Bur the accounts of those lixturu nrc
nevtrthtlen true. We accept them u such. They fully suppon
our that Shabjaban, shrewd as be was, made capitJJ I evon
our "'fe's He used tbnr sombre occasion as n
lc\tr ro force llliiOJh our oJ bts ancestral palace. Mumru wa&
buried Ia a stripped. cold palncc robbed or all its eosrty rrApp
inl', lorer coolly ro Sbabjaban' ueanry. And it
"'tr< aot mcrcly the trappi ngs, mentioned above, wbich ""'"
rcmo1od but also the RaJput Ptacock Throne which was kept
amid" l.bole rupleodcat surrouadio&l. Because what cl&e
ctPllh< P.ocock Throne could be kepr m on coclosurc cor
donc4 Gil' b) t <mstuddcd marble screens, and equipped with
lll doart ood &old raihngs1 Tbe Peacock Throne which wac
Clnt<d to Inn wu. tbtrttort, nor n Mo1ul bur a
n octto\ ilcrcd, lndlao Ksbotrlya throne which might even
d&k b>tlo to IID>O(pal or the 4th Century A. D . or Vlk11JmJ
d\1) 1 IOUO bcjan the Vikram in S7 B.C.
0 21
The pttu where tho Toj II now situated was a buY
t.,. whp l no ... n .. th J
T
1
m tngpura and Khawupura. The
-:. "'' ;the fotJI ceotre af thote townshipt. "Pura' ' In
laDd. I 110> U I buw tOWnthop Inc! not l.R open plot of
l ttOIAl'f MONUMBtiTS Ca iDri'IO l O A.LIIM MUJLIMS
(l3) The unlvemUy cooccclcd fact that theTa) PfOI'Cfl7
wu taken over by Sbabjabao from Jahinp b 1i1nlftunt
de toll which clinchco tbo l11ue. The belief thll it wu an 01'C1'
plot that Sbl bJaban rook and nor a ready palau Ia rooted In
rbe auumptioo tbatl built tbe tomb. There 1$ no otbec proof
for ot. That usumplioa b baselus.
( )4) The TIJ palace has variauo other ncuu outalde ill
outer peripheral redttonc walla. TbOK were moeat for counkn
ond ol.bcrs closely oooacctcd witb tbe palaeo.
(3S) The Taj bad araod aardeo, II araveyard never bouts
of luocious fruit a.nd ftaBOlDt 6ower tr< sioot tbe idea of
eojoyloc the fruit aod ftowcrt or a araveyard orchard it revolt-
Ina. Tbe gardco could bave, therefore, only been tbe adjunct
of a palace pure and olmple. Tbc trees, moreover, were tbOM
b<:ariog Sanskrit names. and select sacred plmlt at tbatlike
Kctaki, Jal, Jul, Champa, Maulaahree, Harshrlaaau and Bel.
(36J It Is on record that Babur died Ia hit prdcn pal ... at
A1r1. There h no otb<r palatial building ia Aara exocpr the
Taj or which tho gordeo wu to important an adjiUICt u to
form an loS<porablo aod iodlspcnuble adjoctlye, Tbt prden
palace In which Babur dltd four gmerallont before Sbabjahe,
wu no olhtr thao the Tlj.
(37) Akbar oa his early visltt to Aara UJtd to lil Y In
Khawasputi oad Joisinghpurs wbich dcarl7 allows tblt be
ttaytd IJ\ the Tlj. He could not stay there permaaenrly lo pita
of iu maani6ccnco because its defeasl't"t St:ut(Uf'H bad ell
mowed down in ucc:csst-. usaullt And Akbar. deeply bated
as be waa by all from hit own son dowowards. could not all'ord
10 ttay lo an unb:trricadcd place or pal>tt.
(38) Btrootr saystbat the oel hcr-chambtrt of theTa] '""
opened only oott a year aDd no aoo-Muslims nre aUo....S io-
aide. That shows the blllbbuall tcerecy maintained abouttbo
undergrouod noon of tbc Taj. It II Pity tbal bodl -
aod our scholars allow ao CIJC11'CStto opal up
tbo undcraround cbamb<:n of rbc Ta), clear I be debris. prowlde
liphDJ, remove rho lilhDII in slalrc:un ed roomo ud lei
srudenll of bisrory aad cwa laymcn ba" a fm ""' oi!M
preIJCS. The Go .. ro-1 c:u eata a baocllomo f-
"""'" tuncaJCAL ltsiAaCU
..
>*to I<'')' ftlk lbc lbe
.. It .. r ': OJCMU will be all lhe wlter by
lr! .. _,_., auara6odl< of tb11 araocl
"""""" II tb< n.,..
11
roc11 6nt,.IC matcnal for
... flJtltnd c.d be toEDC buntd UC&SUIC: dtcre
-'"" """s:::. lb< c:;.,..,....c, acd all .-ton of I be
;:::::.
10
,.,. bj tbf'l'IDI op<ll 111 toaJcmeat to all ,.ho
CS1f ta uc I
tl nt Tarllb .. To) !>h i>JJ deed hu boca dettcted to be
,,..,.,
("'l Tta Ttj ptelt are 6ued lib maPlvo, beavy,
a;o'ltd 4oc:l
r
4
u ,. mod ttoiiiSdU oo oome ttdcs of tbo Taj which
tutlt wu a palace bcfcm be na coovcrled Ia to
bt=mW< ... po!Ats -kl be blou&hl up on favour or
- _...,1100 llol II>< ,et lilt W< lllvc aaid above lbould
- 10 '"'' C&t tilt tradltioDSI ICCDUOI ar Sbah)ohao
uq l!t Ta Mihal sbouiJ raal u one of tbc bIIUI
Ism d r) Aacl lbt pntktal of !be Ta1 bobble OUIOo
II&!GilJ of melliA<'II butary. We IDI) buc
.,rcbbl) nr:a!11t.t ord of lbc wrc bbtoriao Sir B M
lo pm.a 10 lair CJ&l>!TOJUIDC !tully Of media
rnlwo:ldo lw ,..., tptiJ ud polmcdly rcm.rked 1hatthe
l:l!1M} of tbc Musluo perood '" India "it an nterffied and
llOl'lld<Dl h'""'.. Uofonmh lbo fraud baa boon laid 10
*<r lllat""' I""'' lUi. Elliot 01bo l<oew tbAt 11 wu a
u Olol' cbcl.!rd '"'' bclitlint tOme upcc11 of 11. Tho
!Ud hit ltt<n 110 eouaa01m>te tlw l<ll<rltiona of ocbola,..
::::= aod hkc Fcr.....,n. Vionl Smilb &lld
,,.. bodty duped I bopc that .acbolars. 11udentt
If llti!OSD '"'"" II !cut oow 'il up and tbtnk
tlia1 bcada lmnad tbe &and a of faoctful
:U"" ..
1
11
' or "''""' lod11o acbool4.
.._WII DlotiiUhOCtl 'Altice h h T
nrWaa ll:< "'Jb I an I< aua ty lj
- ......... .,..., .,.:
0
'
1
.. "'"' \ acd mlu4
-..c._, .. Clllt u&ll1.o ! ""' of the Moaul
P'Q.b n ut.omae.ically earrlt'
aUt he ...... butl<hap ID lit tralo OUI or lbc faoclcd Mo,ul "'
tb< Muslim yard 10 aeneral .,here thay lay U>urpcd. c:oa&acat
cd dumpod 10 the name of varlou wltans. emptton,
eunuchs, rauzdars, polleD aocl o bhlltlos. ADd wbal all
I bel< bualdmJtll< removed from the Clcdll ude or Mull1m rule
io India tbelr whole history is reduocd to a ahamblcs.
Tbe new tlgbl lhrnwn on the o;lgin of the Taj Mahal
abould. therefore, induco in our teach.,., professou. ocbolan
aod "udcou of history and uoavc11itie the need for a tborouab
in this fascnatlna tuh)tCt uolt\1 we are reoolulcly
rcJigned and sworn to perpetuate what olrcady appeart 10 be a
bad joke aod an uncon.cionable load of falltboods from onder
which Indian bi&tory cries out tO be reJcutd and relieved. Will
our historians rise to tho occasion or tbe publie cry ow for
tbdr tiJbl to be told tbe truth I Wbal pusu for lbt history of
lbc Musil en pertod an lad a a today Is 99 per ceat or tbcllulf lbal
Arabian Naghto IS mtde of.
Tbe agc-old araumcnt of believers io tbe oo-c:alled Indo-
Saracen that tbe Taj it tbc eulmill2tion of tbll
ilylo, no longer bold aood """ tho Taj itself is only a Rt)put
palace converted 1nto 1 Mushm tomb .
Endorsing tho fiodloa that 1ho Taj Mahal far from bcioa a
17th Ceotury Muslim tomb. is a mueb ancient Kiodu polaoc.
Dr fvl. Flagmelor. President of the AmcraCID Sodety ror
Seandlaavlan and Ea51orn Studies, 40S9 Monroe Street Nonb
eall, Mlnaeopol!s. Minnetota, U.S.A , wrotc an bU letter dat<d
Dococnbor 6 196S addreucd to the nu1hor : "We ba>'e looa
bold in the absurd nouon thll Shahjahan bllill the
Taj Mabel. Your scbolatly lnvestianuons hoVe boulertd our
own theories. and you arc to be commcndtd for the clantY wuh
" bieh you have presented th .. new and refrctbin& '""'"" or.
turbulent chapter of lodtan bhtory (On my visit to tbc TaJ) I
u by tbe fact that in pt of cerlaln ,Mogul wp<rli;l&
hiles, thll wu NOT " Moaul bulldaa. For enltlplc tb< tour
lllllllrciS reminded me of bad seen of HtoJu
lure 1n Whll wa then known &> RaJpUiaoa AI>O. tb o<IQO"
liil 4uiao wu dcfinatcly of Hlodu o<l"
"
1lt ,__. "-'""""\. Tbrone sporited away by tho
__., Houuu I .
nr -Sll.all .
0
tru. is no ongcr on Ulltence. In
.. ,..,.. Sidjt fur) the throne W8S dtS:nembcred aod liS
-..dlat or givco away. Bns of tbll
pl p/11< ld prrhapl be craccd among the royal Jod
_.,.t
1
""' if a proper search is undertaken
lltlllrltoaiiS cs me any with tbe impression lbat tbc
\ llit.m
10
:Ul' mean on& The Peacock Throne) treasured
TIILht-c-la"' possessions there 1s the throne seiud and
_, '% Sadir Shab. Butt be extant TakhteTaus is
camt6 . sso'a "'itb oo peacock tllliY on tt, It gets its
bbH\*
100
' ' b f T
- "'Ta" lt.t Peacock) not rrom tbe ut rom a us
aa sout11tarl of a former Jranlan ruler wbo loved
10
.U.IooeiO tbt lady on tb.ll throne.
'"'*""Uy,lbr Ptaeock Throne also belonged to the same
.... famill bleb ltlt owned tbe Taj. It was sacrilegious
r. a WilLa MOardl to bave ordered a throne with anomal
lodltb< tbzOG< and the Toj e.oter into the unauthentic
about the same time. The
+ palace (DOW koo'lrll as the Taj) provided just the
"""lfPl ol tni!O& fCK !be tciotdlating throne.
A..-'ISoCslrl J- M .. )W
II lk toioht olthe crowded city of Agra IS a huge citadel
...,IIOJie ans. IllS now called tbe maio mosque. But
: '"'l !:::"''of lllltOoe Willis and Other indicatiOnS SUCh liS
..::: -ot pooot out that it could only bo an earlier
..., =:
1
<1Dple of the royal deity, Usually principal
.,.._ Moal
1 0
'
01
India wrrc eaptured &lld converted into
- 1\o - IIIOI<IO<s l.t, lama Masjid.s in mediaeval
'111100 tablrt ""
0
h"
n b .. ,_ II" ays thar the mosque
r lahaa.t d
a ,.._....,. ra, IS a forgery. Row coul
"" I* late tr butld a palaual
.. ,
,, ...
A>as .,
... .:_-....... _
1A lliloo r
104
"
0
ne complu atop a
-"'" \:
'
11
DOWO U filch pur Sikri.
1HOIAN MONUM.BHTS CIU5DITI!O '10 A\.IBM WUS:U.W.S
...
<:urr<nt lod!llo blttorlcal tcall o.od tourln htcratgrc profaun4t
1
wert the royal 1own1hip wu built by Akb&r, thc tblld
1CDCrltton Mogul emperor who rulecl ovc.r I large: pa.rt or htdta
from I >56 to 160$ A. 0 .
Since all ella at mediatval monumcnll tbrou&hout lndta
evco tbouab or pr< Muslim oriaio, bavc been blatantly credted
ro I hi& or that alien Musltm tu1cr It is oo wonder if the
pur Sikri royaltownshp also sull'cred tbe llmdatc. Butlbe"'
ts volumooous evidence to provo that Fatchpur Sikn wos a
Rajput township cncompautna all hs c>taot moou
mcots, conwuotcd severe! centuries before Akbar Tbouab
this would be a Ouing topic for a book yet In vll!'lf or
tho amoynt of evidence ovAllablo a rapid 1urvey of tbat evi-
dence sboutd aivo tho lay r<nder and reseacbcr alike enouah
&rounds to scour out from his mind the traditional notion tbal
Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar or for that matttr by any
alien Muslim overlord. Tbc malo points of the cvideocc may
be summed vp as under :
1. A number of Muslim chronicles ptrtainina to the rcicos
cf rulers precc:diog Akbar allude to this towMbip as
"Fatbpor.:", or u "Sskri" and even Ill "Fatbpore Sikri"
2. A bistorieal book tilled wriuen by Jwto<c JM.
Sbtlat and published by The l!h3ratly3 Vidy Bombay,
carries fncillll page 82, a painton& ClolpUooed "Rnmayun'o 1roopo
entering Fatbpore" Here 11 may bo remembered that Humayun
was Akbar's father. The paiouna Is dear proof that FatbpQre
(Sikri) t)tisted before Akbar.
0
3. Tho fttlcful bailie between Rona Sooga and Babr-tho
rounder or the Mogul Jynasly lo lodi-ws fought atound
Sikri "within siahl of the hillock" u Is meotlonod to
BabtK"t Memoira Rona Sanaa had to come out of the walled
township because the beli<alos Mogul fo=s were ravaaoa
tbe n11ss.-.erina innocent clvihans and poisonto&
the water of tbc Anup Lake which was the township ma1a
rn uvojr. The Rn )lavina emerged out 10 give b.\111<. Bihar
states that tbe ball!<: was rouaht wltblo view of the httloct .
4. Tbo formed ore hkety to arpe that the <OJ,,.IDCol
was rou&ht a few moles eway al Kaowoba. Buttbat is oot tile
.li INOIAtllllSTORICAL a-
eARCtt
,.holcrrulh Tilt Kuwaho bottle was only an iootial eoco
d d I b UOI<r
belwctll Lbt1 fotee>d I . c oc or Ran a Sanaa,
(ore.._ The uhun&te tcos.-c atlon was oOUBbl around b
pur S
1
1tro a few days la1er wilh the main body or the
b) 1be !Yna blll!torlf.
< Tbc maS5J\c Will wbicb encloses lbe e11tirc townsbi
io<ludin& the and of acres of plain &roua:
aUII bean marl.s o( 'belllog. Gaping holes in the wlllts arc
procf or Lblr' > troops having aimed tbror guns at Rau
Slog 1 defeoctl
I Tbat Akblr himself hved io such a ruioed towoabip ;,.
USiified 10 by a representative of the British crown who called
oa Jab&OJII !000 afitr tbe.latteJ succeeded to the throne ofler
hit father Akbar's death. Tbc caller has recorded that the
m"'llllip WU on ruins. even ISSUmong that the township WIS
buill by Akbar, when we see oCs magoiliccnt monuments stand-
mt rnfltt for Ill these centums in all their splendour, as
tltou&b lbey were built only j";$lerday, it surpnues one' s imagi-
oato"" bow the towndup, prcsumrd to have been completed in
ISU, could have beta 1n ruio$. withon 23 years when the
EnJli>hmon VJsoltd Jab1ogor there. This piece of testimony
n elrar that Akbar .all along lived n the Rajput town-
llup !bot bad got batlered wheo his grandfather stormed it only
I lew decades rarloer.
1
Aootber Eoahshman, Ralph Fircb sited Farebpur Sikri
"'September IS&J. In the notes that be bas left or his visit he
u."'ll41ra Aara .. nh Fatchpur Stlcn lvbieb shows chat be looked
botb aocorottowrabops. Had Fatcbpur Sikri been a
_._ .:..DI:w rownlblp completed around 1583 A D as Is falsely
aD MusJ h .,
dol h om< tonoelu, he would have said ao and would
10
e ; coFmpaoed the lwo, He alto Sllys that merchants used
"'' to llthpur s c d'
Tbi k '"
10
osplay thtor costly goods for Pk
1
'
110
lndleaiCI tba the mercantile
pranw;,: Had Fet b S .
lhor Fucb would e pur n been a now town
., luat Dlt have .It with aoclcm Agra-
a .... ,, IOUIWied P<clllcally meDIIIUirna Patchput Sikri to b<>
towa.
L Tloc Sull.flt II&IDC (An up)
or tltc buce lake (now dry)
ff(DfAH MOtfltloU!'NU Ck8DI'BO 1'0 ALIDI" MUSUMI S9
ouuldo Potohpur Sikri abo provet !bet It wu bull by tho
Rojpuu In prc-Mu>llm 1lmc:s.
9, Tho fct that tbc Aaup Late butS! In I S8l compclhna
Akbar tO Hnily d .. crt the IOwnthlp also IUIS<I.II tbat lhe l1k6
had long suffered from nealeet and laek of matnlena,.. fru a
number or decadu (l.o. evcrsince llabar had nor mod Into aod
Fotehpur Sikri). Hid tbc lake been nowly conmuctcd
10
a walerroservolr for the FOiebpur Sikri 1ownsbop ot sboalcl
not have bunl.
10. Mualom atcounli variously aserobc tbo
bealnnina or lbe conotructlon or Faith pur Sikri tO 1564, 1569,
IS70 nd IS71 A.D. ThOR dilferina version tbemschu PfC'C
their falsity.
11. They further m11011on that the lo,.nsbip was completed
around 158). If tbst is to why did Akbar (in ally abandOIL ltln
158S 1 tbc real re .. oo waa that the lake bulil in ISS) made. It
impOS5lble for Akbat 10 live In tho ancient Rojput
Had Akbar 101 both 1be loke and towntblp coastructod and
completed by 1 S83 then firstly tbe lake would not have bu!il ID
1583 A.D. and secondly Akbar would rather bavc &ot 1be lako
thn 1otolly abandon a newly built polacx-eomplC10
But Akbar bad 10 leave becau1e he lacked I be koow-bow oven
10 repair the lake.
12, Jun wbef< the Elcpbt.nt Gale {Hatbipol) opens on the
lake os a miniature cower with a aporatllna ualn:se runon&
around h. The tower bri&tles with scorel or llonc brackoll.
Ths Is 1radltiooal H1ndu Oe<p-Stambha I lamp poot
lnrront Of lompiOS and palaces. !'art ben lamps Ultd 10 be placed
on chose brackets. Lookin1 resplendent tho lamp-post was
called "Hir80lllayo (aoldeo)". Tbut same Sanslmt has
now beeo defily traostormrd into Hiran-Mlnor to lit 1n with
the forged Akbar-!eaeod, and the tower is 111d to mark lbo
bunol spot of. per dcct or Akbar. Did dtcr aprCII L
dying wilh for a Hindu lamp-poll with a spiralllna 11alreue u
1 memorial?
1:. Tbc bolts or two bugo elopbi.DIIIIouiluQI tba Hathlpol
pie b<>or muto WJiltest to tbclr orl.ala, Tho IIDH .,._
pbants bave tbeor buds hmmncd aWl). Their ,,...., ... 10
INDIAN 8UIOI\ICAL
form 10 uc1o 010U tbe eolruco eaactly u !bey d
city palac< Ia a RtJpUI otate c:apitel, Kotab cveo n "-
dtphoot pra .. ,. on Cbiuor and the Red Forts
Silllllt,
Ddbi I !Jam fi'OWIIJ on all lclols. Moreover tbc el b Ira 1114
oU alooJ been a of royal aod cliyiae misbt ep tat baa
pocy ia l:l . .odu mytbolou and history. lt is
1
u., 'lid
fadlaa aalmal. Tboa provu tbat far from consrruP<,c"fton,
Hlllupol pte of Fatebpur Sikri Akbar bad lhe : "I lbe
bebndecl and tbtir srac.IUII.Y arching trunks h <pb
1
fllt
IIIIIDtftd
..... ,..
14. Similar vandalism may be noticed inside
11130
F
por Sotri IDI.Diioos where peacock plumes oo walls :0.
dalaclleclaway. ......,
U. Tbo eutore township with Irs stables for houes (A
sbala) aocl elepbaou (Gajubala) 10d intricaleiy omamsbva.
HlDdv workiDIIIShip and motifs ;1 in the traditional R
lfyle. IJPUI
. 16. Ewa ill names and associations arc almost cxolu I
u Paoobamahal, Jodl>abai's Mahal T: .,.ly
:::t' Borbal Mabal. Tbi show, that alien Muslim
u euy ::oae. ornately carved Hindu buildings with
.. aiCleucc.
17
Tbe Salim Ch
Handa mublc templc iDJido t omb. is ao _ornately carved
caoed llllrblc pillar "hicb bu out. h 16 an cxquiJilcly
lOmb. It bas liJo a .... b
00
PIIICC to acnuioe orfaioal
.-1111 Ulllory pahlae.
11. Tbe -- r
,_.,_ o a Mu1lim k"
- u llldf proof that the '- . a
1
" tomb anywborc In
-..hlp because mecll
1
M tloo llllrh an ancien I Indian
._ Ia tho modn utlim fakirs used to take rffi
lly .,..t arc This may be observed
IOJDb't in Dc!lu d
11
Nlumuddin and Bakbriar
..,.....
10
tbat of Moiauddio Cbistl In
lt. Ia tbobat
Ill& Pay au tba 'luadrtaalc ft.tllltocf by tb II d I d
h l'oal'a 'IIYII Ptnoay there are e soca c Bu an
..,.. Pll oi'Stlaa Cbisu. Ch k b .acore of other arave1
.... Had Akbe, y )OWl , Witb it lin tbO
toorafbtp could be baw
IHOIAN MONUMI:tn'l C&(D\TIID TO At.IOf MUI\.UR
allowed 1be maaoiGcer.t, buae, paved quadrooato 10 be turned
lnto a aroveyard 1 Which monarch outd c:vtr loko on tal&
.,avcyard his pillow-bead 7 o\ppatoolly tboso arovn .... or
lbOI-C Muslim combatants wbo rell tberc. while ltorauaa lht.
township in 8tbur's time, Of of fakirs ,bo rctlded in tho ruins
aubsequently. It l1 olao doubtr..J wbolber Sbeokb Sal"" Cboali
11 all lies burled wberc be it suppose4 10 be becau10 bls crave
appcan quite difl'orcol In 1bapo from the other trianfllllor
mounds.
20. One vcraodab of that same huge quadrangle Ia also
desiaoatcd u a mosque. Thls also proves that thil botcbpotcb
or. mosquc:-cumcravoyard-cum-royal quadra.o&Je pierced by
totrcriaa majeJiic aateways was a makeoilo, improvised m.e of
a captured Rajpultowosbip. E.W. Smi1b and otbcr Western
bilforiaos bavc noted that tbe 00oliled .mosque bas many
Hindu fcatres in h intricate workmanship. A c.lose exam11ll
tlon of tbc premiS<J shows !bat tbc hu&c qoadronale WlL> tbc
kitchcocumdioina square of Rajput royalty before the to.,o-
ship wu uptured by Babur.
ll. In tbe huge quadraoale Jnfroot of the Panch Mahala
buae Cbaupa1 board bas been delineated on thepavecl redstone
O.oor. Chaupat (Backaammoo) is ao u clusivtl)' Hondu of
hoary origio. It used to be tbe mall popular pll$tlme in media-
eval timet. Cbaupat it never played in Muslim bduscbolcls.
Tbls board also proves that the township wu buill by tho
Rajputs .
21. Tbc term "Sikri is of Saosktit oroaoo. In Sanskrit
"Sikau" me.sos: sand". From tbi.s a native priodpalhy in tbe
Ufldy Rajasthan! oract is !mown as Slkar Tbc dim1outi'c
feminine form of Sikar il ' Sikri" , If Is common for people
from Sikar to name 1 new towruhip as "Sikro' ' Thot 10 a
JlOinJer to the facttbat the oriaioal rounders of Fatehpur Stkn
may bavc been a Rajput clan from Sokar. Tbc suftlx "Pur" abo
indicates a township, In Saaskrlt. The prcfia ':Fateh" anl6c
a township. Therefore, the Muslim prc5a "Fateb"
itself l.t prooftbll t Fatebpur Sikri is ao earlier Rajputtowoshlp
captured by the invadina aheos,
23. In the quadraoalc to front of tbc Paocb Mabal to a ral:aoJ
INDIAN IOIS10klt'AL a,
li$e_t.a C1,
IIC!IIl rtai(Ottll d<eortltd 11b I bU&O pylhOnlfkt CUtVlo
>tDat ""II, Tile tc.&l u m .. ol for I be royal Hindu Ul a I 1\'<1.
donor rul<. 6n rbc a!cll are iiiJCI' ibed epiSOd ro ;
Hadu antbolon aucb as Gajeodra.llloksba.
01
rom
24. Oppaolfclbc anrotoser's seal oo tbc otbor trdo orr
qllldrlll&l is acaoe .at!!r-c:IO<k rucb as was invariably u he
ID ttll tbetlare, rn all H.rndu ]{Jbatriya and llrabmln b Sed
111 SanoLrrl name is ObaliPalnl. omc._
2S. In rbe recorda of Al:bar's reign rhere b not cv
r
1
b b F co a acrap
o paper prov na t 11 1 c &lcbpur Sikri township
comrololooed, materials ordered mane was ever
lobourcra or aoy day-to-day aecount kept. Had Akby
10
o d td h . ar really
.., IUOn uge townslup to be constructed b .
or at leur some camrtd bits should ha prlu or
able lo lbc M.oaul record captured by tbo en avail
26. Cootomporary Jesurr at Akbar's conrt hav
rbar nor a IIOne-cuttor's cbi$el was ever beard or
0
aod tbat, rbcrtforc, rbe city oc':: ldDJ
uaVt .,.en burl I OVtrDr&bt I$ if b m . IDUII
dreutd to tbo requrred size must for wbrcb stoou
from the drllaot quarries" Th co brought ready made
o>eroi&ht without tbe sligb;en ciry be buill
''the btoabt of seotimeaul no s oy matettallytag abour
tbe fUI!rbl talk of Akba 's fi
0
Apparently takco in by
tbo Jesuns could hardly couuiers whose lanauage
ootloa ro lhtrr mediaeval sim 'r I Iauer have made tbb naive
ror ua now tbat noting is of
10
ry aod belief io magic. But
tho mediaeval tame
.significance In sceina
ur catron of Indian hillorr.
27. Evco before tbe 6ttit'
of Fatcbpur Sikri rowtubip
"" not
10 thcnt Moreovor such a project Is under I be c k
001
fllltt<1
Villon of nprrr arcbneou end ntineers. Then '"Per
bad tnll) buo1led Chey would have bl &Oto, f tbry
uucs which was Jabangir't Uiual mode ely. ''?Paled oa
who roui<Jl his royol ire. Jabangir has q d punllhtng tbott
f hi
. uoce .
o 1 hlvlll8 101paJed people publicly
00 1
tnltaoc"
lie stle.ot abow any punishment I . talct, buc bu
vue to "orkme.n wbo allegedl.l' mad tnvmg be<n mcced
proJI e a mess of tomb
Tbe quostioo tbco ames why d 1 b
co bs bavmg ordered o tomb fo a at a lila)' c!Jim
not f Tbt r<aoa wos tbot he r b d or when be in fool did
Mualtm oJllnJOo. Afcer Akb "''' e co nllay ooncempanuy
ar was burted In s -d
l"l"' wbtcb oarlier been
8
R . '""" cr Lodi'1
ADd oobkmeo ronced OU! J. b JPUI Pn!ace. Muslim priuts
lliaoglrs, wbtob
0
3
..... chamber$ or lht ron, and lbe existence of the Ashok
Pillar, I he Patalesbwar temple aod tbe Aksbayya Wat (lmmor.
tal Ute) Inside the fori is adequate proof or the ron
havlns been buill mucb before the advent of the M usllms.
When emperors like Harsha visited erayos I.e. Allahftbad for
Jivina away all their wealtb to lbe poor, tbey s oaycd In tht
fort. That, 1bcrofore. is a very anclcot monument or pre-
Musllm times and Feraussoo did oot 1a1<e proper tare in
its construction to Akbar. 01her hiSiorians quotiaJ
Ius autboroly have all aooe wrong in cbiol<iog 1ha1 Akbar built
the fOil TillS ll 0 lypicaJ IOSiaa<e O( hOW lndJIO mediaeval
buoorocs bavwg beta based on c}tt slippery guess\lork of some
bluaderooa aulbors, bave all become disconed.
111m Chat DtiiiOIItbed
Tberc It aJJotber a.spcct of aneicot Allahabad wbieb bas
remained hidden from lbe public because historians bave failed
10 delctt feiJ It bu beto often wondered bow tbe holiell or
the boly con,ftueore or the lbrec rivers at Allahabad bas DO
&ball for pilarimJ to batbe on evco !bough it bas been ao in
variable Hindu custom lo consJruct masnifitcnt abaiS even '"
monor plaoca of poiJrimage. A popular myth it that since cbe
Oanan cbaoaes hs bed no gluts could be cooooruttcd. This Is
a fllcilc n pl.anaUOil lo JUcb rases JbiiJ are cooSirucled II chc
fartbtol limits 11 wbk:b tbe river !lows. Tbac is oor, 1herefore.
a uuaraccory upl&naclon.
MOftoYa tbe c:oniJuCDCe is aurrouoded by very aoclclll
t owoslupa Joke Ptali.,b&npur aod Arai, on lbe ocbn side or 1he
ttera. rac"'a All.ababad, A careful eplonclon of chc area
r<vtals that &batt ..,bocb taltltd alona 1bt backs were dcmolltb
L/
YS CJ.ftOtTlO TO A\.l f.'H n.I.SL.lMS
OCP"'" .,ol' UMfl' ad ono&tepUOD of
"''that the aiHh<)<atr::s:d by Akbar .,uh
cd pltarom was rcr source of trouble In
abOt.n.,a. I cion and a\ fH)tcnua to ttve. bat be ncl
(or tbc polanm Akbat &Jill other
ordc.r co mot urtct on tbe nver-front. . rea!on to
"""td 1be ahall Tb::g:;.:ve: l'.llsbabad
Mu uo r did uitt clabOtatc rav
believe tbDt there
1
Varanas
wbocb outriwlled tbo5C 0 of numerous golden
l" coo wo.t made: up ons
"'ttc: town s\ty me rul towc.ttn.a maost
, rs und. bea.ull
t.emplo sp
1
rct, p1tocc towc a bleat o-ppea.taace coocalntnl
llut rodY Allahabad presents and Viclorlo.n or post-Vtetorlan
IIOiblnC but hocks, hovels I ot be> ror&oUeD tbBI Prayag
dec:adeot briClk tencrncolt. It mu: n laces In India whie.h hU
(AIIabobodl I lho toolicll orhO y wealthy rnerchnls IUid
d by powerful rnonarc T
been v1s11e ( droe
1
mme.morlal. o accom
commoners ror aencratlons b io Allahabad counllcss husc
modate t'hcrn ther<: YtCrc Ul s aod gbats lJ was, there ...
..rois. oempld, monaltuleJb ..:u raz<d IO the
for< tb&l mort tb.ln any Ol er co y d dcmoli
One or I'IC>SC buildi05 wboch par1:;. Khosru
uon but '"" latu used osa butlt by
Boab rca. The Olhcr Wll chc rorl wbocb w:u
Akbor but only oec:upot<l by bim in I 5&4.
The Memou> of Shabjaban make a llallntin& of
havil\jl dcmoyed 48 Hndu temples Allahabad. And 11 tS ooc
ol II lnoprobablc lhol on faoouc vandalism be wu ooly foliO"
iog lbe precedeD II of hiS falbcr, grandfather and Other preCtd
In& Muslim rulers.
Abmcdabod
Ahmedabod II another case in poont of how Rojput monu
bllve boeo a<crobed wholesale to Aucceed\og Mu\hm
utcrs .
Bcrorc belna named uOer Ahmad Sbab I, Abm<dabod "-U
""a a\ IUJIl' Karnavali and Asbaval. Its bi$1ory extends
lo '<ry temole plll. Abmad Shah was a ''<ry fllDIIic and
tyrann1cat ruler. Aa ,...._, tbe pracoee with Mushm anvadas
Abmd Sbab used captured Rajput lcmples and pal&c:t> u
moaques and lombt. A ahmpsc or bos outokranl depredauona
INI)IAN IIIS10M.t
C'At. llllt..
caa l'f 11'<1111 Mr. Kurnr MaJUmdar'a lQ,
'11mr ,.hl<'h '1\U published In rho
011
klc lhl
"'rh< lriO'IIn Maaavne (Orlhi) or i\ SPol Oo;."'
uausr 19,59 ,,,
In rtllr ht al-Str'e<. "In A.D. Sultan Ahm
0 ,ararorrololrJ ao oflir ro dorroy all HlnJu ad Shlb or
od tbe rask ,..., exeeured wrrh
1
,.... d'l
1\nl oar lhr Sullao biroulr ""'"' to S11Jdhapur
0
1
Rulramalutl} temple or SrddhnrJ 3Dd broke lbo
rnl' mo141u<. . The r<rpn of rhe nororoous It
15[1) was \'Cl iO come" The d uharnmad
wor "d
obvaoull)' sanifirs rhat only Hinclu wonhlp was <!trot'
the "'m" bulldlnas were occupied and used drn..,,,d
liS mO"\Utl,
In Jplle or rhc many naively mislenll ns
Ahmd Shih's rcosn l\U:ribing rho seerol uccounr& or
in Ahmedbd ro hom, there ore unmistakable I mooumcn\J
lh 11 c uu to P
ar rho .. buoiJongs only approprintcd d ro-e
uuercd b) hun.
00
not coos.
Tho rhockly popullled =rea or the aocrent walled
AbmeJabaJ IS strll known IS Th I IO"o of
otd mUDJDJ usplttous lt w.ts .,!ln5kru
ttt!DC'd rtb l<mples All tbose rcmplcs have oow bero ,usc .'!
oro Ala <ebb d uraoo
otbtT oom m rJ filii or mosquu more than r
parable town, At almost every re" h nd d
tbcrc " tomb or mo u rt yards
onoate RaJpUI tyle. sque. Wbat os more, they oro ollou tbc
In Abm1d Shoh's 11 b
1
,
bod rofinoresmat me l e h. uslrm population or Ahmeda
moqs' ; sucllot was rmp0$toblo thor tb ruler
ICC!too orbo ub rctsa all over the rown for suob o small
IIDJ tombt d I Neuber could he have got the mosqurs
one on lbo Htpdu I
lue lud obtdtoa loe temp c. tryle, One who would
tO)' tcmnlu for Hindu liiCbueetuo. ''"'Hid not dr<t
,. '<OD\crt them into
Ulc !'C<>I'I< u Sb mosquu and loot and mllnaerc
..... ab did.
Apto ii bt b4J burl!
rbt old Hnldu - o( .. be would oor bave allol:d
1'llc b Blw!ra 10 CODIIDUt.
lllnplc-ar<b
bi<b I'<Oida ear prcway kDowa .. lbe TeeD o ..... ua
tJ
10
Ulc BUd.ra ana, u rt>dlro cbe onaa!f
utoiAtl MOHVMfttll CJtt'01l1 I) TO AUrH NUl\..\w.J
,,
Hindu ttylc. II lfchuccturc mty be eomp;aced with t.be H1ndu
mooumcrUI Ill nutb)' Oitbho1 and Modbcra..
So-OIIIcd J MJtd
'lbe n mO<qUC or Ahmcdobad l<oown ... JID M .. Jid
w"'1 the 10C1t.M Bhodmko.lt temple.. Tbat w.u. tbt: prCSJdnJ
dcUY or lbc cn.y. (;rom ita ponlCO to the (nncnDMl un.ctu.ary
IIJ ot1.o1c b ilrinJ proof orit< catll<r tol
IJ Q HIOdU lcmplo. The al\lc or tbc aanctuary bU onr
hundred cloely >CI p\llllff u re common on Hindu ,oddus
tcmplcl.. Oenuine moJqueJ do not have oven o. aio&Jc
f!Hl:ar slnco tbe-y hnmper ll\llu pr1lYC1l
tn lhe 11fchu or tho sanctua.ry arc fbcd 11one..f\owc:r
emblem AS the Muslims were wool to do in the eo.sc or a11
cap1urcd nnd converted mooumcntS. A or lhis buQ.e tcmpto
bAs been used o a aravcyrd.
The CAtVIngs rcvul mny Hindu symboli 11\c fto,..rs,
<brns. bells ood alcbes. The upper poruon of one of tbc twio
qHICI Of I be sbliDC bU bccD chopped Olf 0> COUld bappeo ID
the 6tsr OU>b of vocrory and coo><Qucot 1-oelUtot l\lry.
Ornamental "one> whlc:b feU oii tbe stormed ttmples cao be
Ken tcattertd in the vicnlty. One sucb is. wccl
as s fillins co a wa.ll of tbc pubhc bvaloTY the
on tbc maio lborou&bforc koowo as rbt Mlllrmo Oondbi
Mar.
Rupmtl ol>ll Uboaumorl Mosqucs
Some mo>qurs srlll "'rolo r.hcr Hindu nuoatoODI
ond unm<J hkc rhe Rano Slprl mosque aod rbc Rupmoll
mo1quc, Rani nil Slpri and Rupmau ue Saruk11t o1ma.
Tbry only proo-e that Qonl S1p11'1 aod ltupmstl's pal.oc
<OD!erted Into mosquu The aomc rslbc c::;uc '1\'hbAbllled&b&c!'o
tnm101 monuments the Bbadra arc&.
Aloocslde rbe mooumauo tb.lt arc bclllJ used
oDd tombt, arc a llliJilbcr or otbcn wbocb he ueaJUooo olDlllloll
bur.ed lG tbc acul . TllOK ru1AJ, idc.auc:a.l sn udutcctute wtda
the othrn uodcr uK, rc ocldruoaal proor tb&! In the \toaa..,W
that foUowtd lbc Muolom rovatloa of the IO'IfD a rc Huocla
JJIIOIAN HIITOAIC'AL "
71
r<:maoned o<&I<Cled and abandoned, because lbey
damaged, "'''t&ed and deJecroted ro have ;:;::
J.a..afc u\CJC'""
su" T""'" .
som oftbt moaumcotJ bave cowe.rs w1th D rare c.naiote J
'o- Mrl or I hem. If a is it or d imbt to upr
0
1
rommo< ,. .... .- i ' d Per
otoretoroooof rherowel1. gr P us st?ne won ow Wil b borb
haodl. hup t hard repcareii!Y for wbolo and ao his bol4
....
8 11100
ge feclong of rbc to .. <er shabng undoth
,,cCJr ... .
1
. II
fcet AnY isiror who happens 10 be on t 10 twoo tower willho
apcroea<C the same fe<liog. Tblr rare engonccnna
and I he e.quosllc griiiJ tbat arc seen on most of the so-called
mediaeval mOI<IUd in Ahmedabad are all producu or Hindu
>r<hll<etur.tlsLIII, siDCe the so-called mosquCJ and tOmbs I re
all priou>. Hindu buildings.
Siddupar aod Clumpaoer
Siddhapur, an oncitut town in Gu1arat; bad a very famous
ud buse Hiodu sbriae known 11 tbe LINGAMAI:JALAYA. It
wu destroyed at Ahmad Sbab's orders. Irs buge towtnoa
arcbWiyt now 1tand jn naked 11olation. A few yards away tt
the IIOCIUU)' or thll famous temple compl<x. But the $aJltiU
ary bu aow bun converted onto 1 mosque. This eon>crtion of
a famout ancient ffindu temple, baa been 3d milled, tbousb
Dilly llldirectly, by tbc Government of l ndia's Arebieology
Oeparomcnt by puuin& up a "protected monu me or" t ianhoatd
there. Tbcstooc Dower emblems appearing In it s many niches
obo pro>clhc fact that mosqou which have stoneOowers Ia
tbelr.ntc.bes, were earlier Kiadu monuments.
OaptDtt oad Paacad
3S miles from Baroda In Gujaral it a town known II
..., naner. On 1 nurby bill is an ancient fort called
llr)tb an <I Pavapd arc SllDSkrot nail>< I
..,_ Yet an Mchaeolog, lgnboarJ
docl&t., that Clumpancr wu founded b; ' q,. .
llutory ru:ordo llat Mohammtd Bagda was a sadjst ruler. Ill>
oy,.uay aut! torture knew oo boundt, This Is apparent frolll
Mr. Kumar MuJumdar 1 remark quoted earlier. Su<b
rulert do not build bul only destroy. Moreover, MusHm1 d\d
ool JO to Wl1derncJJCJand found citles. They c&phuc:cS aourltb--
ina cnwnlhf1n, laid tbcm waste. manal:fcd people. turned
1
e.mple:s into mosquct, and fottcd their own o11me' on anc.ont
IOWOJ Tbal IJ hOW lbcar names 101 a.uoc:iatcd Wllh VAYIOUI
10
wn&hips. Had Mohammad Bsd founded Cbampana he
-would no1 hiYe given it a Sanskrit name, nor would he. have
found ooy people ro massacre.
1\ very huge shrine at tho rear of Chatnpancr Dlso bears
cnoutb sran.s to make one conclude tbal it Wll o..o earHcr
temple. Ornate paneiJ dislod&ed from the monument dunn&
cbc icooc>c:lllUic fury running riot after capture, can be Scc.u
sboved 10 11 random wbec aubsequent'y tbe bul1din1 was pu'- to
asc as 1 mosque.
,... We sball next turn our IUlcntioo to the town of Ohar aruJ
the neatby mountain fort koowa as Mandavpd or
They are in Central lodia. ibu urvey of a crousociiOD of
medlaevlll monuments. situated sevctal hundred miles from ooc
aoolhtr In different parts or lndl1, is jui\ to bow that the
S3mc story has been repeated aJI over India. Monuments co-or
trUCICd dUfiOJ different 'periods or liiodu rule, spread tbTOUJb
out Jodia, were, ancor Cllptu.rc, coovcucd to MUJiim UK. Tbc
iovders and captors btlonaed ro different narionohtics, .....,.,
cultures and 11rata of Some or them wore mere
footmt n Or freeboottrS who bappcaed tO capure pariS or tbc
eouotry and proclaim themlclvcl rulers. The diverse tlled
oncluded Ptbans, Abyuioians, l raoi3ns, Turks aad
A robs.
Dbat
Dbar is a Sanskrot namt. That clty was the capilli or a
nourishina emporc on ancieot rimu. As such u bod mao7
temple and palaeet. Mou or tbesc oow sraod convened mto
moaqucs. Even their outward appearance sboul<l suffice to
convmcc anyone 1hat those monumcats ouatnactd aJ temples.
.But what l1 morc, there is wriuen proof. Slone cwbtdded in
the toll aod tbose plastered over io tbc walls. btar Snkrit
-inacriprioos.
A arapbic that of a monument copbllllllllc:aiiJ
'7C lHDIAtl ltltl'O . ICAt.
calkd tb< Ko!nll Moul Mosque. A few ycoro back ,.h
P."toOQI of tbll bu1ldoU cnombl<d they revoaltd 1100 ..
0
.....
1
rn en)'
ollion baa been fabely claimed iD fawuina. naucrona .... ,
co hac b<en buhl by Akbar. ron[tJcl
Ajmcr wilb iiJ spacious and massive central pale
mounoain fororus ofTaragadh, obe mO$QUc hnlf way : lbt
u-.ck.'eadona 10 the fort . rbe oober mosque inolde the
portaoa owo fat soono lomp.posts bristling with brocket
11
'
uomhtaklbtc future of an Hindu tcmple- th , -l on
M I dd' Chi 1 . ' . oca led
1
ohnAu
1
at . tomb, the AdhaodonkZopd camouOaged
"I ra IC cttcrong, and tho AnnoSagor toke ore all f
M111ll R T o P
01 Jput orogon. hey have been falsely credited to ali
M1111im monarcbt. en
:"'t AdbaodlnkaZo;da Is the extant part of Vlshal
deo been already utablisbed. The Taraaadh-e
Sansknt namc- os . fort of immemorial antiquity, u old as tbt
AjayaMcru townsbop. The rposque half-way up the mountaoa
lrsd WI! I Hoodu temple prior to the capture of tho fort by
tbc Mushms. Tho mosqiiKitlnlomb on top, ln fon was 1
B.rah.miftl Still &<I a >bare ill t.be ao.oual ofl'uio&s by
1
usl!m polr.roms attbe shrine. Tho two ta.mp po;ts also teuify
bat II wu a goddess ocmple. Bao&Jcs, a symbolic ofl'erina on
Hondu a.re still offered at tbe altar during tho nnoual
Muohm fcstoval. The Moinuddio Cbisti tomb lies amidst the
rulna or tho fortoficauons at t he foot ofTnraaadh As hos been
obkrvtd carhor Mushm faki rs U$cd to occupy nnd
ruinrd Hindu munsrons. When tbc fakors docdtbey were burled
11 tbe ploct wberc the I" d 1 cd
1
' ove a course of lome tbe sho anum
mportancc u shrine. Exctpt for the triangula r mound
markloathc burial plac-e or St. Moiouddon Cblnl the enure
1J pan or 8 hugo Hindu maosion which CAme under
0
; throuah COllqucst and converalon and
01 .or t. Mornuddon Cbisti.
JtlHMTplnla ),1 ....
Aoother Ionic kllo\Oon fa<t iJ tbat tbC0 18010 arches, domes
11
aod lime conttt-lc were antrocluccd to \he bomdarub or l.be
:,\u)li(Dt by llt\Ctcnt lodant miUcoiunu bcforc Mutlam iovauoal
of lod1a bcpo. Tbit lt toown from "'era\ c.lu.cJ.. For tastucc
at ,, nauntln&l)' aucttcd tO tbc baitory o' ldam 1b.a.t 'bc(Of
wat stor(l'led and convcrccd into u blamic lbrioe. '' con
tatocd buac tc:mp\et boullna 360- 1do\t.
Tbc: term Mecca derives rrom the Saskr
1
t word M..a.khJ L.
ac::rificial f\re wbicb tbc noclc:nl Htndul were knowo to worshiP
ThM firc-worshP was widely pteva.lcnt tn. tbc Middlc-Eatt, can
be j udged lroro tbe Panb who orlaJnate from rcg\on and
are J\oclont fire temp tot are known to c:abt io..
Baku. Oaahdad and otber places In tbc Cenorat rcaioo
even today.
The c:c..otral object or tstamio wonhip In Mtce4 is a:tiH the
Rindu Sbiva l.tOP Tbe ancient Hindu rite or cucumambulat
ina sbnncs '' still at M.ccca by all Mu!thm pilarim'
tbnoab h don oot prevail in aay orbtt mosque..
All tbe countries from Sukkur 10 Sua. bear Sao..sknc oames
'fra.o.am" mcaoiaa us;ahy or barren around"' Lttbc orialn or
Iran. Nls.bapur tbc biotbptscc of poctphilosop!Kr Omar
Kbayyam, iJ a Saosknt word. Tori<CSIAD (abbreviated "'
"Turkey'') is Turaaa-Stban- und of Horses. Arabia il the
abbreviatiOO or Att'lallhln WhiC.b io lUfD il. a cortUpl form or
A.rya-Stban- I.Jond of JioJSCS (wbrcb it very much Jl), Atva
$I ban chaoalnJ into is not 11 all farletcbed. "Va."
in Sans\oll has lovnriably chaoaed mto "ba" lo Prat rit u
uvachan" (prombc) is pronounced "81e:ban".
Afghonlsthan II also word wbich it explaoncd by
Afghans 11 tbclnd wblcb poovided the tramt link betwcu
India anrl Ccntrnl AtJa.
Temples of Oanu h, ShiV& and other Hindu deitiu c:ao still
IK discovererllyloa on ruias Ia desolate areas of sevcoal C.ntnl
Aolan countrlu The word "AliA" m .. ns "Mother" or
"Godden' io
ManoscTopl> ofNarada Smclti !lnd many otbtr anCient S....
ktit ltxl> b ... b<tO dua up from t he sands or ...... MI-. All
lbio porDII to the fael that tbOtllaods Of ytarl b<(Ote f.slaa ....
>IAI.,.{6>HC'-------------
71 I,..OIAN IIISlOkiC.\t,.
CftO born lnguoge and Hindu eullurc held
1
the Mlddlc-Eut Hindus hd built Pies "'r
aod ma-uliOn.J all O\'t't Ctntral Asia. It
15
mt"
..- h I . trtror
001
carrcel to n y thol 1 e Mu<l ms tntroduccd the dom '
I d
. I . n ...
c:o.ncrctc and ehc arc:b to o tl.. c wa.s JU.Sl the OPPGIIft or -.
Tb< Muslim word Gumbaj for dome is SIMkrit KumbbaJ
1
"-t
B<wuSC Indian mediaeval bistory bat! brtn put In the.,
h I
.
from abe very start. arc. aeo histouan
1
:a-ad
archrlrCI$ have all along presumed that lbc mediaeval m
I
. Th id u
mcntJ lfc tll of 1m ..obng_n. at
1
ta and nur.
1
ured for the last SIK ro c1g t ccntunes 1as gro"'n 1n1o a mon
. fi d d'ffi ""
wbicb many onuquanon n tt r cult tO l hakc oil'. Thot
11
"""'""'they sta rted wot h wrong ond
Tboy mull now unlearn that and begin lo nssocin1e the dbm."
arch and lime con<rete as inher<ol and lndogeuous fral ure or
Indian aoehhccrore.
Bljepar's Whlpering Gallery
Tbelast omportaot mooumcn1 wbrcb I now propose 10 deal
wtth specrfieally IS the Gol Gumbaz (The Wbrspcring Gallery)
or BrJapor. Bijapur is a Sanslrrr1 name aod sgnifies a very
ancrtnt and nourishing city. II was caplured and ovtr by
the Muslim Adil Shohi dynl.sty. What rs now tcrmtd u the
Ool Oumbn was the ancient l>hiva >hrloe or tht Lrngayall
(tbc lonl Hrndu Community) who arc greal Shaiva11s (wor
ahlrpcrs ofSbova). Around that shrine lie scauered and burred
innumerable Hindu images. A few or the excavated ones bovc
been oollrctrd in lmall mustum in a nearby building.
The acoustoc &Jmmiclt buillin In the dome which rtvorbcra-
IClthc aliahteal sound II limcr, was inlcnded 10 produce lho
NadaBrhma, 1ba1 11 pbonetic ocstasy, during the great Shlva
rlln aod other PUJII ofJ'cred to Shive. Shiva is !mown ror his
Tandan Nr01ya (Cosmic Dance) wbicb ia accompanied by a
peal CQiallc din of mridansas, dmrus, cyllibala, bells and
aomba or otbtr rnllrumenl<. IJ wu 10 rcverbcralc 1hoscsouad<
Htadu enzrnecn bad dcslsneollhc Gol Gumbu. For Ill
OfolJnal Kpulchrt DO IDCb &rmmiek Is ever Of hcUUII
WNI bu 1o rcalro peace undnurbed. Moreover wbo dati
b1 k or such fe.nt.aJtlc a.t mmlckl, nc.vcr heard or 10 IIJ.am. \ G
!beD tombrc mood of a orrow1D1 rcatm 1 Oo the 01hc:r ba.ftd
tbuc are a area\ many cluu to behcvc, chat h wu a Sh,va
temple because ehc entire tunouodiaa mrca bean uamtJtlb.b'o
--sipl of tna .. tilfcdc.atruCCion aod dclOlauoa or
Tbc ornamental "one drcss,oa or 1hc Gol Oumbn Htdr hu
.. pporeotly been petled olf ... t.bat lhe wul or tho buhed
monarch may ft"lt to peAce. Mr. 0.0. Josh. aa areb1tect (rom
bat wrinco to the autbor lhat he spcc&ally \Ill& ted 1be
,.agpur. b. d d
-o 1 Qumbal on bt..ariaa of &be IU[bor 1 1 eslS. an COG\'IOCC:
thatrhe Ool Oumbot ;, on raet a pre-Muslim HIDdU
temple built to the onclent Shilpa Sbama speclflcalia"' ood It
-not an original tomb.
The huge To) llavdl ond tbe "'"sive walla around Bjapur
town lltC all or pre-Muslim orr gin. The Ad II Sbhs ouly captur-
.,d the place and ruled over it. They deslroyed a sood many
buildings and built none : that is wby too are no palaces
i n tbe1r oamu.
Malana
Spacious lounaes. parlours and apart:meast in mtd:ae:Y&J
monumtou ace vaaucly iatroduced to lbe visitors u
Ma.ct.rus.:' Under mediaeval tstam.1c rtoglmtt 10
l odia, wbc.n aU r.cademic instruc:uon was coo6o.ed 10 tbe nc:it&
tioo of the Kono. and tbat 100 10 an )CCI100 or
the Musllm popula11on, whll rulcn-drialc IUld dru1 as
t hey were-would ever build stupc9dous mooumcoiJ for
Madai'UJ t.. scmlnarlu ! So the very [&ct that i pacious pan
mentJ in mediaeval monuments arc speciously and nebulou1ly
palmed otr on aullible loy vositars, uod unsuspcclins
as Medarsas is further proof lbat 1be mediacl>al Indian monU
mealS whicb contaon many rcoiUrct lncaplieable to hlamle
wage are on f&ct preMuslim monuments. The nme
Madam llleka to lbasc buildiop bccousc they ....,. Vedic
tcbools.
Bibliogrophy :
I. History or l ndoa at Wriuco by IIJ 9wu HiJtortaus.. bl Str
H.M. l!lllot aod Prof. Dowsoo, Vol" I to 1.
J
'
50 I'<DIAN HIJTOII,ICAL II.GtAl <:it
Ablll Ful' Vol._ I ro 3, Bibhorbeca
104
q
..,ia
] TraDNCIIOOS ur lh Arclllcoloaical Socrcty of Asn.
+ Tilt XI\ curury and Arlet-A Moarhly Rcvrcw, Cdltcd
1>y Jam"' "Ia.
< Pucr \Iunday Trads.
6. Comm<nt.J.mll
-. Tra..U 111 ladtl by Ta\'unier
i. Hmory or rbe SbabJ:alw> of Dihh by Prof. 8 P. Sakscna.
9. TarkbFirozshashl by Slwn'-iSbiraz Alif.
Rambles aed RecolltJooa of an lodi1o Oflici41, by
lr. Col. w,a Sleemao.
11. lmpcnal Apa of lhe Moauls, by Kesbav Cbandra
Mazumdar.
1:!. Tankb,.Daudi,
ll. lfaodbool: for Vislro"' ro Arra aod lu Nci&hbour-
1(, ...W..rnllrnya Doyaokosb, Vols. 1 to 2l.
Ignoble Akbar Believed Noble
la halon<> I be oame of I be 6rh pcralioo
Moaul emperor Auransub baJ become a byword for cnaelty,
rreaebery, cule aod fanaticism But Akbar lbc areaiIIT&Od
facbc.r o( Aurana:zcb, was much wone R..a.corrcl WTilkD b)'
flauercrt hove rcoded carefully to shroud Akbar'a miSdeeds
tear 10 small brrs all evidence and scep Ill- bill under
Jlkbor's ro)al bedchamber rue. " .. rolmd<d in IM chapter 10
pre><nl 10 lbe reader a umple or l.hat evidence Wbicb II 10
10 be a fit subject for a scpararc book. far from
bclna noble, therefore. Akbu should rank amoo1 tbc """"
lyranls or -orld bbiOI')' DOl to speak or llldia alollc. Aod 10
raak brm wub remort<ful and protU bco<fiCfon lrU Asbot r
rhe hci&bl Q( ocadcmic ab1urdity.
YC11 io 10 OSICDJJbly partikJI aa:oont of AJtbar I rcrJD,
tilled ''Akbar,lbc Great Mogul", Vtnc:cor Smub cannol llclp
observina oo pace 32 or bl l>ook rhat "Akbar WDuld biiVc
lauahed at rbe remorse fel bo Abok for tbc IIIJ .c u cauoed b)'
rbe cooqucsr of Kallop, 6nt: would have ullcrly coodciDJicd
hrs areat j>redtcusor's decuioo to abstain from al f1UU1<:r an
of acreuioo."
Tbc Vtcw lbat Akbar's cooqUUIS were rettcodcd to &ehic\e
the arcat goal of Mldras rhc l<.s.cr 11a1es into a arut em puc
Sm11h dhmlnes 11 jun "seorimenral rubbish." '
A perusal of aceoonl$ of Akbar'a retJn wrmeo b) COOle
like Abul Fazl, Nlumuddio and Badawu and by
Western .. bolan like Vi- Smith Ia aou&h to oonvi- lbc
Rader lbat sfa'#U) in tit mos' abjtet forms 8f't-" ..
Akbar and bls rciao wu full of atroclrieJ. lawlwncn rcprc.-
".oa aod rclcallco eoaqoosu of a tiod rarely p&raildeJ
h1110ry,
U<J>IAN UJSTO.ICAL .........
n
1
a co!'T<CI appraisal of Akbar's incllvldU41itu
1
To amn a d" cl h I
-..-n
10
rev
1
cw tbe rra 1t10nJ au t e. ataodard or
b< farDtiY rrom wblch Akbu was d<JC)ended,
bcbaUOUr ,
7
o( btl boOk Vil>c:enl Sm1tb obse vcs ' 'Akbar,..,
Oe lodll tl< had DOl a drop of lodan blOOd iD hit
I t thO"" hoW sencraiiODS Of lodin stOdtnlt btvo
mru..
1
.
bo<a chcalc4 lftiO kUOIDI by rote and rcpcatm& t btlf ,,01,..
1
pen lbll Aktw wal 10 lodlao aod ODe Of lbt &t'Cat<St one It
:I H .. u oot lodian. AJ for the olbtr p.trl or tbc IDYib
thal.b< wat a areal mao and ruler we propoae to prove In I bit
.
1
that be wat oo of I he mos1 detested by evco bit ntlltlt
. _, gh b
or \los and all Indians, nd, lhotuorc, ou t to a rooked"
Jucb '" Indian blllori ...
In cootlnuaUoo of 1bc above..quolcd remark Viocen1 Smith
'"Y' hal Akbar wu a direcl dcscendanl io the 71b gonemtioo
00
his rather' 11de from Tamc1lain, and on bis mothor't side
from CbaQJI& Kba.o. Tblll Akbar was desaoded from two or
the mOll croeJ maraud<TS known to bislory who mado lhe tallh
quail duru>J lhdr lifo limes. Bu1 Indian hitlorical cats would
almolt bavt Ul b<l1t>e thai Akbar belonged tO t family Of
people u aalolly u SL Fraoc:is o( Alsui ud Abou ben Adhtm.
0o pop 294 or Vincent Smilb'a book it is slaltd that
"loumpcruco wu the beltlliog sio of tbc Thnuroid royal
family, u II "" of IIWIY other Muslim rulioa houses. Babur
{wu) tJ>clepcol lopcr ... liumayun made himself alupid with
oplum ..Akbar pcrmillod bitDStlf the practice or bolh victt ...
AkbaJ'a two oons died lo early manhood from chronic
alooboUam. tJid their elder brother ""' saved from the aom
fill< by a moo a eonslilutioo, ool by vir1uc."
Akt..r't unc:le Kamr .. , aays Smitb. bahiluatly "disgracc4
bJIIIOCI( by iolht1101 on bia opponents the most fiendish lor
nua. DCM tp&noa women and children." (Page IS).
l.h.ro..pout blsllfc was to deadly combal
'P
1
DJI nu 0100 brotbus u u IUidl with all Muslim rulera io
lod11 He wu quilt a maUb for Kamran ao far as auoc:ilies
- -racd Wllco caplurod, Kamran wa1 aubjcctcd 10
Smull rtmaru (p, 20) "Humayuo fell hnlc too
-D for lua brotbor'l IUIJertDJJ, KaJDru WU pulled OUt Of b11
-
83
eeLrBYID )'K)IL.I
eoNCJI\.&,. b1t kaoes. a lancet ... u
b 1 a man sat oo d lt weft
I ' d down and tl 'c. 1e100ft julcc an A
unt , It K,acoran.'t cyu. some. _ .. ner be was out on
(btUJt tGIO d IO()D
' bbcd into bit eyes. an " With ua,dlhOD com-
cu ride :away wi1h bil ctCOrt. uocle and Akbar' own
tta-ck to . bit (ather and . , is extremely
10
1 dowo to 11 poulblc vi$
1
a_resuainc.d to a . do -tb&t Akbar wu ooe of the
u - rl u our hblotlct ,
<-becky to _.,c
h mant ever bOrn. . I
noblest u . of Akbar's pbyical cbaracnSI ct
From tho l4l it is clear tbal Akbar' s WliJ
aiven by Vinccnl Smlb (p. h.> b Is quite consist cot clhnoloa
vgly, deformed personality w vicious romily. Smith aays.
dll)' SiDCC he tx:Jongc:d 10 a YC f mOdCrnlC stature, perb.BpS
Akbar (in middle lifo) wu d. mao 0 waisted and long armed.
. b b oadcheste norrow ' ,
In bel& t, r bO d iDward and wbeo waUdoa bo
I '" somcwhal w< . b d
HIS egs I fi I as if be wert lame. Rll ca
-slightly ri&bl lboulder ... tbo nose was
drooptd a It b bOny promlocncc in the middle, aod
Talb<f shOt!, Wll a bo I
. ' I cd r wilh anger. A small wan a u
.,.ostrils d1 at .,
1
' th tbG
balf tbe $1ZC of a pu ... CODRtcled the left nostril WI upper
r b' s coroplexion waa dark." ln spite of sucb ugly fcaturu,
ttlfllyled sycophant of
tdp. Abul Fazl, described by bis as a sham.
tes:s l!altcrd', dots oot lire of user liDS that Akbar was tho
h
..
handsomest man oo earl .
History is replete with lnslances of "kbar's extreme addle
tioa to sllona drloks and stupefying drugs. Be also used to
take liberal bel plop of horrlfyina combinations of bolh, drup
aod drlokJ. Akbar'a aoo Jabaoair ,r<COrds "My father whether
In hls cups or saber momcoll alwa.ys called mo 'Shekbu Babu".
This clctrl)' impliu that Akbar wu very ofteo drunk. Smltb
ob&<rvcs (p. 82) thai allbougb paoegyrisu of Akbar mate oo
mouoo or bit dluntco boull It ls certain !bat be kept up tbo
family tradilion and ofleo draok more thao be could carry,
I
Aquavlva, a Jcsuh al Akbar'a tour!, aaya 1hat Altb&r "wul
to such eaccsus in drioklna lbal ho ... Oli<!D feU ulecp (wlllle
taltioalo isium), tbG rraJOa beloa thai be made 100 midi
-. oo.mctlmca or arrack, an 0111ancly beady pUIII wiM, ud
I !(DIAl' IUSTOilfCAt II.
.,. ... ..,
GJid..cDel of pose. a aim1Jr P"'pamtion of opjum. ddt.nC'd
by .. .. of spocts" , H11 bad <xa
111
410Q
bt
11
., of inebfiiY ,.., folloW<:d only too faithfully :
1
who
1
ualncd manhood. On page 244 it " rn.nll:nb,,
tblll wbco Akblr nad druok more than wos soocl ror
r{
_ variout tDtd freak$. He specially fanco<d
1
pe Ollll<" b d k . \'tl)
l>ddy todd>' I>J an 'lrernliLYe e co e a '!"ctd fuLJo,
o1 op!WII Ae followed tbe praeroce of bas family for .,..,
in consumlnJ both mona dnok and vari'O<ls Pit.
p&riiiODS or opoom JOmelhneJ to cxctss. Any oumbtr or'""'
pusa;eseould be quol<cl but Ibis should suffice to
tbe ,,,der, of A khat's very vicious II need no1 be '"esl-
cd that a coosoknllt Ill at ease wllb an ever mounliog !010;
11
abl< bord<ll or sin alone Cells csoape 10 drugged &lupcfaclion.
AU bulorilliJ uaanimouJiy testify to Akbar' s illito.
,..
1
. Fill- Jahla&ir bu recorded t hat Akbar could neitbtr
aor ,."rile but u0d to pose as tbougb he was very learacc1.
11 I> oot 10 mucb a que&tion of Alr.bor' s pos1og of otben
humouriD( blm Into 1be behef thai all !hat he said or d1d wu
tbe outeome of profound WISdom. Wbnt else could they do
foeed wllb a cruel aod unscrupulous, ollpowcrful
monuch !
Albar'slf iJ a aood cumple of a Sanskrit adage whicb
A)'S
' 'outb, Wuhb, Pover and lntcmpcranec
bob t rDJI) Cia b<IDJ rUIO
Wbat lh<n wbco all eombioe.
On pare J I Smith saya " Abut Fatl never liru or repeal in;
tb11 A\bar duuna hot urly years rcruained " behind a vtl".
What he meaos tbcreby ia that Akh11 used to speod mo>l of
ht<m< iatbe harem ... On page 81 Snutb 1oforms us tbal
Aqu"" 'the aood (Jc.uu) father had boldly dared
r<pto' tbc <mpcror ahatPiy for h11 hceo11ous relations witb
olllCII .. Akbar bhubtasly .. euscd himself." Abu I Fazl dcscr"'
"'' AUw'a hatcm U)a, "HI1 Maje&ty mode a large enol<>-
"''" wub t!oe buildlnplnslde wbae he reposes. Tbough thcro
marc than S.OOO womu (ln the he hao given to each
as
Od )1081..1
10_... A " Tbis optr1meOI portiOO lo or eoun< I
a ac ate aparttl)t:DI . of Akbaf't \imes wbero S.OOO
lie :.'au tbeto I oo build& odatcd in ,.para to apartments.
d h
0 \)C:CI1 JCCOt'Dn\
.,omen eoul av
1 1
odllcd by Blochmaon.
00
pap 276 or ,,y hu utablibd a wine
Abut Fultollatbo reader, Hb . {" .. oflb realln wbo coiiCC'I
hep oeor tbopalacc .... The p<OSil<:Ounlcd 10 large wu their
cd at tbo sboP eould be 10 be takeo bOU>C by tbe
aumber .... n c pocloa a.arls wlotcd to have 1l viran.
courtitrs. Jr a.oy well 'I pcmiuioo. 1n tbe: aamo
tbey bould ftnt have llis Ma)d y d drunkenD<SS and igaor
way l:ooys proilhuled anMoj<tiY bimoelf call<cl some
aooe>non led to bloodshed .... :d asked them WltO
or tbc prioclpol VIROINITY 1"
OJ!l'RIVI!D THBM OF be who were these o-Clllled
A pcr1iocnl qu<lloon wodiu_ldd whole armY of prostitutes
, ,_ 1 WbcrtCrom a 1 1
rrnw u - , cal like a ,warm of OCU!"
sad4<nly dcsceod ' " Akbar ID r tilutes were none
The: answer 11 tbat these ClfUIDCfC:ISIDI p 05 d ' \
bose )lomcs .,., . Y
otber than decent H'lldU women w .
raodcd and plundctcd ood after tbeir menfolk wore Clthor
ma,.a<Tod or eonvctled were helplessly len to fend ror r::'m;
Jd..., and were 10 tbe mere)' of stxhungry ogu
courtien.
O..pile an uclu.ive bmm or over S,OOO womeo, and all the
vir&io "proslitutes" of tbe rClllm whose virtioity, as Abul Fazl
tells uJ was at Akbar' s exclusive royal command and could aot
be violared withuul speelal permission by anY eont11<r, th
honour or che whitt of noblemen and court leu was it,. If olways
subJCCIIO Akbar'& ,.. Y pleasure. In Vol. Ill of Aitbaroama,
odllcd by Sir Jodunllh Sartor, Abul Fazl says " Whenever
Bccams or tbe wives of nobles, or other women of chaste (sic)
ehlracter, desire to be presented, tbey 6nl notify lbelf ih 10
tbe ><rVtnll o r !he sera&Jio and walt for a reply. Fro m thence
lbey send tbcir to the oftic:en of tbe palace, after wbiCb
those who arc eliaiblo (Jc) are permitted 10 eater tbo llarem.
Some womon of rant obt1io permist1on to tcmaao there for a
wbolc IIIODih."
llemomberina I hat Ablll Ful has tho reputation or bolo& a
J6 ll<OIAH Hlft'oiiCJII.
ft&Jtc:rcr, tbc above pUSIBe t.s a clur ad
thlt 10 compel "IYCI O( eour11era &ud .::;11 ....
1
.,_
11
.u .,.,., be felt sufliei<Dtly anraeted, to remain .,,
1
h"""'
b I
bo,
baR' atlwt for a moot at o 1 me,
This c<tncluson IS (urrber ICinforced by a peru.at (
0
lbt
or I be Ileal)' or Raotbambborc. The first CObd' t
' " b h II
110
ft
.. , Ullcd b)' \'roecot Smrlb, W&l I 81 I c I e(s or Bundi ( .. h.
a ned tbc (oM) be acmpr from thai Cullom, degrading
1
JU
1
rur of .-odlng a clola (bride) IO the royal harem.
sloO'I\ lbt Akbar bad made II 8 petn1Ct0UI CUllOm 10 dcmaOd
cbocc ,.0 mcn from the household of vaoqullbcd f<Xs. Tbus U
10 temtonct conquered by Akbar, whether coauo00c"'
or of nobk or royal detot, were at Akbar' l mercy.
Oo pale 7 Smoth referring 10 Akbar'a extreme weakness
for " 'DmCO loiYI '&rly io JAnuary ISM A.lchar moed
10
Oclb1 .... Wbllc be u a Ions a road a mao standing
1
n
the balooo) or a roadside building an a rrov. wbiob
IDJUred .,Lbar 10 tbesbouldc:r .... Akbar sums 10 have discouraa
cd aucmp" 10 uecnaro the assailant' lt:eomplic:<a. He wu
tileD <Dilled ID I tcbemc or mllf)'oDg ladleS beloog10g tO
fam1hct, >od bad compelled ooe She1kh 10 divorc:< b11
1te 111 b favour. Tbc auempted asstslloltloo .. was probably
p<ampocd L) regnlmentll tbc royal oova11oo of lbc booour of
famli1<t AKBAR. througboul his life allowed himul( ample
lalllude ID the QIAIIer Of WiVeS and CODCUbioct !"
loom tblt .. rd1d record il seems cl<ar that ain Akbar bad
10 c)c oo B.alram Khao't wife, and married her soon after
.BaiJam KbiD "'" murdered, Atbar mull have caused lbc
"OlaU locfltalle <Od of Jus CUitvblle JUICdiln.
Oe ,Pel< 37 S1111th ducribes bow Akbar's
A<!bam Kllao fr dcfcatioa Bu Babadur, tbe ruler or
W .... p4, >cut 10 Akb.r "D.Oth101 ca<cpl a few clepbanU.
,..,,.. for billlldf tbc womco and cbolt:etl arli<:lcs of tbe
llpllll Allllar left Aan oo April 27, IS61, and wub rorc:<d
...... ._ IWPfiscd Adhlm Khan JUtl to aer for hoauelr ollc
-of ... llallaclut't harem. Akbar'a harem wu tho
a. .. , -tlr by bll04rcdt or ,.omen. The lol of
a IU.IIVWD ttOILII
o()I'OII.& ,.,.... . .ould oot II& beco.
00100
010
only be any deceot ha.
obcoc ., tcb of Jmoaloatloo, poo and therefore Abul
only live
decent apanrndiU
Fail' I uscrllOO tho I of court nauery.
accmt io be obe usual p1CCC ent on pogo 163. wblch
Vlnceot smuh ref ell ' a couslo or
111
,
0
poiott to Air. bar nd '[be prblccl version o
Bbaawaodas, was ocnt oo ao ern dead Oil lbc way. Kls
tbe u.c;dcot '"Y" tbll Jalmulr those pe1iiOUS dayl pre par
wodOW 00 loo&CI deSiriOI 10 fuocral p)ife. Akbar IOSI DO
ed to buro benclf on bcr butb> ' d her and put11o& them
time io ebaJin& those. wbo is likely to reveal
in pnJoo afier capture. A d ath and his w1dow draa
that Jolmul wu deliberately done to e
ged into Akbar's harem. b Akbar
I
"Orunon's statcmtnl " at
Oo page 185 Sm lb $1YI d his other coo
bad coo6oed blmself IO one wife *?d from olhcr
aoru amoog the courlleu Is not co Akb& 's lccbery
sources" This addt a new dJmeosJOD to r . ttc.1
""--- .it uvcab bow womco were c::onside:rec! as c:ba
.,...._ kba d bil courucra ID a
to be fn:cly excban&cd amona A r an Tbt Ulte lambl
continuous merryao-round or .... traffic. y were: be
in a muuoo mark<:l bema freely pulled t bi> side d thai I
weco ohc >codOJ aod I be cullom<< u> commercial bagUoa.
Tben there was the noloriout ioslilutioo of Mccaa Baur
oc:oordiog to which on 1he Now Ynr's day tbo women of !I
Hlndo hou .. bolds had to be paraded before Akbar for biJ
choosing, Any number of tbueliokerung tales or every
able fotlD o( lechery CID be found l11 the acc:ounll of Akbar I
rclao.
Allbar't Crodty
111 cruelty Akbu abould rank amODII tbc pciiUI udiou or
bouory.
VotK<:nt Smith .. )'1 (p, 20) that io privately uecuuoa
Kamran'aaon (namely Akbar's own oousin) at Gwalior to IS6S
"Akbr oet an cvlt mpte, Imitated on a lara ocate by b11
dciCelldaoll SbabJaban aod Auranazeb." Tbc per
, 1 hoD ood Aurangub were. lhereforo
0
pct!Sied bf Shl'i , bit ,..u.wom hooded d....':
lbl11 .,...
Akbar. II cnuld nor ""
llolr u..mou .J b h d VQ
bJI I uae If we that umanuy s e us ntedlo.
thonn'" oeourb ways over a number or genera
1
;
00
: rwo or rbrec removed
lb<JI .U. d A must be many umes more CTU<I I boo
10
o- h' 1 h 1
,.. b (?} desceodaot<. llveo r IS 51mp e trul s 1800I<d
:.:::: of Jodiao hi$1ory who have perpetuated lbt
ftOib of Akl>ar"s SttlllltSS.
L 6 I 6 the day o!ler the bailie or ranipa,
Oo n"Ytmuo .v
b H m
u was brouJbl before Akbar. wounded and se
1111
"' eo e k i h
"Akbar smorc }lemu on rbe nee w t h1s scimilar"
:b. Akbar wu lheo just about 14 years age. Ev.n
f!OID I bat }OUDJIIe he &Jorified in I he of help.
Jets aad p106trale enemies ; sucb was bts upbnogmg.
"Ocr lh< of Paoipat Akbar's victorious forces
"marcbtd $1taiabr ro Dclbi, wbich opened its pies to Akbar,
bo mad< his <otry io A&ra also passed inro his posses-
""" ... accordance with tbc &butly cusrom or the times,
rower wu bQnr .,1tb tbt beadJ oltbc alain. lmmtosc trtasures
_.. takeo With tbe family or Hemu, whose aged fatber woa
ntcUied." (II 30 of Smith's book).
Ia &appreuio& Kbao Zaman's revolt his confidant
Wok-ld Niralt "wu lorturcd for five successive days on
lbt QCQ!hoa IIOUJld. Eacb day lle was trussed up in a wooden
fiUIC U4 piKed one of the Tbe elephaat
..,..., kim ia blltruak aod sqUeezed hiiU and Oung bim from
- lldc 10 lbt other ... .Abut Fut rclaJes this borrid b&rbaruy
illloua word or CCDsurc " (p. S8).
Allot llac..,._ oi'CIIitror, aaya Smith (p. 64) " ALbat,
... oblt1U1e oncocd 10 bit annt,
-' wor w llldaou llld Iowa willa mcrcdcu seventy .... Tile
:::..
1
,._,., mac:rc which resulted in tbe dc11b
-..... ..
-'sthll
... , or Atbu ia Petb&JII pre-led .,
dra,..
rho combaranrt ustd swords, bow and
1
rber
11
ontt. "Akbar sln& rhar rhc Purls were
1
d
I be 111nal ro some of hi more nvage followers to b
1
''"'
uht parry" Tbi wu somerlliog woroe rbao the P
fable o( rhe ro quarrcllina ears approacbioa a monk coep,
drdc bclwn them a lump of cheese. In rbis fi&bt
10
rbe rwo Hindu Saoyasio seers Akbar saw ro ir rhot borb ., ten
uJtimrely annihrlarcd by hos own fierce soldiers. ' 'The cbr ".e
<l<r uncruoully adds:rbar (Akbar) was highly dellghred wirb ':r
rporr remarks Smnb.
1
Ar rbe balll< of lbldigbat when Akbar's forces were rao&ed
aplnsr Ran It was mainly a fighr b<twcen Rajpu
1
Dd
Rajpur h<cause Akbar by his demoralizing arroehies had terrj.
fied a number or Rojpur chiefs lnro s ubmission, ond tbrou&h
tlr<m soushrro subdue rb.e proudesr of the clan, Rana Prarap.
Ar rrme ,.ben rbe sides were locked : n baltic aod it was not
easy to disrinaubb berwctn Rajpurs allied wirb Akbar, and
rbose him, Badauni frgbring on Akbar's side, a.kc<l
Akbar s commander wbere ro shoot so that be may bir only rbc
The commander replied It did pot mauer, be could
haorln the midst or rbo Rajpul armies ond whoever
wukillcd,ll ..,., a gain ro Islam. With that assurance, says
Bad.tunt, be bod oo dlfficulty and he starred shoouog wirh aay
1.baodoo ro rhc b<hef that no precaurioos were
llt<ZSSiry .
Mrer rho capruro of Chilror, uys Col. Tod "Akbar deflliled
every monument that bad been spared by the conqucrora.
Akbar .-a lona r&Dkcd wirb Sbihabuddin, Allauddin and orMr
amtrumenrs of drltruction aad with evc.v JUSt claim and like
bt ., '
consrruet<d a mtmbar (pulpit or reading desk In a
m..squc) for the Koran from rbedelty orl!klioga (the hercdirary
of tho RaJpUU)". Tbia give a tho lie to ahb assiduoualy
OStCJed view rbat Akbar wu tolerant towards rbe Hlodua aod.
ra)ICC1ed tbelr deltie&.
"Ia or abour A.D. 1603 Akbar wbo was us:d ro rcrirc to
91
IONOBI.I ,-XIA& t108U
tl happened IO emerge earlier
bl room In rho artornoon (or re ld nol ftnd uy or tbe scr
lhiiD wat Cl pccted ond ot Rtttbco,uhtonc: and c..-oucb he aw
Wh
b came near t c I b
vnrs. on e 1 Jeep close to the roya couc
baplen ramplisbrer' coded up d n d bhn to be thrown from lbo
Enras<d ar rbc itb Akbar or esc . d eces
d b
e woo ola)bcd inro a tbousao pl
tower en b
bstfVts u Akbar's poh.cy
1
'
On poses and 146 and perliduous. At tbc
resard to tb.e wn, wel'G approaching bls court In
very rnomcot be b.ad organized an army
responoc ro rhe froeodly tovl Tbc Oesut) fathers were dis-
ro uprurc tbe pon;rbe du licity of Akbar wbo pre-
gusted or actually orderina
tcndtd a e11rc:
11
hostillliu: '
to Auausr !600 when Akbar' s foroes Asiraarb fort
bur bod oo bope or victory, says Vincent Smtrh (p. Akbar
"raolved ro rely on tboe arrl ofJorriguc and guole wh1ch
ucclled .. .. He. rberefore, ioviled Klog (of Aw
prb) to come out ror an hue.rview. s:weanoa on b1s O'tfn royal
head rhat rbc vislror would h< allowed to return ro peace.
Miran Bahndur aeeordloaly cm out wearing a scarf io a way
slgulfylng ubmiuion .... sitting motionless as a ster.uc ....
At Miran Babadur did reverence thrice aod was advaocoog, a.
Moahul officer cauabr bim by tile bead aod rbrew him down
forcna bim to perform complcre proJirarioo ... a ceremony on
which Akbar laid much 51ress. He was held io custody aod
asked ro sen.d an order in wrnlng to rbe fori commandant to
surrender. The Inner refused to surrender nod senr bls 60n to
uk for rbc k10g's release. The youth, asked whether bls farbu
Wll willln& 10 1urrcoder the rort, &AYe a Spirilcd rcrort On
wbicb be was ilabbcd. The fori commander, iarormcd tllat bl
son bad h<cn done to death, addressio1 the ganisoo 10 de(CAd
rhc (Oil ro the I:&JI man, llraDJUiatcd bimSCif with II scarr. This
ln11ancc will provo rbat notbloa wu roo mean ror Akbar aad
rhllt tria perfidy could 11oop to abysmal doprbt.
Lull for weollh, womco. territory aod power was tile chlet'
mo11ve for Akbor's eooljU<JU. lo tbo Raotllambbore uary-
rbar rbc vaoqutlbod w.ro alwaya COID.,.u.d 10
,
91
INDIAN ltiSfDIUC
"L.,
der their women to Akbar. l n connection Witb
' "'"" _ apiottlln llahadur we have already obse
d b. ,_ r.eos n...
.Utler"J I"" for women ma e m overlhe Adham kha...,
Conlfd marcllct. aile he way from Agra, co make him 0
alllht wom<D from 8u Bahadur't harem I bat the
mltlpptopriatcd for bimaelf. ..
w,
1
h toprd 10 Akbar's campaign against Boodelkbaod' llq
Dotaatl, Smtih wails (pp. S0-51) "Akbar's auack
pr;aca
1
era characl<t so noble mere asar"sion, wholly '
protokcd aod cleoid or all justification other than tbe
c:otlqUCII aocl pluoder .... AI!bar'a annexations were cbe r
4! ordinary t togly ambillon supported by adequate
anact. deoid of monl j usli6catioo, on the ex cell col aovora. I
llldll or lla.oi Ourpvali wu made on the principles wbiob
dd<rmlocd lbe subsequent ennexations of Kashmir, Abmtd.
napr a.od olber t inldoms. Akbar fell no scruples abou
1
u,.
ililtinc a war aDd oooe he bad beau a a quarrel be hit hard
without mercy .... His procecdinas were much the umo .,
lboso ofolber able, ambitious tiogs,"
Oacribin& AUar's wantoo auack against ' Rana Pratap oe
Newu, Slllitb remarts (p. 107) " It it not necessary 10 adduc.
&lly putlcallr loeldenlu supplying a motive for the attack oo
11 Roo. Tbe campaip of I S76 was intended to destroy 111<
ud c:nllb bally bit prctauioos to Sl&od outside or the
"'JI!Fe. .Tbe CJDptror desired lhe death of the Rana and the
abaorptioo of his territory."
Wldmt&lldiog of I he struggle between Rana Pratap
to
1
bei"""-
Mobemmod, 10 Kebul, at bit <nvoy lo negotiate Door
On I'll" 2l7 Smirh tells us "Jabanair' rtbcflion r'
mull hae rcsult<d in hlf paronl'a durb." In, au..,._.r,l
paJ< 2J2 dealina wirb Akbor's dtarh it Is stared ..
00
rbar Stllm ardently dtsir<d his farber's domise. J
A fooroote on page 191 nys "As early as 1591 wb
was sull'ering for a lime from stomach-ache ;nd
00
Akb1r
exprCJSOd suspicion lhot his eldesr son bad PDiso ht
PrraceSthm, wbo became rired or waiting ror tbe cro:e .bl111.
to obrarn Portuguese supper! in brs intended figbr
0
throne." or tbr
On page 276 Smirb reUs I be rtader, "Akbar usually b
rebelhaa somewhere or tho orber on his bands and lb ld
1
record<d ourbroaks or disorder in the provinces,
dealt wilb by the Faujdart, must have been hloumerable." ' Y
Among Akbar's own supporters who revolted agairur hi
one by one we.ro Bairam !<ban, Kban Zaman, Asaf Khan,
Mansur (the Finance Mrnist<r) and all th< Mir2.11s that ;
1
blood
rtJIIoODS of the royal family, '
Akbat's Murders
On page 250 tells US of bislorian Wheeler's aJS<ItrOO
that Akbar kepi a paid official whose duty it was to polsoo
people wbo incurred Akbar's falal displeasure- Accordina ro
tome blnorlans Akbar dltd of polsoa pills be mistakenly rook
bu1 had lnrended for Man Singh.
IJI a footnot< on page 249 Smith lists ponons who wore
Jccr<rly n.ul<d or poitoned by Akbar :
I Secrttuecution of Kamran'a son at Gwalior, 1 S65.
1. The bl&bly suspicious deatba of Maltbdum-i-Mulk and
Sberkb Abclur Nab! a fret their rtturo from Mecca. Tbe Jkbal-
n&alo e.xprenly states that rbe Liller was put to dutb by Abril
raJ in punuaoct or Akbar' a ordera.
3. Tbc cquallv llltnicious dtarh c;f Masum Faraoabudl.
97
AI' ut&.IIVEU NOftt.lS
'""oaLt AC8 I Mulk and anotbcr by rbdr
EJ<eeullon of Mit Muru.u
I IO dcalh all Mullas epnr whOm
one Akbar seo
S One bY (U d uno rl, 285) d
d ,uspiciooo ld like 10 Jd rbe rnur er
he M be obo 111 rbc wid!IW A.kb>r cbued, a.s
'Toll rn Kh and of Jatmu ',w b best as arpcars from the
of Ba r dttcd "' Akbats
I
bren mur
Oil ( rheil dcOlhJ,
circumstance> o ' shments (p 250) as sentences
Sm
ith dOJCrtbeS odes of looluded-
1
, ktnd
0
m b h d' 0
of(otl) eppal on& - b elephants, oruc:iflsoon, e ea tn.,
P
,,...,,.,, uamphna r -ftalties mutilatior. and ""brpp-
'"' d rhcr>- As mrnor r-- N cis ol
ba&rr
0
e commonly ordered. o rccor
inC or I wc:re kept. Perwns acdog at
pr-ednSS CJ ro follow Koranic rules, Akbar
judges thOU&hl 'ThO hOrrors or an eX<CUIIOD around are
rrinl by ordeal._ or the copies of the Akbarnama at
depocred rn one
South Kensington.
- a contemporary or Akbar says " Akbar
th po<urious an<l of money." On page 263 Smotb
" emptror regarded bimstlf as the betr or all brs sub-
j;:,;, n<l ruthlessly scoz.d the entire properly of deceased
whooe ramfly bad to make a (rub alar!, COnlto&<nt OD the
toodwill or 1be emperor. (P. 252) was a b.ard
man of business, not a stntim":"tal pholan.tbroposr,. bos
wbolc policy wBS directed prfnctpaJiy tO the ICQUJIIlrOn Of
power sod riches. All the arrangements about Jaairs, braodios
(borscs) etc. were lltvlscd Cor the one purpose namely, the
cohancomenl of rbll power. &lOry, and richeS of tbc crown."
Tbouab A\bar's mother died just over a year btforc Akbar
I - al\tr Akbar bad made all bis eouquesu and boarded
immelllt weahb Lbrouah usury aDd rtpreuion, y<t h< coold not
rososr the rcmpralioo of Goutia& btr dyiDa w11ob. Dacribroa
tbls oo paac 230 Smorb uys ''lb< detcucd lcfl in bu bouse a
J.rcc treasure ao<l a will dhccttna that il abollld be divlcltd
IJDODI ber male dcsc:endanta. Akbar ... wu too fond or IIIOIICJ 10
whbslaod rhc temptation or aoouloa her wealth, the wbole or
,.bic:b be without
will.'
INDIAN ll
regard to rbc terms
ot tbt
lodia' l pe"'.ued history has along striven bard
10
d
lodta's alrca rulctl bcdeclrcd wlch glories borrowed fro <J>I<j
""ilrm JoJho rulcll' descnplioos. A rnoarkable iosta I'll Pr<-
,., . f Akb ' . nee or
t u.:b
1
parr " (ouod r'l accounts o ar s rergn. Ia imitar
or ..
lJ ufd c>f King Viknlmaditya a myth assiduously fois::
00
mrdracval lodlan b.Jstory rs that Akbar bad a similar
811
,
1
Y
Clf moe Ltlcnrcd man called tbe nine gems or hrs courr . Tb
Akb.tr did oat conlider anything than a aroup
rdrotJ. rs tcco ro a cbaractmsuc remark of brs (p. 2S8) ;
0
whicb
be say""S "It"" the grace of God that I found oo capable
IDlDIII orbtr,.i.5c people would bave coosidered that my
meuureo bad been devised by them."
'NIIIf G..,.' A Myth
EYtll otbel'l>ist all these much publicised men were mea of
oo ..,nh. Todar Mal, v.-as associated wilb devising a pemici
OUJ system of "serewrog" money out of people, to exuact
" b.Jcb they bad tO be ftogged and to remit wbicb they bad ro
ll tbelr wives and children. Abul Fazl bad tbe reputauon of
bcloJ a "sb4Didess llatterer" a.nd was got murdered by tbe
CfO'I>'D priMe Salrm bimwr. faiti, who died a premature dcatb,
trU a medioc:rt poet boosted up In a court where sycopbaot
l!ancry llourubrd at it.t woru. About him Smith remarh
lP 301 :102) .. Bioc:bmaon beld that after Amir Kbusro or Delhi,
Mubammadcn India bas seen no sreater poet than Faizl, . .
Adantbng.the j u11iee of Biocbmaon' verdict, I can only saY
that the other poeu of M.ubammaden Iodia must be wonb very
lrnle ' Bnbal dr< ro a battle He wu supposed to bave bcCO
,,.co ,. Jaarr wbrcb be never enjoyed. The much utolled wit.
bumo11r and repanec ascribed to him sre in fact tbe work of
10111e wac who used BorbaJ'a name and court auociatioos as a
flcuuouts,.lkiog bollC. Sbab Mansur, the so-called Finance
Mrlllmr. wu rxccutecl at Akbar' order by Abu I Fazl bmaclf,
So from bc1nna to cod it 11 tucb a 1ickcoing ule that these
tDucb nuntecl Doc &etns' turn out 10 be: hapless
ceutln up Ia tbo roferoaiiD&l:bioc or a corrupt and reP""''"
l dDIIDII IratJoo.
UAI HOOUI
t Ot<Ol'Lf A
wanda< once stabbed birru:clf in dllaust b<Qusc
RJ Bho. f his aituollon i n which be bad soven many
<>f rho utter
0
d cousin in Akbor's servoce only to
. en folic sons nn .
or tus wom ' treatment, In reru m. Man Smgh """'once
....,eive despiuble d k Aktiar and subsequently was to be
1
d b" 4 0 over run .
11
rbroll e himself hlppencd to uke the porson pr '
potJO.n<d b Ja at Singh drunk biroseif to deat)r. M.an SrDJb s
'by mtJtokc- II m<d to woo rn oil probabrhty
let Mon Boo, m eel b
5
'
5
d e In one edition of Jabangimama rt II stat t at
111urdcrc d thr ee days' ond died, while in another she I'
1
be commillcd suicide by taking poi.son. It is known
Sill< do ' fasting is nor eoougb to krll a woman, and
I . . r I
reo\er Jabangirnama uself IS ootonoUJ as a uuuc_ o tCJ.
mo h msclf is knowo to ha been a very C<Ucl aod
Johonsrr ' . ( ., h
monarch who poiSoned hrs ather, got .,ul)a
scherorog
fi rst husband. Sher Afghan, murdered, and 9ould look upoo
wrtb pleu urc at the sight of a moo being Hayed alive.
Ou waotb. a young painter, at Akbars COU$1 stabbed him
self
10
death. All snch suicidu by Hindus bJVe been reprt!enr-
cd Ia contemporary Mushm records, as having been eomuritted
ia a fi t or madness. This dcscrrp<ion is litet'lllly trw: in anotbcc
sense namely that coodiuons in Mogul courts were so intolcr
able that the Hondus driven 10 lle$J>Cralioll by tile loss of
culture. honour, propeny, women. sanCtity of tbcir homes,
reliaron were dnvco 10 mow 3Jid death. Todarmal, io sptte
or ht> bavroa sold b11 conscrenc< .o Akbar, in devmog" system
to fl eece tbe subjects, bad all h11 private altlU, to wbrch u an
orthodo Hindu be w:u very mucb attached, n:movrd togttber
'With the Idols he woubipped. To an orthodox f-l indu in those
day1, when idols were not 10 be touched, even by persons In the
oamc bouscbold without a batb sod holy attire, summary
removal of all idols by MuJhm ..,.,., a monftaa
And yet such acu wcr" cncouraaed by Akbar e en
wot h rcg.1rd to persons like Todarmal who had mortgaged and
all rhcir in Akbar' service. Ia dirgun Todarml.
therefore, rulaned and left for Dananl,.
Pn rl aad a ....... l.'l,...tre4
Oo PIIC Sm.itb says " Akbu then cnarcbrd to Prayaa llld
- -
100 INDIAN HIJI'fORIC\L
-t'lt
00 10
s.nmo. bleb """e plundered because ......,le
t .- .... ., lrtrc:
rub enousl> to cl- ...... a ...
Tlo"uplalos wby Prayaj hu no river aht and 'll<l<n
t>uoldJt. All thot Prata (AIIohabad) hu today is Ytcto .
1
t>unaalowl of prooti1lng advooatet. But for lbcm
I"'"""" 1 bkaL appcAuocc. AI an aocieot boly plott, it...;::
llOI t-o 11re:utd thai Pra)lll had aceJienl, lo..-erio& river &h
on hot h 01du of the Oans ond Yli.IIluna along witb
liccnt fort. Tbc d,molitlon or Ptayag's gbau out:
1bose at 8.\oaras, and maoy maostoos and numerou,
tcmpleJ, must be laid tquarely at the door or Akbar.
'" popular bellrf the ramou& Kasbi Vishwanntb temple II
ll.tnaru was finl desrcrated by Akbar when he wreattd
, cugrOJtce on 111 peoplo. l o fact no quesllon of even vengeance
.,,... The ltldn people are traditionally koowo for lh<ir
.. trcme dcvolloo to royalty llod Akbar's Yi$11 been barmtm
11 could not have oco:asloned ony other feelings amongst
lhrwu residents co;eepl those of the deepest rever<nce. Btll
from tbe very rct l.btt thcy sll.mmed their doors against Akbar
It b tlur tbal his <ntry lnlo Banaras must bavc be : o occasion.
cd by lccberou and rapacious motoves.
SLaurla hs Worstl'orms
We ha'e alrrady Sn lbal Akbar iOiisted on complete pros-
lrlboa oil and \undry before him- He made people drint
l.bc "atcr in wbieh he wtoah<d his reel. He also made people
dnol. water oo wbtcb he bad bre>tbed. Ralph Fitch, a coolem
porar) Eaahsh trleller hs recorded that William leedcJ, ao
EnJillb )eftllu II Akbar's eourl was "given n house and five
ainu.' Oa .. 1' 141 Smith saya "Aquaviva (I he Jesuit) had
oblaootd llltn austeoanee throuaboul btl stay at court While
lcaVIaa. lhcrerore, the only boon ha ask<d was to take witb bim
fliDil) or Ruuiu llavu, father, mother, IWO 1001 and cerU.in
dtpclldeot wbcl had been amoos Mohomroadeo so lona as 10
bo CliNnlanl In name onW.'' Tbls bo""s that Akbar held
llllhiiDinble lit ... of Vatiolll ... IIOIIIli hu.
Oo P"P SmUll averatbal " Ia the years 158182 a larac
811111bct of Sbelkbt &lid Fakin , apparently thoao wbo rcsl1ttd
-uoo, were <ailed, mOilly 10 Kandahar, and cxcbaoacd
10\
ttl.l!VIO tl()l o.8
oto01
1
u
0
" Smltb also dCf<'rlbet
. enslave.... . bu
ror J>On<" h;n
" "" 11 wu ai&O comm
-'ld<d eaa
0
be laves.
:o "' aft a battle, lh' -'- Akbar prac-
... uoocro bod of slaverY. w '""
r .., subtle IXICI of braodiol ..... ry
,\nothct vc .. , otrneot, wu
wbioh eauted srcal r<S4 ' II rorehcod. Thus whmoee
b I Dower mark on ' . 11 subservient to
bo<l< "'
1
automauca Y .,.._ .__ d-
ocd a braodcd botJC lm wjle.rcvcr found were .,..n
AlllhO in follnd himself between
cd
Th
us o mao owntO& . bed to be free of Akbar'
II be "''' b' h
devil and the dP .. a. u to let the borte lo01e on w oc
totclasctbe onlY WAY open IV ee and beast orbllrdcn in those
--c be lost the ooly d the borsc the forehead mule
ADd if be rctaon< --
perilous dY' d or his having been redu<= 10 per
wat a. c:onAhlnl remln er .
pctual ..,rrdom bY a crud ttlck..
Horrible f amlnOI s rule led 10 ramioes of uo-
Akbar'a lawlen
Delhi was devastated and t.he
__ ..,. ottd horror
0
d 'th his
P'"""'
0
(p '288) Bedauo wtt.ocsse "''
mortality wu . . wo . kiod and the appearance of
WO eyeS tbal men ate u oCif 0 k
;,mbhed sufferers .. u so hideous tbat one could scarcely '0:
u o them . the whole country was a desctt and oo busbao s-
.:.;, remained
10
till the arouod .... Gujanu, one or the rocbut
provtoa In India, and generally reputed to be exe(Dpl
from tbc risk of famine sutl'ered severely for lo.lt months on
1S7l-74. Pesliloncc as usual followed &tar11ntlon so that iobabi-
Uoll rich and poor, fttd the country and were scallered _abroad.
Abul Fazl wlth characteristic voguencss reconb tbat tn IS83
or I 5S4, as prices were high on account of tbe dryoeso or tbc
year, l.bo means of subsisraoce or many people came to an end.
If we may judge (saya Smitb) from tbe slovenly way in wbicb
be lrtall l.he tremendous calamity of I S9S..98 wo may infer
tbll tbc famine of I 58)..84 wu serious. h does not seem 10 be
mcotloaed or even alluded to by otber cbroooclers .... "
"Tbe faml oc which began in 1595 and luted three or four
1C&n until I 598 equalled in Ita borrora the accqsloo year and
CliC<IIed lhe vlahalloo by reuon of itt !OOJCr duration. Jaund ..
102
I
nd
tP. :!\i)
II<DI41< l
oc:euionnlly matred Akhr't
rtiiD"
tbll Akb3r died, in Aan ron IIOQc
ud ItO J> milhon otcrhng 1n c:uh. There wcro
I>Oar.b Ia "'other cttt<S. A_nd )<I does not ..... lo
1
Ltn
10
y fomtnc rd1d mcosures. Descnpu
001
1
...... d" . d 0 lbt
-'"' ,,n b) Abul Fazl arc ttmrs.s< as more Oaucry
Atbat" Wtre BrouJ:bl About by BlockDtoiJ
11
hU bteo ,.Tongly and fal>cly uscrtcd and assumed th
R
. .
mamages wuh 8JPUI pnnccsscs were broughc bou
"tlb the 'el) noble lm Of bringing AbOUt COmmunal Untty
htunony. This clotm be debunked by asking lhc simple
queshon whclher Albar cV<I olfercd his own
and n or tbten In marriage co Hindu chiefs nnd noble.
men!
Secondly il il co suggest cbat the brave Rajpucs ho
rrcf<rrcJ mm burning of their women rather I han lelchcm
flllla lbt hindi alien gentry given to ex creme drioklna.
clnlwa& aod sa-orgies. felt proud in olferina their daughccr
1
to Albar aad bu l.lnsmen'
Let UJ lhc lbe oftbe }3ipur royal farrnly "'bicb
bad to suucodcc away of iB daughten 10 the Moaul ruleB.
A a oa:ounl of how I be Jaipur rulers "ere cocrctd 1o1o
1<11d1D1 lbetr dau,hceu to cbe Mogul harem '' found on
rea<HliO 63 of Dr Asbirbadi Lal SrivaSiava, book tilltil
"Alb&r tbt Grtat". \'ol. 1.
The bane of Indian biltorical scholarship bu been cbc
rductantt or loabllhy co draw the rigbl, logicul coocluslonl
from alllnQWll facts. Dr. Srivaslava's occounc or Akbar's capo
lUI< or lbc Jaipur i> a typical ioslancc.
The rul>tOI) of bow Akbar tcrroritled 1be roynl bouse of
Jalpurto part .,.,lb lbeu bdO'cd dllugbcer for being locked up
l>cWod burqa In tcnrun& \logul harem, hal been carefull
lanlo bill &ad OOCI'<DtcOII) '"'<P' under I be royal rug of
AU!u'a bed dlabcr.
111
111111 sa-c lopth.cc tbo: frogmcnll of that busbed P
_,
103
- - ........ 11> !<011.11
ro..a .....
r Akbar' commaadcro wbo orpnr
SborfuddiD "''' one o bar (old Jaiput) lbtn ruled llaja
sed .... ral rords oplnil Am I a lara uibu<e
8bortnll. Bc1idcs uuacu mal's oepbews Jaaaanath. llaJ tDII
able to .. prurc tbr<C or Bb: I .. bollo&CI ud obviou.sly thr:;
aod K.bJnJU TbeY wore cp I an outor-tbcWIY place c:al
tenCd witb dc&lh Kacl>hwabl cbicr (Bbumol)
or. Snvurav uys bolptcu oonditioo sought the
raced .,.doc< ion and beocc IO al h Akbar " ThiS clearly sbowa
inlerc<Slion of &ad n t bel Jess . prince .. was made a
tbatsurrc:odcriD& of ID r!tease or Bbarmal'l lhteO
prc-c:onditlon 11Y Akbar or
oephcws.
wu 1urreodercd at Sambhu ud
Accordingly lht was secured io ln
lbC release or the tbrec prrnccs be paid
addihon tarse 1um or mo_oeyb bad to be
osly
00
rbc Jaiput side lbts um " b
over and wbllewasbed tl a marriage aod tbe tn otc
"'
1 11
d "bed tl dowry. Bot there
paid bad 10 be eupbetntSI ca Y CSCII
;. no" reoroo wby scholatl of loday should feel compelled lO per
petaatc lhc mytb.
Dr. bas rur1hcr $\lied lhll '"Aner a day's stay &l
Sambbar Akbar marched rapidly to Agra." Near RanlbalD
bbare.Bba.rmal's so.n.s, l"'Odsons and otber relatives were mlro-
duccd ro Akbar. These htrid details pul tbc whole epiSode ro
to bold rcl1er. It Is well koowo lbBI in 1be 161b Century a royal
wedding was ao elaborate afTa11 luung for mootb.s. And yet
Akbar bad no more lime to spare cban a day' waystde halt for
Ibis prcudo-marriage. And obvtoosly oooe of Bbarmal"s reiD
elves aucodcd lhe humilialin1 surrender or a royal prluces>
honour 1ad ebasrily as is apporent from lhc fa<l 1bat Bbonnai'J
soas, graadson and olhcr rctaclves " 'ere introduced 10 Akbar
Raatbambborc.
It was ths IDJtial matllll &rip whicb enabled tbe MosuJ>
to force Jllpur to part wub h> other daughtcn oo dem&J)d
Iller.
As &I Bbarmal bad been fOR>Cd to cede bn daup1cr to
Akbar lbe ptll hts commaoder Sbufuddio oo aoolb
JIM tN'I>IAN 111"0-fC
. -'!. .,
., .,,., bllockmallin& liii>OD namely the reduction or tb
of Meou. 1 "''
AR mauoal ,.;cb. other rullna boo,
wcno tbt rnull or s1milar eotrc1on. H1s1ory ir l'<pJ
I d h . elc
- or many 1 help ess aug ter or btioa _ ..
away under the -cry oooc of rclO<:Iant and helpless pa
pardla.DJ by Moo S1ogb and olber bcoc:bmcn of Aktoe""" 1i1C
abducllool aod kidnopp!ngs have been glorified io hrl,
aJ
. llOr)
Akblr's noble, 1ntcr-commun mamagcs brought bou -
the lofty 11m ofbnogiog about peace, harmony and uotl).'
Dodf ollodloa Unlnrslllu
In view of the above observations it is I he duty of lodl
WJIYeltilics to scrap all to great au. r,
0111
oducatiooal textbooks. and r.ostrtute chatrs to briol ouc
bomd trutb about Akbar's tyrannical regrmc. From
account it lulcat that A.kbar deserves to be ranked lib
world's most bated rulers.
IJfbllotropAy:
I. Atblr the Grut Mogul by Vincent Smitb.
l. Akbar tbe Grut, Vol. I, by Dr. Asbirbarll Lal Srovau
1
,.
l Akbar b1 J.M. Sbelat.
4. Atblroama by Abu! Fazl, Bibliotbeca Indica Jtri<L
S. Comrncotarillf,.
6. Annals of !Uja.stban by Col. Todd.
1. l odla's H11tory Aa Written by Its Own HistOr1aot,
and Doi!IOo, Vols. 1 to 8. '
Misplaced Faith in Mediaeval
Chronicles
. dian hlstor,ct rcsearc:h has lhc
Aoothet blunder of In b put in mediaeval cbronlclel.
11tisploccd faith tllat boo I with very little grain or
Tbc:S4- chronicles arc most y llous era in which the
truth. Tbe court bad to indulge in
literate peop1c wa ensure the safety or tbelr own
abject ftattery of the.r patrons to M d' eva! chronicles must,
persoos. ramlllu and property. c
11
A b ' an Nights than
therefore bo regarded supp1cmttU\ to ra 1 . .
as histori'es. Whatever bls;torir:al m.atcrial tbey coo:aiO
it only iocidcotal, and would have to be: gleaned Wllb Ul
moo caut1on after firm eonoboratioo by cYI ence.
SU<h trutll would be u dillicult to 6ad as a needle, tn o hay
'lcl<-
Waroiass or th11 kind have been uttered by discerniD& and
ae:riow bjnoriao.J c\'Cn before but ba\fc oot been heeded. For
inslltnu tbe late Sit H.M. Elliot aays in the Prerace to hts eight
volume critical study o( mediaeval chronicles that the History
o[ tbe Muslim era io Jodin, is an ulmpudc:ot and interntcd
.
In addre!i to tho All lndl3 Histoty Co.ngress session held
al Allahabad, In 1938, Dr. Surendraoatb Sen, o secrionnl presi-
dent. simtlatly observed :
"Here ! decrn >t ncceuary to sound a note ofwamios. There
h leadency rn oertaln quartors to treat everttbiog written In
u a prtm&') sou roc of hiatory. Notbiog c3o he mote
ndcutout, . Thc tbroo.iclers wcsc ma1oly iott1t1ttd m the court
and tbe mlhtary &rlltocracy. Some or them deltbcratcly sou&bt
abe P.troo&< or tbc ruhna sultan aod the prioctpol noblca.
106 INOIAN HlSl'OillCAL
n. \fDlhtl WTiftra _.ere uldom free from rdiaiout b'
IUde tbem todolftre11110 the cultUJC or the Hiodu., n, .. llo.,
.... clclade4 mllbeliun doomed to <l<rnal pcrd r Iliad,.
I"'J tllal "' 'I"'" of tbt.. dcftcll the Poniao ch'
100
:"11 II o
b b I . JOOIClQ I
-"'"' to tonotG I ISIOn<:a WOtU of India,' ' Ill I
Ot S.N S<a thea w<ot oo to quote Dr. Tcssitori tb
Jutu tcbo1u co saf that "Tbc history o( mt4iaevai
1
; . lrtat
boca"' rat oompllcd oblrfty from the "'orkt or Mush.," h!' b"
he up<tKottbc Ra)put prioocs In an
talllnJ tbrm tofiol<l doas, hudllroO.i rebel. etc. Buron &bt,
.. rrH:odl) ftclloa lbc Mobammeden bistorian
1
nvc
0
8
ou,ch
h ro uiL
JlbiOCO 10 I c omponaot role whocb RaJ pUt princtt pia "
1
tmpan1 campagos ... :a .,cu n
Th< obove In tSIIICIS should be enouab to hi hli ht
b!1 filhop of tbt modlaeval Muslim cbrooiclert :
:::.;71< tbnr chroaoclt1 DOl OUt Of 3 literary urac 10 Jeavc
fort " OICCUOI> of ccntrtnporory happcoinp for polleroty but
;n mainly interested In Oan
....... t lll<ot view to curry favour for .. rr.
wttlo a .,..
11114 01
dno'tlback was that they wrote
rdlrio<t wt.Q e ... apum I be local culture, people aod
'"-' apmu the: 1
bda a tnlt '"'t ompanoa lly, veracity aod
"" o,...., .t>ould -
.. """"' ........
MIIIAif IWO ,-tUilUII ft.tto .
""" bttCDI t.bcaueha Oil media n OUt bbtoriu
.....,. ....... , cu:lwhd nal Mlllliru cbrooiclet aocl
.latweiU aa.-.,.. a) r:us for tDJI4occ works on
-.., loc tloe blti<IIJ ollh Yff the prcfocc that our malo
llll;nair or Akbar lo tho
1o ba>c been ! wub to ppln1 ou1 thal
u:_. ' Jabu.IIJuma br Jaha nth:u b)' tbc rulers 1bcm
r..; "'iiiCD lllbc :r So-callrd I<COUnll of
-..)IIIIo
1
llaciUu.bo..,. bo .:.:: IW<fl by lheor under
..
1
b, 14da Al>clul tlatoi4 UDI Of lbe rclan of
llior Plmary ObJCICC .-..
10
,:, 1'011 Ptovorkations
Jlkl I fat1e ICDIJC O( tbe
I ol tloc IWdaa Kaoo.r
eo..-. Allat.abad.
107
10
trown wuhb out of aU propot1icm, arscl
jOVCf(l ' I""-'
10
aJOSt over tbc rulcfl' many m """""
Wbilc. tbttefore. mcchaeval Mushm cbrontcld ao4 rulcr
1
mo
1
rs ouJht co have been baodlc4 wilb lbe utmost auttcm
"", dtf:fdioo I lind that our hiJiorics have &ooc all outlo
10
" .. dE ord '
rdiaoc:c on 1hesc lUtptetouJ t. very w .nucn
:bct<in oecdato :.e properly wellhtd and verified before beina
to 1 , .
ta''Otlt I
1
the praise: or his bcnera.ctor ..
words h< prot
11
m
II I would like to quote another hllle
lo:odcDIO y d c Schau's preface In which he observes
(rom or ghats at holy b:lthing places
"Sp<akml s o ' I t i they (the Hlndut) bavo auoined very
Atbcruo oays n "' 11 ) h h
r arc so thai our people (the Mus ms w en I ey
blgbhd<Rrec
0
nder
01
them Wid are uoable 10 construct any
-
'l. L oo
thin,. h r.c h1C m
Sacbau oliO says that 1\lberuoi ''do,.s not auack lslem,
!WI be auacks cbe Arabs. Iollis work on chrooolo&Y he
ll tbe ancitlll Muslims witb having dettoyed the OOC1C111
of Erao . " Or. Sachau adds "To Mahmud the
Hlndus were infidels, to be despatched to bell as they refuted
to be
From the exw,cts quote-d cbove we arrivo at cbo following.
:
1. That Albcruni'a asstrtions nerd 10 be uamioed with the
utmost caut1on and disc:ernmcot btcause bo wrote witb an.
ttumus agamll Indians. and chat his praise or deou.ociatton
varit4 in dhcct 1)toportion to the favoura be reccved (rom
Olbm,
2 Secondly, be ho> made il clur lbol the lnaders who
dzed by tbe mere river gbacs io lodla could har<lly build
wonh the name thellllCIYl:s. Tblt was but natural
alltbclr cneraica were dissiraled In loot, drlokia oriJCI.
IJO INDIAN HUToatCAL .._,
IDNN<I'<J ...., d<nruttion or '-tds .....
... 111M or AutanJZd> And ,, .. DOl dim<uh to .....,. ..
!bat .... ,.,.or tbe build loa art presuppos., u,,.....
IOJ!I'IJCiion a.cd pcncvcrioa atudy. Those became I.,;,.
lodra 1. 000 years o( Muslim iovurons batb Ia
Muslrma and Hindus. It is, therefore. elar tbat the
0
or lbo
h ld hd
mate maalery tbatt n tans Dlln1ned Ia tbe
011
SCI"""" or bUilding Wll$ o( I he prt-MuJiim era. lOd
J. Thirdly,..., cao doduoc from Afbcruni's statemooe lba
lbe laadcrs destroyed oliehl was 800d and beauei(uf not Ool 1
11
lodta aad Erao but wb.erev<r I hey went. All lk o(
llfulfrm rulers of.'odia. thoreror_e. promared tlo
111 1
u formJ. and buJII mooumcors m bnct a.ad stone is bastJttt.
4, Fourthly, wllat Afberuao ascribes to Mab.mud Gbazo,
camc:ly the reduction of the Hindus lo particles or duu and
acaueriaa them away continued, 01 lenst 'till the end of
AOriQit<b'J rule, and f<JJCned l,hercarter c;>nfy because Of the
d..-deooe o( Muslim power IO a Sllle of harmlessness.
That FirdcuJttoo (tbouab be bas no1 wriuea oa lodia) ., ..
oo benet tbao Afberunl In the nr veraetty bt
awe be "" to \\ nte praises or dc.ouoc:ia:tio:ns dtPtQd..
m1 on tho be reeehed the rulers, iJ clear
Dr. Sa.:bau'a appnisaJ or him. Dr. Sachau says in the ume
Jft(acctpaJe viii)' lmmortaf Firdausr had to fty ill diaauiseto
.. Ide tbo doom or beina trampled 10 death by elephaou
Attra.c:ted by the rutn& fortune of I he young emperor, be stCIDI
to hate repaored 10 bit court only a yeor nfier entbrooitatioo
,_,_A. D. 998, But When be finished his Sbahnama, and fouod
hlDIHI( dluppooated in Wa hopea for reward, be Hung at him
Ill ltmou. oat.ro, d fled Into peace less f'Xlle (A.D. 1010) ....
Malomud "'ho boarded up per hap more worldly treasura lhan
tl'ert ewr bD&tdod up, dJd not kaow how to honour a pori
.S..taod fOt IJII.IIIOtUitty." Stnce Mutlrm ruk followed liM
Nabmud Gbua.l PIIIC111 lhroupout, Firdausi's iDJIUCO
11
dear rerutauoo or ro)'al Mutltm pauonaae aad encouraaemeat
10 the aru lllld Jenera. Whatever patronaae wu ut<oded
to aad to vulau krod or dan:c aod "'"'"',
eccompaottoa dnoksaa orliea.
Ill
' VA\. Ct4...0tfiQ.U
t4
,v.ca.o fAI111 I h he invariabty tdcrt to
MIS: t II lJ .-cH knowo t ; HIOdU counters ancl
IU (M Badamu:.anc:c. or the oaomountina to uy that
ClfCU ,1 abU.StVC l t f
tbc mere mott cnv 11
rukrf in '"':o ,c')tlndrel went to oil furopun
"111 FILl we ftod I t Oallcrert. Mr. H.
Ccn>ID& to d him the doycnF Alo Akbon con-
1ll,toriaoJ "'' troutlntcd Fnl hu (ar
be or ftaucry and
firms . en ;:acc-uJcd 'I
10
the rcpuuu1on o '
too orten be trncnl or fact damag.oa.k bly ia hit aucmpl to
.rltful Fnl aucccc.dcd . rem-;:.: mokin& them believe
roastc:.r: ,.. almost all httonaa.s one or he 3ll<lmo
baodWIa monarch like Akbar w:u
that a a.ocade.saP'
ts of bstory. . have aone on record to
at<" CoatcmporaricS Hl<c toto Akbar' favout
I F I bad war c ' .
aa'f that Abu a f
0
, ntal Works-Ill< Aon
abrothcca lodica Collccuon f the originol J>crsiun
I. A'kbari by Abul Flltl Mndrns, l od edition
b H Olochmono. M. :
0
Col M A Pb.O., F. A.S.B.,
,i,;,;d by Bengal, I Park
published by I boy finl edition
S
Prefaee to I
0
b I Fi
treet. d Jhna" knew A u -
2.. Thll C<)Url!C" :i" in the bioaraphy or Abol
to be a bypoorlle II meouonc ( tbc Altbarnama. The
Fazl appended to tbe Ill Jabn&ir were apinst
bioJraphcr uys "The tbc latter to Abu I Fnl
Abul Fatf. An .
10
chorac hom wttb
pvc bim an excel! found 40 wrners busy
duplicity. Oo cnterroa tbc hoilise Ordcrlns them to
ln copying commantoulc' to the emperor, ond
foUO\V at oocc, r
d "What Abu I Fnl lc3cb ..
ahowing hrm.thc copres e h, ho pracliecs ;
0
tbe houe.''
me Is very d1fferent rom w a ry
The: Incident ia uid to have prod .. oced a tcmpon
mcnt between Akbar and Abul 1-azl.
3. on paae t78 or .he 1!' . volubome
quotu Badauolt oprnton ut u ( fficfoUJ
"Abut Ful when once In r.vour of tbc .emperor 0. II
aa he"'"' and aimc .. opcaJy .iJ
lludylna His MajeSiy a whnns, a naucrer Y
1 bounda) took every opportunity or revlllna ln
1
the :a.
ahamcful way lhl\1 sect whose labours and cnot ves
b<en 10 little apprcclat<d.
I U INQI.AH Honoa
I>) ,..Mit ltlntf)', tod lbJI ftom lbat vantage Clo
.,.,.be&IU)bocl.l' Jabonair rbe <roo Prioce h!"'
II} .,,
11001
uoda obe overb<ariog autboriry
(o.od bll pctorioo so Intolerable as 10 be com
0
1
"""' Fld
abou ob< .....,IOJdOO of Abu! r&xl .
1
P< lt
We bJe Abu! Fnl's own coofsion ro sbow I bar
timc-te:rver 10d opporcun1tl. tn Bfocbmann'a be Wi-t,
rbo first edition be has quoted Abu I Fad's own r prcfoce ro
ALbomama in which Abu! Ful UyJ "As fortuo:::ks fro111
awn me (l.t. when be failed In bit first atre I nor e.,,
Albat' aueotioa) I almost beeamc selhh ancl :;.'.,.'. Oll<b
"""'or learniog had made my braoo drllDk Wi oh llcd lbe
otelulioo .... lbe adVICC of my father Wotb diiJkulty :e e Idea Of
from ourbrula of folly." PI me btU
-
FoorcO!es in Akbamama describe Abu! FazJ
wbo uied ro coo.some abour 22 seers of food eve aJurroa
oerrainly ougbr oor robe one of tb& atrribures or ry oy. Thio
nih 1nd Kho1ar. a
100
''C b1sro.
TbJl Akbar bimsclf r.aarded Abu! Fazl as no m
ba d rrr oretbJaa
d an. a camp . ower " . proved by the fact thor br
' II el<!_an cyelod or _rllsc a finger on Abul Fui'o
uuuonatoon. ...d be been tbc JUt! and rear rut
.,.,. heeD wro d o- er "''' ..,
. .. Y "'' e lo beheve be should have arrai--'
"''b the cbarge. -
Abul Fazl's :;tand strareay wos ro birch bl
A \i>!t'
1
> W3&on 10
0
,.,; IVO SO u IO (or&e
1
lifelona link for ensuring blo
Ada lftllfll/' prosperuy and eom.mnding authority 11 court
' ntaodioa of this role or Abu I Fazl is osscnrlal for
1
rome. appraisal of hiS Akbarnamo,
h lbould be elcorly d d
.. )ld
1
uo cnroo that Akbarnama wu a
:i:' been perhaps coo basolly usum
be w., hardly tho mae 0 ouemOII$ Wtlb btS OWl) baod, for
Dllouollabour."
0 10
have Iaten upon birnself aucb
116 INDIA!<
--' . ,
J 10r CAI&&t.tali
arod qiiOOith<S of CI'O"llj<WtlS 10 IIJirODOmi<ol u: tl>t \\Joo
1111111 bl>loriaM b&\'0 ob<en'ed very pertJoeo
1
t .. ,.rea lb, '""
1
,_. lh '7 ........ .
_. 1 ;nrc ,., s "<port an an <mperor1 rratloo. ""'lt
T1oc cwm' o( Jahaasir U> have otUtaU I 1 bell or
bit ra!><t 11 "P" aeybody to riD& oad dtmood
10
H M EIIIC!I lw dJSliU.SCd &$ "silly... Kit, S
wmiDUtJihe mu<h auoted twchelnstitutos wboch
101 tO Jlb&D&if, formed tbt basi or his r<&omc S' ilccor4,
Elliot .. )l tbll those bave bceo meebAniCIIlly rcpe&;ed
ll.M
alta MCISII111 tuler (llcb pledging to root out ran" _ y "'.
1
"
vrrup1
rampaot prc>lously. Thus betweon tbcmselve.s thcae chro
aod me moors provide uau;ring evidence of tbo
'"ent ood deplb or corrop11on tbat prevaoltd under All rul ab
from Kolllboddio to B1badursbab ZaroT. tn
JlbJDflfJ c.J&im, to bnc built seraij. sunk "'tile IDif
I ill the Plf- to Jllwlgim.ma the editor "S' H ,
1
tqects ,e:rs:ioo u baviog bee:n writtc,: by
ntbtr lhlo an emperor tbe preteoded lCCUrat) aDd
IIIUUIItDUS Wllb which the V>JUe or &Old, SiJvt and rcriout
, .,.Ia" II> to, and tbt oboondioa uaaaerauon dfspiAJtd
a caomcrotJn& sums ..must be nonked with the 6elio"' 0(
Euooutd Pl&lamaomr."
:. HiJ'!'ry Vol. vii, paae 206 r<OOrds "lo
tbt idly cbaoo of justice wbicb the emperor tell
Aclr biStcacd palace at Agra to I llone plll.ll
a ad tt does not llppeor that it w ever sl\Jikco,
Tbc ' u never meant for anyobioa but pa,.dc,
tO
0
mreCltD,itation or whut wal attributed
Kllutra' !'lub hot Y h1nose emperors, Yu 1\1'
1
, Ml
tllln thJt Raj pArr. Vol. Ill Orienta l l!dhfoo
lltlb1" 1 hll '
1
nongpal hod lcady dono obo umc 11
rut.noo , ear nldcnce or the bobil or Muslim
lit<Jr RIJPUI P<od hctnltl>es With tht recorded JIOrid of
'"Cn ha\t. 'llte :'e.UUr\ Thertrore. c\en tbouah Muslim
octo i-
011
...,
1
1oeny duoroycd all Rajput rt<Ordl
"' '.!""' a Muslfm chrooi<lco and rulcn'
,..JIOII f\lltra to
10
.....,nstruct tht hf"o' y o( p<tYIOCII
J. Sir H M Ell I1IC <>ltOI
lalwllif, IOC"t Cotnmc.al On the fiflh IMIUult of
,.tr&.ACIO tAITUIN MLDIARVAt. C'UAOJ'illCLU I 1l
otbef ame-o1he-t for wayCantt it cyually tootf.cd
1
by
"';';i".ii. Elliot 01 JOSI another yam unwonby
So r< an bll prtdtc:CSSOro hld bo Ia the babot of -baer
11millf empty aod llnl'oundtd cloim
10
obtor
ctcdll
sabanaor's dlm' that he reprded evttybtdftl'll>llt pro.
tl'/ unlotable 1nd soerooan<t Is rdutcd by Sir H M Elliot
r cihDJ tho cloSJIC Instance or Mobobbal Khan. I molllary
1
mmandcr of Jahnair. While tbotltadcrooldlcr wu 6,toolna
on the frontiers of Jabtoair'a kingdom b11 fmlly
wu unceremoniously ous,cd rrom h1 mansion so makt room
fot Printt PMW<Ol This also lncldcotally provet bow detpe11
tdy obnll or occommodaolon tbo Moabuu uatd to be aod
thorcforc tbc hollownus or the rraditlonol doom of rbcor bavioa
beta areal and intrepid builders. These obtcrvatloos ot tbc
Brioitlt schoton redutc the verltny and rcliablhty or tbc
Jahamm almost to 1 dphcr.
Lcr us l'OW turn our aucolioo to Badshabo:ima or tbc:
-t or the reosn or Shtb)lhiD wrlll<n It bls ........ b)'
MuJ11 Abdol Htmtd or Labore.. It mull 6r<t be Jtaled bert tb&t
c'ltt SLoce Abul Fnl len behind bot Akbatnama aub>equ'"'t
Moshul rulen were tn duperato seanlh of similat cluoniclera
.,
00
w11h their icbcmlc pens could llllko bose, crud and tyran
naJ rc"lmu appe:tr rc.splcodcnt, ri&blcO&n 111d "nctoU'J t\S had
b<eo demonstrated by Abul fzl That ShhJOh
a tolerable prototype io Multo Abdul lbmod' un be
Commenting on the tbord losututc of lohlDQtr whkh
ohilm that all bcln to property were !Wilted oonrettcred
cu)oyment of the deceased's property, Su H M . Elliot
"The descent tO bcln ll a IUtiC ot
Tlmur's lMtitute (Davy aod Wbllo, Joslitutco n(Tomur. p.
373) but bow little it wu adhered to may be <c<n I>) ttfct
eoee to biltory of llbnair' arand$011 1\.uf'loptb, wbo
ll&in obolisbet the SIIUC CUstOm or CODfllcaiiDi the <\lila
or dtccased aubjeeu. wbicb be u.ys, wu ptatt< ..
td by bls predec:usor ( Mirot ul Al1m).
2. In tb<; Postbumouo Papers ottbclatt H,M. Elhot deal-
loa ""'h tbc chroolt:los of SbabJiblD m,o. be q'\!"'"
M'ulla Abdul Hamid to NY tbat tbe cmpao< <SbdJ!' ':!
desired so-c to write tile lllltol) or llll rwop
1
II< INDIAN IIISToaiCAL
,.... rrom the fc tbat lh Iauer bas IUcce<ded in
1
oDIQ tbtt><locrtbal Sbal\iahao built tbe Taj Mahat
Fon al ud Otdcr<d I he Peamct Tbroot, withou:bt
10
, rr<><>f HIS me"' aucnioo of 1
_,.,
0
)1., and coolt<lcmpt in favour of Shabjaban : lro,.
rt[lldtd bv J<neralloOS of orberwise ditceroing lllld d:
billnrbn" uulb. llbhna
Tbat Sb\bJihaO bad no scroplu ordenng m.U.bciln.
aX(IDDIJ 1> be omneo 11 apparent from !be fact lbattbr<e
aflcr Jabansrr's dco!b SbabJaban order<d a fake Jabang )ea"
, U"l''ama'
10 be wnrtcn as e subsucuto Jo be forced upon o.ll couttiera net
olrJc1111 who were askc<l to surrender copies o( Jahanafr's
orJpnal rsoo. TbiS wa done Jahaogir's venioo COO
Udl<d "'' aod dtsparaa& rcmorks about Shabjaban Iince tbt
laUq bad aU along proved 10 be DOl only a problem child and
I Q)'Wifd ton bul also 11ra1t0r by raisin& the ba.n.nct O( r y 1
qaJnll bh rtoJDIDJ falbor. Given Ibis rae! dots h od
tbll the account or SbabJaban's own reigo written It
b" t.JdlDJ by Malia Abdul Hamd caonor bur be sham.
Suillbt_Tanlr.bIF"ItOZSblhl purport!O& to be an ICC:OUDI of
Aft:l Sbab Tugblak's regn wriuen by SbamsIShltot
1
un que aatODJihe mediaoval Muslim cbroolcles for lis
I!Utnle dhrcprd o! II canoot or billorical wriring, a ad reck
ll)lt or Abut Ful' .L
Hamld"oth .
1
Alluding 10 Abdul
1o point ofSbahJ&ban's roign Sir H.M. Ia quick
Jbor'
11
le h. lft.llesl objeQiion 10 tbe work is rho
Jodi : " or lbal aduherated kind lnrroduted
H .. .,,,,
11
raJ .. Abut Ful aod Fai,i.
(Abu! FazJ's). .,......, and fubome u bit master
I lrr li M. Ellil>t ill h!l p bu
duuaidol of lah ..
1
, ,.t mou1 Papors dealiog wllb tbc
autbor or MaluJri:J
1
h quo1<.1 Kam11 Khan rllo
lo 10 lluorutna 10 say that be wu
,.... llo llll4o tbo bllm tbaa J
1
abao Jn the !bird year of h"
twa
1
abaoaJr bad dooe 10 Sbah-
th!';.' ued 111c .... h111 "' vt terllll for
1'1). 0 revolt ... ,.... hn rarb
..
C
!O fA)TH l>l M"ED1AfJYAI.. CttaOtfiCl.tJ
'"''""
119
uocoo.oerl1 for lroth.' The author tell u1 that he wu onty
1'" cars ol<l wh<n Sutton Firoz tro.Mplaoted tbe two 1\Jhont\
ll J pillafS, and tt tb'- IUibor'S &randfalher w&l of tbe
"o,nen' .e. This amounct to a eonfess,on that bis record1np
Su ta - "M .L. ,
based on mere beanay. '1 tBtw;t ,n.orms me"' aay
1
the
orclbor tbO.t Sultan Fcro1. dua two inigat!on canals, one oacb
ou S'od
(
001
the JumnG and the utleJ, tht tbc Sultan foundtd
'vortl!OWnS, buill paJ""u and laid out vcrdwll ptd<IIS by
: score. These assertions are like. the. onu we make wt1c
!airy tale to ebildr<n 10 lulhna them to altep Had
lbete nurncrous bland statements been true the autbor could
bavt quoled bener sources !han merely a'"rlbing tbelnforma
don 10 bil Rumour-moogctl always a""ribe such iofor
r:a,Uon tO somebody.
All rhOS< canals. suals, forts, palaces and row01 wb1cb a
fcrouhab, Sher Shah or Akbar claims 10 have conmucted
abted cen1uries before bim. A more dlllacnl nttlllgent
Jludy sbould convince aoy dispassion are and disccmlog rder
1batlbe very d' etre wb1cb brought 1b<1e alien invadeiS
p[essin& and burtho& dowo oo the (.ndiarl sub-continent was
CAploitauon. plondcr and massacre. Tbc. TarithlFtrozsbab1
and fulubaleFirozsba.hi contain enou&h proof of tbia.
As an in11ance or mediaeval l'o'ritcu' wanton di$rcgllrd Cor
1ru1b I wish 10 bold up to their aneotion tb< very 11dc
"Fu1uba1 tflrouhabl", "Futu.hal" ll&nf6u vic1oncs of
abab bul rbe surprising fact is 1ba1 in all the four ma1or cam
palll"s or his rci8" be suffered crusbn& defeaiS-tWO in bis
upcdhioos aaato.st Lakhnauti in Bonsai, and two againlt
Thauo. The accouol conlatns absurd staltmeoiJ
bow tho Suhan' s "VIctonous" ann<S conlinutd "' fall b&Ck
bile the "dertared" eoemy followed lh<m in bot pursu11.
Lei UJ now get back 10 examioln& ShamsiSb.itu Afir's
Tatlkblf'irouhubi o lillie mere closely. Throughout 1b11
I. Sir K.M. Ellior's Posrbumous Papttl dcalinl wub lllo
-r;utb ... or A6f, u cdlltd b7
rof. John Oowson.
.
uo IHOIAH HISTO.Ic
"L .Ill
cbriiiiiCk tbt author ha< contraditlcd himsctr
OD UKrtl that tbrouaboot the 40 Y<rs kvtrat ''""'-'
"'"' "'l"lcd co npl<te prospcru :r
tot b1a
1
lht au1bor dt.lt'rtbe:s coodilion.s
0
: Dd hapPIOth
Ita (oodpttOt ere not avbbble ev,:n at two acute dl'"'"
ucl tJJmnJ people hod to resort to boilonc ole! b ru.,.., a...,
thllatcr auoup on tbe abscocc of a b' de and dtlol '
more aubJl.lntaf. nyt mg belttr 104
OaliPI the two A1hobn pillar$ said
uaa;plaorcd by Sullon Firoztb.ab the auth to hoc bteo
h r ood I or tells us' ..
aut onty o IU.torianl" lha.t the $tone
1
on the
lltclu wuh wbtob rbc hefty Bbccm (the mi
111
P ltors WGre the
tbc l'lndavat) Ul<d to teod COllie. Tbis Is :al brother ""'&
Ull<r uan:llabllhy or the Tarlkh-i-Firo b h. . ther proof or the
autborulco" He recklessly aoc:ribcs zsh' a ' tis ourbor and bll
b' b IS IDfOrtlllltion
.. at '' and th<n to "aood hiJto . .. oocc ra
ablunltry or dubbiaa rb As!Ml;:o$ wuhout rcalisioa the
ts c a Plla" to be Bbetma,
n. aut loot alto ..... "'. too r
Ud IOWA> .. bci& bn foun g ,,, or ardcnt, palaccJ, rona
lila all or a nd4u I<IJ theca ded by Sol lAD Firouhab, and
-.......... table <lue 10 OUI or I be baa. Uowiuioaly he
h_r Jt that tbt Sultau lnln I e bascleuness or his claim wbeo
riali to' llimsctr. A ntler ., the stone pillars mcmo-
lowat, Prden. f'Oil<U JIOI to bavc founded Stores of
Pf...S 'toftdet pillra
10
be ;:,ns not need mtssappro
Tbc memonal.
autbot oftbo Tarih . F'
<lor to tbeo-called Qulb orozshahi sives us ft diaarmJPI
........,. "" Atbotan piU '"" lie .says that Sullau Flroz
""-lit ""' lbo otooe ";'
0
" memonal to hio:n<elr u Sultan'
.... t6caa1 "t IO btn>sul(
1-o 11rJ.ya. fu'lt! .' Th1J stetemeol ''
1
, _ bt """ tboui4 k Y tbc author or 1bc Tarlthi
""._, to k oow beuu th
--:-:--....:....::.,:boadd:: lo n ao not
1 .... .. UJ he d.. .._,"h tbc tradlttooal
l
1 ..... ll11e" of flit T
._ 91 ol .. T
.... .
..
...
Ml.t\oA-e0 PATf1t IN .. .IDIMVAL. CH.kOHICUJ tll
. tbat l(utub<tddtn buh the to.,cr, s-odly theauthol
1
mdireetly confcMet that Allmaib
. ppropuattd tho carhc.r RIJpul to"'u 10 tb.c. rnaanu ot
firot. Gtisappropra.toa the Atbokao pdbrs u bu O'fli"U
Tb cursory cuo:unauon of a c-ross.-u:cdoa or med1ac:vaJ
Muslin'l cbroocles and rutcra' mcmoin and or the mot;vtt
hlth impelled their authort should ufficc to coaviocc .. udcoll
:r bi>tot)lthot lndlon hiltoric:al '""u which lave based
,eJves oo chclC unreliable chronicleS h11ve sro$.5\y erred i.n mate
rllll parlic:ulal'$. Tbc$c chronaciCI ba.olDI been written witb
uttenor motivu, ony 111Storic:rl material they migbt con11l'io ,,
onlY ineideoral. 1bey were written by d metcrvtn for
a.rindioa,. t\S such these chronicle were. ntvct Intended cvcn by
their very ou1hors to be taken s.criously They were mctto\ ooty
to fu161 a conlempOrary purpose namely humourin& tbe SO\'tt
CI&D llOd winning ravourJ. Or where tbe cbrooicle1i purport to
b been wrineo by tho rulcra thcmsclvu or at their biddoag
they n: intended to compel tbe subj<CU aad offic11ls to
mt<haoically repeat the officool vcr1ioa to drowo tbc dreadful
upcricoccs. mc.monu and mtSCfiCS of d¨ll tyranny io
pf!K:ial bluff and bluster. Posterity hu erred 10 ovcr-lookiaa
this primary ObJCCIIVC wbteh Impelled the writing of the;< fake
cbrooiclcs. Uowarrooted reltanee hovlos beeo placed oo these
couoterfeat chronu:les and memoirs h Is uo wondr that our
mediacwl historical tells contain uns uspected blunders.
tt l! not o:ny coateotioo that medl8cval Muslim cbronlclu
and rotors' memorrs be cooderuued out or hand, As contempo-
rary writings they cao ba or great help ln mcdln-
biSioty. AI srrcssed abovo thoy may be ut<M for adverl<'
mfctcnccs if for oolhrn& else. Bn fake documenu maoy
time t>r<Mdt .-.tuablo clues. What is in Leaded 10 be conveyed 11
tht lhty far from truthful records.
1 hope, lhcrcfor<, that VOIAfl<l Of truth ancl l!UdeOU and
medtaevl lodan btSIOfY \\1>Uid witb mcdculoUJ
"-R *"d u1most cauttOD rc.Yae.w medilllcval Muslim c.brooadtt
and rolon' mcmotra. At 11a1e tbc !W<l1ioDJ made tbemD
G<<to be sub)<Ctod to a cl<e .cruuoy aod eareful -
J :2 Ill DIAl< tiiST'OlUCA
.., a.
.............. l)ncnpltOilO or <bauvJniJil), ltlf,p
ud claorm "'"'' coc be ao:oo<JII<d uoleu OOobo
11
''"
'""""""'"' , .. ck... by
It_,""' to< f"'t..(I<D tblt riley m1kc IUlpieio.,.
'lP' dalal or I be nous rul<n bovina eovcm<d lb lltrto.
.. the or lolly Pftor:iples. I he ndtrs bavioa :::.: ...
.... 1,.., aoJ all lbcm bov.os dus t:llmls and boh .,,.,
,.,.., ....... ood rom. .. ..
If mcdra .. al Muslrm cbroololcs and rulen' mt
1
mona1
01udocd "rib 1bo lallnc:e aod dil!ecnc:c urscd h
6
blorruhon of tbt tndidonal Implicit placed 1 In
lam '"rc. 11 "'oil be found nc,..ry 10 rtwrite Indian
1
en! biiiOJy. mcdta
h .... I mUICJ O( pktnnt SOTpti}t: tO me wb 1
tht \la,araJIItra Hnald (a datly published from p:") io
It IU' I "'"" rcpon of a spcccb dclivc:rcd at
8
a::bao July
b) 1 Mulrm bluory Professor K A N' Y con.
ckbunktn
1
MtdJ:-..,oJ Mt111i,; Allsoh
lll>ttmtWOrtb) S b 0011t l$ IDO&l
of. uc
1
tulonal appraisol from a Muolrm
'"'" lbc dotbard Aliprb tradition Is
Clbc:Doc:ttaoa l"'re:
Olbtr M .. lrm acodcmb bad ._
iloodl) aoJ ""Iter emula1e Prof. Nzamo'a
omtrlt CUI of lbt bolts r h
laJina.c tutottttl a.Qd ball
1
o I e1r tbauvtnisue
ouuock
0
lbc llllUbtnt or the TRUTH
Tbt bcv.' rtpou raa It uoder-
80\IBAY, lulv 10. " PJ b
btUDtocalcnqu\- dJ )'C oblotory" a new technique or
'
6
" Yna anro lhe Ill 1
ltoo or billurw
11
In I be
1
en lA make up and mot iva
rwtM'CtOoubtebout ah: r. contcxu of lhe.ir hBt
.. I be I hh CCDtury be :"ty or mediaeval Indian 1\IJtory
""'" dtclraoor "
1
Arab hlltDrinarapby tradition
Rcco.-ltlat Jcchn
Oc Coo.ho.., by Frtnch hill"
f( ...;,, P'Oic- of o\Ur.arh M r.,catcbc,., the form
=
1
.... ,.nculat r .. lt Uoivers11y, Mr K.A.
-by tile .. -- "" cbtosuct .. or court h ..
_. -lio b" .
UIOII811phy lradrhOn
...
(D pj\lfll U" ltiiDIAI'VAlo CIIIOJ41Ct.lJ l'U
.,v.c
Wbltc cbc 1\rlb binorilo ''d1td11otd wnto& the blJtory of
,_\(.r ao4lDttelld the hittOf)' o( AD *lOt lbc lta.a.J:tD
1
0111
n *'lnduJ&cd lD t10rlfitat10ft Of ktnp l.fld fi)'DUl.lt'l
'"
1
dlcJI oC his moral oblipuon IO adhere to truth lnd tdti-
:::;_ .. pror. Numl obs.cr\t.t .
"Our usc.ssm<DIJ of Mubommad Bon Tugbluct. Atb&r lad
Auril.Dpteb-tbree most intercstrna yet complex pa10Da-
litlt1 or mtdioevallodoa-wlll remain parllll and pcrCill>ctory
1<1! lb< Interplay of psycholoalcal ractoll in tbe apPfOltb or
is carefully iovcsciaattd'._ Pror. Niza.mi ootct io
Culrurt" on Enalish qwartcrly pubUJbed fJODI Hydera.
bod by tbc lslanlit Culture Board.
Sy Prof. a psycqohillorlnn alone can analy;u, con-
nadic.1ot)' situations and motivation to arrive a the ''billotlc
facl'', A tluic paser for a hillorian h to wbll nlcnt Akbar
..., gulded by considera1ions for Raj put ladics or his bartm in
1
doptiog vcgctawm h1bils, wh\lc revclJina lo animal buots
eoJOrncd by tbe "Qubumamab".
HUtoriaas aecourus cao't be properly fnterpntfd un1eu a
1
rcsdtr 6nt undemands tbem, their psycbolov. !heir predilcc-
trons and bove all the duality of their minds, obsct"ts Prot
NtuiDI For instance, Abu AI-Ful. ooe or tbe m0$1 impOJUOI
bbtorf:uu of m<diaevallndil aod aulbOt or the "Akbamamab"
ttCOrdin&.thc ocblevemcnts of Muahal tmpcror Akbar, laments
in a letter 1hnt "I have become a slave or dirbouru and
di.oau."
Prof. Nizami analysu that whenever Abu Fazl round bis
itael!mcnu of a situation runoln& In a diiTercnt cbannel from
he very ortislically hid himself in pletbor or
bl;b sounding words or quietly lei out boa vcwa on abstract
and pbilosopbic:al lanaungc.
. bia ftorid nyle l>talo 10 so:tr bi&ber, wbcrcv<r
hll philosophic ideat become more obltrusc, be (fl.ll) is always
rae;,, lOme psyebolog!Clll lituatlon ...
be A<w11011 of lraoi>o bistoriana, not <I Prof. N'll&IDI, cauol
';!"'dtd U tOmprtMDIJVe Ot liUiy telltttJve Of lhcif lioacs.
"'
1
Y l.bcir worh t o ruloDI mooorchJ I.Dd coaokler-
12 INDIAN lfiSti)"IC
a1 any rtfmnce to commoa mao or hlo PIOblcrn
101710
tbe an of hittory wntna. " dflo"-
The PedlaD Rcoaluuc:e afier 1he I lib ccotury
1k AfJtorf o/IAuar" ioto " 771 lrl11o.y of h
towoardt !be br&IDOIDJ or lbc JJtb ""ntury, bfscorjoof l iJd
,..,. wnuco lo Peniao in all countries from Jodi&
1
""b
l'nlt NWimo's coDCiusioDJ aro abo home "
arcoonla of Brollsh hil!onaos.
1
by
.
unlike .t.bc Brahm111J, bav. bowa
a lildll aod aph!Ude fOI wrtUO& Of PIOfcned blllories, 10 lb
....,. Muslim dynu1y In Asia bas found .ill chronicler," , ,::.
Brhisb blllorlao, Vlnccnl Smilb observed lo his "fltllto,.
l'trlod" tint published io 1920
'"" of tbe "Oxford Hh(ory of India."
Vetil arllcr, Sir Heory Ellio1 commenlioc aboul lJx
Wabammadao period In bit Hlsrory of India as told hy Ill """
BIINr llllV ctlllclttd lotlancco of "fabricated cataloauc of msou.
atcipco aod c.brooolo&Jcal tables of Moabul Dynasty." (P'D)
Prof. Nitamo's appraisal !bat Muslim cbroniclea belor
t)'COpl>aot DO!iop of coun atooau arc not wholly reliable I
....... to , ., u ,, - Sui ll docs DOl ao far enoucb. ll b
.. IJ a ..... aeocral aummation. I n I bat it still Slicks 10 he
t)'pioal mmtallty or a 1-!uollm lndiao or appear ina to b6 vc.ry
lortllnpt aod impanlal withoul coocediog aoytb.oos concrete.
Ha abolll4 """ add<d cbac chronicles have
-..1 OljiCllrad Hindu edilicu and t ownahipS as baVioa bccD
lllioool bJ iltolod.., Mlllldlll : !bey bave cam011ftased the hcdi
- IIJDIIilla of tbc rolioc IW.mie Junia, !hey have i UD&
,..laoa 0( - 1. d'-lulo flki11 at areal Sufi uiniJ, and paioced
.._ llon01 ...S ttl) or hlamlC rule u eoricllmeol of Hindu
1
II
1
L 11oo failaft oo Nluml't pan 10 ident ifY specific dlllll
:: ltq coa ohllauviai51lc Musl
1
m writlnas illuJira_tet
- F l ll ..rillttned Muslima even wbro appu noa
!.t,
1
llill-a.., from tbo naked and horrid !Nlb
...... a ...., 11&111
, 1
_,. callli0111 wbeo !heY com<
8
'
1
J a II lla """-a by Muallm and CbrllliiD
..
..
IU
..
tot 0lAIVAIJ CltkOHICU'S
efO
"" ""' ch
111010
faolba were tprud lb.rou&b fcnu
.. bO ntiY cbey bavo de;uoyed lot of hiStory
Vfr d ConJe<luc .
00
d fraU ed lh< reraaioder.
ood diJIOII ople or Europe and Amenca and of
p.iab' chlol<ina pcAfabonlotan to Algeria mull lite lhll
t.tulliiD oealmts frOID re-CbcilliaO and ple-Mollamed bl>toty bat
tbcif owD real p b batte bc.e.O 00 a ra\t hU\OfY
.-. suppreued and' ubugacora. That ruacory mu>l bo
bY chOir aod preCbrllln hlllory or
co....- d d !be pre--"' .....
rcpodiate' an ti.tDOldial Vedic; unity mUll bo tc1...,
buro'Y P
1\fJth of the Indo-Saracenic Theory
of Architecture
bJuodor Of lodiao blltOtical r<"otCb b th
,......l>tliof lo tb< wtr<Uot of so-called lodo.Sorocenic e llll
....... aad tho formulation or so-called theory b3 mdonu.
lh<ftl
00
M already otcrved by uo all mediaeval mooumenu
1
.-
IOitht TaJ M.abal, Humoyuo' s Tomb Akb>r'l To-b ond c
-- -H- " I Mi , ' '" an the
"". "" Gar .,. pre-Mustim RaJ put build in s.
OGI) .. cltmccl Ia lOme or them Is confined IO s
.....,,_..,,.home upcrliclal tamp<rin&- It u lik Araboc
....U..r ..,.body m<Uiwue IJid ereb. < so'!'ebody
O&alC 11- Ia cbat cue Ju.st u tbo c: '
0
1 one own
.... b lire ..... , ...... or the be credited
ooll<l'lbtp tbrootb coaqaen ud etehin mere fact or
ailularly lk Cljlll>f> ud I g OCt I OWII Dillie O.n it,
-b ....... bo di- to :aprrtorJ or. mtdlatval monu-
moaumcotbu!ldtrt
Tbo or lk ruto
cd IQ lire IDIIplaotd btlld' that .,: tbtOty it rOOI
... u...,. bulh by t!tlt or that M J .r.tahal and other moou
lnad! PfO>cd that he Toj Mihal Dlhm ruler. Sinoe we have
q- alltcd u lll)put polo aDd Olber tombs and mos-
tl'""' thc lallt).SIIIcnuc lhe: :d tcmpleo in pre-Muslim
II .. aal-c tbc ry o l!chlt<cture has no basis.
........_. ,. term "lad s
:."::'' ''.,.,e., moau...,., b II "'r araunlc Arcbitccture
-.-u. c... SatiCaiJ.. u t a "Jodo.. I
.a.""* So tbe V<ry sty e by " non
'"w -...o. dl.u lbt IDODUmtot D&IDe of tbc theory amphet
.._ ... ltAJPon, llbotnya cotircly in I be 41
-"""" - - ,.,,, ....,.. !bat It admilled
a..;, --. IIQually but It by
alo - ' - r ,
......., <mont merely a
..
-u! lt'o0-SAttAC111'11C 'litCOR.Y 12?
tlft1'0'"
of c..,tdcn- And we ha"e alteady cittd O\'c:rwbtlmiuJ
cP'1cf d c.ao produce much more to tb.at e:vuy oa.e
10
0
u
01
cntt a i)tcd to pre-Muslim limes
.,( t1o0t< IDO
1
tb"'l hcory hu no1 ooly adulleratccl lndbo bi>-
1b alsO iofcctcd archatcctura\ to:at boolcty Hc'GCt it
,.,... be tborousbly debunked rut. prescol d future
(OtS o f thi.t t.a.s1c: Of di50WOIOI aod jelUSOa.
ardut:as.tc coocept or 1b.cir prorcssaoo. We would like t.o !Wllre
;ol lb.SI the is not as overwhelming and formidable
11
tb<l" All th>t needs to be do ne b 10 delete tho word
1 b L
n
ic' ' frorn arChltCClUrO text OOd Whttc.vcr lodaaD
.. saracc . I f I b'
ed' c'lal architecture s rc errc<l to. l et t \at Brt: <clurc be
-en,..
11
d
10
and susdle<l as purely lodiao mediaeval architecture
reoerr I s ' \ k l b
. b
1
Jitlle
5
uperfitll arocen1e t n cr ng sue :.s. eograv1D;t
at rondom ln><rtioDI as ad hoc Ollln.gs of stones dislodged
he the buildings were stormed or bammcrtd
;
0
icoooelostic fury
seve-ra1 otber (harp considc:rutioos too bdp us prick and
8ote the tndo-Saraccnoe Architecture Tbcor) bubble.
1. Taimorloog, AI Brruni and other atieos bavc coofcssed
a rcerioa of wonder at seeing Indian river gbats and roagni6
ecot, towcrioz.. massive sculp\U(C lcnpticit 10 wonder was
a cco!euion of tbeor loabolity to buold anytboog approaching I
2. Mastery in seulpture presoppcses cerrain bibly develop-
ed skills carefully nurtured and practised over o number of
acneratio05. tnvadioa Well Asian hordes consisted of ollherate,
uocultuJtd, uoooutb desperados unskilled lo any human artt
mcpl fighting
l. Hlgh $culptural talent presupposes n ccrraio refinement
oftcmpcroment. T ho invaders perpetrating unheard or b3CbUI
II were onnoccnt of any rc6n<tn<OI boslll.'llly CS1<0ttal for
bdog &nod, aniatic buolders-
4. Had 1he invaders been really great buildtrt tbey ball
lbeor own undy strctebu 10 buold on. Tbcy oeod no bac
locurred tbc odium and r isks or to O(btr
r...cr..
I :I
Hod tlo< oouol<N be<4 f<,llgrat builders they "OUid
_,K '"''"'e4 the Htadd &l)k of butldma. DOt
H-.J lbt' bed- gruc builders in tbc'r owa riahl tbc
have CDtrtb cufltd tbcr so-catJed 0\f./O PIUtrQ Y
"" aod 4o:mC oo the lodta.n t(Ylc of archuccturc as n f1t or
lr.adaJ Tbc dome .tad arcb avlc:t ln lndta -"-
t.-111.0 Thcy-cre "ot iatrodtid to Jodla by oliecu
bo bno.r h
1
t
0
,..n .lti!h aod dome would 1p10 ftcto brloa th'l
Cftllrc u-odtr-sttuctuJc with H roo because the dome 1, ,, th
. d
att,_ prt-tuppolt a certa:a un cT-t lrutture The dome and th
... Cl'uld ool h., . been d<><lopcd Just in the air by Saoooen
Had onr rully de,.loped o >pc<lal type or oreh aod do.''
they old how: had a special style entirely their
lmm th< foUlldatioo 11pwlld.
1 AD) chat aJlU between West Asian monu
axotJ and ladl&n from the f1ct that Tatmurlaoa aod
g tbtn drowt: lodt.tD uaftsCDeft It swordpOiot 10 tbcar owo
UIA,. laodt to bodd tombs aod mosq olmilar 10 Htodu
boolthop tO lodta Taumrrlati& coofma 10 tbit '" bls memotrs
IIDboocrarb>l
lllw llccll usened tbal b<eati1C mo<t or the
ttaflJ:DtC v.uc H1odut OJ lodi1n.s monuments ordered by
MlliIDI IIIPP<D to be teplcto wltb lad tao mourt and ttalti.
ntals lb<cr c: "''"" 'Ric Btilllh rulen or lodla aot their
thllllllltl wult the bdp or Hiodu aod Muslim lobourert
dd nafllmcn and )'t t tb.etr chutC!hct do uot contain a Jinole
mQU( of 41am 01 filOdUitm.
0
h
9
l'lopollrnh of 1h lod.,.Soraccnlc lhcory of architecture
;.;:,Y :<ttaln b!eooeoient ques1lono. lu order 10
.,...,,,. tbeor) \hey lllao auened that Mullm
.. __ .. t: modllitVIJ monuments only laid down
.... ...,.. tpc,.;:t,lc;aUoot ltav n :1 b
laboumt to tr&lll 1\e
1
I . to I c IWect wdl or Htndu
.a.l(a h u ooo,' dQJrn ttb thcu oroale p&ttctnJ nd
F.-.tr luu"' .. "'
1
'"'
11
Y foraotten that thtl Ia tmpoulblt.
- ...... tills for hom H d
..... tbtm Jn u moll(;, ornmroto
lnJI 1e oi'O<Iallr
1
would Dc>er perm1t IIDY Hindu
......., ....u, the- buoldtDJJ. S..:oodly, oo anlft or
,.,If bo ..... a... wilb lr
..
yne utOOIAaACIHIC ntrORY .,9
... "'Of
b brOid p.auero of a new cdi6.oo. He will WOtk out the
oo11: c:
10
tbc last dtttU. Thrdly, wbeo thc:rc are tbou.Mads
ctC-1'
00
rcn nd craflsmcn working oo a bul.ldu:.g 1f tbe &tal\s
to them the. whnlc projJ wl\t cad up in noth;n1 but
.,e ( beCo\USC tbC Of WOrkmen WUl aU be Of
"'" ... v d lf'crcAJ b)Ckgroun I. SlritO, lftlJllC aUatnmtDU a ad temper&
do
1
lk.Sl.des. workers were always a mbed srou-p of Riodu1
..... . h b b ld
d Mutliml. Aod oot tna ut c _aos wou tnult ,r tbcy """
::n (0 fill i.o minor dcllil\ or dctiiG u per \heir: individll.11
prcdilc.ctions .
An architect has to give tbc workmen a destan co:mplc:ted
tb loll dclail. Allowing Individual workmen 10 ftll In
;olls of desi&n and pnucrn aoeording to I heir own 101hims and
r:ncles is just not done. lt b impracticable. That myth was
avelltcd bY Western aeholar unable to cxplaio wby allegodly
monumc.nts followed an e-otircly Hiadu plan and
dcoign.
10. 11 oced not be streueJ that h is tbe IIUID who payo the
piper that calls the tuoe. Tb11 shows that lbe ornate, Riodu
type or structuru could not have be-en commiasioned by Mus
tim<. Had they eommistiooed them they would bavc iosisad
oo the buildings beioa cotirely io their own style.
If, Had the mediae9al buildioa beeo or MIUiim IUtbDI
>blp their trine p11Uerns ... d deeoratloos would oat h'
,bown signs or uunperiog ore seen in the so-<:alled Kutub
Minmr t\nd surrouod1ng structurea.
12. In foci even the tombs and moS(jue l!ul Aila art.
caofltr lndlon t cmpln ood polncu because 11 bas olready been
poovrd that Indian rule once extended upto Arabia. Tbe Soor
Sidul Kulptural drawloa io 1he called Taimurlaoa Tomb at
Simattand is proof tba1 Toimurlaog wa.s burled io ao erstoNbllc
lodlao palace b<.eausc Soor-Sadul is tbe Sanskrit term Soorya
Sbudul meanooa the suo and tbe tiaer-wbieb is euelly bat
the sculpt ure depieiS.
ll. !WIIbc alien rulera really buolt aoy moouiDCliU tb.ey
would not have built ooly tombs and mosqua wllho\11 bu.odrcdt
of eorrrspoodioa palaeet.
1!0 1""0f4N UISJoa
IIIII
I' Tbr had come 10 Pioil od
4
1ao
aoc 10 1oiland build lord 11 .,_
1
r "-
I$. ncir r<ISnt WCr< run or turmoil d
,ocau:nl otrc.osare and campuilDS unrest ceu'td 'b
nd re,'Ofl5 thcrcforo, did not
..,.,m,.,ion hugo buildings. limo Ood
16. lodfa, aficn rultrJ d1d not have the
18
.....,...,. 10 orda liUprodous butld
10
gs. Alllh bulous Wtahb
lbcy ptbacd by plunder bad lo be coosla
1
""to lib 111&1
la<Ddmxlr, clamourooa noblemen aod I be ol Y doled oul"'
L. IDrQ.II" o(
.. mm 10 1be finioa oul of
11
1
111
Al:bar' u ... orcr once dtd DOl have ecn lb cos { eP<duloo\
II u menlloncd by Vioceol Slllllb DOd 0 c lry Jum or Rl
ustav. r. Lit Su.
17. The Moshm invaders betn of .
11\c MibJM. Pcnions Turks A lb KcliV<fse ntionolllle.
Ab -'1 m s, szaks U
y...., IIAI. aod ar dii'Cflr lira r, ' ...,._, 111<1
OOiall diP-l tbc same via rad rolll punces to slaves, could
'OJ bu0 pencbonl in order
Cl<oat< Br.Wu ll)lo Tb r mosques and all ro lbo
b.tc- baih by lhu < ICI thai all buildings supposed Ia
b.tpptUto b< oJcnual bclero&eoou. &roup over mdlrnnlom
prou beyond d b
aarpcd Wndu buil<llllp. ou 1 lba1 lhey arc all
If dotlo Ibm IIOO.
-lclb.t'<dcvcloprdaapcci )<., rule io India lbo Mullm
it aile sed
1
:
1
rondocu for Hindu archhoclur<,
b.tbrt with lbcm and ' would bavc by now become
.... Mu&limt, bunt::.;'; lbtt 20th Century We would bavc
loalpla a.od hom.. But ,.b mosques "'d home like Hindu
::!"" a..p.. OOIUIIDI "' nouoe It quile dlll'ercal. No
- 1hc pluub ro PcJc
0
;. Hindu 1rai1 or mo11r
51
adosotoollhc HIOdu llylc Thll
11
further proof rbDIIh<y
...:::. &14 IOIIII>I '' tbe Ht .d cro...,, wbll opprar to b<
1
1'PrPnalcd 10 w.:llu tl)lc arc ia fact earlier Hiodu
It, Tbe I .....
' 'U .........,
1
lb.tl Mu&l
n 1 1o1 It":.,._,....... Olbc.'m' , ckmolithed old H10du
aa
1
butldlnas from 1be umc
oco .. r up b
I many dloacallllc
..
.,vnt or ttUI tf'fl)()oSAaM:aNtC Tl.I:EO&_Y Ul
whJ.Cb propoocDLI o( &be lodOSa.rate:QIC. tbcory af arcblltclu.re
flo.d it bJ;td to uplan.
Ltf us presume tbDt tbe so-uHe<l Kutab M'oar b
1
Hin.du
b ' !dinS If MutHm conqueror 1ptco.d1 tO dhman,te
1
t aod
"'
111
m
11
torlal to erect .-.notber bui1dina be would chhtr bave
us r ' b
blOW up tbc tower tom Ut nse or aond up workmen 1n an
proccstion to 1he top to dislodge evecy atone and
...,..ruiiY brlna It down all the way. Then be would bavclo
urnber 1be.m and lay them out in out ro .... , pile upon pile.
wiU be nolhiDI bul quixotic bcalusc it woll lovolve
1
bu&<
,.,astc or t.fl'ort, lilbe aod Most ot tbe d"loc1&cd t.toncs
.,rould e.hip off ln the di.smaotling prcxcss and turn out 10 be
ustless for aub.sequtnt use Wbeo the court IUUure 11 diJ..
mantled tbe whole rouodallon will have 10 b.- <J us up or A
building wuh a new detign. Since the Kutub Minar lt a rouod
struclurc 11t stones would be useless for t1 iq.uorc or rectangulor
IJrueturc. Tbnt meons l hot by dismnnllm& t<ulubMinar liS
s1otte!i can be uacd only 10 reerect the amc tO\\Ier over aa,aio
1
And wbo would be so 11upid as I.O disaunllc a buac IOW<I and
rc-ertCl il Slone by Slone and boulder by boulder once apia
foe some dubooua sali1rae1ioo. And cvco ir surh a one iJ re-
<r<CICd 1bo crcdil ror the struCiuR' would bavo 10 be a<vco ooly
10 lbo ongioal builders ror lbcir desi I be build and
culliOS aod lbe 10 lhe rtqUUed spmfitlhODJ.
Morcovu even 1bc bypolbo>C&I rebuitdins or 1hc Ku1ub
from lhO dCbfiS or lhc pR'ViOUS, dosmaolled IOMr WOUld be OD
impoibilily because most or I he 510001 dumajled and chtpped
oil' i n the procus or dhmontling would ' not rail inlo pillet ..
bororc. II Ia common cxptricno thai in tho or abop-
rronl t buumd up with wooden planka unless the plank$ ore
carefully numbered lbcy do DOl rail iDIO alae<.
20. One VCI y lmporlanl coosldcralion is tbot while lodia
bu h1d a very claboralc and mulcrly SbilpubDJUa Lt a sac nee
of arcbhcCiurc, aMitnl and MtaUm \\arid bu had
DOibUt& oonupondina 1o h.
1
community claimins arcbii<Ciural skill mull b bls
descrtblna IIIUCIUral rorms ond llfeo&lb Of mat<lil iJ
'" COnllruollon Ancien I aod mediaeval! odi bad lbcte.
Muslims hod none,
J)l ti'DlAH tiiSTQRIC.\
1.
o,..;
11
aatep (uttb<r we may say tbat iu""di
tlllllfJ ,..,. smdomonaotly flllf<ratc DOl to talk of":o t.f"'lon
Go! rloN>ratc .,.,u, they powe.,.d. Y habc1
tr tbcr<fort. lh<tc lis close limilarily b<twcon lDed
lftdou monumcon nd those In Muslim cou >i rott or W
tbc contlu11on 11 clear that I bose monumontJ were "'"
the t>rlr ollndlao rchltcctt, cnsloeou aud workmen, loihh
Aa:.,unlt of MohAmmad Ohotoi' ond Taomurlll!l'tl
n\'''
1QOJcoof<l much whw tbcy atotc tba t Ioken ahock b
bclut> aaJ vaod:ur of lodlan palae<s, lempl<o aod river
Ill< o lwo.c: b.;rt>.Juc iovade" u&ed to pore lolled ,.
0
111
'tnta
eoJ lbbl><oam fr0111 mw massacru only to drrvo them
roinlr \\'ttl Asain IO bavt tombs ond
0101
"
Ito t 1111\11 blc "' Indian monumcnll. qu.,
II auu, lh<rc(Ofc, !reverse the currcot and"
tfllltnt .. d of Muslim nrobitccl, aod <Cginens havr/
llriiJU<d nd buill medioeval lndlao buildings it wao
I bijili Wtll Atlan monuments.
21, point to f\c nottd Is that all :xtaot lnd1an
llltdia:nl m OliiiCIIII bat bcen built a<cording to the lod11n
5b lpa but reci&ahoas <>co 1f they appur upcrficially so
aoC IIIOJIIIJ<S. Vt.,toro to lodiJn moaumcnu ha\C
ltuour I . I .
era uttUllel o tulonaa comr: o auociart wry
01101111
' tb< oqoan rcctanaulor 0< OCiagonl building oh11pc
rP<d ...,,b ..,., w th
1111
charac:lcriatln of Muollm
bttrn/or Thll
11
perhaps a unique irutnnce in
'<
111
m i c:atoon of record and mete rafting ohcp
can
hulldonas and orchu rid or Hindu ima
1D Wt()fld tnctudtng ltudent'l of arehiltelurc
,......._ burldrn&> arc burlt cnhrrly to Htnllu
lllaJ ,::::_ k<>lo, tbat they \O Cre commiuooned os
a._. tnJ.
lt '"' ldtth<o ho
.,. -11m 1 bftrd
11
t qmc motrfa and
..,.. doa
001
10
coorcmrorary Muahm tomM and
Utdtli&ol
1011
or bother the hillorical,
"r .. """'If , -
1
doam or ao-nllcd peru
- IOIIools dUIIDI with the topic aboutd
..
......
,.,.e tNOO'$AI ACII><tC t'USOIY I))
d
10
brina bomc to tbc reader the false honom
e<JP. II iJ bf.r.:C.nic Atcbotectutc Tbcory.
rtb< Ind.,.
0
e INTilLUOBNT TOURIST'S OUIOI! TO TR I!
lo Ttl t!AT IS BIJAPUR tbe authorS. Padm.a'*) OMctvcl
OI.ORY
1
0
evidence at 81)apur (which is the city with the
"1'bet
0 11
""' Gallery ood many so-called Muslim tombs,
fiJilO"' Wt
1
jof any foreign inOucncc but very &trona evidence
c. dillon odoptioa nsclf to the Muslim requirements.
of If:
1
detail In the oplcodid buildings II 8\japur tbat
Thet
plolned u tbc lo&lcal "qucnoc of India's livina
<tn'Ot ..;,, To uoderatand tbc buildinr.s of the M1Uiim (?)
!JUoldiDSto '
0
,udcnt must first turn to I be Hindu ViJtynaaor
SJpur I d "
(faillOUS <'!pita I of 1 med1acva Htn u cmptre).
lo the ICARNATAK OARS HAN volume prucotcd to ao.
n.MioiJter. Mr. Dlwakar il Is stated about the Wbispcrin&
UallctY that "To ihc north is an octagoMI cbamber whicb
lt<mJto Mvo not been used ot all."
It has already been oi>Jerved In coonectioo with the Ta1
Mbl that tho ooiD80n II a purely Hindu bapc. Moreover
tbellllused chamber ia an indication that tho use or the Wbts-
pcrlos Oaltcry as a MIUiim tomb was 111 aftcrtbouabt rn wbicb
oo.,. could be found for every chamber of the ear her Rtodu
t.oildica.
In the boot TI!MPLES, CHURCHES AND MOSQUES by
Mr. Yakub Haann rl Is stated oo page 16S that "A prcullor
style known IS Saracenio was invented ... Mutlim architecture or
oc couotry dilfers from the Muslim architecture or ano1ber."
1h falac claims in the above sentences bec<tme apparent
ou I study. If Mr. Yakub Haaaa clasm' IIIII a oc,.
S..raccole style was developed be abould produce she ne<essary
.. , of iht rtyle. Secondly tbc dmlioa ''' 1\h<lim
rlectute or one country dilfen from thot ar " .:lc.tr
rtOO{ tb" Mudlm invaders used car Iter indta<uous butld
.. sbtoll)bs and mosques and staked a fahc claom to h.sve
11 1
em tbcmsclvu .
tile Soclcty'e journal titled ARTS AND LETTERS
elo Akb-. tbc Maatcr Buildof ooatuiDJ cbaraclcrllttC
I >I Dt AI< IITsr O
&re'rll II t }' ' Tbc lar,e I rombs 11 "-Jh' Oao
" "-'<' ' art i
plao OJ rabef lh CCftlrliOmb cbambc C
1
<lif1r II
1011oded an plan wbrcb bas ancient
1
r !'< '"
or I<J.. ,,
n 1 tralrn again undcrlrnu how all studenrs
ton t b4 bluo, have been mistokloa ancient Hiod:r bn:ha, ..
toe mlstrol Mu.llm crcacloos merely bc.cause
5
Uildlnar
ltl:IM b&\"C btD sraftcd lo tbcm. Omc Mbtlhn
Ia rbe anldt VISHNUDHVAJA ... REVIEW, Vol. XLI
of tbc 1962 of tbe Bhudarkar Orfenrot Rt 1'1'
hnttlilt. the author "rrtes "Profeuor K.
Rcsetrd. Ssoskrat Uoweuity. Va.ranasi. mfor )a'
lblt G.t.mi rook tbe models oi the Ddbl ...
a ltd Klltub M10.1r) witb bun to Gh8Z111 for a similar , ""
h
.
truclloo l err. He carrred away Hrndu maoDJ from Mllbuoo
\
ro buold b11 mo"'ues and palacea a! Ghaznl ond the
arthor<ers built tbc rlofared maoars ar Gba.zn.l likcrhc
...
Sbri V S.. Beadre 1 aored bll!orillD observed in rhc paper
fba, be read at lht lndoall Hisrory Congren, Calcuua se11ino,
ltJS rbat "Akub Bb1irav Kalpa"- Sanskrit manustnpr
sna c!<UiJed drmensiODI and c eo tbe qualitln aod tho
= Olllle Vlrn>ut k.illdS Of llronabolds and detailS of
001
of"'-"' to,.ers and doors bave been defined a ad
"""""'> oousb these appear Iota fly perf eel wltb what islefr
llie ruooed forts." (Paper rlrled "Urgent Need for
T
Lltcra!ll"' on Soleoce ood Technology or Oldeo
1
":;..' )piobllobcd lo rho Ruporel College Publicorloos,
l)o&pu, ron 1 L
fanlte-. llll4" '"'Uc I p<rfeer example of ancoeot Hlodu
,. 'Ia....., y ,.. curreor texta fal'"ly clatm rhr rhe
..,._ no..,.,.., A<LI Slab of BJpur erccred the fO<t r.o
6a.. alfonlhc d&tm can be uposcd by J<;veral clues.
,,
1
L r
0 ...._ y._, -oor "" contrrucred in ooc )CA
::,--......... le 11411 Sbatb, Sbolapur, an aoclellt clry.
ect"'.:;: or..,lrl
1111
01111 Thirdly there ore J<:V
11
I .,._
11
one bat been turo<d
,. ._,bar Sb rcmplo. wb1oh bit
13S
,..,.,.uCJ>'II: ntliOJ.Y
of
-"' b the Muslim conquerors' ICD1IOClallic:
d"'''"d y
<" bldiY
=n' nc.crin& ,kill of anc-ient l ndla '' tc.&b-
'Th eofiJ\IIIII1l
010
""f'
1
atioo specoolist Sir William Wollco
bY I Vlorld !amout. Lhc gooiaJ of your
tbe physical facU they were Will
llocl401 WtiiCrl nOI in &ptdtu:st language, bUt f8Cl$ wcte
.b
out in rho Pur
3
E canl which went southwards,
iftC
010
\'Cry .
tbc.rc- "U the sa e a river Ukc Bhagiratbt, or remained a
.betlrc! ''hal was originally a CJinal. They wert
c>a>l hke rbe raul parallel to each other, They were
IJl>CII out ond dul 13ccrJ jull about the dostancc apart that
,poccd aport cd. I remember quue "'ell when I beaan
aotll thould be p ac fcanBJls for rhc irrigation of the collolry.
a system o ,
10 looc our d find everywhere that a $0-CIIIed dcadnvcr
IStODISht 10 I d ..
1\\li ju>l where a canal should be p ace
00 (he tMP f ba
the eyes of historians to the acr I I
the TarlkbIFiroz Shnhi
olalml rulen dug canals ro falte. The canals they P.ornl
caoals dua before the Muslim invasons by
11)1ers. AI barhanao hordes sweeping across lodl8 they not
"'" t\Cn ordJOary elementary cducarion nol 10 talk or hr&bly
tt'tlopcd skilb and rechnicl knowbow,
About Indian eaperuse in tONOplaoning Mr. V.R. Ayar n
lh> b<lok TOWNPLANNING IN ANCIENT DECCAN quotes
rbt rillllous rown planner Mr. Patrick Geddes IO say about
Cooiecvornm " Here 11 nor simply a city monumental by
lrtltte!llples and 110b and varied by rnnumerablc mioor ones ;
..bar reJoim me Is to 6nd tbc renlizalion of ln cxceptio04lly
.. tllaro:><d and comprehensive townplan ; and this upon a
t<alt of spadous disnlry ; com booed with Individual arri ..
"' fnedorn 10 which 1 cannot oamc any equally urviviog
Plrllld .... "
0. If l!Urotlons and arcbacologins will simil1rly tudy Old
lbotbey wliJ find in II the (Ommon ancient Indian
or layaa down a oeorral uial road and plllOO!D&
'
141
1 relldenrlal lanes around It to form asecurity-cocooo
, ... , ... b
Y peripheral wall. lo the cast or Old Delhr
I )(I INDIAN HIJTO.IO..
.....
Ckadllt u 1he u oal road wi1b lbe kio&'
lool fort) It aae d and I be . or his btr<di .. hloc
'lilodl all<> !be prol<ehve detly Of !he IOWOJhl <II),
,.,...., tho Fal<hr Jro Mosque}-o1 IJ'Ic Olher,
Old Delhi wu bu ctnwms before lbe Moahul
0
The nouoo I hot '' was Sbahjahan wba r::'''r
Old Oellli i billeloss. The same holds <rue or oil >no! D4td
rd towosbp wblcb Jtill e isl and thousands which &"lodnt
, . V '111M
rd and bum! down 10 India's deadly >rruggtc Whb "
1
-r
M\11 Ita
,ovadcn
Coruidenlion> hko cbos< ci1<d boe }bould be enouab 1o
rr"'e lilt dloJjC&Iny ood myUucaJ character of 1be IOocalfd
lado-Suactoic Tbeorr or Atcbrtecture. No medlaew
1
t sa,..
ClmiC atdlll<cture <JJSIJ U> IndiO IJld .even >broad, All
batldmp ....ctllrd Mushm countfles (rom Arshanu
110
10
Ataerao .,, or pro-Mu,llm ori(in. Muslim captors only
ed 1he Koron oo I be oaterior and plooced real or fake
llllldt. For 1011ancet when o fancied arove In Sbablrlad
111011.,..., io Rosm, wu dua up ot did no1 reveal any bu11 ..
rtllll1111. Simlltrly Tamtrlao's aravc ias.de a fa
Samarcud if nplortd il hlely co be a hoax.
Rae an a few CUI llld drY hints 10 debunk tbe claoau o(
Cacxd Moll!m buddto ...
I. If !be Uied II uf OCbrt COlour iC is DOL o 1111101<
lonkfio
1
.
l II tile boildlua has tmmmical ftalures such as paiu ol
lo"tn or paiu of Uaircaau 11 Is not lslam1c.
J. A ""'kl"" ""''"""& to be a mosque or n comb muol oev"
be
'-lido:...,._ h Q
..., ""=;! or 1 t ibla (prayer oicbc) are no1 accun
__ ._,.
1
Cbo IC.aba 11 Is no1 a Mushm
s If , ... ll-
I ..._ ibrtae hiJ a -;::kttl.atOr)' ruUJC
..._ _.... ol pcrombuW.oo u Ia a caplured '"'"
6. ,..,,,
........ ::_lwtrlaa oc:taaooal feature Is oonUiamoc
11 Cbelr base o 4 10 6 loc
,.
ll7
SA&ACOIIC Tt-1-l!OILY
rue
00
bl
,...,., I pllnlh atrlp. That "ao e
ocii&O
ofllO"', atur< d 1 d bosKd
J{iod" ,c
1
vo dcsiaaJ intctbe 10 em
th dtCOt4 I I
d
1
6Cd . '" wallJ &IC nc.vcr Mut 1m. .
1. 01 painted on dozen steps must never be mtsundcr
Towcr.t Muczzins shouting t owctf, A mucJ.xio
i. , 10od tobo climb and uncllmb hundreds or narrow.
who ll ""
1
fivc lime dy to ound tho P'frr
p wreck in no lime. He will ruso
II will be ocrvous
"' job ond run away.
Jsucb , b'cb bu
8
butll-lo drum bouse (aliu musl
9
/. boldmJ "'
1
I It never or Muahm oogto.
ilb a dome iS seldom of Islamic Ofi&JO
o. ,. budd IDS w tb
1
10
buflding 1hould ool have s encrally more .
II An Ullm Unsmmelrical mloarels are ao IslamiC
ooe mtnarec.
Q' M(
'ld' ' wilh more tban one dome and one ' a prayer
lj, Bu )Be never Muollm be<ausc lbey cannol be all aligbed
o1cbe ar .
10
the Kaba althc some umc.
ll. Domes and buildings wi1b decorative liont , and
olber animals and tolus patterns are never IslamiC.
14. Buildiog1 witb three, five or simlar symmelfically placed
domes 1te cever fslamtc.
IS. A buoldios ilb irrelevaol, frivol0\1$ lsllliDic overwull.og
iu usurped prc lslamic edifice.
16. A building ludded with graves Is captured property.
11. Buildings in ruins splattered with Isla moe wriclogs. or
araves ore ulso captured un-lslamo properly.
18. Ploutllomht or dead potentates wi1hou1 corrcspondlng
man11ons , re olher people's capcured properly.
19. KorAnc 01 other hlamlc in5Cripli.ons Interspersed wilb
blarnte deeoralions arc a sure sl&n of Islamic UJurpa
l!OO or Chat odofiec,
dlfitc Uld 10 ben mosque or mausoleum must never
1
ll.lvo surplus, unaecouo1able accommodauon
1
" and a nonmosque 1r ol idcotlcal 1ilc aod ibAape
1111
1D!)&q11f. tbould be deemed co be an
I tWOIAN fiiSTOtlf"'A
!: .
4
bvJJiPI 1ft oo mtnarcl or Wtlb tnore thaa ooe:
C.Sft flt""C' N 1e:outne mosque. talaflrct
-
'l \ Muthrn mawoleum muse never hAve ony mio
\ llreta..
., Islamic ceiling must hnvo no cboin bonalna
cooe&\'f tnr Such chains nrc 0 fc;uur; rom tht
Tcmrl<> to hiPS Wlltr-drippma p11Cbers. c or
"-! Aa:oumc
1
unm1el.1 u soeiated with hutoroe cdoficoo.,.
.,.htomoe feature. "'
!6. unac.tura .,.-;th Vcd1c:, Hmdu, Saa.slcru
0
.....
(Jucb 81 GolconJa foil or T&J Mahol 1. TcJomabtta )
mutt ne>er be deemed to be Muslim. >
21 StrvcluftS wnb frivolous names s:ucb n& G \
Gumbn arc oev<r Muslim.
0
.lS IU\'Iled 11rvctuns must always be Identified to be of oaa.
M 111l1m or; ,.a.
29 Gram oasldc pabtial buildinv, woth no name insaibc<l
mWJ be deemed to be C.U.s.
lO Buil4oop 11itb ,...,., cbannds, cascade etc. are never
Mwllm.
Rcadean wbo meditato oo tho above suidellocs will soon be
able to d11<0\Cr that not a single building or town..bip around
the world ucrobed Islam was founded or buolt by Musl1m1
Islam ODiy ma10pproprutcd other peoples' properly
I' the Mogul School of Painting
Myllt o
I there IS aoythlnJ like l spe<W MOJUlatylc
Tb<
11
'
1
, d d What is kMwn as the Moaul
UfttOUD e_
ol P'
1
"""'
1
otbang but the umc age-old R&JPUI style
..,JaoOI of paootonJ ''dll The Moaul co uti and for that
1
contlouc k d I b
o( p.,oun II mcdtacval a hen rulcrt in lndta ree e w t
tb< orgies, sexual revelty, eunuchs, plottios and
,.Oomy, rders and musoares, nod destrucuve and
0
first studard "udent would find It
to '1onceotratc on bis stu diU to such an atmosphere
tmpO>II . such an aunospberc profound and noble artl
To aSS<rl th>t to .
- of draw on& and paiotin& wbteb need peace, pros-
like,..,_ . d d t
. 1
10
and unalc-mtndcd cvouoo an concentra ton.
penty, car 1 d
ttlvcd any special 6Jiip and patrooage ts no unwarran c
eooclusion.
Fino oru cao ocvcr prosper In an atmosphere surcharged
wnb bate, torlutc and massacres whieh were tbc hallmarks of
Mushm rule to India. The few artists wbo eked out a precart-
oos bvehbood by practlsiog painuoa and sculpture coottooed
., '"'"'"' art lor wbicb 'Mogul An' is a bluodcrioa ms-
aomer.
blarn tS I be very antithesis or all an since the Koran forbids
all dtcoratloo u well as the skctcbios of any livlns being.
'Tb&t is why there arc no 6talues io Islam. Muslims do not
k4n bow the" Allah looks like or bow their own prophet
Mobamed looked like. Muslims arc disallowed from sccioa tbc
r .. or any .. OIDlD or the feminine burqa A doctor
called ID to attend Muslim womao pat tent bad to fccllho
J'Clbc of the OUIIIretcbcd band but Will DOl allowed a &hmpse
oltbe fact, Can aoyar1 grow or tbnve in sueb condttioos.
-
,
1
th of the Development of )tusic in
} Mediaeval Muslim Courts
W1u . trll< or paiotia& holds aood for lllllJIC.
1
musiciAD assocltl<d witb tbc eourt of any m..ti:aoval
oolr ':r in todla, is TaDJeo. But the credit for his auaio-
oli<D rd ...
401
bdooa ro Akbar Dl all. TaliiCn was already a
1
ccompllsbed muticlao before be had 10 be Jllf'UD
de=:,
10
Akbar by Taosco'a cratwbilc Rajput p3Lron. As o'b-
abO, lbc in mcdiuval Muillm ruler'
cootu rccl<ed wirb all vicious auribures in which no profound
.,u could ftourisb. Far from 6.oc aru 6ourUhin& they bceamc
dcg&dcd to abyssmal dcptha. We ootioc io the Ramayana aod
lb< Mahabbarata aod io accounts of sub$C<Iuent K.>buriya
roltn thai daociDs. paiorioa, mtlsic, po<try and sculprurc were
coo,;idered as accomplisbmcots aod refinements bdittios e\'tD
JfCJt nmors aod scholars. But io our owo timO. we lind
parC!lts rclucraotto seod lbcir owo dauptcn to music and jWD
nca cbsscs. This peat transformation, degtada!loo and detb
roocmcol or the 6nc arts from their high sacred pedestal to
tbt<"Pf'!SCDI rclc&atioo to a statut or bate and suspicion came
about boauJC or tbe prost itution of those llrts, their misuse and
wociatlon with drinkina se.ual revelries IUid amorous
IOa&tdunoa mediaeval Muslim rule in India.
H' I
u ory must, therefore, not only renounce t he oonon that
JD al\s received aoy cocouraaemeot during meaoaeval
..:; ';'rule but reverse tt aod usert instead that t b< tine ilrl o
oboe to lowly status of hate a nd ign0111i0y durinB
It abo t...
lid othtt . mcotoooed here tblllbe lllVCDtoutl of Jtnllged
pat tostrumeats hke tbe So tar credJted to Musltm
IOG&Je IJ all part or !bat prusure h . h
1 U IIUTOatc
ta.,.
a.
G'IU a eDDCUm tt,ed 10 lfON 0\-c:r aU a tre-e
c(.....,..., )10 til DOSt.I)Jk l ffi>UGIS of , .. ....
a ne for IDJ:Ia.tt de: llOir, tu,..,
rr= 1>0 \ HI com Sapu aiiDlfl'"'r '" .....
.a M1'C At such u iJ very a.oc.
1
w t:u.
1 ....,: II Cl ODd> rtmOIC &Oiiqult) tlat ,. ..
111
r..rc:t" pmocl. We bur ol 11 onl) ... bet
1111 (em lhr o:moteot ume&. To > tba;'
1
tuu,.
., na......, &Q' tpc<isl eocoungemeol ia lb ,
1
dau ucb
mr:3 ofmc4:ana1 'tasbm courts 11 maliooat 'tD.,uoc,.
Tl>c c ti!C Ill " I uadotiQD of lndill tmcraeo 1
nm "'" ot )tars pzior to blam. 11 Ilia
.., Itt cui oMit 10 Sanskril. The teachiaa lr>dUlon It
a ... I - lu IUD ...... WOV<D oround lord
cr Sbh'a ozlh< Tyl"cally ladoaa such tbc sprin
10
ttc a:c,_. Alltbl! las aocoantellon wub lslm.
aw::t MutlUIU praetitt 21111 pursue music tbt) do so ID IPIIc or
bca1J !ol..r.an. n.u h lbey ITO all or BllldU descent .,bo 'l<otc
ot ro 11m1 \lwllm. Cbau.,nom bl\c ftoatJ
bo- C!)111t lltr JOmt luoea or an11na or mw
eal 10 Allur Kbusro or Abdur Rabtm Khan Kbana.
Myth About the Mogul Garden Art
\loaul Gard<11S Jpphed 10 lh< rorden or O<lbt's
Tb< '"':' Bbavan Is a We bve already
monumeos in l nd be they tombs or rnoa-
tlllt rlier RaJput paloces and temples. As sucb the ao-
qu": "ftr:auern<d prdens around them represent the Rajput
rn<tdn .. lt"le .tnd not the Mogul. Histories tell us thai Arabia
Jill eo ' II d d
d sod wbicb or< now de.erll were ,. . \'tgt latc out irrt
80
1
d 'Iandt durioa rho curly Christian era when those Lands
still under todoon Kshauiya rule. Soon lhetca!ter bow-
.-.cr, whca tbe era of ali<n and destrw:tton st arted
tci<ntilic methods of aancullure l nd wat e. works fclll.oto nc&
IL SubJ<Ct to plunder ond durruction and iruccuJity of hfe
and limb all eovollnd life and pursuots ground to a hall. People
bad to Bee ro rbe forem lor protection. Histones t ell us that
before tbe Sl#rl of Mu"im invasions or lndi! tbtre US<d 10 be.
broad weiiDWDtaincd 400milc hi&hway, a lmost liD arc:ade with
talllbady uu.s plonred oo either side of it, from Labore to Aara
T_b iovadcrs ruthlessly cut down those bugc trees for camp and
kttcb<o 6r<J and never cared 10 maintain the great bigbway. As
areal blgbway wrvives only in name. This is only
typitAionsrancc or how Indian civilization and prosperity JOI
wrecked nod ruined durina rho millennium of Muslim rule in
b<lltlolna with Mohammad Kasim. Indians were driven
their majettic maniiooJ 10 leek shelter in wild forests and
They wcro ruthlessly ferreted ou1 or oeir
)
' ' e rodents and replil h is th.u long period or i 100
us of dntructooa and .
rQiiy rtsponllblc t DODproducrove hobemalton whicb IS
hJCb rd or rbe present aoaemoc c<:ooomy or India
uses to Ptck up eco . b
nomoc ealth despole
I
.... ll'tUIAH IHSTOkJCAI,.
.. ..
eii'Oift """""' 1100 )<111 of bldoo, miscbier d Qplo;
111
oi.U ....,.,... Qnnot be made 8ood a row FiY:":
......
Aomot aaunts tell us lhalth<r< Ul<>d to be lusb i>rd
4 pr01JICTOUS. otdlards in Siud. Afgb.:oistao, Persia
be(t'te tbole reaion were reduced to arid wasres :)'
aturlea or Muslim turbulence. Those lands boa Sled of Verdant
6elds and buulo(ulgardens In lhe pre. Muslim <ra wben lodlnn
J..ohatrlyll nJied in I hOle tcSJOnl OS hu been <Xplaincd t i,._
"bt'.ft- en thh bbok.
hl\uioa! att undtruke.o to ravase and not to pJaor a:ardeal
Sapoleoa md Hitltr "bo tnvaded. did lay a;
prdLJ tbr:rc. Willaaybody plao ao IDVISIOO of Bnta
10
jou
10
tu<b tbt Bnusb how the ti)dc Pork on London could be tnadc
mnrr btluhful Therefore rhe eoocept tbar inva.dtr aOer
Mv>ilm ooadct laid prdens golorc In lndoa IS n dcspicablt,
motlmed hlamfc fal.,hood perpetuattd by gullible Brilisb
tocl><olan-
Prrbapsla lbe 1970's Sennlor Moynihan was American
in Nw Deihl. HI wife <>nee drove 10 Dbolpur
1uoc1<d by crtrwbllt 6tf holder of I hal naJivo state, Sine<
lll\&dtt Blbu r'-rt 10 aome aordeo around Dbolpur as "My
prcl<n' Mn. Moynban "'ho was perhaps browsioa throu1b
ltbvr'a Mcmo<Ta (IJ pan of btr tlfOrl IO know IOtntlhina of
lodoa'o !IJttOf)) lit: previous nl&bl, faocotd I hal the &arden thai
siJc ,.., trampjatabout, thrtc milts from Dholpur city, was the
-planted B>hu She aledully nnounced that at a plta
aaat dhcov<rv. Equally lsoorant newamnq fluhed 1be
0
ewr.
lloth of tbem weoelgnoranl or lhe r I hal when BbJH referred
toll u "my 11rden" wbac he meaoc wu the &arden cdstioa in
tllo l<rtllot) cortvJ<d by hom, u Napoleon would refer to
*- -...n b)' bom durona hot MOJCow or at
Hiller ""'""'niar would reftr IO &ardeot lberc as
..........
....,., JDaDOtru mcnttoo emplo)'tog labour ro miJOfiiD
.. '"'*"' ta htci>pw S.kn ole. Tba1 ooly meant tidyioa up
... doD;..
14S
UL OAJ..DI!.rl A,R.T
..,urrtt< "
00
,. (1Sl6-IS30 AD).
'"'" ,. Jodi ooiY (or rout wars aptnst toca_l
81'"" Jo...S be had to wage. coos! lanoloa aod plaotiDJ
lavader I' ne'lcr thllllr. o P
-1 b be co u
- r
tul<l1 . 0 is I typiC&! tOSI&DU 0
"'"'' niban' f bY from a lbitd-pcn o.o
W"' M:.,. dtbbliDII In
aide of his tulnr, Ale.Jander preferred . to bear
meekly by
1
from tuvellers, adventurcrt, sold1ers and
lir$1 band :' ked to ta.tle life 10 tbe raw. Once during his
an>t>s';"dors.
1
ahlf
0 0
Iran Itself. On Soptem er ,
der now act JJ
d the tiarls river. As he traversed Mesopo-
8 C
331 be crol&e 0
. d ai
1
ead rho Iranian army led by anus eon
mis and IDOVe d Th
11
h ar Oosmil . A sharp eagagemeot followe e
!looted lm ne . d
I
jy
oaio surrered dereat and Oanus escape 10
Iran otn b r
Media. The bailie of Ooamil is aileroauvely known as t at o
Erbll town of tbal name 60 mlles away.
Alexander annexed tbc Babylonian region of tb: Persian
empire and catering Persipolis, the capital of l ran, ransaeke;:l
tbat wealthy CIIY and lhe'b burol it down. It is sa1d that IbiS
wos in reveoao for the burn1oa down or Oreek temples by an
king, Xen<CS.
Dariu fled to the north. But now a regular bunt ronowed.
A kin& wu pursuing a king. Darius was overtaken. He was
ucompanied by his cousin Besam and a few noblemen only.
It was the summer of 330 B.C. As Alexander's men were about
to move forward and Darius tho Iauer's compao1ons
tbemsetv .. put him 10 death and handed over his body. to
Aleuoder.
Theroaf1cr overrunning the hilly country on tbe Caspian Sea
"?"'. Alexander moved towards Afghanistan. By oow h't
Yl<lones had so b
be a demt G nc 10 ead. He now considered bimsel to
<halteoaod of worship aod unquestioned, un
royal costum He adopted the rranian regaJta and
Mll(edooiao ,;.;., 'r caused &reat re=tmcnt amongst bJS
bad beauo In hateP',h hey suspeetcd that their idohscd hero
til) and was e
11
:-" to 'POrt lht I .. tng esrrmoged be
UDplleit Obtdl<oce a;lao royal COSiumc 10 court ond delllllnd
lhe raoka, Of ;:vc of iolcosc sprc.ad
Ollo!.ed lllbeo I he It my ndtr' at my. Serioua diss..nsioos
waseocampe<J at Propthuia 10 Sman.
160
IN014N HtSTo
Tho cavalry eommander Pbtlotus klse..a.
cbaracd " tb Aftunde .nd I OUD>ber or Otb
almost decided to CJteatte t bem r mUrder. Altun:" ""'
He viiuahud tlat su.:h a "OJ>
r<btllled 1>7 Sbaou ro .,. aoeleot tho A on
Onoap ,. NaprJuna. Moreovu it" Probable
.. :11,
ocbolan ll\'l:d earll<r lbu tbe Jrd Century A.O.
0 1
tee
,
7 " UtdT 101 have li':d aflor Bbannbori, tbe
amout ...,.nt nr poec. ne bavtot bcet1 atcribed
10
60()..
A.D ShnkarachArya tr belteved lo bavc Uved In lh 8 h
C<tltur)' A D. Bhartrihori no doubt lived <.lrlier lho.o
ehaf) l bUt the clllm that l ived 10 t he 7tb Cent
A. D. h elf quutlonoblo. ury
8. Those ISSt8Drn& Sbanlcara to tbe 8th Centry A. 0. quote
,.,. cbroooarams ro support. Ooe chroooaram fi ndioa
1
uppon
from a brtncb of tbe Shriogeri Peetba putJ the date of
Sbaowa brnb at 788 A. D. aod death io 820 A. D. Tbe
<brono,...
.. , .. ,.
ni- ""'h'""'u:
Tbe npressoo r.H""""" Jiv<J UJ tbe ligure 9883. Tbi bas to
be ,..._d llli<C tbe Sanskrit way or quoting the dl8ill Is the
or ot.bera. Tbe year tbeo would be J889 or the Kali
crt StD<e tbe KaJJ era b<aao in 310.2 8 C. It would mean that
Shan bra was born in 3889 m.ima J 102- 787-788 A.D.
Another cbroooaram wbich reads 'Otilat4oor fur01ahes tbc date
or Sbaohra' a de11b 11 819-20 A. D.
In rcbunina tbe above cvldcoee we mUll conalder other
dcllilt hlcb "tiD to b .. c acaped enouah onentlo11. Tho very
><no bicb aact the you u adducu scm more evi
daxltulo tbe day 'l oirtb. It uy1 ,...i nd onf
- nm bicb 'IIC&IIS Sbanb.ra wu born In the cydtc: )'ear
Vobban .. I be \'aoaballba month on the lOth day or the luoar
fOIUilpL T1011 boD) da100m610 IJid undermioel tbc eiiC of
lMio wiiO put Sbankartcbat)'ll io tbe 8tb Ceoaury A D
173
cttl'aus AtfftQUITY
. blrtb il admillecl by all
>I' lie ) Cif of !;bankar. ewaoe the lunar date on
loc<O". (oor admittc4 to be the Stb
10 be :;:., borD iS alto the bittb aootversMY da)'
b.dl h< d r tbc !Otb. .
o<taoa>i) ""cod tbrouabout lad
obit" b (ael rbal wbat IS bche .. d to
1
;..s rrom t
0
fact
Till> aootDJ y .. r the orianl Sbankaracborya IS l
be tb< l ear o J8tb =sor Abhioava Sb_!lnkara
abe year ao "'hc:J' t.bt presidc4 over the Kamakou
Tbb Ahh!OOVI
1>0
10
(rom
788
A.D. 10 840 A. D.
J><ctb I <:Ommcorary ruled SUSHAMA on the
,l.unaBodba compoled by Sodasbiv Brobmcndr3
tb date of Abhinov3 Shankora thus:
,.r,,. ro b " _
, (otl#lf.......W
wcfirli .. fm llll '"
bo
tb< .... ctic year Vibbava, Vaisbakha mootb,
l.l be wu 111 ro . , K I.
lOth day or the briabt rort oiaht or tbc year 3889 a' corre,_
poodm& to 78S A. D.
Tbe PONYASHLOKA MANJARI by Sarvajna Sadashhft
8odla also eontirals Atma Bodhas assertion 1hus:
-,. .0'14 fit . .. ,,....
R 14111r.tf ,IJI(MlWJfi{j'ftf4q'1
Sine< all eotucmporarres bave been referri ng to tbe suceeed-
illl pontiffs pr<aidana over the Yllrious $)liri1ual seat> as Sban-
b!lltharya,lbe identity or 1be first Sbankarar:harya got mixed
up wn.b Ius 38tb succeut>r on the Kamakoli Peelba, Abbi oava
Shlohro. TbiJ mlxup wa> occuioned by a very close s im
1
1u
lily belw<en the evcniS O( tbefr Jives.
A Adi Shaokort was born at Kalatl in Malabar wbi lo
bhiaa .,., at Chidambaram. Bu1 according
tradnion Ado Sbaokar os considered to be a nallve
1114
' . b.lr m They both travelled extensavely tlrrougbout
KLik.:.O Adi Shankaracbarya, Abbinava Shaakara also
P:.tlll ,.,'' ,d PF<Iidcd for ome time Over the Sa rvaJna
"- ,,., that be proeced d K
....,.lrtya ea
10
adu, l he
ve ad as }teo oo more.
174
IN.c'-'N
The MADUAVP.EYA SHANKARA VI PI,Ioc.,
the t"'o and auributed tb JAYA
.ShonLara to '-dl Shnhracbarya The let dora or Abbi
0
,_1
fer died In I(
Abhonna Shanh ra docd
10
hit Slnd <ho
"'bM"<vcr llrwt mlaooot hom wu careful Y:::.ln 840 A.o y.,
lllclp&ll of ooly 32 Y<l<l 10 Abhina,. Sb""th to 0><toho a
Shaokara 11 koown to have lived for 32 )<Ira ro "t>ce Ado
by advaodna the )Car of Abhinava Shanker "'"do.,
) cars. Thua a branch of the Sbrioaerl Pecrh b:,. <a!h by 20
Shankara'o Ouharravqb (eorerioa rho cove '
Adl
i which correJpood ro 820 A.D."
011
""
In thla connection let uo refer to the l'UNYASHLfl l(A
MANJAIU wbooh the date or Abboonva Shankorn as,
fioarr""'""":. ","sf onit
\Ill which means he doed In the cyclic year Siddbarthi, In I be
month or Athftda on the New Moon Day corretpondlna to tbo
Y"r 840 A D. -
AuumJoa the eulicr Shringeri reference to Adi
detb to b<- correct It could D'>t be that Adi Shoohra and h11
38tb tuccaaor on the Kamalroti Peetba doed within 20 of
each other. Thrtcforc tbe carbcr "'fcrenoo of
a ShaoU.rachltya't dralh oo 820 A.D. to Abbn
Shaokart'a drath The )<lr 820 A.D. should on feet be 840
A 0 11 plaiDed above.
Thut tho "'ho <CM Adi Shaokara to have lived In the
8tb Century A.D. on foct confuse him with bb JRtb sueeessor
Abhlnava Shankoro Tho confusion or laJer day ""
lo fact antkiJIAied by Atmo Oodha wben he wrote h11 work
Suobama In the nut quorter of the 17tb Contury, Horconorks l
(1<1!"(!111 '\"o!'lt "' .... . fliOII'Ili!T(t 'Rlfoit i!lf""' WfO
'"'" ... nofti""fl! '""'"""'' ll'll'fl1! qtl
r .. ...rn ;.,, .n. .,..
(SUSHAMA 16)
A worL utled the MADHAVEI!YA SHANKARA
171) &&IJ tb.ot Ar,10mb (moobcr of 1.:.. Sb1nkaral p>< blltd
lO 1 10ft IQ u a .. ;p Ctotlt u ccod.ol wbcn the SuQ, Mlrt :'.
S.tum ,...r 10 nahaut>n aad Jupiter In Kendra : ..,OIIf(
,.. .. , ... " ... \""' "0
17)
'S Atn'IQUITY
contrary to orieotal
.ors" of that verse" VIJAYA,
A S r Shmnkara's bonb
icc: tbc author:. not rncouoo the o eras nor docs he
ro;:=.cr h< ..... of tbc prevalent l nd=:.e .. These arc
:....rdlDI tbe lunar dote of bis evidence.
teDdon tbe m nc;i d wblch YltlllC ' utoe Jndan asuono--
ou dil<rtP' J not round in any gen
sen oao arc "'''
sueh taeu
.,oal birtb data. Ad' Sbankar
3
maintained by
In tbe baroscope of f is stated to be 3058
brfoacri Peerbo the dated: the Sth Lunar date of broRbt
S Samv>tSara. Suo ykh But the planetary
h of Vnisb3 a. 1 h f 44
half or the moot o does not tally with t hose e t . er o
io tho horoscop either the horoscope Is wrong or t.h
a.c. or 788 Is incorrect. But the horoscope With
.,., JOSS Ktll
1
u
1
with
509
B.C. We shall deal woth thls
it may just be noted that the year
I""' later. For D P . ed for Sbaolcaracharya's bortb b)
8
c or A. . assogo
two ;lilfercnt ocbools arc both wrong.
9. It is claimed that Shanlcaracharya's to the
18th sootra of the 1st part of the 2od _chapter. two
eitiet Sbr.ughna and Pataliputra of ancoeot l ndoa. at putra
lavina bteo destroyed by Roods in 756 A. D. he must bavc
lived btforc tllat date. This argument lllogocal because "'e
olien refer evco to ooo-existcnt cities like Babylon a.nd Nineveh
10 various cootctts ..
10, lo the same commentary Shankaracbarya draws dttcn-
tion to the lllng1CBiity of SlatcmeaiS like "Punarvarmao
'"'<ceded barren woman's son." This is tnken by som:
rawcbe,. to be an allusion to a contemporary king Punar-
Yo(Dll.n relanlng in far-ofT Java Anotbcr king of the same
Dime is mentioned by Hucntsaog aa baviog ruled over W<stern
Mapl!ha Aod slooc Shaokara wrote his commentary to
Puoarvarmao of '-bpdba must have been Ia hos
'IVas lo Mapdha during 637638 A.O
mao must bavc atceoded the tbrooc about hme
lol fadle an araumeot. A pblloJopher
o ara oxplanloa a mctapbySlcal PDiot
I ..
1ndhidual. Punan'armao could L.
......... 111fT'( 1ft) 1\1 - ut:
.... ""
1
-l ftlll'lt Jih Tom. Dtck or Harry. h 11 puerllc co
ool I ""'""'" I( b - I
"" 1' that Puaarvarm.an """' c rea coo ..
U')
10
n:n cf:tn hy aot also try t o fdcol ify the barrco
::::;:" ..J"b<r
100
(11 100 I(., all thzr< could be ooe.
tbc coG.ItltY I here pos1hH! evldcocc that the Maaadb.J
011
raryo( Adl Shaob""'baryo w11 Hall. Sodashov
nolU <OOrcm,f'O OURURA TI'IAMALIKA (21) in
Brahmdldra d
\\fin; me.nucna Hala of I he Andbro )' nllst)' who rc1an ..
1 11
'"
1111
'""''
2
.6' Jt. '67J or Kah em CO{respoodiog whh 494-481)
a
8-C Ha.la v.ll a of Nara of the onaodm dynasty
ar Kolhmll mcnuoncd ln t he RAIATARANGINI.
II. Thc MADHAVEEYA SRANKARA VIJ AYA men110n>
AdJ Sbonhra to be 1 conremporary or Baoa, Mayoro and
Oaadr (Sarsa 1$. 141) thus Iii'"" tfnTf"'!'l I 1\11\n!l.
Snoc profeuon Weber. Bubier and Max Muller hold tbar
Otodrll\ed rourc!s rbc end or the 6tb Centut) A.D. and Booa
aDd MI>UfliO tbe betlnnrof o( the 7rb it believed tbar Ado
roo muu ha\e h\-td about chat lime.
Km 11 be poroted out I bat the MADRA VEEVA
5H.\l'IKARA VUAYA octdJIO be n a bi&bly unrli
able ""' It also makes Snkanrocbaf)-& (or tho l llh
C<otul) A 0) &Od AhhmAvagupt (oJ the !Orb Ccotury
conlrtnpe lriU of Adi tbis ar:nouols to l umptng
letFclhtr at cooumroranu of all people from Jesus Chn" 10
Nehru T at wodt itself is a n :anaebrontt m liincc
htnt&b ... ;autbor or luthort hvcd '" the eurly part or thl
"'"tur II 10 1\Crrbed to M"dhovathoryB or the
lth C-n1ury II c1onot twoccmurleolct
1
1 "'t. to b)l Dindima and Advalto. l ekshm
Tbt 1tlftr bclonp 10 the fi ru quarter of rho J9tb Century. It
iu.l \tu:, C\1rlt1U ff"flioed l ad altered beyond reeosmtion by
aumbc-r lll ladt .. .,uals 11 a plaintd by Ve turl PrabhakiR Sastrl
IW lrlod< to TAr Aoodlto Potrlko (Madras), Sarurday,
Mata. Du.rmau SJmwa.tun,
11 II b &tJ'U(d 1ha1 Shanbra precep1or wu Oovnda
pad.l n., lance pttccJor Gaudapa.da't commenw1' on
177
btl.,."' Krtshna' SAMKHYA KARIKA .,,, tr&mlred ioto
O>ioeiC perhaps in S70 A. D. Tbeserore Gtudapoc!., muot bae
about ch11t umc and h11 araod-disciple Sbanu.r. muJJ
hvcd about l'*-'O centuries lAter. Tbia araumecu is
001
tausJble A man' s v.ork docs not become so ramow:-eapec.i.
In 1 acicot 1imu wnen there ere oo prioUng presses aDd
roodtrD publ!Cil)' meda- and ltl ltaOtlatcd iJI far awa.t OOUD1
ri lilcc Cblna ommediorely. II eould be rhar a period or
"'verot c::cnturiej clt.pscd between I be wriliog or tbc
111 troll.llatioo In China. Thit provn rhot Gaudapada
ooviodopd ond Adi Shankota Jived ccnturlu berore '10
A.D.
IJ An emperor TJivikrllmn menlfoned iq a Tamil
CJIIcd KONGUOESA KALA is &aid to bt\0 becu COliVOTICd co
Saivism by Sbankara A crpper.plale a;,es the dille
ol I rhc 4th Century A.D. and rbat of Tri\i
t roma U ,., 6rh Century A:!S. It b araurd th., tbe Trhikrama
coo...rtcd by Adl Sbanhra, wu rhe lattrr. In or
\bis coalcnucon 1t moat be potnlcd ouc th11 Adi Sbanka.rJ.
oot interested ia Shaivaite StutaniJrn aod He
.... first lnd roremost a philosopher. Tbt
refcrrtd to wJS. 1hcrefore, ooc nr his later succcsson. pcthap-.
S.rcbi&1111oda Ohano, rb ltd pontiff the Kamkoh
Peetbo.
Arrer havrog tbus poinred out rbc locunae, IUiomaUcs 1111d
cootmdicllons tn 1hc ViHIOUS srod1t10 n s 11bou1 AdJ Shllnbrn't
lime quoted abo\'0 we sholl now dlscu;s the support
Ins rh vicw that livod rrom SOli co B.C.
Wt base our cue on the rounwfng:
(a) The records or the Dw1raka, Puri 1nJ Knchopurm
Peethll,
(b) Tbe more ancient rndhloot or rh< Shrin&rrl PO<IIa.
(e) The PUNYASHLOKA MANJARI o( Slrvajnallodbl
Tllr GURliRATNAMALIKA by Alml Bodba, ted
(d) On llain YCfS(S or Jina Vjaya, & lilA ccriptu c .. 'tl.w
tainmg duct to the t ime or ShJohrl
V.c thaU ditcuu lhe.c one. by one
171
m Klattnl 10 Adi Sb.tnkara and PI'Urlnl In
VUAYA isquottd by Alma Bndha
PltACHI usu " A. ltr<adt:
ID biJ -k S ""'"'
""" .,...
ftVtC4AIIIIif I
CW1fd'41'\ t1
lo lb.< above., , . Aoala' Ia 3, ' Shovadhi' is 9 Is S
ans 2 Pulling tbtse down we get tbe 6auro
and ...
100
k d r
39S2. Rcvcn lnt It, betaUI< of tb< pecuhar Sans rll mo c o
I I lh. d
lilJ. we have l593. Tbs rcpments the yeara
m.,l
00
' 0 C H lS9l
of lht Kall era Tbe Kali era began '" 31 2 B. cncc
Kall eo>rrtlponda to 3102 minus 2S93-S09 B.C Thai wa tho
, .. , bch Adl Sbankara wu boro.
Amouc the otbu dcuilJ wt the eyctc )'tar
\'aUllakb.t
111011
1h aod Sunday "'b"'b was Sth. dar of tbo
brotbl half of lbe moo lb. Tbe uomdan1 was Sa&tltanus and
the COD.lteUauoo Punar'I'Uu. Wb.at i.-. 11 that
Sbaol.ara'a bmb a.ooi\CJUrY is all ovtr lndll euttly
w
1
tb lbt abo'tt data e'-ery yur. Thercfort. tbetc
:':.ould be ao doubl oslo 1bc outheotteity of tb ytlr ofhb
bltlb betn& ll B.C.
From that date tbc Dwarka Pcetb.t bas an unbroktn line of
.,.....ioo of ocarly 79 ponlltrs. tbo Pur Peelha has hod.
140 ochlryu aod tbc Kamokoll Peelba, 68. Tbe lr&douons
prcocl'ocl b) tbctc tb,.,.Jicat centres caonot jusl be lanored
anti bcushed uhlc.
Tbcr< " aloo 1 oopper-plate insrnptlon of Kloa Sudhn
odd..-! 10 Adl Sbakara himself. h Ia reptoduoed oo P
1
1
l9 of VIMARSA. a -.ork wrilltG by o roetol head of the
O..ru Peolba. Tbe lluc1iprioo 11 dated 266) of tbc Yudbh
thoro en bcll oon<Jpondt to 4n-.17 B.C.
Tbc cllroaoloa1 of th< Oovu.UW.. Ptttha or Jaranollb
pgtl ..u.." lis that of o .... u..
E- SlinDJCl' wbtcll bu lad a cboq..,.d bit tOry
c1 pc\lda' apbcanla hu a udition b)' wtucb Ad I SbaD
1
1
m! aro=d 44 B.C. aod DOt to the ltb Century A.D.
APYA
S
....,..CA&ACfiAilYA'S AlmQI/tTY
JUimakoli Ptctbl llntiJe or doaciplea IV<ettcliOJ CO I be
balltarad>tt)'l pootilkate is recorded '" cite PUNYA
;HLOKA MMIJARI, lhc OURURATNAMALIXA aod
10
SUSHAMA.
pUNYASHLOKA MANJARI consists of209 ve
1
,..
00
,_
It<! by Sarvajna Sadubiv Bndba, I be S4tb pootiff of the
Pc:<tba. He lived io tho 161b Ceolvry. ftc tcotifies
tbit most of tbc verses are very old, banded dowo 1o succeed
lng pont.iffs through lbo ages. verses lie vcultble
QbjtUIIf)' notices o( thO pontlftcal IUCCcssion mentioniOJ the
dalt, month, ycnr and place o r the demfte or each. Tbe venes
ere Intended 10 be recited In memory of I be de paned pdotifl's
bile poyiog cbcm homo a e.
THE GURURATNAMALIKA cootaons g6 beautiful and
tcr5e stanzas oompotod by Sada1hlva Brahmcndra, a di><tp!e
oft be 5Stb poo1itr of tbc Kamakoti Ptetha- Paramasbivendra
Saruwati. In thoK is recorded the ruccessioa to the:
P<tlha from Adi Sbankara' l imes.
SOSRAMA ,. a oommtnllry wriltto by Acma Bol lia on
tbt GURURATNAMALIKA Alma Bndbo wuchc disetple of
thdltb poolitroflht Kamokotl Ptttba, Adbyalma Prabsben
dra Saruwaci. He Is abo I be author of'. a loss on PUNY A
SHLOKA MANJARI . known 11 MAKARANDA. His tS 1
hlchJy rritical and historical senius whiob compels lhe reader'
admiration.
Historians have lsoored tbe race or a remarkable slmtlaricy
tho records or the Kumakoti, Purl, Owa"'k and lCUdall
P<tlba1. Shrin&orl is tho only uoepllon. It would be .,..ry
uoralr to imssine that the htlld.l or tbc forme.r four DC IOID.e
date conspired ðer and faked those records just IO
cnulu.d PGrcrlrv tbeit antiquety. Far from ever eomDJ
loettber lbcao pontiffs known for Ibm plou., 11mple tod
:
1
"-Utrt livCJ would oevcr have colltchvely or ladhidually
OOpc,j IO I be YtDiality Of tlmperfnJ With I be <!aiel Of I heir
,.:-;:: fonder's life )ull (or the fUU O( It Wttbout lhc rtiiJOo
c OCt: or any material aaeo.
hntorlan have oommilltd tbom.-lvu co ccrttllll
--.VUOIO&k:a bcb they doamautally U&ume are uoMiillb&.
IW
INDIAN IUSTolJC..
They rd.,.. ro admn dares "'hicb L
' mrtJOO rhou&J> l1lpPOrred b
10
<onru,. rb
h or rcvolurlooary cbu 'I Jlrona e>id<oct " ..
are undtraoins amcodm::- E- a<-old .;.
lbctefort !hat rbc 17rh-181b c :
lmmucablt and U.Da&Siilablt. ry bastorac:al tbtoric.
Thc cbronoaram wbrth PUIS I be d
$(19 B.c. II &Upponcd by Jma Vi'a s_hanhra bi"b"
lhOUj\b ft Js OU!lpokenlf bosriJe 10 Jar a ICtrpiU!< 1\tn
Yudbrtrbh cra which con-espond . ara. It "'"" tbe
Yudhruhrra, 36 '/UN bcl'oro rh K!r IO lbo COIOnlllon or
minus 36 JIOl B.c.
1
"" hesao /,,. lUI
The Yudhl11hlno no or rb J .
I r ' Ulo B.C. c l iDs corr<Jpondt ro 461 Kstr
The chrnnoa,.m acru II
Blrtna. But '""' he aod ;by records the dare of Kumanl
hc:lflll.l.lln biDI tb . "ere contempornfrs the
"'"' I bur rune
0
Sbankaro Tho chronoa,.
01
'!Rinml!'f lP'ltNl rw;,-
,.,_._ ..w .. ''t
v ' '\'"'. ,)lil .. fi'"t14lln. II
;rr-n .. ... , t'Rifi;r. '
' _...,tlrf<n'"
II tbt IIIII'U T .
M .. rhll'' au, " T.. . llthl 1, W:tra h 7 Poorna l> 0
c:4 " ''""' h ' .
"t t>onrt: or the y e figure 7702. Wlum rever "to
Rb mnl!1 Wn SS1 B.C. rhlra ... or the Join!. ,,,.,
aha ol Ia rhc birrh dare or l(umotll
h" IIRrfiAT SHANI(AR
.. )tlb..l Kumul A VfJAYA lhc. author Ch11
or ''' ft'linu .ca Ci\'ts rhua SbJtnlrar by.,.
B.C. at Sh1nhr
9
)eoir
"""""' b -
io -.I.e.. lv lrtc mer !.;
1lla hu I Sib )CU tbll
Is 2 Sl .. ,
lilt. Ia..
11
< foboJ -dmJroJl NA VIIA\A
J'tAI .... , ... l
6
)4 lniDU )fS777
p IIIJ lquO<nl '" llll o\til 01
ANnQIJITY f8l
AtJ'tA .><"'"
fi(E pUNY ASHLOKA MANJARI also pull rbe datb of
I rho year 262S ltall or JI02262S=477 B.C. In rhc
R>trauhl, on rbc II rb luoar dlle of the broebr half of rhc
vmbabba monrb.
S:btok3r8 YlShcd Nepal dur.na the reiaa or Yrishadcwa
v
1
rma, who co Nepaluc b.iltory, reisac:t
(rorn l61S .Kall to 26S4 Kall. (Kora Vcnkracbelam's Chron/1-
IIY II{ Ntpol Hurory. p. SS).
rhu dolo Is con6rmed by BRIHAT SHANKARA
VIJA YA wrluen by Cbirsukhochorya, a very &obcr
e0111<mporary of Shonkora. Borh were close cbildbood aompo-
nioo.t. to tbe 32nd chapter of lhat wodt tbe author says ulo
rhc 10tb mootb or preenancy marked by all autp!doos sicus.
rn tbe 263lsr )car of the Yudhisrb!ra era, lo tho auspicious
)tar Naoduo on Sunday rhc Srb day or rbe bripr fottnlpr or
lbe montb or wbeo tbe StUl wu ID
Aries, tbe had advaoccd in the Puuarvuu t:Oo.srell.ttro.a,
wbea Cancer was UDd&nt, at m1dday. at tbe bovr toon at
Ahl>ljir, Jupr!er, Veou.s, Saruro, Mal> and Suo all bao1 in
culrarioo, Men:ury bclns pofrled wrth rbc SW>, lloryrnb
!Sbanlcara't morber) cave birth to the atoriow Sb>nmulcha."
Yudbtstbrra ern 26J I corrt1poods 10 2593 Kali wbich it tht
ume 1J B.C. The horOI(:Ope IJ <IJI (rom rbc above dara
ould be OJ follow' :
s.- 111< Nodu ba.-c
tlcc:a o<>t...S btn
IHDIAH IIIITO,ICAI, tou.
"""'leo
ooo boca mcaoioncd I bey hu,..,
c-ru& 1h" wi1h 1bao maonlaoacd by lhc
s ,,., . .. rcclha we fineS bolb !don heal except for lOme
ce>nr<1oDot. Tbc horoteope Ia I be Sbrinac rl Pcc1ha dDCJ :
., .. ,. .... h rtanelary in <44 B c . .. h:<rlloll<d from
crhcn filet- Therefore. white I he S.brinacri boroiCO()C tnor
or leu ICCUUie !be yu.r of SJwllr.Jn't binb which I hoy belle,:
In 11< u D.C. it aol j u<hfie<l. Oo the olher hand lbo pllllllary
l'()tilloat menllone<l by Cbnsukhacharya do Iaiiy whh lbo do,..
ptHIIIOO or piiOOIJ In 509 B.C.
NtprjiJna VOAI Ia alJisned lhc dale 1294 O.C. (p, 110
CHRONICLE OF NEP ... I. HISTORY) hcnoo 1hc bclltflbll ho
.,., a foocrunncr of Shankar:& IJ eonce1.
Kumrrl bovlos been abown 10 bavo been born In HI B.C.
ra nsblly oonoiJcre<l a ocoior contemporary or Shanka<a He b
abo coiled BbarlrlhaN or Bhatlriprapaneba He wu I be aoa of
GO'IOda Bhaaalpoda 1M (>C<plor or Sbanbrl.
To 1booc bo oootcod tbal pullioa Sbaahueharya d.,...o
oo 1bc bib Cco1ury B.C. h almoot makona hom 1 conlemporary
oll.ord Buddha, ol mu be poiotcd oul lhal Buddbl homKtr
mut be ante-dated. Hat aodquily too hu been under-ellim.tl
e<l. Bul ....... lhc fUbJ<CImaller or ouolhcr chapler. Lord
Ouddba lmd from 188710 1&07 B.C.
Tho BRIH-'T SH.-.NK-'R-' VIJ-'YA a ivct lbe dateoo
tucll Sbooklra wu fUlly ordained on Sanyaaa at : 1hc second
day or 11ie brrah hlr or lbc Phalsooa month o r 1hc year 2640
Vudhltlhlra cro Thai C<orr.,(I<Jnds 10 49!1 B.C. lutlher corro-
b->rallnl lb< blub dale 509 B.C. II Ia lhcreforc qullc
thai .1\dl Sba.a.UJocharya woo boro In 509 B.C. ond died In
477 8 c
:
I Tbo Tradllonal Ap of lbe Shanuucbarya aod b
Malloo by A 'NallraJI Aoycr and S. Laklhmlnorulnb Satno.
l S.wodarya Laboto
' &ooua lboab11 by Ml ShaoUn.
,nAOACKAIYA' I AlfTIQI/In' 18)
,.ou J'}l/l
suobama by Alml 8odba.
pgoyasblokl Mao)llrl by Slrvaj oa $1dl(lun Bodba.
6. Maclbccya Shankara Vojayo.
7
Rajallrana by Kolbua.
1
' commeolal)' oa hbwaro Knthna' SaM:Iryo ICtltlko by
Otudapoda.
9
Ounua10mahka by Alma Bodha.
10
Makaranda by Adbyllma Prakatheodra Saruwotl.
11. Srlbol Sbankaravljayo by CbiUukbacbal)'a.
12. Chrooolosy of Nepal Hlllory by Kola Veokalaebc!am.
roocoolo-Since Adya Sbankoro'l period noc<la 10 be 1111<-
dtltd by 1297 years II ia obvioua thai tho enlire ... narlo or
Ids life chana and 1ba1 hla real llfellory Ia nol known. In
OCJth 1hua1ion I luggtll 11 o hypolheala for 11udy and further
loYC>Il&lllon lhol ju11 u bo C1lobli1hed four spb:hual oulpotU
tnlodla be bo !ravelled broad by 1blp and on fool 10 1bc
"'" ond ctllblished hia 1plrhual hcrmiiA&e& 11 lht Kaba lo
(wbicb wu lhea 10 lolcrnolional Vedic 1hriDl) all be
Ill Rome aad 11 C..oterbury lo l!nalaad aiocc all !bote
1M. ba>c been lroduoooa l Ccnlru of Vedic l.....,iDI u d
Tbc Shiv WOrlhop oacl Shankarad>arya tndltloe
llCIO. lllrrc Placet bu boca dull wnll a l ao- lcatlb 110 aay
!laic Volume lolled- WORLD VEDIC HERITAOE.
Lord Buddha's Ant iquity Under-
estimated by Over 1300 Years
In lbc Year or GMI 1956 whcn l od celcbratcd Wllh grcat
pliO tbe so-calJed l500th bulb anntYC!Sary Of Ont o( her MOst
soas Sllal)'S Munl Oautama 'the Buddha, the eelesllal
tJmc-lpct must b&'< lauthcd bis slecves and tbc sercnc
tato<l or "The Enltghteoed One' all tbc world over. must bavo
broLen UIIO a broad. tolcrant smile at tbe underesllmalton or
Tht Buddha' &Dliquity by ovcr 1300 ycars by a not so eoligh-
tcncd pouerity
Modern lndia11 hiJtoriu and world billories have tended to
tcll radert that Lord Buddha was born around 544, 563 or 661
B C. u d died aflcr SO yeau.
Tlus ncms to bc yet aootbcr blunder in Indian bistoneal
ruurtb bcc:a:us.c: lbc:R 1s very sttooa evidence to prove: tballbe
Buddba wu born an 1&87 B C. aod died i n 1807 B.C. Tbt
mu n Locd Buddha's antiqotty baJ b" n underestimated by
o<e1 llOO JU"-
The quutlon then arises as to bow and why such a ba
mar1111 of trror ttept Into Indian historical chronology. The
eaplanatlnn is tbat India bavina becn under British rule for
ntllly 150 Y<rt and tbo eotlrc Indian educational appAratus
haYin1 b.n domtoated by datea acceptable to them alone
c:aCD< to be foilted on Indian hlftory wllly nllly. Tbe British
became to ntl< over India io t he 18th and 19th Ccnturi<l
bod ...,. notions aboul the humt.n cteation. They
tllooP w., oa!y a r.,., thouuod years old. Cont<quently
lMf pmu....Sihatthe lndia.o d v1lltalioo wu not more tban
-10 frtoe!Moauo!l Jean old Wttb that erampioa asaumption
lloof ......... al1Ja4aao htiiOIIO&I <hronolOBY OUt or shape aod
trdod 10 .,._ada aajor
11
aa 111ft a date u posaable.
-
r
tolD aUD.OIIA' S ANTIQIJnY IU
Like doubrl& Thomasea they Jirat c!oubttd ..,, ADd
th<O .. the bc:oeftt or doubt tO aJIIUcr c!atea, They ba ..
bowevcr. eotercd a very pathet ic ccnfwloo lhat they them:
, ,
1
... ore oot very su or their faodi.ogo. On paae 171. vol
1
of Th Cornbrldg H131ory of lndto MJ. f'.J. Raplan
Uufcrtuuately evco after all lbat bas been wrilten on rbe
,ubjtct or early Buddhist chronology we ure "'" unecnaln aa
10
tbe eael date of The Buddha's birth. The dltc 4R) B.C.
adopt<rl In tbitr bisrory must still be reprded as provisional."
Ukcwise Mr. Vincent Smith obs<rvn on Po1&< 44 or the 191S
edilioo of The Oxford Hbtoty of Indio that
date of Buddbo'a duth is unecrtaio, but.,htrc is JOO<I reuoo
(or btlievina tbat tbe event happened in or about 487 B.C.,
possibly four or 6ve yoars latcr.''
In view or this confusion h IS wor thwhile ma .. ballioa aod
sifting all av ilabie cvideoce and finding out wbetb<r Lord
Buddha's datu of birth and dearb, could be fixed with aoy
c!ogreo or crrtainty. Such is of areat amportonco for
l adiao biSioricai chronolosy btcausc Lord Buddha forma an
Important laadmarlc and maoy other .. ents can be dated with
rcferciiC( to Him.
Jt would be: worthwhile not icing at tbe outsct bow Weate111
scholanbaveaarivod at their da tes about Lord Buddha. BocaiiSC.
oftbeir pet aversioo ror dates recorded in the Indian Puraoaa
and utronomit;al data, tbe Wostetn scbolara by-passed these
completely, lostead !bey plumped ror rbe peJ or some proal-
mate Weatcrn rocords and hun& tboir alJumptions on it. In
the case or l:.ofil Buddha, flouting alllodlan data, the Wostcnr
acbolars took Alexander' invasion a.s tbe ttartina point. Si111.-e
they believed that contemporary Orcelc blatorlana were the
moct reliable they tried to trace bact lad lao historical cbto-
101Y to The Buddba's t imes from tbe dara rbey round bdp(ul
10
lite Oroet chronicles.
Greek hiatorians mcntcoo threc uocea.-c rulcn of
COGtem
1
u ; Xaodrames, Saodrocottus and Saodroeyplld aa
<lt t Porartcs Of Alexander, It muot first ba DOted bote that
od Arabia ohroniolen are notorioua for mutllltltlf all
lbeir and placo a ames out of RCOJOlt loa to IIIII
manoera of 1pcech. It Is, therefore, blahly diiiJenMII
, ..
.t:a r-'l .,_ ( t- ttar e>cW.tioou. Bat
II.
MI Or 11at, ll'olon lliaw Tbq bcJc.o iloot
lime-' .,_ lo M.lll)'a. loa Predoca
.. - l llla D3onnl!ld) aad -
l !nt:. a aii iDI) (b T cd
Ia< rode: ... l lXrC liO NlillU1I} bctll'ttll IlK GRo<k
s.a.!.a &J . ..
Q,...'" . =<>t 111 -..etl>et it 11 Chaodnppu or
0r Gc;oca c- dyasQ Mr. Kou V.al atad:d
clr oa C'C I cl ha boc>t HE AGE OF BlTDOHA.
W::U'\0' J:J"-G >\.\I'TOOKA A:o;o YUGA PURANA
u.: n:s """'"' \.!d<olicatK>Dcl tl:..: Chao<lncvPta u
Oil. OM' c , .... .., oltjaPt T\1ii!ed echtc chroootol)
c.. - .... cl BUn: md'olfi:I tl:t d.< o( t..o.d
l ld'k ..
ct.-. beu lo.IJ. Kou '\"..,b!Kixbal A ) I D.>e
10 Qoo the V'>'1r.n loatot) ot Bbara1 M.
l1aa U.d. a c:l t: ..,,.,..,.. A.n..:et'o b n
- ;.-.:c r-. I! c " .. OpadtaJ"'pc.a o( die
G:;ca - ::.Jcwv o.o n-.;zo a c.
n, X ....... , to b) lhe Gretk chrolllclen IS
<'hNt; o . ..... a-m lhe las& AllodWa t;ac ol
H Ht wu swcrcc:d b:s ::J:;n:a<a:.::>a.n:D7
.. , 0..::-a 4.t of !he G:;n d)1IMI)'- n-
Os .......... ..,.w S.:,dfocoCt11t He wu
- 11111 t., S.. .!-ap;ra.. " d rliu Sa-::r.>dRJ"pu w1>o ..
'C"i' &< G: .. u :Carme "'
a U:C. - lry tt.c fint Wlft o( Oand,.JI'J"L
"fer lk ll;:kr .._. &o b)oau n a.nd dcclale
!C 1<1 - ..Ut Tdc to be lhe bell Cn.a& IO
ct ...... b) .... .makmal lf1Jid!.ubct
.. l.lro, cfN:rol., M d u 1lit r1111m t..a& ulhe
.. cl AlnH hr 1 -=--, II a _,,.po-
..., Grtdr - - - lire ll:nc wr cill< n ...-. o(
" ,
- .... - .. ,..;o. lk ........ ....s.... All ....
r a ...., 4eat ca chs :a2 r of J ....
e,
5
.. 01. MNwrua wu. "Did ..,
116
1!7
' o
"Tbc Sakyas and Licbcbavis arc branches or the umc
"
1
tbe ll<.sbval:us, says Mr. Bimafacharan Law
people .fe.b. book KSHATRIYA CLANS IN BUDDHIST
!"'SC 17 0 IS
INOlA.
Bhartla's Commentary 00 the AMARAKOSHA po10U out
S.
Lya derives rrom 8 tree hown as Saka ncar
ahe name
wblch " king of the lksbvaku d) nasty lived.
B ddb.a was tbc
500
or Queen Maya and KingShuddhodana.
u 1 II' tb age of 19 mnd under
Slddbarta renounced prmce y .e at c
took eoanee ror six years under a Peepal ttee ncar Oty
whor! he allaioed tbe Buddhabood. His son tu<Croded
to l be tbrooe.
Ajatasbatru is iclcolified'in Buddhistic works u the of
Queen Mallodevl and King Btmbisara whose upoto
Rcjogrlha. .
. r b B ddh ahcre b uoul1111tY
About the contemporarou o I e u
bel ween Buddbill litctlltute and modero billorlc>.
or I he Maaadha rulers found
According to lhe ehronology I wasLbc Ma&adha
ln tbo Puraoas, Somadbllllias
dyotsiY bad 22 Kinp
at the time of Mababharat war. alcd by 6ve rulert or
They ruled 1006 yun. Tbey were Tbtn rolloWCAI
the PradyotB dynoSIY who ror bO for )60 years nr
10 King or 1he Shlshunas ram \ w rourcb on the SbisbUDII
thtso 37 rulers the Jtar (/,t.
1 0
rory ofl.old Buddba't
Ksbemajll "'" the from 1892 to IISl&.C.
raaber, Sbuddhodonm. Buddha ,..., bOra (IQ
7
II wn durin& tbal perood that B' mblsara (ISn to 1114
B.C ) In the rc\an of tbe 3lnd btcned Ooa (1.., n..
B.C.)' Prince Slddhorrbft bccai!IO 10 1811 B.C. Ill
8uddhal oOtr six nf
190 I"DLUiliiJTOAICAL
tbc oftbo 33rd Kma. Ajat&lhatru Ct8141o 1787 BC)
Lord BI>Cidba dJ<d {180i). Thai &n us s cobcrenl chroQoio
o1 Lord Buddha' M: CY
Born ................... . 1887 B.C.
............ I8S8 B.C.
Peuoce .............. 18S8-18Sl 8 C.
Death-- ..... - 1807 a.c.
It the Buddha is deemed tO lived In I he 41h Century
B.C. u 1t oow presume<! then it tallows that bis contompora-
r.u K.shemajll, Bimbillt.t and Ajttasbatru otso lived durlos lhat
period. Smcc: Btmbilara wu tbc 3lnd ruler from tbc date of
tbe Mablbhanta war tbe total period of 2638 yca1s ()138
m>nus 5002638) would mean that on an ,ave('llgc each ruler's
rticn lasted for 82 yemrs and months. On I he ocher band if
""''>tdinl! to our calculation Bimb1!ara was the 32od rulor (rom
tire Malabharta war unull807 B.C. (31.38 111ious
Cl".b rukrtcigned on an aVtrago for 41 years wbicb is more
ptauublc.
1'-Hico, a Cbiouc Buddhist who toured India at tbc close
or tbe O:ncury A.D. bas recorded that tho imaae of
Bodhiwv was put up during. the reicn oJ K1ng
P'cna of be Chow dynatty. That event took place more chan
thrte hundred ofter Lord Buddha's demise. It I$ known
tbst Kin& plo& rdantd from 750 10 719 B.C. (A RECORD
Of BUODIDSTIC KINGDOMS BY FAHIEN), translated by
Lcue. (Foocoolet 3, 4, edition 1886). Tbu meons tht
IIQCOrdona to FaHlen a lnquiriCI The Buddbn was born not
later tban tb.c I lib Century B.C. Hl1 lestimooy, tberefort, allo
di<pr:t)><> the current belief that The Buddha ltved Ia tbc 61b
Ccutury B C
Adi Sbankancbarya, the JtloAI Indian philosopher who is
ronaty pla.ccd by modern bi11ories 10 tbe Sib O:nlury A.D.
wu born oo a Sunday on the Sth day of tbe l>riahl half of the
-u. or va .. akba While S>gitlltiUI was " *ndaot, iu tbc
C)'CIIC )ell bo ..... Nandaoa in the year 2S93 or the Kah)'U81
Tllat OOrt .. pOOdl 10 (Jt02 MlnUl ll.C. This lhOWI
bow ShanltaraCbarya abould In f&cl be plae<d '" the period In
wltodl The Bucldba 11 behevcd to have lived, while Tho
191
01
bo plaocd much carllor bccauJO Shanbracborya rt(u-
mu b I b'
ouddhiti mellp ysC$ n ,. commeollry on he Brahaa
Sunil Tbat Sbankaracbarya waJ born about 1300 YUI'I aftor
t,ord Buddha '' quite plausible bccawc soon after Lord
1l ddb:t b1s doctrine nouri1hed in India. Then ., centums
:,ed 1h0 bOld of his philOSOphy on the public miod bepn 10
lhtn, and while in that decadent IIO&e Shaobracbaryaa
vtsorous propa&"tion of the Va1dik doctrine obhtetated
BuddhistiC metaphysics from the Indian mmd, one. for II. So
the revised date for Shankaracbarya ho lends support to tbe
view that LOrd Buddha lived in the 19th Century B.C. (lbe
<laborate thesis whiob justifies our placns Shnkarachacya to
tho 61h Century B.C. bas been dealt wilb indopendeoOy)
RAJATARANGINI (an ancient hl"ory of Kosbom rulm
compiled by Kalbaoa in 1178 A.D.) "ates tbot a !Uhotnya
kin& oamed Naaarjuna came from tho land of the Bodh,satva
and did penance for days in. Kashmir durin& Kanahk'
reign. Aaain (in 1-277) RAJATARANGINI llatos thot the
11
mc Naga1juna resided in Kashmir for lOme elmo and propa
&lied Buddblsm during tbo rule or Abhimonyu, succmor o(
Kanishka. Nagarjuna is Slated 10 be a K.shJtnya kng and
lh<refo,.. must not be confounded whh any .Buhmin or Sudra
of lho time,
Aceording to Kalbana be has narrated tile history of the
tulm of Kashmir from his ov.o time (1148 AD) coeuoc
period or 2330 years earlier fro(ll chc lime of Gonnda Ill
(1182 B.C.). Abhimanyu, the father or Gonaoda Ill, rUled fur
52 yean. That means Abhimaoyu's rule bcgan io 23l0
4
Sl
2382 years before Klllbana. Thai marked the end ol 1M 60-
)<ar rule of his predcce$SOt, Kllnishka That pro'<s tb.t
Kanishlla'a rule began in 1294 B.C. Which means th" Naaar-
juna Bodblsatva vished ..Kashmir between and 12J4 B.C
Since Tbo Buddha was born before Naprjuoa B<>dlus.atu
could Buddhism, the dacet 1887-1801 B C lot The
Buddha stand corroborated.
During tbe rei11o or Abbimanyu the 52nd of Kasllmlr-
(12341182 B.C.) lho seholllr v"ltl'd Kllbnur
to lckb and populariu Patanjali't trultk (M&b& BbaoiiJ&).
192 IHOIAtot HISI'oarcAL a-.
.-cr ..
Wbrlc thtre ( b4lldracbal)'ll bloacf( wrore a ara
111
rnar lie
lliJo tbc of Pusbyamirra Suoaa CI 21S
10
1
;;
B.C 1. NaptJuna vraitOd Kashmir for Propaaaun
8
duron
1
tbenme rime. Therefore, The Buddba mtat ha.eu\'td
t>c!- ..... r J.
RAIATARANGIN( at aces tbar J 30 Yars before Loktdbuu
1
4 :>1cmponl)' of KaoiJbka {129412}4 B.C.), Lord
lllllioed Niru1111
Accor<lioa 10 Westero Kbolau Kaorabka lived io 78 A.D.
1r Tho Buddha diad 150 )c.ars before Kanishka we gr1 228 B.c
u I be dare of Lord Buddha's demise wbkb COnOiCIS wilb 83
B C blC4 by lbc Wcs1ora scholars lbrmselves for The
Buddb' dtmltc. locidrorally lhlt also proves lballhc dalo
for Kao11hb ad.,OC'td by lbc Westera IS wrooa.
Hasbka, Jublca and Kan11hka could be brorhers or a rieur
IU>rdared coorcmporuies. Tbe 6rh tlaau io the 81b Tarana
ohlllli or RAIATARANGINI clearly srar .. lhor tbey reigned
COttlcropotancoraly.
Tbouah Abbimuyu SU<edcd Kanishka be was no sou of
tbclaucr. KaoisbJcc bctooacd 10 lbe Turusbka famJJy while
Abllllll.lnyu roan Indian Ksbatriya famrly.
Abblmao)u '1\'as succ:ccded by biuo.o Ill. S1oce
'IOOC<AOts Ul,..lly named afrcr <mioom aocesrors i1 is clear
tb&t Abbtman)u aan1cd ancr the Molulbborara hot.) bcloosed
10 rhc lilouanda d)'ntJty,
Tilt ID!crvol bctvecn RAJATARANOINI't da" ( 114B
,; D.) alld lbc bc&looin1 or Kaobbka'a rei an u 2442 years. If
ltaaiohla'a date, .. fiatd by the Wt1ktll scholars is Ioken 10 be
'II A D .. tbc date of kolhaaa't c:<>mposloe Ra}atarangioi will
A.D wh1tb It ye1 ro come. Wb1cb mens
" to bo born htocc, "bleb souods like Nm<
-"loticat Pte<li<Uoo l ad oor b111ory.
.. ,, If >oe lal<e 78 A.D. as karJJsbka, dorc a&
..... b) l<bolars, IOd Jl 48 A.D. I be date or tbo
"'llvca by k llbaoa u wJII mua that b11
._ lkalt "
1
111 lliaco,. or 1148 !l))out 7a 1 .... 1070
itA's ANTIQUITY
tUOOI
""
10
and lhe composhlon or lbe AAIATA
Be!wn Kamsbka a suc:ceuioo of 86 mooln:bl. Tbo
193
RJ'I'IOINI tbere le worb oul to 2190 yean Caavloa 111
pte period .:,. rule
10
eacb moolli'Cb). Ocduerlnr
era& of over Y from it .,
0
&cl an of rt20 years
,;. period of I070 years! d for if tbe WcSiera acbolars' vitws
I
. S uoaccoun
tcir den& "'
ecepred bserv
,...,.. I of hi a book Mr . .Kota o CJ
On 37 elcd wilb tbcit presumprioot tbc w .. ,.,..,,.,
rbol since I t cooftl.k aditya or tbe Ill Coolury B.C, ud
concluded r.bat y, A.D. never exiared. Amber,
Solivabana or lite II od Sa!ivahaoo Sakas wore lbe same
lbey llalcd lbar Since lbe Welt= acholut pot!
as A:r.es and Ka t baoa dyo&Jty from B.C. to A D. ro
dared rbe Aodhra Suva II :d "Sa!ivabanaM as "Rail
b . rec:cnt dote, tbey ca < f "S II" I
JUpport t. CJr b I "Sata" lea synooym o a a
Satavabana .. argulng I be ell lbe aulborhy or DOft!S
support of lbtir y KATHASARITSAOAR_. aad
ond romancu like LILAH la Saravabaoa wu no Olber lbao
olbers. They allirm tbal a
Salivsb3oa wbo lived io 78 A.D.
S and Sail toay be lynnllyma
Philologically rbe names ala . IO""fll< AJ ror Dil-
es lhcy II'USI r<maur r- her
but as proper nam as Laksbm
1
and aqor
lance if on wqman spells. llr mcallioa, lbar I DO
as ucbmi, bolb lwo and IDSJstiDa lbal tlu -
ground for coofouodla& I e. Snkrit namcwblle lhe orber
lgniry bur one person. One IS
is Prakrit. r. dcd lbc Soh era boiOOJCd
Salivahana ot78 A.D kiDJ btiOOJCd ro dro
10 1be Paowar dyually ( m 500
10
495 B.C. SabftlsaDa
Satovnbaoo race and ruk I rVikratoodl!Jll wbo fouDt!ed lbe
was the gnndson t:. 78 A.O. biJ arai"Ww Sail"""::
Vimma C.l\1 in . . them IWIY frotD lba COUDif)'.
U<rcated lhO SOkatl and lJid COII4uer0d COI&Dir* l:.!f.::
p<rformed tbc bouo JO<fl (rom vaaquitllecf rukrL lrlo
r.:rsia and received lribure wit OlnroJf u
b I ruled ovor l.o Mqodba l'lo ,._
llndbra Sal ova O:n family btld ... , Blwlo,.. ID ..
cpllll, Tbe A d mota llltCDded from lba - --
10 ll7 B.C. Tbdt
0 1' '-"''lr ____________ _
1 ..
INOI.-.H JUno.
...... Oor
.,SIC.
Ia INI dya.uly Satavabao -
ru..., rrO<D .....
""" to
Srliraheaa bad bit Clpotal 11 Ujjtio (A .
lad a ''
1111
) oo Cc01,.1
M t.:rbhcamacbanar to 1uJ HISTORY
SASSARIT LITlRAnRI! (l
937
<d' f ) OF CLAssiCAL
lllr ......_. - "I I 100 WflltS 00 o..
.-=- 1 ... 1 odoa bas 11.1 wcll wrin """ 2 of
hrana; ubobnlbll boiiOI)' and cbro l eo bostory aod lbc
plwa f,.udl "
00
ogy. Puraoaa are not
Mt>ellcr condemned tcndcncoes of
alllfi' lbc orm.atoallon 1o run wild on tb W7"m tc:holou lo
od aouuaa. He stld ''Men who o b .. as of
loUIOrian lot. Ntcbubr have tho I rue facully or on
'-- ' ..a IDC r rom p i S$
Clll ..,. hJtlc>rJ C>( I OiltOn whose 1'1 IDC JentcOC'C>
,_.__. ocba b o eratwe had oal J' ut '-o
..... bow ' ""
lat So:.l>ubr had left uodooe e;,er fi lbougbt tbey could do
ol Kalida'"- fablca or a ter perusing some poems
ANASDALAHARI orobe ADESA Jome vencs oflbe
Gil A Ill<) pft "'lb tbe O( the BRAGA VAT
ol l11U>t hllloncal ega.<theau and Appoliniua
Noc OCII) ... ..,..,Ill COltclOiO:uat or the lod'an nation.
-.:1} lllllertala butlbc moot been drAwn fro., tbe most
nticl baY< <mpiO)ed qucauooable and spuro..oua autbo-
'IMI11J>ItOol." Wolboul the lout historocal
Mr. \' A Smllb obocrvea .
INDIA.Ihcledotirm, lll2l) OXFORD HISTORY OF
:=::""' ... Mop4ba ioeideo11 or tho
tOttll amo enuilcd "Sfll<l or on lbe ancoeot poll
Ito C:, P<tltal't Ia th< Sib Caot ua {Modro Raksbaa)
u ullll1 11-1 &o rely ro ury after Chro11 Bu1 i1 would
.. ""' work <of 1 r lllltltcr-o(. b
alief a.. - lll&ftl<l..a com IIC1 atoric:al oarrn-
dra .. '"ld... POled some IC\'en teOIUrles
... tbc"
"-ka-lltdr -- tebolo"' da
,., , , ('lOt ,.,::- of 1lO B.C fOr or 78 A o, Cot
,.iod of 1101 ,._,. l Aahh 11 -. oatwo
lit ... Ji8a)- 0:-:;: ....... Ollly loOUt IO 10 IDI<r\COIOI
n u Ilk :hlilo ndcn lttauu (49th
............ ) C:ID>e tOibC
195
LOIO IUODH.4S ,.,mQUtTY
h""'"' Tbol would mean 1bey ruled ror ao avera&e of u
4
h which os ablurd
Mr. A.V. Tbyapraja Aiyar io bis book INDIAN ARCHI
TECTURE writu tbal a tomb io Athelll discovered rioeoallt
]las
30
inscription wbicb reads " H.cre lies lodian Sraii)IDI
ch<Y rrom Bodb Gaya, Sakya monk taken 10 Greece b)'
his Greek pupols and the 1omb matka his death about 1.000
B.C." 1r Buddhist monks had gone to faraway Greec:o in 1,000
B c. the date or Kaolsbka must be at least 1100 B.C .. lilld that
or Asboka, 1250 B.C. and I hal of Cbandragupta MauryR, 1300
tB.C. (vide A. Somayajulu's DATES IN ANCIENT HISTORY
OF INDIA, pp. 11 2, 113). Tho Buddha must have lived over
three centuries before Cbaodrosupto
We may now sum up the nrioUJ theories about Lord
Buddha's date :
1. Sir William Jones believes date to be 1027 B.C oo
the strength of the Cboocse, Tibelan aecouou, Abul Ful's
writio5 and the Dabostan Documeol (vide Joan's Works. Vol
iv, pp. 17 & 42-46).
2. According to Max Mueller, 1he Chinese aeeouott '*""'
850 B.C. for ,..sboka. The inte;val between Buddhi Ntrvaoa
and Ashoka's dealb is 371 years So The Buddha mUJI bavc
died (850+ 371= ) in 1221 B.C. (vide his RISTORYOF -'NCI
ENTSANSKRIT LITI!RATURI!. Allahabad edition PP 141
143 & pp 38 of the 18S9 edi1i0<1 or 1heaame book).
According 10 Muellor Ceylonese occounll ossian JIS
B.C. for Asbokn 'Tbe Buddha nirvana would fall lo.315+
311 B.C. (i.e. In the 7th Ccnlury B.C.)
3. Dr. Flee I is of the oplnioo 1h11 The Buddha dled In 16JI
B.C. slnee A>hoka lovtd arouod 1260 B.C. (oo lloe - of tllo
RI\JATARANOINI), Fltcl oaya " We should lind lbal lbe
RAJATARANGINI would pi- Aiboka somewlwc .-r
t260 B.C. We abould prefeo ro tclcct tbo date &.C U.SO ud
thea we obould s<l about rranJIDJ 1bc -loo o/lbe ....,
of lndoa ouclf from the Puraau with B.C.. ll.SO (OtlM
XlmDtC doiC -cuJon of Ashob U Ollt l(altiall ..... ,
m.<>!f""------------
196 I}IDfAif HISTORICAl. fli!$1Aaclt
{Qoottd by M. Krishnamacbarya in lili HlSTORY OF
SANSKRIT LITBRATUIU! lo.troduction p, XCILG).
4. E.J. Rapte>o's yte for The Boddha's demi.se, 483 B.c
,., oo1y prcmsional even aoeordiog to his owo
(CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA, Vol!., p. 171).
5. VlliCCftt Smith did not undertake any original rueareh
oo tbe po1nt but believes in that same date (OXFORD STU.
DENTS' HISTORY OF INDIA).
6. RAJATARANGINI places Buddha's demise ISO years
before Kanishka That gives \1$ 1294+ ISO= 1444 B.C.
1. brought out by A.V. TbyusarllJo
.o.,yar places the evcnt lo the 17tp Ceotury B.C.
S faKieo surmises the eveot to have occurred nround1
1050 B.C
9. A.P. Siooen i.o hi1 ESOTERIC BUDDH1SM (VI1! tdi
uoo. 1903, p. I?S) wiaos 643 B.C for The Buddha's birth.
Tbe abo tbeor1es all conftict with one another end if ooe
amoac them, uamtly that which alludes tct the 6th Cenrury
B.C rules tbc t-t it is a mere accideor. Evco amona the
ahme lheoncatbe.6rh Century theory is the weakest.
Soma)'IJUlu Write. "All Jaios aod IIinuua qrec filar in S28
8 C. \'ardbamao Mlhavira diod and that Kumaril Bboua
(U7 to 49) B.C.) wu vehemently atlackiog tho 1aos oil over
16d.oa and ,.., followed by Shaokancharya (509447 B.C.).
Tbo intetal of tnuc bttweoo Shankara and tho Buddha wns
about l'Un. Hence rho Buddha did not live In the 6th
C<11tury B C The accounts kept by the inhabitants of
Ceylon lle oo autboriry for fillnr; tbe date of The Buddb aod
e&kulatiDI all elates In IJ>dian history on thet basis. The
J
- ... tcqulrod lluddblsm the 7th Centur A 0 hence tbc
lpo- e&Jcodar II DO .... J
1
'
lllo ""'dba .... .. ooJ u autbomy tbe date or
ocllolan ..._. Y formauoo The WHtem
- n.. ..::::', '::'ta':.'" -dille to the or whims and
liMp of ....,
10
1041.., ochoolt 11 limply a
<DAllll Df lDd baaolau coojecturo
n.. wllo ..._ n.. y OF INDIA, pp, 112.114)
IIM4taa
1
the 6tb Cattury B.C.
.
OHA.'S
197
d
w
1
tb Milinda. According to the Bh1ra11ya
' "' Menao er I (D s , fc' )
osored History Vol. I r. liCit\ art "'
Vidya Cbavan spo
10
tbc 2nd Century B.C Milinda livecl1n the
Meoaodcr Aecordio& to the MIU.N'DA PANIIA tbe
14th Milld nourished soo years ar.er the demise or
v avaoa loo& d (2) soon after the reign of the latet Mauryao
Tbe Buddba, ao d (l) probably before the accession of Pubya
kiD& Sa)lsuka, a.o
mitra-aboul 187 B.C.
,
0
three indications afforded by tbc MILINDA
tb Puranio evidence we fiod that.
<t>ANHA Wltb the d kin in 1584 B.C. The rei&D or the
MaurY was crowoe g 14 ears That the l!lt ka
kings in the dyoo.&ty ldostedl 3220 By C , According to tbc Puraou
k rcin ende '" ' 1 1
Sahsu a s o .
807
B C Milinda ame SOO yeors cr.
The Buddha died tn I Miliodo'a time. Tbls surely is after
That &iCS us 1307 B.C. u d
0
the MIUNDA
r S I ka
's reign as stale '
the close o a IIU rowntd kiog in 1218 8 C
PANHA. Sung wa:tc; Mllillda (in 1307 8 C).
h
' ICb agan was certaonly loos a ,
'W h logy II accurate
This sbows bow Puraote c rono . ' ptioos ar< oflen coo
Some names found ID Asbtbn countries and rrom
founded with the oames of ru o 'oo of Indian ehroootog)' It
the kaowo datu of the Iauer ,.,.all
attcmpttd. 'Ibul : d t' Ged with the follow
f ore 1 eo I
The Vono o rulers of other eounrrl ..
Ashoho lnscrlptlotU AnUyochu,.Tbeos II o(Syrla
Amliyoka PtulcmY PbiladelphOf or l!IJipt
Tulamayil Aotlaon"' oonatut
Amtkinc
Maps . )
Maka Aleunder {ol l!P""' '
Ahkya Sudblc ed ly to tbc lootilll oyllabtet-
Tbe above sinlll&riiY is co;:::,,, that tbO ''""' tbc
Wbllc Alboka't oniCIPiio:.:r<Mfed oo tbe al;:'.a.<>'"'!
rulers cocotaoocd by ,.
1
1b tbc oaiDd aa ., ..,.
confUJed by Y.c>ttro dhJAat ua.l Syria- :., _..
1
otenptoon rul<cl
he fore rbe
"- ... 6: lobelaaa. &1>4 a. a cousequcox:c the M.u:r-
flitl a.. . p4,aq lbt neat ... " . .:! Jtundrcd )'c-1 ra
, . .., ....... ..... _.
FP iq b' t p __, cluoaoloar by COOiplctely by
411
1
lloc -...pcioo rbat tbey .,..,.
ItA'S ANTIQUITY
t,OIP at!DD
199
1
toy, Wllh metaph)'tlcal conocpta that run a w11d 10
'""cJ. I Qns Jtke iDVCOtinl m .. 111 0( lemporaJ COillfOt ( and
IWWAH tunOAI(.'Al. .l..l
(A-C.l t
Out btlrer tbet we tn tho l Otb Century b
adun.S lbc1hiJ or auh:rf onohoos never beroro reath he
r1101NI In an uno.emntcd IUumpuon. We bavo btco .
1
. <d
11
QIC' JC\'ma
!hat buman h 1 11n1gbt tnek naruna from tbt <a
moa 10J tuiMIOIIIOJ 1n tbc ptUCftl <OphfllfC<Jted IIIJe.
l><lk'l h rrenled If"'"" look around we shell find lhlt
'"'" tun Ilona dllpw 1nd not atnlahc hncs. Tbe
uuh onJ oth<r ucllar bod1cs are all orbo They oil move!
Ma.,elie 1od electric fieldo too ate
Applytna the oame law to humnn civllizationJ we wouldftnd'
that they too rue end full in an cycle At coch
1118
,
lhoy ruch srcat hcogbls ood theo di$11ppenr. Tho anmo could
the Cit wub the emli>:Ailoos dCJeltbed In the Romayan
1
and the M1habharato If this is clearly understood then thoro
be"" difficulty in vlulrztog tbot 1bo two Indian cptc
two rul, ancient civilizations and tbe ocbievemcnta
ll>ry <l11m 11c no mytbJ lnvcnced by intaglnatf, .. autbort.
the Vedic tomes aJJd the dmu of the Ramayano and
the \hhabbarar reprekat tbue diunc:t ood rmponant 1111<1
ID l nJ1on biotory 11 iJ 1 pity that no, 'Jympathetlc' and J<riaus
atrempu have btco mode to Ox their cbrcnoloay. This Is a
bauc dtocrepor><:y in current tnts of Indian history. Ia feet our
h1>ronea JUil brush pan thate three >118CJ almort dubbin& them
and fables.
The >lOa far thh academic intnenslgcni)C l1 chat India bu
btcn ruled by a.lient for over .. thousand yeats. or tltcto Ulo
""' 800 yoaro Muallm rule wore or complete chaos and
barred between tbo ruler and tbc ruled. Ourtn1
lltflllh dornroauon for tho ooxl 200 ycara WeAtorn scholara'
tmm11urc mcdloevol concop11 about time and spaco, tho orl1ln
of the co.moo and the appceraoce or lifo oo canh were hl1h
baa4<dly lmpood and Implanted 10 all eadcmlc and
rder.._ Tbcy made ut believe that 1111 very tardy we
tii'Cit D monkey A(lu eomc. ye.an wbca we ltarnt Iff ..., e1k OD
uor aod uw tbc forekJI for broods, tbroulb the .. ..,.
- llafl - ... llOOC ... lo od behold, JCJUS Cbnll lpPCII'
1M Ito aa,o and """" tboo bomeolly tsccd to 111 p.-
1
poa!tloa 0( _,......, proarw.
lh)
gr. U MA AND
wnQl!tfY oP
' h Wc.stem phyatcal ICtcntt:lll h., ve tun&
... 1
1
cnouJ r 1
(IJHO""" t'mhlvo 0 \lCIODI lot00Ut the llfiJin n I t
e.arhtr pr h
s.t.cd sa.u b 4W They ou "' 1.al .. Dh"'u' t C' cuth
ond lb< um
..,....... b thont of year< '" d1d th. IJICIC'OI l ndron
"I '"' II ,. I ( I
aad" e at Ctcnusl! 11nd h1ttonatt1 .tt cu to
belf on soc bl
Yd
1
pocr Tbe latter dosacul) <hn& to tbett unten e, ,.,.....,.
o;acbn,01,tie nouon.S-
1< I L h
oOl
1
bould nO\\ help us 10 rea :u h111 1 e
MoJcro 1e1.. .
I d
. Q conl:>'pl or tunc rtnd osmtc ougtn tneaiurcu 10
ane-1enc a 11
1
of Mahayugas and Manoos (r.e. ages and neon>)
1
ttll an omntaclcnce nod comprdtenuon whoeh thr.
modern l'ln has nat been ablt 10 equal.
Th; rcallz11tlon should prepare u> psyeh.,logioally t o study
b Rmayana and cilll:u tiuns as vrry
l 'J O"'lf Ot
cu Jttd JIOItons. Socb a pettooa rty os verr y a 0 0dbead "!los.
sr
1
tttualaura homage. Aoorher very
lnJ and to(alhble rearure IS the moon rn Taunr
1
lte<o.
4Jot wb10b arvu subje<:r a very attractiVe persooalhy, Thai
b v. by lord Krrsbna s known as MOHAN "the very
auractn-c
By rejurioc astronomical data so tbougbrfully recorded In
aMeot India, modern scholars hove dooe great harm to
resear.b of such data out or hand
iosinuatlon that aoolent lodaos almoJt aotlotaltoJl 20th
C.o!Ur) rt .. Dtch ICbolarSblp deJibera!ely fabrica te ll!rr&l dara
to stake a Cillllll of &rnll Ootiquiry for their OWn cfviJizattoo U
lfillllt other civiliutioos.
Madero bu apiasr aocleot astral data tbougb based on
Ill< bcit of IDltDtiOD$ bas Yelled IO the very Oppolitc teJUI!$.
h is QOI Ullltkely lhll the lllodem abborreoco or astral dal
bas I'CIIII!cd 10 fotlltaa false dates IU>d tmplaotioj uawamottd
cbroooloD' tD lodia11 lustor)'. To illustrate tbJJ poiollean
&a actual IDiliDC< of bow such btas bad almost led to
fOUIUtt a 6chhou date oa a research tbcSts.
A adlolar kllown to me wu wotking for bls doctoral theat&
lin ' aoude' w" 10 lodlan Cllrtauan who bad Imbibed all the
dcq>-oc&trd PJUdoc:n or Western M:hOillt'l for ladlao astnll
clarA. Tbt rub,..t of tbo tbcal ""' Nana Phadaavecs-tbo 18th
Ccfllur)
Duuoatbt ouurac QfbtS research the ieholor found three
dilll:rwt clatn mentfnncd by conte111porary Enalsb officlala or
1M Eaotlnda Compa.,y, baa a beariaa
00
Naoa Phadoa
- \lrU.. Tbc lbtee ollki&h had retpceltvdy rec:orded tblt
11MJ ..._ IIIC>tl '" receptlooo lrt&GICd by lbe Pbedneveet
fiiDoily Ott Ftb<Ulr) 12, february 2 IIDd Deccu,bct 12 174lln
ltb the brtb of a ooo
..... ftfot- ere lcrprcltd by ao.,. acbolaB coo
--. or Naa bittla "'
- tM ual borDO<ope ......., ldditfoo tbere
olalt Ilia. _,_dcd rtlo MCral cla11 IIDd fadlan
__ , 12, 1142. .., IIOqUI
OROS RAMA AND KaiSHNA' S 8UJ 209
or L
Wi I IO wrtlt hiS lh<Sll brOUi hl I be l hovo fteU IO
iota.nce who 'auld<' seyioa thll lioce the lodlu boro100pe
tb< ootC< of wt:b tho date meatiooed by the finl Eoahtb
{lltral d2tC)
11
N
1
Phadnevees'a autbeotic birth date.
lh.al wu s an
rnan. d . b<cause of bls learned prej udtce aganm aural
The 'guo eo lllvt eytl<lng IO do with lt. He.,.., oot cveo
"''" r<fused
1
d any corrohorstivc value ro lt. Thai lmost
prepared
10
u<at in that whenever Indian Ia horn
ted to n11n d h' b
omoun
10
many astrologer forgers arouo rm w o
tborc over dumping OO the world 0 sheaf Of CODCO<Itd
toke delighl In f. d later scholars or just for the fun of
opes to coo ouo . did
hotose , 'd therefore lnsSicd "" ' 1= caa
010
forger} The aut t o the three dates mentioned by tb.t
confine officiAl and burtreSS oae o1 tbt1t date!
coolemporary Eng I Phadnuvt e!'S bltth Tbll preJudiced
as the real date of In tmpan ina a " amp of autho-
lns15tlloec lftlgbt ha e r h tcaroed' ob?rtJl&httdocu
"I\ tO I wrooa date btCIUIC: 0 I C
" .
of tbc ' gu1de.' caodldot< ,.,
1
b rue iatl&bl
Bul as htelt would have cvn tbe two dtffuioJ dii<J
LOUld A for mUll by W I d-... CDt'DIIt'ICCJ 10 l}u:
could bc reeoocllcd wtlh the In' ""de' thot onr of thc tbtec
He .. plaloed to the eh tallied" lrb tho lnd,ao
rd d b
the Enal ol.m n w ' h F bt k
d tes reco e Y
1
dlte .. Me lbe e .,
date woathe rcul . ceremony f thr
roccptton IMrkcd the nam<na 2\ d> from the blrtb, ln \ 1.4Ja.
boy (alwnys observed on I he I t lcllnu 10 moMhsl reception
rashtra) nnd l :lth December ony Thi eonvnccd the
wQs to mark lh< pat<!hovlna i. am IIIII not sure wbelber
'suldo' or the rana!loo b eubled
lh&l dlsorml ng and lllumtnrl B osaoost ladllo ut>aomt
'uldc' IO bed ome or hi! prCJU
e d I of C\ICftl' f
<AI notinp for rhe atlll h t mocl<rn tuPo o
This should convince
1
111
of
loduao ;aurooomca1 rcco t b.urn to lb tejtdDf
ma) ha\c rt:lulced In l'"rdul!"'l h) bclle.vc in tl
bbtorieel chronoloJ)'' b)
It Out or band.
1
thll all other trl.-.
h .Jll be/C. I
All I "'"'" to emp
210
INOI.\N ltltiO&rc
&tla,
borOICOpn too moy be critically examrned cs ,
1
<11
rbcrc &rt more rban one in vogue for tbe
1
Ptcllllt "be
"h r 211le vent It
p=t rRoce o them u somcthina d 8urr1,
raal record " u11 and lurmru ,' b<bllna
I
0 I c
dear to b stctrans. Tbcy almosr stem
10
er . ' tltr!o
.. , . . P>nrcky ,
norOEopn arc pur rorwud &S hrsroncal evidr. A 't:
horo:::opu or aural data point out to lhc . ,
1
_ad
o< lDitnur
perJ<lDAhllu or even" whrcb lo<lbolan bave
1
Y or
be
proo, ro
auumc or presume ro comparatively rcccnr rbclr
'- 1 ho . knrc of
&ul'C .nows no unds. Suob drsparity Itself maker rbem
jcrtlton I he utral evrdence as a fabricarion.
ModtriiiCholnnhp had, therefore. berrer ltarn ro 'Ill<
wrb asrral dAr .. There can be no borm done in ,. lrarr
't11bllv c:umrnrog such data and acceptiog It roferco,. ,
1
pcmrhlc rrtuMr where other indicaJions too do not cuttQ
&D) dc:11lve conelu,lon.
lo utral are found 10 be occurare tber< uo
be DO be<kr 11100f fo daring brstorical events and peuotuh
IIU llec:auH U1U eb&nge and eooJd be los! track Of in rbc
burly burly ar hrstol) but astral noliogs could be alwaya idtllll
!Jed by calcolarioos. Ancrnt hdians ratb<r
deterVe to he conararulated for therr uncanny bi to11cal !<0\0
10
notota<tral dati for individuals and evenr rather than ect
CUrled a.ad he IUipt'ICd Of IDOOCCOl fun or not 10 tnnOctnl
hGrGICQplc for&eriu
All thoat l,avina anything to do wirb Indian historiClll
....... !. hnuld, therefore, be prepared to ,.,ccpl tho &'
11
:,""UIIy or the Indian clvllizahoo, uod tbe utlhty or reeorJ<d
"'data. No acouta hlatot ic:.\1 research ol on> krnd of any
1
I'CS1tble by ocbolon hatna nd suspcctiiiJ
1
COU!Itl) P<O:>Io lllld tbctt acrciect uc:rounct rr.rdltront.
1 dAa "am ltlkblt O( the immcntc ,nfiQUil)' Of lhC
. _..., aUturloa It 1f d
s 'ICr .. 4aac!o, or eel by a LutDrKAI probe of lou
a '* M. Ia anc aad astroaomi,.al ""-tbem11ti<::t..
r.u, we 10 We oull liod tboe 1t11 on I tccoctl
.. - !Wt .... DQ,a ol"'tod), Not to talk or bern& obi<
.._...._- ... "do- - - aero"' any pc11od
Ish- -. Ia liMit fOfiDaUYe !IIJCI AI
'
Al<fiQl/ITT OP LO&O'S aAW AIIO U IIHN'S lAS
211
-:ego back uuioa their blllory we 6ad every mautro fcrrioa
10 10
me old m!Uier alooa ao unending trail roecbma bock ,.
10
uor[llc:eablo aotiquiry. It should oo! tbereiorc, ' uprLJe hrllo-
naos, if as rod lea red by Lord Rama' s tho lod
1
1n
civili-.atioo b millions of years old. Thst sbnald
001
k denied it only because it docs not fir ia wirb the medloeval
prcsumptiota that human civilita'.ioo itself hu a very rc:ceat
origin.
!Jib/logrophy :
1. History ol' Dbacmasbutra.s by Dr. P. V. !Cape
2. Tbe Age or Buddha, Millodo and Amliyoko aod tbo
Yuga Purana by Kolll Veokatochclm.
3. Various Indian Puranas.
4, Some Notable Horo1eopeo by B.V. Raman,
BlooJtr VtJ IJ
Arya. an Ideal Misconstrued
as a Race
Ovtrrunnona As in the of ' It
'"mIn tho 18th Century, cholo' I ' nascent lmpcrjp.
poundona half-baked theorfes nod forcio rs ran berserk pro
the illbJUJoited peoples of the world. 8 mi$1Bktn thcsea on
011< lucb notion fore d
rOt v.orld wu the phantom of ae on
Eocr 11114<. armln of scholars so-called Aryan ,.. ...
v.orl.d orr bo hard rut 10 d fi have for geocratioos all tbc
ldenuiJ bn inauaae or I e De ,.hll aD 'Aryan' soaofi
Tb ancuagtl loeote bll bomrlaud
"hadov.-cha .. og "" boand
tutu C)ofurion and toUl l bt to result in notbrOJ but
khoilr>hlp hal th C:OUR blundtrina Weucrn
Ra:' OUI Of 110 OWD lm p. aD tom of the SOC8lltd
aandonr of tho Saolkr ttB nauon caused by a basoc mosunder-
j ;rm Ar)il..
.II
1
'
04
1
'"
1
"
11
now O>aoloblc thnt lh A
tit r "' ryons. were no rare 1H
. rc ore, lhtlr !IUpposed
IPftild ,..,
1
"' nd mig.ration jn wa.,.
0
,., Rd
P"ltPocllo. Europe a ppears to be blp joke ' "
I ndi
IIJ.bi{) Ideal Toith , : htl coined tilt word 'Arto'to
l>fcd .o P<rftc pmrl:m n
1
"
0
' """AryA iJ!IliOcd tharouah
kl-bt &reat IJetlllh and ,o idul person ... ll superman
ll)' rtfcrrcd \0 ror purity or bchllviour ahey
h.ich nuy r)-a concept u :a 1111c or
\\'llal bt IDIIil otplre.
l
11
''
\ II'Af& fDat!m wt\tda t tl I hit lf"Ulh nn be (OUUd thJO tbo o;wcll
"'ITO YI5HWAM ... ::-
00
alllndiaos tbc ldul 'KRUN
YA\t /,, " MAKE Rr
213
wotll.D ARYAI'I". Had the word 'Aryaa' siBDified a race
cbc: above dictum would oot have comt ioto bctaa because l"'iCO:
QODSCio"' people far from wanliOJ to auimilate the 'wotld' 1
tbcir fold htli<ve io mainlainioa an exclusive identify.
0
That the word 'Aryan' aianilleol ao ideal mao and .oo l#e ls
again proved by Lord Kriaboa's admonlliao to Arjuo "Be DOl
a co..vard ... bed uoAryan feelonao-aod bt ready to ataod up
fiaht.'" Lord Krishna beina A divine incarnation be woold
never ideolify homaelf with only one race to the dltcrfmonatioa
.,.lusion or or hers.
Another proof is afforded by tbc vocatiw: UIC or the ltrm
' My' lo ancient India to oceo1t the husband or the king. 'Tbe
otbcr 5yoonym (or a husband WI$ "Vara''. fn Saosk.rir
the term 'Vara' slaoifics a bl&hly accomplished mao. htnco the
ttrm Arya too had an identical connotatioo.
Therefore. to rcaard Aryans u aome and a very
pcoud race at that, wboch dlstiosuosbed ludf from md rutb-
lc$Sly dominated tbc so-called Oasyus or staves is a blundet
which bas vitiated the study of all ooclenl lodWI and world
history.
The tC11D Arya' wu notbioa more tbaa 1 gcuml honorific
as a modern speaker addresses his aud1tnoe. ''Ladies aDd
Grotlcmen". Thai docs oot mean that the speaker bimldf dOCI
not count bimsolr OJJIOOJ gentleo%1tD or thattbnsc not prcocnt
among the audience arc not "acntlcmcn"". Ja tbi.-caae JuSt
oiladies and Gent1cmco" do not eonstJuHe IDY rpcc.lal rJCC
similarly wben ihc nnctcn" llll<rtd rhc word ' Aryl' thoy did
not refer to any race or dl1t1oauish 'Aryans' masters rrom
some others ouppo!<d to be 'tlavca'
Dunn and DobhaotkY biv on tbolr boot titled HERE
DlTY, RACI! AI'ID SOCIETY aprts,.d
1
"mllar oploloD
when the) obterwd "Mil r.toeJIOf ... OD on uolocky day asrd tile
wordt .. Aryan Race' ThiU tbc,. ltuly out of lalt aloae
an imaaiattvc crcatutc'. Al'fiiJ IPD - JT
1o bll boOk utl<d THE SAN_..
Profes10r T "fO< lbo lode>....,... ,.,,..;oa ol
lANGUAGE obo<rted allllolc lo oil& tal o1 til&-
ladla oo direct <Yi- It ...
>!AJ.U.>If"------------
li'OIAII HlJTol -
IC..t. lf
...S. trsctr olrhou1b htaro1'1Cal all
b
(
are
t crt ll no r< crro anywhere ro rh . not uneom
IO) cldnot< tod!QIIioa thor It of rbc miaratio
ftDlcrnbcred D. nor
n .. nldtDC< rs eaouah to rtfure the n .
l odoalll art a <ooalomerate .,f Ccotral As olton, loo, beld tlta
la4aa bJtOr) <tart by mak. tan and Aroric I t
tbt ,.,n OUt>1tbat ,.e are learn by rhe rot::,
0( loclra wert rbc abongooals. We tbc ah tb; r<al inhblttot
olm"'l urermonated us original mvadcd India an;
bchcvt, Tbot.e: of rbem who surviv<d r "" we are asked ro
ed ID rbe Ar,n fold. II " ntcessa be holocaust aot absort..
look thlsllnlster dcxrrlne. ry ro rake a second,
Onc way looiJot st and classit'yl
buo '-"don tbcir complu' ?8 human bfings b
le>tU Ulajllt arOUJU of Thus II is satd that there t"r
tu- d In OUt WO ld
0
-- aa Thb m> . r wbttu, black
to tlkotafY tho ,.hit- IU " A y alngbt so far aJ It IO<S a'
pi
" I')&IIS ' ' h' Ul
ooned urher ArvUI' wu IJ a tStorkal blunder. As
Thcrt for<, ooy b for a 'gentleman' , a
lul'ptlll e could be called Aryam' t above four aroups
1114 Toe Germans and Gr k This '' enetly ,.bat
to dolled among wbo llre whites aad tb<
llut ''""' :' If t.ryaoa were a rcc are all
bo-. bta .,. people> have a comm could not happen.
other, usln& tbe honor':: culture they
Ule ol the word c ro refer to each
to
eOicrn scholarsbip lpe ubsequently made
, . n It II rau, '
31
cadod by MOl Mueller,
It h Ibm or IICII h
lkl t. t at IInce: laogua et .
llallt. &04 kOf Clllt 0\CT. Y<ry ..! With amni
......... It II.:.. K&b. lbey m"'l bt reaoon from Boll to I be
*
1
cl'- 1 - a.ve :1 co
-ht u,. \o ' """"'d tlur tb romoo llnaulstic
Ilia lito llD- S.ubll but not Sat oncestrallanauae wu
Iidia _., dooat lOiknt Th
0
alao ... ,....._ to rbc o-ctlled eo it io oraued
.,_,_ t.o 'POlo tbe II
ao ... .,..._,. tbe T l ndo-EuropeaD
na ...... ... .. th olen; he eotirc thcor or
...... ucr IICID I
........... ot
Ilk orl&loal bOlD< or
tt>!AL r.uscows-rauao aACe lU
AJ'tA Al."''
ant aod routes ' A' and ' 9' ronowed by their two
tbe mlsrations. Readtnasucb descriptions ooc wooden u
01
':.'t,
0
.,., tbe luckY cbrootelcr wbo sat detached, perched on
10
b' tb rock. or bopped all tbc way observing and chartin& the
;.,;,e followed by .,,vu of miaratio& '"ryans" Hi1toria.M who
l(O gcoeraiiY lcoOWD 10 ask all SOrtS or bedgio& <lUcstions
bcrorc acocptina aoy tbeory seem to bav 'gulped' tbe 'Aryan'
'rnigrltion' theories without mu<:h of queslioniog or
thlnldog.
Soll)elioguists seem to lay down the dictum that the ougl
nome or the Aryans must be deemed 1.0 be tbe resioo
wb<tc the ma;ority of Indo-European are spolr.en.
The ioevitabl conclusion from this would be thAt tbe so called
'Aryans mlgratod from Europe. BUt philologists are oor agreed
eveo oo thl!. They roentron tbe Pamir Plateau, Turkey or
Jcolaod to be the original homes of the 'Aryans'.
Tbelr very basic uaumeot that Europe ou&hr to be tbe
original bome or U>e Aryans btcause a majority or lado-
Europcao laoauaaes are fouod to there. could tO fact lead
to a 'it'fY different coocluson. Let UJ take 1 c::ontempotatY
iostane.e. ln Ameuea n1 our own umes we fiod a cooccturatioa
of tbc most vatted dialect< not onlY of e.urope and Eoata.od ro
particular but of roaoy othtr reaioas. Wbot does it sipfy. II
does not prove that Amerieaos colooi .. d europe but vooe
\ 'C($i,
By the same token we can say that if Europcao
show a Saokrltle baac and 1r Sanskrit ftburishes in its pristine
story ooly In India tho conoluslon io obvious lbll it was eat-
prhing lodiatu who mad to II rhe other cootlneott. Llt<r
on wbcn In tho course of ceoturln link wrth radio anopped
the Ewopeao tanauaaes retaloed only tr of SIDiktit while
rea\ Sanskrit ,clll nourlthet at til to\lrcc namely Jlldta.
That eooclusloo il furtber relororood by tbc f .. t lbot tbc
IDC1etll Vaid1k l n.JtllM did have a dyoamk dopA .. Kruavaa&o
Visbwarn Myam' ( Mate tbc wbok woriAI Atyaa'J .,.,... .....
led tbcm 10 push tbclf oe>DQOCIII aa4 c&plotl,_ 10 diO
r<QIO\Ctl taa4 to apread tiKI< p owlodlo aa4 0111-
216
INDIA!< HISTO-ICA
L Sru
Wub Ibm lbeory o f lbe A Cit
ud Aryao marauon tc> India Euro pean scb ryan bcina ct
pr<l Vedc lcraa t he basis of a su olars lt?d to '""'
lbe o-..1& Aryu and lbe RIIJYe f,!"'d sed <onftcl bctcta
tetms 'Aa b o. Tbu, lh
' JI WUa (oon-sac rificcrs) 'Sb' Hed"
ors ) d . nadevab' ( h
1
wpper> an Psbaogabhrshll' (black) P alu,
Europeao scbolal1 to be derogatory ter m ; c:oncelv<d by
AryonJ for lbe natiYI> 'black' Indians I use by the luvAulna
SU>pect lbat the Europeans quue rusnnab!c to
on a byaone ase and on ' " colour Ptc)udiu
S.condly, Sblva b:ing
1
uf ' Arya"''
'Sh11nadcvab' meaning pball ;),' '" I edos the t<tm
been deroaatoty at all. It could not have
pcd Sbova while Otben did not I some people worship
purt.l)' dJJtiDChn trait M - lcnse It could be a
mno 'pwonate' or 'd Shosnadevah' <ould ., well
II all Therefore lo . ynaauc' and nol ' pballu>WOCShippers'
"'"'" u lballbe "''"' signifies lbe Orovo
pluloJOCIC&I rom ' Aryans' i> illoaocal and uu
Til< Word Pa&boapbh h . ,
or.d Dot
1
blact colo m
11
eonnoi<S reddbh brown 11nr
ur.
Mu Mudler't illilial bl nd
cml, l,OOO ) .. n old bad cr or dubbin& obc Riavcda to be
bdlnona lb&llhe Mob<Q cd to another blunder namely of
,,.. mlm be pre-Vedic people who lived f<l"
Nollcaj14a
1
o aod the dee;"'
At
DO place don II ltnify a !ICC or rbc obona,ob
cd from the Aryans' believed to be wh't" Tbe ephbet Alllt
:u applied 10 the Duy.- Is ,ntorprel<d by om Western ,.ho-
lars as implyioa lhose havHII no or Satoan
mterprets it
91
"mouihlest" which it th.a1
lbe Oasyusarc nla:o known .at "of lmp:urcd ux:ech ' perhtpt
due to * corsc.
1
h term would 1larurr
Since "Au' meoos IO I I . cia (tllJ/t!l rd'en to Jbe
tbc 'wande.rcr"' ' 1 c &YJ)tlC-t. The Rw TbaliOUDI
" Klllina of !be O.)u< for lbc .. ""')tDI ol
&hal tbc OaJYU' bra-'* ehc
lhc Ouyut b .. and to ebclt bOOk
D&ayus were: d
1
lb.tl Dnyu 1n m&D) ,....,.
THJ! VI!OIC tNOfX alto pi:; to oupcrbumao co<oa .... todra
o tbt Rta"eda tJ cluIY P
1
JNDIAW lUSfOIICAL.
ts a Go.i. tbt r&laaur, one: who os.td 10 release h&ht IDd t
t1tn to ditpd drouaht and d.arknt-5$. He smashed .. P\1
or cloud I aod or IOOW .. hocb blkcd I hose ....... To r ..
rtad ID
a raoacd allu$100, II Westcra scholau do, 10 the d<1o
hOO or abc ...... ned nonAryao civilization or Mohtnjad':.
rnd lbrarpa by tbe 1\ryao Lndra is to red tbcoloo obd
as history.
Mcrdy bccawc the Duyus are detcribtd those not per.
fonninJ rttualt; ucrific:e. or worship doea not a.lanlfy any
cnmlly bet,.cro thcm and the so-called Atynns In our 0 ,_0
Umtt tbc Jalos aod BuddhisD could be describcd as I bose 001
rollolnJ tbc Hlodu form or worshtp. That by oiSclf docs 001
connote comity or beitility betwceo the two
Tbe Duyu> arc dciCflbcd as the eocmiu of the couotry ond
""' of U.. so-called luyao peoples as such. Therefore, inllcld
or Ar)&Ot btaa.atupposed to be rorciJ,.Dtf$ a more proper in1tt
P'tllhOD woui..S be. that some suptroatorat be: mas aile-d the
0 >vt wert mtmo<al ro lh lodoan people. Tbe lndlao peO!'It
f0ft1JOCI'L l'bey 'tiRU people who used a he term
Ar)a u II idul lo bt atc.aiaed or as &I) boaoufic at -.-e. u.sc
lite. lmD .. &cnlkmul' '
lbtll.orcda 9raya "Ob Jndra, us that alory
;::b D .. )UI Will bteomc Aly&l and all tbt human rou will
-
ctHO)td.." 1'bU .I!La1ef b quite clear that 1hc term
"' llullluma bel ' IG be 0 OJ anu that there wAt oo racltl con
1
,
011
b
1
:"ct lbt Duyu1 and ' Aryu', Tbo lndlano wanled the
co.ld ,:m supemllural roron to bo turned tr tho O>yus
tbc o t&med and dvillud lO btcomc h meant thll
-.at: nQt dl!fcteot ln race
.., .
Ito tbc 1\o&>cda d
\lrnra dauJ''' tbt. t . en 12./2018) to ulndra tbe alayct of
-.,..._.., t<llol..: Kmboa Yo a! o .. yuo" h Ia held aloft by
..s tk ..,,k tba the ... ,nndina. Aryana dc&ttO)
eotc: IMi Uac kirwtda l d Btrt be, d<t not to ba-c u k.-ca
u.. ...... - .... ,.,. . ...... dal k. ThUO
UO."' u M.rlk-. 'f&, tbc. IOD or Nrtthad .... bbcl"
wdl uc w-pued. bJ u.!UUII m lhc .,h Mandala or be Rl
-u..-.. OocKu
trtlnc YaJW'VC:4IOJ.. Thlt 1bo
ll?
bal Kao" tbOUJb dark on complulon waJ oo O.u,... No
or iofenorttY It ID\'OIVt:d iD ac!miUiat KaaYI lO be: of
dork compluooo. Ooe Rir<dic bymo (8/85/J) '"YI "Oh
tbtl Krhhna It makin& oO'ctiop to you..
Krishofl" tt8-nfi a pe:rsoo or dark complaion il would mua
chat tbe composer or Chat hymn WaS dnk jUil II
voai o uyu" h taken to sigoofy tbot the D> all
Bymn 2/3/9 of 1hc Risveda prayo "Let
our otfspnna be tawny (Plshnns)", Since tawny It noMhilc
pra yer pro'\o'tl lbru no aciam o.uachcd lO 11 non-white com
p1u ion and, tbero was oo quarrel with the IOca11ed
DaY on tho b11sis of ''colour." In bymn 1/ll-1 tho
are specifically dcscrlbeu as while which provu tbll
or Vedic dmu wtrc a mixed pc:op1c even u 'hey are today
hs all shd or complulon from abe milky white to black.
Tborefore, 10 im&lne the AryllliS to be a race. tbeo oalllbcm
ford&n invlldru and cb.s.s them aJ white 11 all pure rutai-y.
Accordiog to Sayana I he word Ouyu dtriv from the root
'Du' meaoma oa.e who hums. 1 his apia bears out abe car.lirr
meaning tb3t tbt 0Hyus were {aupcr-oatura.l) bettlp who harm
cd tbc people (by oburuclioarain el<.).
From h1norital parallel.J we can l.bJ.t rC"fcn:occ lo
colour or the compteJIOD o0c.O rtren IO tbc leadership OOIJ
and aot 10 the actual people. Thus ,.hen lodi.. hootorlu rtlcr
to ' 'While" arm1eJ tbey ooly mean armia led aDd coCDma.oded
by I be Europeaus or tbosc wblth fouJbl ill the cause of
Eorope:ans. tlle en1lre .,-my was not ''wbre. ID fM"I
1 vast ma}otiiY wat nnnwbltc. And yet It,.., called a ' 'wbH
army." Conslderina aU this obe (ontled ?f tbe
so.c:.Jlc:d 11Ary
11
wub the "Dtt)'UI" beJlevrd to bo nauva II
all a case or nHundcrttt odlnJ aod Walenl
tcbolan bave plated havoc wllh obc Rolcda lo radioallllo It
'CIW" and ' tO!Ollt' tltUJJIO and iD trYIDI to iqUIC- blt10rtCIII
tbcorlCJ our or a tbcolo&tcalmk-
coaclu:dc tbat tbc Aryaa.t"
From tbt d1.Culiaoa
d ldOII of cl>.,....Jiow.d ...
were no raee but tbc ID au
1
. th
1
.-c l.od aU tbll!
Stcoadl)' tl'lc ncc "'
"
... _ .. --
orl'nolt frOID 1 - --
orld ovor do .. - o( $aolknl tPt'lra ...,.,. 10
but from obc p-'" .,.oot
:.tllt.<-6 !{-----------
ftlt) the lOKI! or blowltdp aod culture to rtmoce Plru of
Aoocll<r we dra.. from the above dlscussioo"
lilac s. .. lnt wu oor ooly widely spolteD lo l odia but It W&la
lddy 1poho world laoauaae io ancieot lime$.
1\cre blVio& beeo ao ' Aryao' race as such all cll'orr
1
to
th<lr bon>daod, cuoes or their migration aod I heir orlsia&J
'llll&tl<' wre bouad ro be fruil!eu u indeed they bave b<eo.
Tbh belief In ao ' Aryan race' bas been a blunder of hfston.
eal l<i<ucl> 1r needs rob< rebutted and all rererenctl to rbc
'llryao' 111 11ee and lhdr suppooed miaracion oughr to be
deleted from world hlllory. Instead It should be clearly under
nood tht u the Indiana wbe> migrated from tbc11 lodo-
Oaaa<tt<, l'laojab. Kashmir and Gudbar bome to all parrs or
Ill< "011d The so-called lodo-Europeao laoauaacs are all
dtmed from the l llieatmost l111guage or India oamcly Sao ..
ltlo luetic 10 re&ard Sanskrit u a collateral or lon&UIJC.S
l'cnlaa wl lAtta ud tb<11 cry co find their commoo
-tO<, T1aesc lltcmptsall derive from the miJtakeo aotioo
lllat tllctc.,.,. 1 people called AryiDS who lived somewhere
E....,. &o4 froe there mi&ratcd 10 lodoa. Stae< cbere were
.. - Pl<plo then WIJ DO fiiiCied lanauaae of lhetrs. Wbll
lila,..,.. 11 llac sole souree or the world's aaeieotmou
........,
11
DOl IJido.Europcao" but ooly tbc " lodo" clvillutlon
... ''la4o" ll&&ua,. vi&, Sao>hj,,
. ..,.,..,.,
1
Sow ll'llclc oo tbo topic rilten by Or N R Wahnd
_..,""'Deihl . .
! llaca &Od SOOtety by Duoo and Oobtbansky.
SaaQrk Loeaa by T. Mur111w,
Tilt Vodtc lido by ketrb aod llkOoon<l
a,,....,. lad(a bt Dr llbo.,.,., Chandra Dn.
Antiquity of the Vedas Grossl y
Underesti mated
. In THE HIS fOR Y Of MANKIND,
The C"oofiden\ that the Rlgveda ... humanity't
recent UNES.CO pfl'l aturo is u reecnt s 1200 B.C sur
ldest e.xtant piece o ' c:r ... .
o sch olboy howler in its absurdty.
p ..... n 0 It or I he VedaS>Od In foci
Undere.stlmation or .be hamstrung Indian hbtOr)
all major tYC:OlS Of I DC ltD I lnd holars eonuollcd the eQtuC
C'ittsJnce uninformed niC the wake of lh.tlt DtJc.nl
.
1
pparatus in As11
cducatton1
8
h d 20th Centuries
cmpirt:J bttwccG the l I 10 ( such l:n
d the VedaJ arc o
Ac:cordina. to l.ndian ua hGO_dered ApJurwhtf.l not
OJ tO b CODII t'o ol
traceable anuquaty .. . Ooe intcrpreu 1 ..
posed by any ldeollftable humans ,.bo first una rhe
eom uau anU tU I
this term is that tbe great divlnt: inlpJration ru ,,.,
Vedas attubutcd their ultfrlnl lO
out any penonal credll , Wheeler anct Prot .
I l'kc Sir Morltmtr belnl
Wcslero scbo ..... I d tlpllonl or I he Oasyu
Piggol read in tbe
o":J:al a11u
11
on to the
killed by !ndra fane rds ond Y n
be loa succ.euivel)' pushed II the very outsel
ioa Arya.oJ, TbliJ bY dlvh.lif'll lhcmh nto :n:;h
, wedae amooa n ptdtntln.t 1 em
oravldlaos and : c
4
11rd
cncm1eS or eatb otbcr oad lrtltJftlftJ t - 4 t
. 1ncicnl II U lhto'J e;a:C.I\IIIOit
under ima,toar)' de TS' tupport I I nd
as the wicked tnva rt tN pownJ upot\.,
M h adaro ,nd Hcpp.l bt lilt .a-sUtd Aryaoa
o enJ - uont oCttua abow ltciiL TM
Dra-...tdi.ln Cl'VIlll& of r.U.Cif' lft the
\ T)crc Ire I
Pu)1IJ ""'te oo b1mn l*inv 11 all but oaly IUPt
b<lcp IDCfra the l>ti'IODi6oation or Divinity ::""'
1
r
1
e or Ood- Nritbcr wu be an Aryan nor
1
,
Tbe foacled Aryaas are DD raee Ill) r
Tbc on>rc1 as -d by tbc aacl<at IDCfoans &ogoi6ocl a thoro
Ind. clltzllonClcd, blahlr aoeomplisbed,
4
'
tdeal buman beiaJ. Tb<ir ideal was to traio all bumoru , '
a!laio that 11'1< Tbs is teslilied to by the aoeleot India:
muim '1C.ruawUJto Visbwam Aryaro" meaning "Mokc th
" E e
caore rorld nryan . very super1or wa.a a.ddrused as '*Arya'
HCOIX "Arya was honorific aad com moo. term USocl
ICICOIWIJ mo1t itldav-idu.als. /Uya' tJ abo a surname ill Jcdia.
Ua.ms bcdl so widdy wed. hke the current term "Oniu ..
11110" Mas Mudfcr aod otben mistook it to be a race.
lroclllentally, the very wide usc of the term Arya and Its
proud auocoatioo1 allobe world over pruve that the ancient
IDCftaDs oolonosed aod ruled over a very large part or the
woolcl. IUd II DOl beta SO the UK of the term "Arya" 10 accOJI
people WOIIId ooC hl>e been so idesprud liS 10 be mbtakco
10 be a <> comprwoa aU European and all Jodiaos. Tbao,
lto...,.u, u a "'bJCCI for a separate dhurtation,
'
SlliOC th:re wa no Aryan race it need not be added that
tbcre wcro no Aryan invasions Coutequeotly tho Dravidllil
Aryan confttct a myth.
Tbe Mob<jadaro aocllhmlppu cirilaation dod oot evco
..... dntiDa tbe tulle or the RirDCfa bee> use .... hAll t<C
bonattet ooly a pan of North India wu lhco extant. The rest
of tbc subocoou- 11 tnown to us tOday was 1ubmcracd by
tho TclbyJ SU. This iJ appueu1 from topographical and aeo
ppb]cal dtKriptlooJ io the Rorocla. 'Tberefore, far from there
ball JI<O'Vodlc clolcutioru tbe Ved11 pr<Ceded tb'*' clvlhzo
c..-. by mDlconauma
AU refer.- lD lncliao billories 10 ao<alled Aryans, tbcor
......... "'India, the IUpposed doviliOO or loclianl bctW<I
AryiiD lUll! DrnldlaOJ, the pro-Vedic eoucept of the Mob<a
lodaro &.Od Kuappa, aod tbe Rlredl beona as reocnt 11 1100
a.c. __ , ........... be sultabl, aocl drattlc:ally .... ..
no. wloo ..... 10 UMR 111&1 I be lliJVeda [a U :-11 II
lll
rt or nil v.o.u
""Q<II h
1
Lord Buddha wu born arouod 5'4
I
atstr' t it h b r
lz<IO s.C. so uddba Is much more ancoent I an I at " o
R
c.
Thll t.ord
8
but even oiluming thai to be
rote matter h 1 b
ouro<> scp bolats should have asked I cm.sc veil e
1
re hstory of the indian eivilizatloa
qucsuoD
000
y<a11 .,.,.
Tb
Ph
0
r northern lnJia as It h taown toda) 11
c topoar , .
d If
I
'rom "bat ,, durlaa Rtredlc 11-. nc
qu1te 1 crea '
1
d 10
Rl cdlc S<>ot byiM 1S or Man ay .....
1
1
ft w na .,.,, oftb lah borot II dcocnbel dlalllw
acvcn r vera 5o1udra (Sullf'Jl Pltutlaol (auri) aad
Gaop. VlaOrnll .. lowed iD 11M ... ioclopcodcllllY lo -
Saruwau .-
l26 (Nl)IAN
.., tltDC bo-r lhe Y1muna joias tbe <lango at Proj
aod the St.taswatl (tbougb now <sbnct) ia kao '
10
blc bttn oocc JOioioa the <Jansa ao4 Yamuoa
10
,,
11
:
OODII- at the umc place.
Hllln 9S of Mandala 7. ;'l'entioos !hat tbt
Saras<o'lfl (alit 1010 the sea. S1m1larly SutleJ and Ravi .,.baeb
are now tnbuuriu of the Indus. u.sed to fall into I he set direec.
/IJJ1nl (Cbcnab) tnd Vilasta (Jhtlum) which now arc tributt
r1cs of the Indus used to join together to form the Maruvridha
rJvtr aod ftow to the sea. Arijikiya (Beas) also llowcd to tho
sea dlr<c:t ln11<11d of mergina with the lndUJ. Yamuna belna an
lodcpoodeot mer ftowing to lhe sea shows that durlos Rla-
vtdl< htDU tbc sea northwards and eastward& reached 01 leau
up1o wbol we know os Allahabad or Prayag loday. In lbe West
tbe oca eoteoded beyond the po1o1s where the several lrihula
net meotaooed above JOined tbe Indus.
Tbatlbe a< a oxteoded over mucb of wbat we call northern
India, dunn& R1SVe4le hmes is funber eoo6rmed io Ria vedic
ll.toza S, hymn 136, Mandai 10 which says that the tun hu
biJ bo111< ,,o the sea bo1h 1n the cas1 and the west. Tbis clearly
means I hal tbc R1g\'tdoc people saw the suo me from the sea
aod set 111 the h 11, lberefore, apparent that I be Saplt
Suod.bu lllld tn V;hicb lhe Rigvedic people lived bad the su 10
ill uu, aoub and ... n.
Rlaulc rbhb also dCSClrlbe the Saraswati as a moghty river
ODiho of which they performed penance aod worsbtp.
The Gaop and I he Yamuna were then comparatively small
lodlao ttadllloo also presewes1be memory oflbe Saroswali II
ml&bty rover '"bkh of
0
curse was turoed upside
dooru and acn1 IO lbo nether world lo Dow through fUbletrl
_,. aocroo Lllell aoloaic:JI researches lea
1
ify 10 1ba1 find
lac u<l laehave tblt over 6ve lturulred thousand yars musl
Ia& elapte<l ,._ nvcr SarasWMi diuppeared uDdera:ouod.
o\lllloit lsoloa &!, IOPDtropbical a.od 8<0&rtpblcal cv1deoee
fooao4 tbc l.aveda lcado 10 tbe inetcapoble concluJton lhtt
lk lllrc4A far from bccooa compcncd arouod 1200 B.C 11 of
'-'ol
11
"1"1 is riaholy believed by tbc KJa.lus aod
la ..., ..... "' llloir llofalboaublo lradltlon. All attemP"
tbcrcfo to rank the Ril"eda as a colloteraJ or otbor 'Ci
SCfiptures arouod 1be world are biahly loaebroaJsf ll...:
is 1bc bUiC SCflpiUre Of lbe whole WOrlcl, DOl o':i, or
fl
iodus, 1nasmuch If lbe olber scriplurca wbkb ap lloo
h I' ( J PtUGIOIQ
below 1n 1 .d 1oeb1 auccessioo aner tho RiaYetSa
derive conat era e tnJpJtl hon rom it bolb in d:ou,bt Ud
contt.nt.
That tbe Riaveda is lbe oldest pleco of human scripture or
lilcrat.ure tbe of whlcb soes back to Immemorial aetJ.
quily 11 a staggenos concept for those
10
Primilive
Western lbloking. Bul wben ill antiquity II vrovcd by topo.
graphical and geological evidence eonllllned witb{n the RiaVcda
itsclr there is oo ucopo from it however much h may bun our
corny tcademlc IOU,
Bib/iogrophy
1. Tbe Sp1bnJ1 Spcalts by Dr. Jwala Prasad Singhal, 1963.
2. Britbh l!ncyclopaedia, 1964 edition.
.'. GcolOJY or lnd1a by D.N. Wadia, 19S7 ed1tloo.
4. Geology of India and by R..C. Mebdullu,
1954 edition.
S. Genlosv of India and Burma by M.S. Kmhoaa, 1960
ftfilion.
6. Aryon Ka Ad i Duh (In Hondi) by Dr. SampUIUoaod.
7. Ramala by Nandlal Dey.
8. The Ou1llne or World Hillory by H.O. WeilL
9. Hlstorocal Alia$ or India by C. Collin Davies.
10. Rajalaranglni by Kalhaoa.
11. Tbc Ancien! Civoltzauons or Porus, by J. AideD
19
S1edilioo (Pelican Boou).
8/ulldu No IS
Origin of ' Allah' as Hindu God
and Kaba as Hindu Temple Forgotten
Ooc of lbe greatest tragedies of lndlan res.arcb,
baring a beanng on world history, is that lhe way that Indian
Kmatnyu once held all over West Asia bas been clean
fOCJOllt:l.
all traces of t hat sway got obliterated in lho de$
tniC!iYe fury thai seized that part or 1be world soon afl<r the
ofblam.
Tbat de,:ruetive fury, with lis epieentre io A abo a, spread
in& in a ella in or sboek-waves soon engulfed the .vhole of West
Asia including Afgbanistai.!J...AII<&>uotries sutrus.:! by it were
made 10 breakaway completely from their past.
Eneyclopaedin lslaraia and Britannica tell us !hal Arabia
itself obliunued all its past history by destroying im;IBCS
remrds. We are DOW told lhatthc 2, 500-year history of Araboa
rorc the founding or Islam has been ironiCllllY wriuen off
an " &&0 or iporaGO<" !hough it was in fact the "wlse" succes-
IIOH 10 chat & who chose to remain ignorant by a cleliberatc
bJeauay from lhc pasL
There are many clues illll wbicb if pieced togetber C0?"'"
00
11J ol' lhatiWay. Ooe Is the naming of different COtiDltiC$
01
''Sihan''. Just h lo modern lime we hac! the Brllisb em pore
spn:a4 owr a luac J!Qrt or tbe world which resulted in dlfl"ereot
,.._ bc!D1 o>amecl aa Oreeoland, Jcclaod. Buutoland,
lud aimllarly the worda ZabulbWI. Afsb:,:i
tan, Bal...,blttaa, Turka11an, Arnstan, Kurdistan ab
01
'f"- 111 !'bat Sanakrit apeak ina Todiao Ktt.ltriY
00
lblod- tbotc rcaooos.
(IIJ(Jllf "" ,.u..AB' 119
n ero is a]JO anolher piece or evideoce. Albirual and
aodent bne ncorded chat Buddhism prevall: d
o"er tho"' regoons_. aro DO! very Fr
0111
tho
Buddha JtltU<J noucod on those rcatoos by Alboruai and othera
11
would be wron& to au en tbat lho .. regions followed lluddh-
11111. We bS\'e 1 contemporary parallel. In our owu times whea
.Mahatma Gaodbi commanded universal r<Spt his statues
wore set up at vuiooa places. That does not iolllcate tbat
people ror.QOk Hloduitm aod took 10 Oandhism. Sim!lorl;y I be
u isteacc or lluddba starues only implies lhllt Buddha being a
ramOU$ Hindu of tbOS< times hi Statuti were erected in the
JCclODI where Blndu.i<m prevailed. The or Buddh
statuu lo West Asia, tllerefore, prove Hindulm wo.s the faith
followed by all West Asian people whose de$0Cndanto now
profess Islam.
Some footnotes in 1be book titled SULTAN MAHMUD
OF GRAZNIN' wrinoo by Prof. Mohammad Habib or Al1garh
MuJiim Univmity, h85 some relevant informatloo. On page 14
be .. ys "some time before tbe Chnstiao era the Turki Sbahi
(Kushan) dynasty of Seylhian Turks founded by Barbati&io
began 1 career of eonquesr. Under its greatest mooa(Ch, K.ani
sbka, a large part or Nortber.o India, Afghanistan, Turkastan,
sad Mawaraun Nahr was included in tbc Kt1Sbao Empire. Tb.c
Turks were quickly assimilattd by Indian clvllisation . ...
Alboruol statu that the dynast)' included no less tban 60 kings,
the lin or whom, Leprurman, was deposed by !tit Brahman
1!ltir, 1: llur .. Tbe pedigree of the kings wrillen on silt WOJ
PTCierved in the fortress of Nagarkol bUt Alblrun! says hewn
unb1e to $te h."
A number of Very important concluiiOM ftow from tbt
obc"tlnforonation. Fintly it tells us tbat
1
' Turks bd tuaimolat
ciVIlization" f.t. they proleued BTnduosm. TbJJ con
'
111
!
0
It further r<loJoroed by the fact that they bld llrsbmu
::;:" aU Indian Kthatriya rulcrt In India bad. Thirdly tile
: , .that-ancient Indians bad no 1rchi\'el and wrote DO
llory It Proed bueless by tbe rcforoooe to tbe silk scroll ol
1
' Publiabed by S. Chand & Co., Delbl IIISI.
INDIAN HtSTOatCAL l a
IIIIlCH
l DIJ on Naprl ot foM. India had volulllinou, bluo.
ric.tl rtt<)r.S c>try IDdlan ruler bad by lradilion
aod
n.>IM:I to tpcncl a couple of hours e .. ry do\Y ftsteaiDJ to b
of 1111 ancestors read by bi1 Brabmoo
Tblli< to Mushm onvuoons and rule over West Alia and led'
d
fot 1 molldlcuum YOtuaunous lo oan records or the away tblt
IO.S..u lbbatro)l held over tb01c lands have been almost com
p!cltly obliterated.
Ia that olean <Yoecp aod breakaway from tbc past the aoci
cot Indian aulpu and literature in vogue In countrlu like
Turley and Arabia have also becll complotcly foraottcn. Many
nnw oxprtu surprise if told tb4t before the curnnt
Anblc "'rlpt Arabs used to write in an lndlan script and
aneitllt too bad an Indian soript aod maintaoned record
to SaOJkrit
Arabian aod 'Pc"ian oame$ corrupted tbro.>u&b
tcntuncs or matproouneiation mitht appear far rcmo>ed
from Snsknt but oever.belcas their origin iJ An
ollustralloa of this mY be fou11d io tbc names LcaatureatJn
and hiJ Brabmlo wnir Kallur appearing above.
In a foot.ootc on paae 13 of his booll. Prof Kabob l"'ts the
dates for S'manocl Kinas : Abdul Ma.lill. bio Nub (34J.JSO),
Maosur boa Nuh ()SQ.365), Nub bio Mansur (36S.J87). It
lbould be remembered tbll tbe Samaoids bad a bog emplfe 10
Weu Aua. !!arty Arab chronicles which record the onv11ion1
or Mohammad Kuim and others againstlodla refer to lndionl
11 Tilrh ood Samo11. Tbat that the TuJko and Somani
..... Hindus. The Samanaid empire W8$ therefore that or
lodll Kohatrlyu.
Tba "OTd "Nub" quoted abo is al10 a Hindu word. It II
tbc abbrcolallna o( "Maou". That is why "Nub" b auociatcd
tb I be lti<Odory' Good" In Well Asia 11 bu bcco the oamo
of Maou on tndl .. tndnloo.
Mauu lbt lo 11 aod tile oripoator of every -
<mli&al- " h<ld lbo boabat rcspcct ia IDdlao tradition
H" 8aiiiC "'"" ll&rcforc. auoc:Jatcd with l.o.diao ro)alty aiiiO
I
" H' 231
.,.,orlf "' ,._.
I
., many titlca. Tho Samanldo beioa Hlndu1 we ft.od tbe
ru tr
J'lub amon& tbem.
ootb<r proof of HlnduiJm bavio& been the faith or aocoeot
fouad lo the fact tllat very tarao part of blamiC
1
tct!l>ioolo&Y Is still Sanskrit.
rcl!lous
.. ,.llab" is iuetr . worj for " Motha" Of
..
0
ddess". Mushm tradouon tS hkewoJO uoablc to explain the
." of the word " Kaba" which tbcy claim to be their central
H' d
b
. Tbat Is because Kaba was a oo u tompl<. Tbe utaot
I noC. b h . '
Kaba was su"ounded by use liDO CODSlSliOI of 360 Hindu
Images. One of them wu known as Allab (goddess). AllOt her
(a rocntioucd in encyclopaedias) was koowtt u "U.t''. The
name of tbe author of ao ancient Indian astronomical work is
"1.4tOcv". There ia evidence to show that the Ka.ba and In
lact tbe huge destroyed shrine housing the 360 deities was built
by tbe Indian Kios Vlkromaditya of IDdia who founded a oew
era In S8 B. C.
I oor attempt to recoastruet tbe story of pr .. tslamoc
A111b12 we bcgoo woth tbc !lame of the country itself. The lllmc
u folly Sanslr.rot. Arva to Sanskrtt means a borsc. Therefore,
Arvuthan is tbe Laod of horses. Its central polanm cttttrc,
Mtcca Is also a Saosktit oame. Mlll.ba in Sanskrit sijni6cs a
uor,liciet 5re. Since Vaidilc fiteworsbip was prev3..1eo.t all over
West Asia in pre-Islamic days Makha. siani6es the place wblcb
had ao important 6rc temple. MeccaMedilll is Mall.ba-Modoni
be region of 6re worsbip.
Coiocldoog woth the annual pilgrimage a bugc baz.er 115ed to
up m Makha f . Mccc:4 since times immemorial. The
Pilgrimage of Mutlims to Mecca is not at aU an iollDYI
Uoa but. contonuat ioo of tbe ancient pilgrimage. This r ... t is
IIICatioocd on cncyclopaedias
01
:itlcaoc "now available that the whole of Arabia as part
"tct J"" Indian kina Vokramaditya's vast empire. Tbc
r..,...,
1
Yoll.ramadltya'a empire is ooe of the maio reUOOJ for
tllltoa; d ule fame. loeldcotally this a lso QplaiDJ IIWIJ' i aul-
'-lura about Arabia. It could be tbat Vikr&madlt,a
2lZ
II/DUN HIST'OtliCAL
_,.,Cli
111111
,.
1
r laid lhll o"med Arnst ban 1f be wu the
6
J...sw> mOJIJtth to it ood brona 11 under hfa away, rn
T1:< ... ood IDIIOJU1u& 111*1 It the abtco<c or. Sh1Valiota
'" cht Mabadtva c<Dblcm 10 the Kaba ohnoe lo Mete
SWlJAY Atld l.r. Blad St<'D<..
Bd'oorc 101 onto furtb r detail a about lbe ancient Voidot
ntooiJ ood no mel &lill clioa18 to Mo.slim wo,.hip 11 Mecca "'
l.baiiJU wbltcvideocc '""hive about Arabia hovlna formed
put of dominiono.
In l.lllnbul10 Turkey," famous library called Mokhmb.e-
Sultaruo .. hocb II reputed tO bn-. tlie largest collection or
lDCicot \\nt IISt&D UtmtUre lo the Anobtc accuon of that
lobnry 11 on ontbolou of aaeleot Arabic poetry. That antbo.
loa> wos comptled from on cattier work, in A.D. 1741 under
the order oft he Turkitb ruler Sulton Sallm.
The 'PilJ6' of tblt volume ue made of Hare- kind of
.,ll uk<l for wruio& oo. E.tcb pace bl1 a dcco111tivc CJided
bol-der. Jt Jill)' be rtalkd lbat &ildio& pages or ucrr d boob
ss AD ID<Knl ewom usociated whb old Saoskr\1 scriptum
rouod ID Javt and ather pJIC:Cl.
The aotboiO&Y ilklfls koowo at SAYARUL-OKUL. It Is
di>odcd CDtO tbr<c p111J, Tbe fint pan CODtltnS bioanpbfc
dcuolo and tbc poetic oampottuoas of preISiamtc Anbiu
pocu. Tbc ICCIOOd par< <mhodttl ICCOUDIS aod vetltS Of
ol tht P<nod hcJillllin&just after Prophet Mobammed upro tbe
tl!d of tbt Bante>oUmmaya The tbtrd port deols
later P:lell upto tbe cod of Khalifo Harun-aiRaehld's tlmtl
IJ>CJdtDIIIIy " Boaee meaooaa "Voau and Umnl'fl in
llrbb.cut)yo are Saasknt lliiDct.
llboo Acnn Abdul Aum11, a douinl\l.iJ!Ied Arobooo bard
.... - the Poet L&Dreotc or Hullll-alRU!IId'a court baS
""'"Plod aDd cdncd tbe aatbolo&Y
Tllo .. caodon edltioa or Sayar-uiOkul anthDIOJY w
P<llll8d""" poWW...,S ta krt.a on A.D. 1864. A aubtcqucat
pwWae Ia to A. D. 19}2. Tblo wort li
--u OF
011"'"
2))
be mOSt important aod autbontltivo IJitboiOI)' of
poetry. 11 tbrows considerable ll&ht o:o tbc
toc:ieot custo(Dl. maoners ond enteruuomcnt forms 10
..,.ial
1
,. ';bfo Tbe book also eontaios an elaborate descnp-
.. ' I b d h I '
. o( the aocieot Mecca shuoc. t c cown an t e annua .au
1100
OKAJ wbrcb used to be held there every yur. Tboa
t no*;
11
ovtoce readers tbat the aaaaal HaJ of the Mushmo to
onl
1
coorinuatton or the old farr and not a """'
tbl ,_ I I
practice.
But the Okaj fair was far from a csrniv.l. It provided a
for the elite and learned to discuss the social, rehzjoUJ,
llttrory and other aspects of tit< Vatdilt eulture then
Araooa. SA YAR-UL-OKUL amrts tbat the conclu
reached at t.hose discussions were widely respected
throughout Araboa. Mecco, therefore, followed tbe Varanau1
rradihon o( prOVtdiag a Stat for importaot diiCUSSIODS amODi
the karned wbtle the congregated there for sptr1tual
blou. Tbe principal shrioea at both VaraoaJ1 io India aud at
Meo<a In Arvasthan were Sbiva temples. Even to this day tbo
central object or venera lion at both Mecca aod Varao.asi con
tiouec to be tho ancient emblem. It is the Sbaokara
llooe which Muslfm pilarims reverently toueb and kiss 1a
Qe Kobo.
A milea away from MXa is a bl& sisnboud wb1cb
bm eo try 10 any non-Muslim oo the area. Tbis " a rem10der
oltbt days when tbe sbrioc wu stormed aod captured 50lely
lor the newly calablished f11hb of Islam. The obj'"' obviously
wal to prevent its recapture.
i Pn&rlm proceeds towards Mecea be it tJked to sbaw
' <ad tad beard aod to doo special JaC<ed attire. Th11
"""'""r ,,.. I - .
""' ) ess sheets or white clotb. One IS to be
round tbc waist, oad tbe other over the shoulders. Both
lliod ""' .arc remnants of the old Vaidik praolfoe of eotcrios
u lhnnra olea b
'Ohitc n s avco aod wub boJy seamle.s, $11011
110te''
1'bt Olalo ab
Ia bo,. nne 10 Mecca wbteb boUJCs tbe Sb111a - '*-
I& the Kaba.. h is c lothed io I blat:lt sbroud. n ..
INDIAN ll
"'-Uc.
could also orlai nate from lbe days when il ,.., tb
_,,.., to its lffApturc tbrou&b camouftaa .. lh1
to eocyelopaedias llritaaaica aod blaaua
t.:aba bad 360 tmiJCS Tradit ional accounts meatlon thai lht
ol tb< dtiliCI amOnS I be 360 desltoyed when tbc abriot ::
ltt>rlfltd Ullblt or Saturn, another or tbe MooR d YCI
1t101hrr 1411 one called Allab. lD lndta tbc practice or Nc-.
paba puja that is worship of the nine is still lo vocuo.
T...., of these noae arc tbe Saturn and the Moon. Bosldes, the
Moon ot always Msociated with Lord Shankara, A Is
alwt)l painted across the forehead of Sblva emblem. Since tbc
presdlna deity at the Kaba sbrioe was Lord Sblva ' '
Sbankara the cresecot wos also painted oo it. It l< that crcl(tot
wb1eb ,. now adopted as a relitious symbol or Islam.
Anotber Hondu tr>ditioo is that wherever there os a Shiva
I he sacred stream of Gonga that is tbe Gancu muse
al"a)s c;o.cxost. True to thot tradition a sacred fount uom
orar the Kaba. Its water i! sacred because it was reaardtd
a but aootbu Ganga sonce pre-Islamic times.
Tht common Muslim exclamation and aovocatioo "Ya
Allah" Is tllo of pure Saosknt ongto as may be observed by
refrrttDI to tho invocalloo of Goddess Saraswall wboeh runs
thus Ya Kuodendu Tusbar fiB1 Obavala, Ya Sbubhra
VutR\'rlll
Mu11im pl&ums vosnioc tlte Kaba shrine go around It sc
lime> I o oo other mosquo docs thl porombulation prevail.
Htndus oovarlably perambulate around their shrloos. 'rhos It
)d aaotber proof that the Kaba sbrioc is a pttlslamtc Sbl
lratnlc bac the Htodu praetitt of perambulation "still mrtl
CIOI011.t' ob.erud
Ia All>h, ,o kka 11d Amha arc oyoooyGOJ. Th<f
'iJAd' I aoc14c., or mother. ,be tum Allah appelrl In S"
ehaata ""'' ovoktoa aoddeas Dwp '' Bbav .. i. TbO
bia- ""'0 Allab lot God b therefore, DOl IUl IDDOVIttOO
... ,.,,_, lM..Utttppcllatloa retaload ud coohouad to
-"' lalaa
ot
llS
. . .
rambulatioos too are srandicant. At Hondu
The 5<'
0
pe the bride aocl bribegroom ao rotmd tbo
I
ccrcmontU . . b
,..dd as . es The practice of seveo peram ulattoos
$J<r<d fir< seKvebo Mcoea Is, therefore. a Hindu Vaichk
dtbe a f
arouo t is also proof tbat Meoea was Makha O< the shrine o
cutiOIDo
1
6
und wbteh worshippers made ICVeo peram-
tbc sacred rc ato
butations. ..
RUL-OKUL tells us that a pan-Arabic poetic
d
10
be held in at the annual Okaj fair 1n
posoom we . . 1
es All leading poets used to partocopato to 1.
urn d
p 'd red best were awarded prizes. The best, engrave
Poems eooSJ e b d
ld late were bung inside the temple. Otbe<$ etc e oo
on
80
1
P oa; >kin were huna out&ide. Thus f'or tbousanda or
c:ome or g ' f .. _ A b'
1
cbe Kaba was tbe treasure bouse o the .... st ra tan
year . .
1
, .
partie thought. Tbis tradition was of tmmemcma
But most of the poems got lost and dunn a tbe
stotmina or tbe Kba by rropbet Mohammad s for":"s. H11
coort pott Bassanbio Sawk wbo was amoog the rnvader$
eapuued some of tbe treasured poems. His io tho
third generation hoping to earn some reward earned some of
salvaged poems to Kbalif Haruo-al-Rashid's court. At
tbc Khallf's court he met the well koowo Arab S<lbolar Abu
Amir Abdul Asamal. The tatter rccciveli from tbe bearer fivo
gold platcund 16 leather sheets with tbo prize-winoiDJI poem$
engraved on them sending away the Iauer happy bestowed
witb a good reward.
On the ftc sold plates were inscribed verses by two ancient
Arab poets l.abi Baynay and Akhtab-bio-Turfa. This discovery
led HatWIaiRasbld order Abu Amir 10 compile a collcctioD
of,:! composltioos. One of tbc compositions in tho
;o wu by POet Jlrrbam Biotoi who Jived 165 yean.
: tophct Mohammad. Blotoi bad received tb<> topmoet
Mtcea
01
tbe btst poem for three yea" In auccessloo II the
01
All thoso three poc!D$ of Blntol isucribed
Jlocont ';'-t were buna inaldo tho Kab1 sbriu. Ou otllls
11 :ted to Kloa VtkramadityL Ita AralMc: tralllllripc ia
236 INDIAN HISTO-ICAL -
owac.
"l trwhapllal S.Otul Bfkram11u1 Phabala
111
ee
0
K
Vanapbetlla Wayowa.uaru Bibillabaya Sami01io I!Ja M
btoane, Btbillaba Yubee Qaid Min Howa Yapbalbtru
Asa u Nalwlo Oslnm Bayjaybaleen, Yuridun Diablo Kaj.l
lllnayaU.taru Yaba Stbdunya Kanateph Natepbi
Atadan Bi!.la Muauratren Pbater Tasababu Ktuool C
Majahralbada Walbada, Asbmiman, Burutan, Kad
Waw ta111 Bihtllt ha Yakajibai nana Balaykulle Amtrona
Pbaheya Jt1111tbi1 Amaray Biltramatoon" (SAY AR-U 1.-0I<uL:
I*& l iS), Rendered in En&)ith !be above poem means: "For-
IUII&Ie arc those wbo were born (and lived) during Kina
Vtltwm'a rctgo He was a noble, generous, dutiful ruler dO'olot-
cd to the welfare or bit subjects. But at that time we Arabs
oblivious ofOod were lost In sensual pleasures. PJonlna and
tonure onrc rampant (amongst us). The darkness ot ignorance
bad enveloped our country, Like the lamb strusalina for bcr
life Ia the cruel paws or a wolf we Arabs were cauabt up In
tJDocaocc. We had mayed from orderly fife lbrouab
our tJDGriDCc. The whole country wu enveloped in a darknc61
u tot<ue &1 oo a N., Moon niabt. But tbc preseot dawn &Ad
Pltua.oJ lllllsbJDe or education is tbc result of the favour of
lbtt aoblc K!oa Yitnm "'bo&c btoevolcnce did not lotc al&bt
olu, for<lanero we ,.,.._ He aprcad bio sacred reUJioo
.....,.lSI and oau ocboJ.n fro111 bta own cououy, wbo,.
bnll- lbooelitt that or the IUO [o our country. The"'
sc.loolan tad throuah whose beoevolcncc we were 0
00t
1
1'1 made coaalsant or tttc presence of God, Introduced 10
W.10Cft4 kDoleclac, and put oo the road to truth, had
:"'""-
10
Ollrcouatry to preaob tbelr "'li&ion and lmpartcduca
ltlloa Tbla lbo.,, lb11 the Yuaanl yotem of medicine
aotbona but to tbe Arabs In aael<nt limes.
.... Biotal, a pro.W..mlc Arthitn poet, io
..,,... 'n- kloa Vob&allditya ,.bo firtt con-
"'" """ oaj - It pan er the ladoon
lllo w ... :.. ..
111
':!:,-1tlay lltrtioa from Indio
'1' ' ' -. IC.wt' naa.rns ..:'_t a&fDq lite Afabao.htan.
._ 1 ., ''Nerl a1111; k-. &ad Anaatao. I 1 bu oo1
._ lllo ladiaaa who ruled
..
231
Iff OP AJ..LAH
oatG . ot patt wbo a alltbc.e
' n tbc aococ od d
h.s e-otite rcaaon. l tabtisbc:d cull ural cxntrn Jpru
I ' tbc1C coUllt rtcs, . . o tbrouabout W t Asll. It <Ould be
to ...... and covdoutiO I the Indian empire until
taow-. . If wa> oot I par v h
bat Arabia otse Biotoi 11) 1 tbal h was Vlkramo ": o
t , Vikraa;a bcuUSC ut I rtdocal chan& "' the """''
ftrst tiooe brouabl ab' a It may be tbot the entire
: ;tur:lao4 Ar:bl; .... ruled over by lodoao
. n 1><.-.n (ndoa dl Tbc Iauer perhaps added
re,g. prlot to Kong Vikrama ' tya.Or it may be that Vlkrm
100
to the brilliant campalan :?.,.
dityo bir!lttlf "?nducte 1 tho vll rcalon from Karat 1 to
los to hi tndoon emp ro
Hedjat. Vlkramoditya i so famous on
Tbis also explains why and trutbfulom of bean d.od
ort from tho oo t t b ects be tb<y In ""
history. ftl 'ol "fl'ectioo fora II hluuhJ' d' lo tbc tu&" or
b" "mp>flll a h ' s CDS nne
ts as testified by Boobtot, .. orld'' &tt rul<r. The
or be wu per aps 000 yean ago mJy
hiso'ry because bleb be initiated over 2, called Kutub
VikrtJI) w ver Mtbb, and tho ao at klary.
II mark ho> vtctory o T er commemorotlog tb
"" be be Vlkrtm ow atie>lly
lower may t biltof'Y Jd autom
uuJet o( 80CICOI coaqucstl or
A artat manY Ulldcntaodiaa of lndlan sc:holart,
ulved bJL & propc At recorded by
8
;.':. wortbop cult, pru-
Kins workers sprc3d tho ool; t<l up i\yurvedle
prcacbon and so r nrc mooned b . aod atrlculturc
ched tho In orderly. pcaoo-
ce.ot:res. tru,oed ' t' lhoc rcJion a
and rellalous wuY or II I Kbatriy rotl
rut, collgbtenc . Ol tlmd thAI lnd an ld sway over lrao
It Is from such ; d Bun>Oks have bob Parsces Aan
Comities like tho wbtcb I 6nJ tht
and Iraq It '' tbose blppcrs It h t.berod fire ttmpl:
hotrcC-S or tirC""wo" kina 'Jntlcttlu or aul ... ,
Kurda and tranl,:k': B\u aod
l ndi>O
, p1&Cd o( 111e1 Ul Vl _.. t
cxutioe n d' and -.c.Mti d ,he oumcro o>
bave booo
full} dtdpbered and ,.,.written. When these ebapt
10
bo tar ..
pll<d !bey mi&bt lbe n.tire concept and
" 0010.
&.OciCDt history. Dillion ol
A mole produced by Hollywood aod foalurlog tb
boy actor Sabu if tltlod "The Thief of Baghdad". It
Jlimpse of pre Islamic ltaq. Jn that 4 buge llalue or 8
witb a 1b1olna diamond on its forehead Ia sbowo ba
beatific medltatloo In a Baghdad temple. Ia otb;r ...
10
bottled imp when released ls sbown to anume the &&antic
1
ponaoo or a aiaot watb a ofbair on bia bead 31 tbe lila;:
have. aod a goddess Wllh abt amu bas bcco dopacred. Tbis
abowa that cvoo Western script writers cooduetloa retean:b lo
tbc pur culture or West Alia 6.od nothing but tbo Valdlt way
of lafe prevotlaog 10 those lands.
AI leait ooo Koranic verse ls ao eua:t traoJlatioo of a
IIIOZI 10 the YIJU<VcdL Tbis WU pointed Out by the ftt&l
resear<b sebolor Paodit S.D. Saravlrur or Pardi in oac orbto
aruclcs.
It will oow be euy ro coCJprebend tbe various Hindu
custom itill prevail1os in the We$t Aaiao countries oveo after
lbo spread or Islam for the last 1,300 yean. I ioteod 10 diiCUII
some or those Hind J traditions wbjcb bavo beCome an lodlv1
01ble part of lalamio life. The Hlndua bavo a paotbeoo of!)
aoda. People lo Atia Mioor too wotsbipped 33 aods before tbc
pread or lalam Islam hu cootinued to be auided by tbelucar
... t ...
calendar tbe Muslim mootb "Safar" aianl8es ao n r
mootb This Ia ldoatlcal witb the "Adbik" meaaliiJ an ntra
mootb of tM Hindu calendar.
Their mooth duipated aa Rabi" I tbe crUP
1
Jl.avi mcaolna the auo siocc it bu already been
SIO!krlt uyu cbiDIU IDtO Prakril "8' . Tbo Mil u aloa
r .. t wal boc:b fallo 10 tbe moatb of Rabl a ru t
wllb Oo.l Allo:taer ftival wblcb Calli iD lbll moot
t ,\J..L-All'
01
, tho pious eleventh day. In
. Sbatcef roean,nJ I lib day Ia alwoys COMidered
rob sbl or the
01",.
0
tbe llk..,a f ceiebratios the vernal
ttd'tiD Tb tliodu euatom whac:b Js rc!lec:ted ID tbc Mushm
p.oo>- u 10 itb 0 tbe lith day of tbu mootb a
"""'" bl obServaOCC
0
ld I t b t
ldlladl )'Ia i tion ceremony used to be be t IS a
tdaoavrat
1
orated in the Oyarabavt Sharcct
11""" 'c:ll is stll commeo.
..,
10111
wb1 .
h
Mushms. h
oft d tlo first months eonstatute t e
. du ealen ar
In the H
10
d h e
1
months their .night correa
b
QodJan ten .
day oft d and oight sueoession at the tunc when
10
the ion& oy f h
pondang . the North l'ole. In the latter half o t e year
Hindus
10
oncestor worship. Tho fortnight during
!be Hindus per or rative rite Is performed is known as the
hleb this eommemo Sb ddh Th
w . h Th observance is called the Plln . ra a. e
Pun Pah a. F.
1
3
is a eottupt form of tbe ancient Sanskrit
Muslim term I r
,..
0
rd Pilra.
Tbc urtecotb day is reserved fot' the worship of thole
t lied by "...capons. This day iHalled Ghayal Cbaturdasbi. A
observance koowo u Baraba Vafat is practised by tbe
Mutlillll. Vafat u the corrupt form of Phiphaut meaning death,
io Sanskrit. Their fest ival Sbabibsrat also falls oo t he lltb I.e.
tho Ehdasbl day of tbc dork half of that month.
ltihould be noted tbat most Muslim festivals fall on tho
lllh day of the lunar fortaisltu io keeping whh tbe ancient
Vaidik lmponaocc of the Bhdashi day. Some Muslim festivals
ore dependent on the citing of tho moon. l'b.is custom derives
fromtbe Vaidlk custom or taking meals on Cbatoortbi I.e. tbe
rounb day or the lunar fortniabts after moon rise.
._ Ia tbe Saodbya prayers chanted by orthodox Hindus ollily
loxy ask for P&rdon
tb Or aoy 110 oomm111ed tho previous nlabl
'IIOrd.or deed l"Yad Ratrya Papam Akanlulm Manaa
...
- Sa) am Pratha Apapo Bhavatl," The
C\lfiOtn or obscrviDI tit< Mubarra"' tnontb... . "'"'""'
a penhell<lC for th year' evil deeds refleou tb!'"::,Od . or, .. ,
o( cite Vaodok cullom desc:rtbed obovt, Tbeir montb s"''
0
.. b<e
alro munt to provide for the astrooomkal adjuum
"''
)'C&r's e.xrra day aa laid dowo by thc Vaidlk
rq an Adbok Maa f.. a.o month. The word sar
0
"'
' cldi i I' . b "
01
t&o
rna t ooa ll aynooymous ""' tbe Sanskrit word Adbik
The Mulllm custom of Bakri-c:cd dcriv .. from tlte
,
and Ashvamedb YIJDU or ucrafic:e.s of Vatdlk times. I!ED io
S.ru:kn t meJDI worsbop. Tbc Islamic word EEO for 'nt
I ' I\C
daya aamcly days ol_ worsbop is, a pure Snskrot
\Oilrd. Tbc "'Ord Matsb an the Htadu Zodtac si&nifiea
1
lamb.
Stoao tn tomea rbc year u.scd to bcg!o witb tbc eatryof
I be Suo in Arb , it was with mutton reaatioa. Tbarlt
tbc oriain of tbe Bakti EEO fesHval.
Since BED means wonhip, and Griba means house tb
Muslim word ldsah slaoifying a bouse of worship is a pure
Saoakrit v.ord. Similarly the word Namaj derives rrono two
r ooiJ Nama lnd Yoja meaning bowina and wo,.bop-
paoa.
Vaidik daeriptiooa about the moon, the djlforent ttdlar
coostcllatiOCIJ and the creation of the universe have been lncor
porated from tbc Vedai In Koran pan I. cb.apter 2. naozu
113. 114. liS and ISS, ch.,.rer 9, stanza 37 and cbapt<r
10 10 1.
R<ett.al of the Namu five limes 1 day owu itt ori(on roth<
Valdik custom of Paoehamahayajna wbicb was part of tbe dally
\ atdtk ratual preS<>ribed for aU indlvoduala.
Mulm are COJOlned cleanliness or five pat .. or tbev
before oommcocona prayctS. This Gcrivu from tho
111)1mctloo of "Sbarccr Sbudhyrrham Panchaop Nyuoba.
Four 1110nth1 o( the ytar arc reprded II very .. croci
JalamJe cradltton. Tho deoul arc enJoined ro ablll
0
.,:;;,.
pluadot aod otbcr nil deeds durtDJ this peraod. Tbll toDll
peoda 10 11M Valdilr. pncllcc of observina the four ID
00
_,.,, u rcquirioa apeolel auaterltu and vowt.
241
Sbivar.tn
, of Shiv Vrata or Sb'v-
o upt ror111 hi temple tbe '
rat It tb< eorr ao ;,oportaot S .v rut eclat. It is
ba! !ord
:::::::
Wba< tbey aCG teut some of the m a rc
... ttot>a "
1
boarsaY at
of"' But 1oeordla oeETA.
rromlh Bi'IA d , Arabia particularly Yemen
ttlll' aotJ bad aenlc oo those who
Jod maoocrt bad dtY was a huge number of
jj>l
1.1. "one "'bo holds b11 head blah" and Nausberwan mea:l'
"Aout.brt " b S k na
ewan ave ans rat oragrn. Th1s shows lbat befoae
lalam " ' fORtd oo Iran and other countries the lnbabhaoas
or rbooe reaions were followers of the Vaidik way or life.
,,..
l.akctrao what is known u Iraq too derivea its name from
tloc Sustrit <001 "lr". On paae 31 of the preface to "Aibl
nun's India" D "cl
r "' ward D. Socbau asserts that tbo presen1
in Balkb derive irs name from Nava Vibara
.; e New Cultunt Centre or Hermitage". Tbe head paiul
,._rhucaurc obvlo"oly aa Indian, was known as Paramob.
.... to beeo ..
ea11 ilaell p me
1
... usllm. That family conunued 10
lllhJarocou ramak. In course or time tbat name came to be
- tloc Bar"::;' Bl.tllmok. And until about ten years aJO It
.liD IDdlao family that ruled over Iraq.
Tloe ......... t:allod Balk
1'"-d 111 lbc lodia b denves Its name from Valbil<a men
..... v....., :.::_ Sull.rit "V" often cban&tl 1n10
v..._ ......_llaoftr. Blchan aod Vasudeo, Buudco.
.._ .....,.lluu tllo N oro. """"' to be koown as Balk b. II aJ to
ava Vlbara Ia -
Dt ,,.. allo
hac. lllforaaa uo lba
.. liillllbaa be -tlollad t looa after tbe Paramak
bdla. Tbo ,,...,. ka
10
roaaao Ilia connectloo whb
pi IIDdloa their moo for beio
249
I(SJI"Yan'" auu
pill-"' Tbe ruler a11o bad all biab ofticiab to 1'\lD
1
Jtioed io 1::: bospltaiJ, farms aod other ettabl1sbmenu,
...u. 0
""""-; (rom lodaa.
,
0
1
part of Iraq il inbahited by the Kurds. They
of their Hiodu customs and names. Tbm
sdU
hal many Sanskrit words. Bagbdad, ,he capual
IJDJUII .
11
bas an ancient 6ro temple. Tbc buald1na may be
of recent but its oite is of prclslamlc aolaqu(ty.
COlDI" Somnath was repeatedly destroyed and re-crccaed 10
e..,.u ds r
6re temple. Tbat one still eJtiShng reman one o
"'"'"' . . ..
rbotl'l"cls of othcn ltampcd out or wawout a trace
01
were turned into mOtques.
.r.-
Afler having dealt at some length with tbc Vaidllt oriaioa
or lllamic and Arabic traditions we shall now tum 10 provo
abo Vaidik origin of Parsec traditions.
II bas already been oblerved earlier bow !he worda Peroia
oo4 Iran arc Sanskrit io orl&ln. They were aiven Suskril
uma by Sanskrit people bo ruled that rc&ion. II b tbote
S100krit-spcakioa poople who introduced lbe fire wotabip ud
Olhtr Vaidik rituala in West Asia. Under Jucb carcvmsta-
ians but natural that rbc nameo of Pancc dcitica, mooths
tie. ahould be tbe same as those of the Hiodua. And 10 lbc)'
are
Parsees too have 33 deities Ute the Rlodua. ''S"
is oflco found t ransformed 10 " H" Ia tbeM names at "Sindllu"
beeame ''Hindu". A comparati.c table or Billdu and Paraee
Dllllt$ or dcitica il &lven bctcuoder :
._ HIMw ,..,_
Ancira J.odra Abur
Apl Tbruta
Vorethra Vritra Saknloah
$pub Spath Vridlralho&
Ha.Om Soma JlbAIII
A.thavya A.pta VadalaY
Vivaahaata Vsvaawata Maltbra
Asur
Tnra
SUralllll
Vriltllll'
Bllap
vaura
Mild
>!/lt.t6>J:f"----------
l'C) I'HDIAN HISTOIIJC4J.
De.uc..
Panrc "Ros 11 lbe same u Vaidik Nav
1
Sa
IUUiblla , t l'k" Year Day
111
""r-
n. SaAinl .,riiUI of tbe Plll1ee clays aod monlbs IIIOJ be
j1>4..,J from tbc follooriDi table :
,,.,,.
Abu !>isba
,.. .........
,...aallryas
"'ll&ba)
AD:JBID&IO)U
Amrail&l
Abuau
Fai Iidia Mah
.As,, .. ..,,.
,._WIM
rae naW'&ItjtMy
,, ... t
Pa"" "O
.....
I t
...._,
, ....
8111>11..
Avaa Mu
Wa&umaa
Wao.hyu
Watab
Anaramanu
AmritaTatva
Asuraat
Cbh&OdiWIIIho
Pravardb1o MAS
Atreyadbill
Amsb&IJ)Udu
Marclaa Mu
Kasbtraeeryaba
Aoamak
Povanam1trt
Artowuhi&btbl
SbtO&ba
Ostbavat
Sbwetomat
Sauro tat
vuara
.
1
... ._ *-- - be lb ed from the bOOt
z., r 1wn.a1oo. p cr
..... __ _
-t S - ... naw lk bz"P"III eou111nCS tO liDd OUI
.., "-o( at b-- lb-
1 , --. 10
....... ... .,
.. ., .... ,..a Lcocloo $e
-of CalM' - Ood MltrU ....
ttSHJITP. rYII ltUL8
iog tbe
1
uo was found buried uoder follndotioa oru old
buildio& It was said that tho Roma111 bad iotrodaccd
100
worship 111 Britaio durioa their rule then. ThiJ sbowa tbat
ancient H.aodu culture bad traYClled lo EnaJaod at kast 'ria
Greece and Rome. Bur it could aa weU be that H.iodu cuiJare
was carried to England by Vaiclik lodiaos rbemaeJves.. Weliad
some proof of the Vaidik culture baviog prevailed 111 lbe Amic
region. If that is admrucd what could prevent tboJc AlFie
people from crossing tbe small strip of tbe sea ioto Britain.
This view is reinforced by tbe maoy Saos.krlt roota and
words fouod in the English languaae. Thu.s tbe Saoskrir root
pada" me.aniog the foot gives a whole range of words lilre
biped, paediatrics, orlbopodic and pedestal. Pcdestnao il san ..
lr.rit padacbara. A root ia widely used for Eo&Jllh clctiva
tives is "Dant" mnnins a toorb from wbicb we bave dentisc.
dentistry, dental. Yet aootber Sanslcrit root is "mrityu" mcu
iog death from wbleb we set Eo&lisb words lik mortuary,
morgue, morral, immortal. Tbe word Matr den- from tile
Saoslr.<it word "Maou" meoaiog the miod IDd lbereforc
signifying a lbink!og beiog tbar Is a rational beiq. Door ,.
d"'ar. The Sanskrit " Pra" as ill Pratasb. Pravnnl "
widely used to English as Ia proffer, proc:reare.
This inftuencc of Saoskrir, it Is said, permeared toto EoJ)ub
tbrougb La tiD. Ltke the Persia a Jan&u&fe t.auo ia suffuaod ";:!
Sanskrit. Tbus we act dauahrcr. parer, ?lllt .
f P
. " I Patricide. mun<Ocle,
rom 1tn. IY._. ua n ' IUld
all Sanskrir words since 'cbida' m; to respocrlt'OI
1
awa' Sl&nify (,chcr, motber aa oae K
r Sllllknr wonll COQIIAWQI to
A wbole uosuspected boor o 'd<OCC of Jodi&AS bavirll o-
exist io E.c
4
ltsb "vcf)' .rroqb o-' Tlcl<el aed raal, N....-
. E cvca &I 1 e ru... _----..a.n ...
bcld sway an uropc are proof of <n<-
Jaad and statio> pcra>stloa
11
r
1
.,_ on!s od rOOU &R:
Bntrlh rule ov:r lo.Jia. some o S drll
s a.utl .....
Preach
Adore
Jill
Nloc
:!$)
lt<OIAI' ltlst'OIUCAI. l i!SL\a
0 1
Palll
Pi til
Decimal
Dasbmalava
M-Da
Mauu De.,
Dec> de Dasbak
, .. YGJ&lll
oa.soa Asbtakon
....
Wa)aCD
PentiJOn Paocbakon
Hr
Sib
Chrisllii3S Cbrbl Mu ,
S1w
Sa
Un (negathe) Un (also as
negative)
Go
011111
Vesture Vastra
Coli<
Apma
Rand Ha.sta
Uoll\ltb Uoritl
Ccot Shala
Cow G1a
ln<eroal Antarik
Two Owl
Terra Obara
Tllra: MIDd MAna
fGOif Oatwor Ni&bt
Naktam
fm PiD<h Six Shad
s.... Sap!&
c-
n. ooce follower. or the Vaidilc way or !if.,_
....,. " ucla a olosc .; ' Ia - ...
-...... o4 lDJ Oty udWedl their JodS
..,,10.,.. .,.,lh those of cl
-n..<lorcisofl)<lreS lodla. Tbc
.. ""' .... door "d- I oncm lUICC Tbeos is Dewu
Ooil'o 0.0. ,.., t1oc d .._ door hence Theodore means
oor of a temple.
T\t Valdak ..... Sbro
c.,.,. lloc:au;o tbo lou , ,; for corutellation bctomes
Aaeperu
1
vc
11
,..._ " really ltaods for the sound "S''
- <Day be IDidc ( b '
..... Go.- roao t followooa table :
C.'Oiopoa m.., CrHI<
... ,,. ShrOII.I
" tao
c-. ....
Alaa
Corona
Au ripe
Bootn
Saplttrul
l'nku
eo ....
25}
SOlD oreek names are liaeraltranslllloos or orig\JW IAd.iln
such BoOtes (Herdsman) meanioc PaJbupeu.
OpblucbUS a snake-bear<( is lbe lranslalioo or lbe
IJlcliaD 1erm Pharud bara-
rrance
The French laoguage derives ila sandhi or merscr or b
.owol souods from Sanakrlt. Tbu1 Lc 1able Is prOIIouoocd
1
Latabla Ro1, Reno mcaoin& kin& aod queen, Duo rneaoloa ,.:S'
!'ItS" meaning cobr and Jaou slcnifying tbe knees ore all
words.
Germany
German dcclenlion of oouos follows tbc Sansknt method
rour square. The word Nacbla prooouuced as Naukla is the
Sanskrit word Na.ktam meaoioa ni&ht. Tbll lheopcll
in& or the word " ni&bt.'' A deeper study should reveal tllat
mos11aoguages of the world lh<lr emteace from Saos.-
krit to far arcater exteot than is now sUJP<Cted or admitted
Tloe AJclie Rt&loe
We find io the Mababbarata a deseripdoo or bow HiDclw
hod proceeded to, uplored and coloofled the rqioo. l
<OOuld like to quote bcrc at aomo leo&lh from ao anidc
"Aurora Borealis Was Known 10 tbe Anclcata AI A Maoifeata
tion or Narayana" cootrlbutcd 10 the cq"uinc
1
' Ncw lodiiD
Antiquary," Vol. Vll, Nos. 3 and 4, June, July 194-4. conrrll>ot
ed by Mr. Aoikchandra. Rc sayatbat ia tbc Eoahah traaalatloo
or tbe Mahabborata by Mr. M.N. Dutt io 1bc SbaaupiiYa on
poges S3S.S36, $42, aad S66-8 tJII>Cits a clca-
crip1ion of tWO coaducled by aocicat Iadi&M 10
the Arctic r<gloo. One .. pedii!OO ,.., led be three esplorm
kooWD as Ekata, Dita aad Trita and rbc olh<t by
Natacla. Their object as 10 ttud)' the Aurota BorealiS wblch
they eall Narayaoa mcaolaa tbe ....,_
Tbe RitbiJ pr<>JOI ID 1M d-atb. Tile 11'11
Riab)s talc that tlwY u.,...ook proloefld lo-!puao. Tbo7
(at hmea)
1
tood 011.,.. foof, bP lud roda ol wood (Ill lAUD
lllo W.o. It Sruet pock io 11110). That country Uoo to t
1101111 (I[ Moo at Mcro (Altai) ancl on tbe shores or tbe 0..::
(I[ Milk (Wl>ate Sea). The 11cppes between tbe Ural and Altai
(lolcrol Ia kJIOWG to bave been the scat or Vaidik culture fot
""'1 lool pcnod ao aocaeot hastory. Tbr k.shiruaar mcanan
tbc Wllatc Sea stall survaveo. All island which tbcy called tb!
Seta o-pa mcaoioa tbe oow covered White Island 1s
1101
tnon by a to aacleot name. Tbe cxpe4itions rcacbcd tbcre
11 1
,_when the canh'a South Pole was inclined towards the un.
they could not roake tbc observations they wMotcd
ti>o lbcy hiYC lc(l US dcscrlptiODS O( the inhnbltaots Of fboso
"SiDlu u be ina or snow white complnloa, tbcar bodies emit.
liol I sweet llDCli, When tile IUD returned 10 tbc region they
CIOUI4 ol<nc Klm aOer a I on; alld difficult Stay. It abo
caabl<d tbc:m ro JCI to koo" the inhabitants lleuer.
The dc1Ct1pliODI rouod ID &DC:Jtlll Hindu scriptures allude
to cn:atotcs like tbe scab, musko .. o. walruses aod perhaps the
_.,1< bean. The epithets wblch tbey use to describe the fauna
(}/ t.bt plac:c &R "CtDIIIiDI acctleot per(Ume, bSVIOJ DOOWIDk
"'I r)ICS, b no attnul orpos, tbc foreicas always JOao.d as
Ut.oqb ID prayer. wilb rouod crowned bavioa: 60 tecch.
a1110na them etJbr beana snail, i>.tws joined whh skin havina
_, ln<>oo tbcm.'' Nooe of them honoured the explorers
.ur 10 '"""" u "'"" a ood, complAin the explorers. Tbi1
PI'Ol'a lbal lAc lohabltants lbcy were refcrrio& to were
...... b.
N.r>4a .,bile 1Cilin1 out oo the npcditlon tells two other
=.!"&Ad that be,.., fully pr<parcd for tho
lrooo ba..... lcsillrt tbc Vedas well. Nrada IJ said to
a-t,-= :'"" loto lbt lkt to ly to Wbitc Island which
11
ltr "&& 10 them.
n.._...,_ be
-
18
--
1
Wbhc W.od aod Mount Mcru as
Is.._... 10 bc 10 be Yo)snu. The VOJIILI
._ - - <i,... !'; ht U... rbcro u &real
llo dool..s.iu "'l.alo.s o( a -::.->ura a Yo)ana occror'
"-..U..aty 3$.000 Sta4f.
QtfDIAH UlfATIJYA auu
lSS
.il lbe euct distaoce between Altai Mownaios, tar. 46 N
10
Novaia Zcmila or Cape Cbeluskio Lt. 7S N.
Tbc cJplorcrs describe tbc cxceedaoaJy woodorful spcu
1
de
that met their eyes lookioa lo the northWcst<m diroet
1011
. The
sun witb its face turned 10 all aida (rincc t appcan 10 '""""to
4 circle aloog the borlzon 11 the North Pole) seemed to be
licked by several tooaues. They "Y thattbe ua t.bcrc warms
oot the Soma (moon) meaolna that lhe moon bad not risen
when Narada observed tbc suo.
About the Aurora Borealis Jll&c N:uada says that deslrm>J
of scciog Narayana be cootinued IO stay there. The divine
Narayana bad the Whole universe for bis form (eoverioa the
whole boriz.on from one cod IO lbe olbcr). His form wu some.
what a purer than the moon's. He re1cmblcd somc,.hr butn
ing 6re. He resembled the feathers or a parrot and 10 some
respeell a collection of pure crystals. He looked aa ..,.,.
'fCSpcclS a hill Of aatimoay, aod io lome a mass of pure p>ld
His complexion resembled tbe coni when first formed, aod wu
somewhat while. That COIVpi<Jion bad the coloar O( SOld a ad
of the blue lazuh a ad or sapphire, Bcarms thes< vuaous
hues-or 1be peacock' neck a ad a 11rrng of pearb--1hc body
of the Eternal Dealy appeared before Rlsba Narodo.
That Deity whispered OM aad sana tbc <!yo!ri. Thlt dCI-
n t un fantasy bccluse It "id tlull sorr
Cflptton too..
0
J I' r ' lk the reaon
SOUDd like lhll Of tho rult lOI
0
II r-
durin the Aurora BoreH pbeaomeoon. To tel such oatural
oun! as that oftbo murmur ofrbc tho wblltlfns lh<
wind or the rbylhmlo movement or roltray trufn so mu"o IJ
oot uncommon r b
'tl ooatala idcolical dcscriptaooa I> t
Both the .. pod, o be 1 tbat tbcy bad to push aollb
bardlhipe cocowucrtd. h T :C.rc overcome aaa-.ct) d
wards rdcotiCIIIy tbo'!.s:
1
a summat !bel' resrol a wbtlo
were emaciated. Proc- Dl (i orclura It mutt be DOted lbat
Then Narada ....,,..,..s bll
11
r, Void,lt aplorm aull rctam
.... by ...... ur o( _.. ,.
the oamc: .,. -'Cetu lipt&a a mouotAIO -
their meaaa n Akal allo umct tbc .... eNI:lillf,.
tbc UraiAIIalo I.UPII"
ll6 llisTOJO.JCM.
Sumnblll actually the people who had miarated from
1
SuiDCtu re&iOft. It os no woodu, therefore, if ., bbo
. b A . ast e
laoauaac oo 1 c rctoc reaoo11.
tofucooe is further Jtrtogthcocd by tho fact that
Paoonl's Satukril applies to the language spoken In
lht Latoan resion or Europe. The people of Latvia tradition-
ally behove that their aDCC$tOra came from India. Their cap ito
" It & u on Rlgveda.
Th(s same Vaodik civlJization had also spread over Scaodi
oavia. Convinced of this Dr. M. Flagmeier, President of tbc
Amuican Society for Scandinavian and Eutcro Siudict wrote
10 the author on bis letter or 6, 1965 "We ate concerned
with the relationships between Scatldioavia and India. One of
ow pnzecl poutlons is a manuscript of the late, noted atu
dent aod Scaaclinavlan Swdies, Dr. Kcsbavadeva
Sba11ti. In thia clla<narioo Dr. Shastri concludes that tbc
siaul.,ty beiWecl> Scandinavia and Hindu mythology, euttoms
aDd llll!itutoons ai- proof po$ilive that the Hindus were tbe
oaual fOIUiden of Scandinavia. For cnmplc be writes on page
J6 that the very word Scaodinavia is in Sanskrit Skandnabbi,
moauia1 the abode or waniora."
Account& have .. IIIDCS appeared in neWS!)apon or abipS
lllvq,od from tho frcu11 doptbt or the Arctic oocan contaioins
Hilldu Lokmanya 8.0 . Trtak, tbc well ltoown Indian
....,.ttpatriOI, bu al&o adduced lOme evidence in trellist
llatDod "ArctiC Home lo the Vedu."
....
1. So.lt\ l.uaoa onainltca ill Sweta White
., I IPIU S.-H
_..._ GriJoD to .. _ JC.aabyap, a Ya , ..
-.-,. -.v co&.a s' d 1M -.-
k aa Dait .,:; ... oo. Ria clctceodantl were
Jt.n:aaoa z bJ Tbc IIICICDl kiapm of
Ca-a rqloa. A uopl L ...... Wtcoriu. WU IOOIIIad iD 1bo
red to oa 11M lacliaa .... _ hlad OWW Hlrcaola Ia mer
alroaoiJ ""''""" ............ '::"- ltaalopp. w. bl0
Pralolad to br roW ._. a '" '::': ... aoo pdnce
.. ...aortb-wcttltiO
I
IIIOIAtf (SIIA T1UYA RULl
frcntict reaioDJ or tbe Indian sul><looti.otlll. from 111
11
.. cu
deduce tbal tbe Horca11ia kiosdom CllCllded from tho c.ap
10
regiOO 10 lbt nOrlbWCitem boundary Of tbc laoboa 101).
contioenl at least.
A Russian trad corumissiooer posted to Jap&A in 1791 bott
the name La.kshman wbicb. derived froro tbc Ramayano, Ia a
common Hindu name. Dooma lllld Agal meuio& smob 111d
fire retain their original Sanskrit form In Ruuian becluoc
Valdik fire worship was prevalent io tbc whole or tbc Bbara
Kltanda that is the Asia-l!uropc continent. One or thou"' ads
of those firc-worabipocum<ullural centres atilluill< In S.ku.
A chain of these fire temPICI can stili be traced from the JWllll
mukbi temple in tbc Hlmaobll Pradc&h of India, I be 6rc t<mple
n Baku, tbe fire temple in Bogbdad to Mecco wblc.h Is $IOJkno
kba" mean ins the aacrilicial6re. The CUf!Om of obe l<V<Oo
a d fi 1111 pn<tiMd oo
fold perambulation lmund tbst ucre re "
the Kaba shrioc ,.hich was obc abode or 6re IOd
sanctuary of 160 Hindu '""'''"
. ' h ot ;,oaipt.,..,. 1#11
The Ore tconplc n Ba.u u qllll
'bote towuda ohc upkeep ,r lhelempk
Indian mercbaoll eontn dhu ocsidd
11
obe rcmpl< oo rbc
Sometimcs o .olltary
11
the lui cloys of Muohao Nit
midst of 1 or PIIDJ>b bavo 1b0 clcbtd Olll'
in India soOJO holy meO (rom II of thalllto '""'pie, fbl>up I be
mukhi on tbowal be orcomparatlRty occrno
uittin& bulidlnl of the OJJtlquiry.
coomucdon the .ue being explored. romlniao
yield very .. lutble lbO V<t"/ oiplllcaoL Ill
oamo Svctalaoa to Rulli !....,..,. -illl "'lllo r&lrfoted.
poodlDI Saokrot fC)(Dill lo tiiAtto IIA "lltl,...,
Salllaruod m $11111' ,.;.. I tCUiptoml d""""' coJiod
to be Taaoaolalo'l .. ';:. Iii"' aplDil a r"':'.: ::.:
soor.Sadol
10
11o a Muslda ,.. h<a
bO
"' tbll wbAI r ostnoofPCikll llollaM -
' _ ........ r ....... ... .untoJ .... I .... __
- ao -- doo aad oadol u
Sar_.,.SOOf1e
Ill-""' pt .... -
11 .,. ... s..... v ......
Stblrla
1
pa
llleloell p<OI)It. b a pur< Salul:rit word aianfyioa ao e-...p.
_.., T1lt Dl.IDO derive. from tbe temporary campt 'Wbic:b
t.d>u bod to aet up Wt lnboapitabl linn 10
<!'<cad Vatdik eni!Ct<
The d<il)' Kai'Ciltra
from a Moo.aolia'D
""""""'"'
-
I
"N.JJ&fj\10& the IJc.ll
Jadl .. philosopher. I rom
1
mi\OUICUPl of lbe
J(b>m rt&icn or Sin-
kll Tbb periptctic
preJc.he-r WAJ ooe emona
thousands or lndiaru
who in anc:1ent times
spread Hindu culture io
.countries at remote as
Chintt and Japun.
.. a lo 11M dlo-
putadoa
a Kbom ,,..,..,.do-
plll thia lodliln
IIDJ>ber drlvlna IN -
b- ia -111-
cal dioauol
SANSKRIT DHARANI
In Central Asia
A SIUknt Oharana amon& tbe Turb of
tbtmome. of the ronowaoa \'aksbas.
tbe eighth century. 11 eeords
\IIQII- (el'l'(
.....
....
r<t4lfll(\
ftijlllfl'R-
,.
.. .
'11-.i ito """"" 'II
--- _...,.... e
..... t ..
-- .. ...
lndrab Sorne Worurrah
Ptayapatlr Bhatdwaja lsanascandanah ...
. .. IJiairocanah Kama Srestlra Klnikantlralt
Kanthako
Wadlt MtllliciJfah Pranada
Upap<uu:akah Satagir Halmawatah
Ptunakah Khatllrakovldo Gopala
Yak.ra Adavako Nora Raja Janarsabhas
Citrasmasca Gt111dltatvo dirghasaktlsta
-..,eo ., ""-=" -.,....-
-...,...--.,.. --,.,.. ., .
:.:.--.= .; .... l
4 ., -.:a;;- ... - ... ,,
....... . . .. , _ .... ;:;.:; , __ ..
-- -. -
P ftC ' b ... ' .. ,pe ttttf ' t . ... ,
--
.,., - ... _..... ... . ...... -- - . .,. --
-- ------
_,. ______ _
.............. . ...
-
-
- . . .. ..... ,
.., n = w .. -,=
- - ... - - -
0
"'..
1
I .. : e ,, '""'t) ell : ... -
'e ; ,. . ' t " a.e:2(1
--...... ,,, .... ,..
'"'' o
1
a. , .
o,...utl a.,.. , Juai q...,.aao
.... ..... , ...,......., ltp ...
" ' " K n
nwn ... ,, ....... , . a.a, ... , ,
.... u c.,...u,t , .... ,,
Du,.u
t' tJh
tt4lll.u' s;SHA111tYA IIULB 261
Jo Mooaolia tbe days or the week n:lato tbeor Saotkrit root
_. Adiyn (Sunday), Somiya, Aoaarakb. Budhoya, Soow aad
Sancblt (Saturday).
Tb6 traditional medical sytem PTCftleot tbrooal>out
Mongolia even today is the lndiall
Tbc Indian system of astrology i. practised on Monaoha.
Ancient Jndia.o treatises on utrology, medicine, proaody aad
grammar. rarely round In India are stilllreawred &lid
Mooaolia Mongolians alto yearn to ttorc and worlhip Oan,n
water as do 1 be Indians.
The Indian caclc is the guardian deity of tbe Moo&olran
capital Ulnn Bator.
Mongolians study ancien Indian lore cooner:ted witb kin1
Bboj, Lord Krosbna nod the llitopadesb. They alutthcfr hb-
tory with Milllu as do the Indians.
Mexl<o
Mr
Chamaollll's book 'HI NDU AMI! RICA' dtttriba rite
T aad lito llldld.
dote similarities belweeo the Maya CITI !
0
'""'.
0
.... l8d
I d' 1o M<'IJCO dcttoes
Tbc very word Maya os n rrad' iaMl _,. oi!M
the Sun have bteo Ia tbe ;; lito IDCIIIIcr fti1a
Mexican people tbe seotomcnu urn:: ...,
1
.-
bidding rai'IIWCII 10 ber FICiaiiJ. pool"
similarity to be...,. ,_ ,. tlrtrt t>
or aocienl Mofeo appear
10
be
111
aoclaotlodld
tants orlndla's nortb-castcro ,.,. 1 .. ,.._...,
IOJY the WCIIOIO btDIIIpbctC II rouJd .. llrtrtl 1lrtrt aJIIs.
contlnonta wn known u tbe Patala. tala rtafao 11111 ftiaiUIIMIIJ
lou 10 the drjvinJ or Jill ... roib ..
slanlry hl1 defeat aad wol '"
llaJI islltod to dhiiDI Mai<O- 1M-ol ....
dly
.... ..,... ... -- ......
):I&YIOI tbUI btoa
lo trace Indian .. uurol
Uall oow rurn IO the Eall
a'
t 3 ,.,.(*:116
lhOIAN IIISTOJ.ICAL ll!ll!Al .:!t
of Brahm ) Itt nvcr< l rrawady and Chiodwio are S.nkm
"".-.. lo SJMlnl lrawato m<IOS full or water aod Cbiod .. io
dmet u omc from Chontvana or tbc Slrcam wbocb
'"'""'" 1 rM .. t uKd f<>r m<dotatoon. Salween os the Sanstm
the n<t ,.hoch ftOM tbrougb I teak forut. Lon!
IDAUs !DD.1llt tbr sacuJ faor-bodi<d elephant the Aoravot mco.
10
lodiao lore dero es oame from the region watered
In lnata Uoloke elephants in other regooos fair bodied
cltrbant arc found only on ohe country around the l rrawady
Jo ll.oortDL.,., SaruLrlt 'T' cb.llnges IO ' 0' For the head of the
swe lh Burmele use the word Adip!l.dj wbirb originnt .. in the
Sallltrit "-otd Adhipatl Their kiogs bore Sanskrit name$, and
Ill< CIOronation ecremonie.s followed the ancient
\'lldJk fUUel'1l. Tbelodian festival or throwing colour WAter
an U and sundry it nlll l&Utily observed in Burma. The
Barmd: OIJCJ \1cLllla. Ranpa and Mandalay derive from
Swl:nt ocds hkt Mitbila. Mondab and Ranga.
Ia no"hcuttm Burma-.. billy ugioa kllo"'n ,.. the Shan
SW.t-tb: ladoan c..uom of the ptopl: wear in& head
pan ('( lona sbeeu or doth wound round then headJ still
ptrullL E.acb bu temple or the guardoao deity wltb
IIIla poi( WIIIDJ Ill tall spore. The elders or the village J<d
lor 1111:- KDiot .-uldcot f<Cel\'C honoured auests II the
W. bouadary Tbo auc:mbly ball also serves u tbc
pest boU>t, 1>11 omeo from the trader's bouse
- fOOd 10 tloc IYCSIJ, brought rrom their own bomet io
ood..,. All tb1J IJ reminiscent O( oocicot
lbt>t!u cult"'" "'" prevail In tbat remote reslon. These
.....,.,, aoc tdcotocol ub th- provaihng to Indian volla&cs.
Aa lto<l- IDL\om "'Attb. "-
llaldet '
1
Bbava" eo join on tbe bouso
I
10
UUI lk 1-l " a cnuble God hone rant ltr&OJCII
ate 11 10 caacna fnd ,.,th )
baUs 0..,.-. lo all a<ry and boiled tu at tbe bouS<
...
1 1
o.- ....:- Each lczltmtnt abo hu an altar
loiiaa
lloc .. poa CO( t.ill>k co.lt
....... 1,11 u.., ,__ lire 111 Soam- tore It o--
Pift Sec! flUe ... _ It 11u OOd "'PoaJapbocal DllmCI arc of
""'" catlccl A)odbya, Cbolpun,
I[SHATRJYA J.UU 263
R&Jpuri. Fetebpurl. Tbe unlver.:lty on Bangkok, capital of Soam,
.
1
as Cboodalankarana. Siamese temples bcll.r S.asknt
like Wat Deva Sbri Jndra nd Wat Aruu to S.oslrnt
' Wat" i.s a banyon tree. In anctent ltmes tbe sacrtd banyan lrtt
would almost always be planted neat boly shrio01 to provide
shade Md shelter and because or its medicinal Businus
estblisbments like photograpbets and bouJCs btar Sans
krit names loke Chbaya Cbiuako.n and Suddha Bhojao Hotel
respectively. Roads and localities all bear Sanskrit namcllikc
Rlljawa.osba (pronounced "Rochwong) nnd Ban Kapi mea.nina
the Monkey Forest. Siam's natiooal cm.blem I lbc Enal
sacred to lodian mythology. Its name too iJ lbe same Sanskrit
'(iarud' tbougb il is pronounced as ' Krut'. To be l scholar of
Siamese one bas to be well versed in SIUIJkrit. Siam bad luop
brariog tbe name Rama. Tbeir king os also the folk
all bear Sanskrit nameJ The kina's coronatooo 1S eam<d out
a"ording to ancient Vaidik rites. Ercavatooos io Siam yocld
Hindu images and The royal ttmple of tbc
Eraenld Buddha in tbe beart or Bangkok bas..,..,., from tbt
. "d r ptnpbcraJ wah wttll JUII
Ramayana painted on tbc IDJI o liS . d
able captions on marble slebs. Siamese dao ... mUJIC
COStumes au all of lndooo orlaio.
I" b <d lamps art 8oattd do'too
A SiamCJc festival ln whoch a
1
,
1
___ _. Ma
. allel$ The ........ _ ... w
ri\'cr strenms hDvc lndoan par Stnkrit t<llll M Olllll
Kbakong dcrivCJ lis uaroe from the
i.e. Mother
Malaya ad Singapore
111
&Jidcol lt>t!iao
Singapore wo an .; tbc Patala Lok
shipping rout< from South oam Ucoa 01)'
and the Paetfie ulanda. Ill leodod Siappore toww4>
Tbc Brit11h uploret Ralflet b:., ,..dod "' lu )oklloln
tbc eloJt of the I'th CcotIY reo.,,.,._._. lotalod'"'
bavrn1 oe<D a fororetJ Rood '- to doe--
tbc altc now navtrt<lo)'
ocafront DOl
10
So.,..,.... . _... lill.:
Aao .. tbt ,....,.,... cba8 It a eo- Semlcril
Mala)'ID pooloull.
204 !NOlAN RUfA.Clo
Mall\&O r
0
.,
0
s II bur Saoskrir names. Thus we have S.ra .
boo whocb
11
Ram Vana io Sanskrir Suneci Pau
101
Tb rule .. or oah\e stares io Malaya. llOd member or rbc
ro)al ramol) bur Saosknr lilies !hough for cenrurics now lbey
have bccO prorctnt Islam as their religion. Royal princesses
an: called PUiri, Mabadcvl, Vidyadbari. Rulers port titles
Rtma aod Lai:Jbman. Tbeir palaces arc known as Asrbana
wbocb hI Saosl:ri t word. Two geoetatiotU ago the ruler or
Johore lllhru 1\'.ll lcoown a.s the Maharaja. Tbnt I otic Still
appcarl embroidered or embossed onlb.Qi.r
AU ucavations tn Malaya yield oorblog b ut Hoodu imn,es
aod tttllplea. l ull a few years back a Sbiva remple was
"' io Sunaei Pauani.
A few mtl<l a eiry ealled lpob is a bot warer sueam.
Tbc aociCllr Sanskrit Puodasika Srotta was found there. A
aw1lk atab framed aod bung oo a posr at the spar ha< ao
atnc1 from lbaracropn11e oo5Cribed oo ot.
Aa lodau moalt lcGowo u llrabmacbari KaOasam alias
Sll'llllo Satyanaocl ..,bo bad s<ttled io Malaya, and who ran
....al plllltarbropic IMlirutioos in Malaya and Sio&apore bu
-. and a book called OUMPSES Ot>
NM.A Y AN HISTORY. In tbal book be bas deacrlbcd in aome
dNil IIICI of IDdJau historic and archloOIO&iCal inrcrcst found
ICIIbc l!ut Asiaa r,.lon from Mala yo ro Korea.
' I Ia
llldaz r
..._ "''
1 1
oatm culture iJ Biadu, Va'
1
di' culture tbouah
..,. ,.... .
..... -:: IIIey haft bee profcuioa tbe lalamic r .. th.
.. i ht"
1
n Saolknl bu "" to
word Nakl&m m<anDI n & ' d Tilt
like "night", Naucbt
onall SaaW:il
Eo
r h ord "PedeSial' rclllll liS " n-- [)cos..
8 '' w b b words Jlol, ...........
form padasthala", In Frcoc
1
Ood KJied and Coin
Genou, Naga meanin& Kioa. Quctd:.. Tbo river Nile " dol
II S
aoskrll wor "bl " ......
respectively 1110 I d " Ned" namely ue -
corrupt form or tho Sanskrll (D oruolao.l tbc $&albil
is wby 11 Is called I he Bluo N!e riJioal SaJISkrlt --
word "Sambandbl" Is used lo li -Ins Uoa, it dol
ina rclalion. In JaaiUIIC it bUid..:
Sauaktit word Simha. nolr capltal "Rip" Is Usa tl
Pan
,
0
1
a Saoskr11 1ratDaaar _ __... PlllCu till laF'sr
word a .. - . lbl 'n
root we find in the o(Soedrilll stnr ill .....
Af&bAOISibiD Ill dlalad eM ........ ol-
ofThailaod. Ia o.n: s.atHil poltorS-
almot' rour-14 .....
l}fDCJ\ H HIS'T'Oa !CA 1.. AUI!A ltat
::f
.tayr from Moncl&y to Sunday
T1o< "''_.. c( .., u rat<! do,. b)' Sacukrltapoaklnt
feB<-' tile ""rid
0
1
world the
0
:., )'CAt bcpa about
1
_., __ 1 tbr ,.,.co
o4 'cnaJ rtt:D .aow. The nama
Arti11 . from cbe Saosknc word
s::hmtm; and O.ubama I.e. the 7th. 8tb.
1
tb' TM c!clly "Mttru" orsbtppod m the
'"h '""'" "r h Hi
ld
1
on the Red Fort hiiJ a gote ( llothopol ) llaolced by e e-
tra
11
' d II H d
bJ.DI imag
6
The: Pietra Our:a de\1g.ns ms1 c. nrc a 1n u
;... SawaoBhado pavilio o ore Hindu names. The portoon
where the Moabul emperors ore bclicve4 to hae lived i nside
itb alwem of S.OOO women. is barely enough for even five
royal persollllges to live in reaal comfort The stone of
the Red Fort cannot withstand connon-fire. proves that
ol was buill by the Hondus in ancient times when wars used to
b< waged with swords and arrows The Red Fort is an Octagon
"1\sthakon" Is a Sanskrot word and a Sanskrit form
oaly tbt ljindus hl't distinct names for eight direction;. The
TaJ (which I have pruved to be an ancient Rajput on my
book TAJ MAHAL WAS A RAJ PUT PALACE' t oo is un.
oeta8,!)nal building.
1
such omJmental morble called !'1etro Dura, inm' _
the Delhi and Agra Red Forts aud inside the Taj Mahal ond
tho so-called ltmdud Daulah tomb (Agra) is a n eo:irely
Hindu design and art depicting Hindu flora- Such o rna
zentation was taboo in Muslim All these
monument$ arc, therefore. usurped and misappro
priat ed Hindu mansions. Muslim court r ecord.<
do not have even a Single document, bill,
rcctipt, expense-account sheet, . design
drawrngs or commissioning orders
showong thot they built even
one of the many r , usands of
monuments t hey claim to
have built in India .
Moht
Tb11 t)mpbooy Ill muble ""IS a royal Hiodu palocc. lis
..ry oamc Ta1 Mahal llp>i66 oolbiog more nor leu Ju octa
(OIIa) thapc aod the cupolas 2lld four towers at the photh
<Onlm arc all H1ndu feature.. Havell, the English arcboteet
hb R alouc "trmc:d that the Taj as an c:nurely H1odu structure
m dn:1p ud etteution Wuhin Its three ftoors- :,asc:ment,
ltfOII1' l ond Rrlt "on-the marble has ncrly 2 S
lr"IIDTn pa.1a,cc 11U!1e n.: foul' towers uud to sport multi-<olour-
ed hchl\ The , J prce>neu art a hug.e buildina comple
cueomp;.'-.inz over three hundred rooms. The locality was
... na Jolln&hpur h wu urrounded by defensive muc
tuta hb rnoeu. hiUOtk\ (for protection apinsl manaonel ,
uphthland arroW\) ad mauhoc 'kl.lb.. Chronides ajve indica
tlcoDa bot lbb.r the Coull<lcr or the Mo&hul dynasty and hrs
*'"""'"" Au .. , ...a lo .OJOutn '" the Taj. Bobar even died
Olttc aut bcnJa "C"ww> comu so lndt;a he had uprcucd a wish
Ow\' t- be butted '" lut. ftlh'vc cownl") But for lhat fortuHOU)
\tppuuo.a thr laj ..,-o...ld have bcc:D t ... -.. a
lobu r ) -- to P<ntenry
WiMl t. '"* 'fti.VloOI(tJm lh\tcad or Mwntar, ui'ICC II
f8 tOJ&l laa .. c beat bu.hcd IQ CO d
Huadw bulWap a.D
-
The Morblt Scrttn 11 the Taj
..
JOo
Tilt Cottny of the Toj
Th1> Ple<U) I d'
Hindu P""' ,
01
a 10 theTa
a:.4 l IIIII yin a In every d garden is like an other
dtpld d <tail With th '
1,_. O>cr th C lnd described Oe of Other fOrts
liiW< lll.c s fllewalln r.,..
1
'
0
lhll book The MY
.. P<cfurot ;o 'h or I I IIIIC<In Hind nnnably make an odd
S I or UIOI ru <<'to for '"'liUiceu l.-dton the odd figure
P'<,..l iu h P<co bot ...,., "" donora 8 awa I 0 I
uc.c reu e.\l'e:n 6 '
"'*'"' of tt"'"' quadrancic &ure In front of thll
c>atlo '"'U>o "'-'-" onou, uoed to I "'here royal RaJ' put
....., ; ...._ 'UIUC'nl toe up b<
,.,.. pot- ,.,.... to the T oore the roy a 1
J &arden to proc<:ed
)07
Dtlhl Catr A
gra Fort
. This or the Red fort Agt> " crtir<ly in the tUUI
honal RaJpUt style Lk many other ROJpUt forts thu too hd
<lephanl images flonkinQ ot Emperors Kanu:hka ond AthoL
made usc of t his fOrt in the prc-Chrlstiln era All
1
" mtttiN
too nrc oflh c.tclusive ROJPUt The
wh1ch oscrlbe5 of this fort toAlbr, luplccte>l'
court Hattery All its glteways h Hindu aam6 In ddl
ro elephont 1mss thiS fort had lmo&<' cf RaJpul hor>l
Muslimt were ;snd not maktM The an.JN
th:at .Akbar crccled thtse cleph11nt and hone lhUUd 10 "''"
mcmorate tht moun IS of his Rajpuc cm:rnln hke Pn
and A mar 0 typK'JI IRitln of .hO" ,ncon\tRICt'l (''(i
dcnce il 'ou&ht 10 1>o hur1cd undtr pdd
!08
Thit \n,uu B.l$h rJ\Ifhm ttiShfC Agrol fort pr0\('5 that lt\,C
ICOCD(lfrYI ruucra g.Jrden hu RajpUI ongrns Note the
l"bh, lbe J'llil",lht br>tkeos, lh< cupola 11 ohe ri&hl, I he
'""'d ffiltoa panly adJoonoog the aopola which nre II
lhJPUI charcctcnslks
Coldea Aa.ra Fort
Tbe cupola on the lOp lert hood
cor11er, the curved roof and chc
'Piku
00
h \'i\'rdJy dcp1c:t thac th11
Ooldea Pa>iUo,. oa A&ra' Red Fan
,.... buoh by the R.JpUI) for obt
RaJpu"
Tlus SO'<alled DowanoAam or hall of pllbloc audo-.,.
srdc A&rll fort hal ne:ithtr domes nor 111 Jl'l"(ul
arches and Jlcndcr priJars r& \liJJ the: for H.Uid.u p.IJ)dM
nllStd ror ausprc1ous ccrcmonru Muslrm h.a.s '"l)s
.tvoided such Hindu, 'mtidcl' pltlcms Thcrrs
oorouou hap Tlo< Red Foro In Delhi ooo bo; ld<aow
pavWon
JJO
Sror of -'" Slop Hortc Oatsldt 1\Rrt For
Til' "lion< hud bo onp ro pre
Mll>l<m umn h conmcmorara
twn< ltttCI Tbnc ere C\otr to MIO)
A mar l>rr.Jba 111 IIIJI'I'I hoiiM) The m
rcrloc:a II MOJhul
r(IUJ!n tlld "of rhc hone "" "'hrch
Amar Si,- .... ) rn huff
frl>l!> tllf Mn
0
1oul <<lull 11ln for cnn
ltd II 11 ohciJ ,,.,,., hu hardly rhe
ltmt or thr ,roundtnp in
hlton 10 dthun\. uch c.1ntJn.b
Tomb of Sadlq Kbu
l)l ltiP ltd. (I)JMCf IO'II!Ct
palocc ltlndioa l'lnlld ..,. aJmb.-ooon of a dcmolo>hcd Raj put
CIOrplr 1 ka1 ,._ .Uu'lG late' lo she her Sadlq Kl1.iD.I
. - tvtr bhDCt
101n Hti N '*'' of a. I.Hn,... to the (acl 1h11 tbal
-s u.. 11ppu 11oc.r au..,_ ,:"''- II> niche, the ar<hed tntr.-
..... meaor <o"" a piKe for the hvfDI
Joblollrl Maloti. Acra Fori
Jll
Tlut 10 tbt
llWdc AJII Forr "<>lit
11pical RoJpuldtJOp lOCI
""''kmaolhip u .. rpo-
hOn and caJUmo 1'1(
oc:cupauon rnullcd ta
Moshul n>mn bema
&lv<n 10 uriJCf caplor<d
Rajput buJldJ.,.
blc Westrrn iChoUn
md1gc:nou 1nuatu
JICfll<WJrcd rhc myrh of
IWthorshop ofbuildonl' misled by their nJmQ nd Llrnr ._...
hoo Tbcy hardly Cllcd whclltt'r 1 bulldinJ lUS 1ttrihutcd to "f.tl1r
Chad or FalmMohammad
J,. \t .. Am
312
ltiru \looar. Farobpar Sll<rl
lh,.ocallc<l H11lD Mtnar lnfront or the Hathi Pol 841< or
fr.khp..o Stkrt II dnned to tnark the buroal or a ptl
den (II fln) Of Akbor We 1>1 bet:b deer had whit
pcrc=S 1 d)LAEIih wR Altwr._ lO k ......,rnrncmoratcd wuh a
fd Hoodu temple .. lllp 1>0>1 The brutl .. "'<rc Uied 10 iUpport
l.ulopo Sod! p{l .. u tc >mmoo tofront or Hondu ttrople>
al>d pabca l c 'P.r&UooM ... ,n:a.., ide lcadoo; to tho
cupo1o C<lloprmnl> ono of the -lied Kutub Mtnor in
)IJ
Dclht whtth we have provtd 10 be of Hoodu Oriao 111 ,....,
as Dot 11 IJlOikl<d lkcJOld hca
bmtlod woth tho "'"" of buodrods of Iampo h>na oe h llb1
Sao<krot word hu been dcltly lll<d to be llllllcd lolo
coocottcd Altbar lc&<od
SA lint Cblatt Tomb, fottbpur Sikri
J ( 4
Pollor ..,ort ... 4Uu
anr- loDI
r .... ,. Slut .........
-
8o1 o....... .. ..... sn
Tbt1 ptcnr io YaLtbpwr!w&:n K cWrcall ).to-
to 11> u Bijlatld o.rwua u !lajput ,__. r,..
11011< 8 ..... <1 eatbl ..... fttJlliOI doc ardt IJlC' .. _ ....
.abl< ""' o/tli H,.cl o<rpil T1tc tilt b. I ctpal&t .-.1 to< I I
IIDY oOO.. ""'''"a-Oft til< ....... c.- UC oltlll c-
iiY< lliJP"' d<'... T1tc ,.u..n tpllc4 ....... -
.,...s [Of .......... tlaP ,.non .,. rot' 4ll -
..,ed,."'' RoJP"' .... - .. no-_ .. . .,.
fl(- all H ... _. .-.1 Mtl ol .,
ortho6 dctor . ,.n: ,oq..-,.., .-. .. 1
hmodudD .. Iall's
T_.,
"" rn't" r mural decorauoo in the so-ealled ltmae ud
ulah too.b, 4\lfll t no Jtlfcrent from that found in the pre
Jl>lom " roat. n Joopur, whteb proves that tile butldona
11 .tt) urf,r: R. .. Jrut pa lliC<'
A f o10tr or ltJudodDolb'oT .....
13
So-Calltd Akbar'o MtotoltWID a t S lkftdra
bcrJ udo, 111pporuOJ bratl<U and capping I:Upoh O( thos
II!OIIW<>C -oD& of pole Upall pile o( pavilioiU proves to the
blh lllat ot wu a IUJput palace Euphemnticafly
Sobndn nor &lliCc Sokaodar Lodi a P.UW, rufct loved on II,
\!Ia ,...,_ "' 111ileo to the north uf Ap 0. l:.nown to poste
01J as Al.btr' tomb Ak">r lay ill ond died here Vincent
Sooutb a,. that 4ft fuoent rites were performed "secretly
....S l><'fuoctorol,'" h '' wooniJy bellccd that Akblt died in
Aau ton T1lu to eocr up tho fie! thai no body saw hit
poouanncr tmerac ouo of tloe furl the myth th>t his
*> l&km outllotou&b a hole In lloo ron wall speeoally
blasou fOf \1>< ru._ .... clrftly arafted into Mutlim c:hrono
I Cia , .... , ..... bodr "taken 0111 or the fort lbrough open
"'' ,. U.C II the fur..nl pr-.,1010 would u.U have to wend
Ill '"'J"""" ... n: lc '"" lti&h .. l\'t to sa....a ... In his ebro-
&ic:k lOll fiJ.Jotly dauru lO bnc built ch
1
s tomb
r .. 1111 r..tlo<r H""'"- ho claom 10 be patently
d"""-' .. ppina ... thai f&b.hoool "Ill OUIOtbtt mrth that
booil4"'1hla '-" lllan llQ """ loft tome Till
MIC:r'l.ioD llu Ruttlr ao bu h "aucb "'Ylh ho11tcd Ple
..
I
0
-pon pile co cover meon ... cnienl c:-vldtncc. whJC:h P ttk
entire Muslim ho$tory on Indio That h why the c.o, te4
histom\n Sir H M Elliot <all ot an "lmfltldrnt nd
in thr prc(ace to hll cicht>Oiume aoticat \IUdy ol
mcdicval Mu1tim chronodes
320
Galtlti J Sikaodra
Th tat lhc rft.IJC'Uh.: ill<,..t} h> Sil.J.ndr3 P .. C' lht
U'lll uu.Jt lumtJ 1nto .1 1omb 1fttr Akbar t.lt.Jih II
t.aib: by the RiJPUh ccntuncs befor-e Mushm IO\Jdcu lund t
c. a carttr 11f \.mdlhun .md usurp<ilton The four 'At
ll:Wrfabo;C'tbe uc Rplkn o(tbt Ti1J Mah .. l
Tbc n- ;.uic ftoori.Dc of the mansion h;u a he csoteuc Hr
Sbatlt>Cb& .. la (tntertocutJ triao&Ies) inl.1id 1n 11 lht '-'OJ
!Muili!n fonttll fit.' of no such design All Su(:h ,C:\IId('l"
Pf'O\'d lhlt A\bar ,..u burit:d here because he dicc1 m lut
Hindu rQn.-on
Sai1IJ.1tl "h11n ._
1 ft l\lau,olrnrn,
A:r
Tlht Sal.tbal
.,. Xh01.n''\ m:.u
\Oleum i) u.
tluo : ..ucr p J
PUI p..vuaon
a.Jiolted 10 the
IOaa ror bos
'Wdt"ntc On
h,, de:ath he
... ";}. houht"d
JAIPUR Jll
-
of motqua and tcmtt. ..n "-ut A1ta.n .,,c 111>o or
dtDtical 4n1p Thtt prou..s fu from med1.an.af
..., ID<IItl "'"'"' !><to 4<1if11c.l or ordered \fuslom poten.
uto ud mt'tu!tCA ._, A.sian monumtnB \\hich "'CfC'
and uulc.l b) lndr>n rechnt<rrns >S recorded b)
.M !IDDIIIII<I ond Ttrmurl>ns
Jmd;-nt.JIIy ll ma) also be ponted our ch.11 rh' recorded
fKl G( \fohommad havmg been bun..:d '" h11 own
roo I-10 Gflu7nr (I 030 A D) obo pro>., lh>t II
M"''m 1omtn whclhc:r tn India or in Wet.! t\ :.IJn ('(1Unrruh Jh:
USU'!'<J r.lacn whroh I occupied lhrrr llrf lime
tlc many pract1e1 J conJidtntlont c(lmpl .:ccl) lo\c
&)ll ol> 1'&: II lh< fact thAI viclom\ or lorUJrc n,J I) rnn,
o{Jlatrd ,..,..uden and potcOWc "ho !i,h or
011 tbc:r 1ormcn1on death \\Ould cl.lllrcr (.tbulou'
.CIOCJDU 10 build I ptf.aiiJitomb (Or thCif dead IC). J( lh. t
.. m 1&0 &brtc will b: no ddfcrc:ntt between benc:ot.actor, ur
u:.aq and ptt'N'C\IlOI' Ho-. could botl'l be- comm-.:morarc.J
ID mtrf) ft.CIUIDKllb t In fact C'tn bc-nc:f.1 ":toh ;uc soon
and po>trroly hu hatdly Jhc umc noncy "' Ill<
pt'Cru .o them 1n huJC- monumt.._ 1
Tb 'uch va.uJunt pl.et and und
Qa<ml 'tic kc
1
1'1 mtdtO.C\11 tnon.urnt:nl\ :uc ttr
1
pr-cd of
:r.r lim "'""""'on rn lhc pubhc mrnd the b<lltr h "rll
bt f ICDn'CCI W'kttt\l.tndinl Jnd iludy or lndt.:ln mediatvuJ
medrGeul momnncnl< rn India"' leas! ore
I "<lUI, b) IMC Htnduund ror lht Hmdu .
Sb!Jtr llfah l Aabat
lll
Rajput origin.
for tbe dead.
AJ>d secondly !hat
. Sbuh Mahar
u.srde the Ambor ronreu
lo Jaipur wu bulle
(about 984 A.D )
.... before lhc round,
or Muslim Kioadoms to
India lro omore laloy
. work is oo difTcrtol frqm
lbar In ,.b11 are believed
to be mediaeval Muslim
mooques IJid tom It
provcs n.o lhiop ; fil1tly
lbat tbL S<>CIJJed t ... bo
&Dd aaosqucs en of
lhey were tDttnded (or the liviD,J.. oot
CitT Polac<
GarclcM
. r clri<ll patlem pnlm ,. rront otrhe Cil) -
Tb
1
"""'oor tlllt thiJ h lh< RaJpUI Clardal SOlo
00
JalP"' It pr
,. ..
Palate Gardro Ambar
Tnos pa>oloon aod the garden on the Ambar Palace with its
'l'tked and curved roof. the gracefUl Hindu arch alld tile geo-
m<trocal destp m the foreground is ty-pical of all m!diaeval
buoldtiiiJ Ambar which lies three miles away .from nfoclem
Jaopur w"' rounded not later than 984 A 0 That was much
bclore ahn Mwlirm cstablithed their princopallhes in !ndoa .
.
Th odentity or the Ambar architecture woth(lhe so-calleq
onediaeval and tombs, coupled woth oY,er ev1dence,
ero- one or the greatest blunders or Indian architectural and
lunoncal oe .. arch which had all aloos fondly believed und pro-
r>pted the monstroua myth that olien invading l ndta
buoh motquet and tombs galore durong their restless. turbulent
nd on>ecurc regonoes but nu correspondons palace<, and that
HoDC1111 the n:wter builders buolt no monuments oo thcor own
a>uatry the many mllltntum or theor rule from Pandv&
t" PrtthoraJ
...,
61
.,
1
_. t 'tiT " if'R"
._, ,_. n 16414 it Ill ijiiit;:q')- CfiTt
t "'<
(.t 1 t ll5lf 5Wh <tit
-
. #
-"'<._.. ....
- .. " .. . .... .... \. .... .
- .. ... ')
. .
. .. J,
. . .
'
... -':
..
6 .. ,
. .
. ,_ ...
. . ,.
' .
'
.4
.
..
..,
'
.
f<fi 'Ufo -f<ct I 'if , <, i:f(f
anfG (z.nrtT 1
c;fifil:" Gf<tl<" ) "'TT <fiT
Ofiof" <fiT 1
<iiT W"cr l'i e-
if I Cflffi if r if
<fiT Cflf lf_falfr itfjJ'fCflf zrr qrtf
3fT"{ c:U"in.T if fGrcliaT I Q;Cli w;
tri I Cf<fl ( li"T'iT c:; t qcf
crcr. ) if 1 _ aro:
Ci'iCff 21T I CflT d<fl em arcr)llfcr Qlff-
;r WC'fCfit'!T 31'h CflT Cfl( 1 dffi:
Cfi(1T <flT fcreci{fcr. ;; f<fl ' am: fn it
'lt lJ:fcr arT\ ,