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SUBMITTED BY: SAMI UR REHMAN SUBMITTED TO: Dr. MUNIR AHMAD TARAR COURSE: EE-874 - Microwave Communication System Design
Objective to Achieve
The objective of this simulation is to simulate the effects of Free Space Loss (FSL) and antenna gain on a digitally QPSK-modulated signal in the form of a noise added to a channel and then calculates its effects on Bit Error Rate (BER) using Advanced Design System (ADS). The comparison between the theoretical and calculated curves of BER vs. Eb/No gives us an idea of how well the calculated values simulate the theoretical values.
The following study gives a brief insight on the theoretical side of the probability of bit error calculation of this simulation.
The scaling factor of is for normalizing the average energy of the transmitted symbols to 1, assuming that all the constellation points are equally likely.
Theoretical Calculations
Lt Po
Tx
Gt
EIRP
FSL+La
IRL
Gr
Rx
Lr RSL
Data Given: Distance= 12 miles Bit Rate (Rb)=10Mbps BER= 10^-7 Modulation scheme= QPSK Po=1W F=11GHz Transmission losses=Lt=Lr=2.2 dB To find: FSL=? Eb/No (theoretical) = ? Antenna Gain= ?
Calculations: For FSL Formulae to calculate the FSL is given by: FSL = 36.58 + 20log(Dsm) + 20log(FMHz) Where Dsm is the distance is statutes miles. Plugging in the values: FSL= 36.58 + 20log (12) + 20log (11000) FSL= 139 dB Theoretical Eb/No There are certain methods to calculate theoretical Eb/No. One way is to use hit and trial method by putting approximate values of unknown variables in the equation of Eb/No and come with its value which corresponds to required BER i.e. 10^-7. Another way is to take help from the given chart and work out the Eb/No which corresponds to required BER. In our case Eb/No turns out to be 11.5 dB.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb/N0
Antenna Gain: Now: Eb/No = 11.5 dB = Eb (dB) No(dB) ---------------------------------------------A Where Eb = RSL 10log(Rb) ------------------------------------------------------------------B Since Rb= 10Mbps And RSL = Po + Lt +Gt + FSL + La + Gr + Lr ------------------------------------------- - C We calculated FSL = 139 dB We are given Lt = Lr = Transmission Line Losses = 2.2 dB We are given Po = 0dB Putting all this data in C, we get RSL = -143.4 dBW + Gt + Gr --------------------------------------------------------D And
No = -204 dBW + NF -----------------------------------------------------------------E Since noise figure is not given, we can ignore it So, Eb/No (dB) = 11.5 dB = RSL - 70 + 204 dBW RSL = - 122.5 dBW Put this value of RSL in eq D -122.5 = -143.4 + Gt + Gr Assume Gt=Gr G = 10.45 dB
System Design
The following is the complete schematic of the QPSK system with the BER measurement blocks.
Generating binary data with 10Mbps Noise Density Block Sweeping Eb/No to calculate the graph
Blocks Description
The following is a short description of the major simulation models used in this project.
The essential and intrinsic block is the Data Flow controller for a timed signal processing simulation such as this project. The major parameters used in this project for this controller are the Default Time Start, Default Time Stop and Default Seed. Using this controller you can also display outputs of all type of data which is flowing through the simulation model blocks.
This is responsible for designating the sweep parameter by adding the Sweep variable and defines its sweep values. Another important parameter which is hidden is to include the controller for which sweep has to be performed which is DF (Data Flow Controller) in this project.
DATA GENERATOR
The Data source generates a user-defined or random baseband NRZ waveform with a given Bit Time and T-Step.
QPSK MODULATOR
QPSK modulator takes the in-phase I (t) and quadrature Q (t) baseband input signals from the Data generator (above) and generates a QPSK modulated timed signal at its output with a carrier frequency of 2.4GHz as QPSK modulator using an internal oscillator.
NOISE DENSITY
The AddNDensity channel block is used in another simulation where NDensity parameter denotes the noise spectral density in dBm/Hz.
QPSK DEMODULATOR
The QPSK demodulator demodulates the timed output signal and the additive white Gaussian noise has an external oscillator input that generates the reference carrier signal used to demodulate the RF signal. The in-phase and quadrature components I (t) and Q (t) of the modulated signal are extracted.
Simulation Window
Following is a graphwhich gives a comparison between the Bit Error Rate (BER) calculated theoretically using the probability of error (blue curve) and the simulated result (red curve).
Figure (B) QPSK BER Rate Comparison between the Theoretical and Simulation results
Figure (G) is a graph which also provides a comparison between the Bit Error Rate (BER) calculated theoretically using the probability of error (blue curve) and the simulated result (red curve).This result is a process of using the AddNDensity channel block which is a ADS library block hence it has better convergence between the theoretical BER (blue curve) and the simulated BER (red curve) with the same simulation parameters.
Figure (C): QPSK BER Rate Comparison between the Theoretical and Simulation results
I.
Challenges Faced
This simulation covers a lot of theoretical ground from probability to digital communication systems hence numerous challenges were encountered. I summarize them in points, which are the following:
a. ADS software has a lot of functional blocks with various parameters and usages which need to be understood with their theoretical implications. b. Noise probability function generated by a block and then added into the modulated channel is a challenge because simply adding wouldnt work unless the output of the QPSK input is recognizable by the demodulator. Hence the addition performed requires understanding of timed and complex signals. c. The results compiled do require understanding the probability of error calculation of QPSK, without which the results cannot be displayed properly.
II.
Conclusion:
In this exercise we analyzed the impact of changing BER on digital modulation scheme which in our case is QPSK. The comparison between the theoretical and simulated values shows that there is an impact of noise on the symbols recovered by the demodulator but it depends on the Eb/No ratio. Lower the ratio higher is the probability of bit error or Bit Error Rate (BER) and higher the ratio lower is the Bit Error Rate (BER).