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Contents
Overview: Diabrotica species and economic importance ......................................................... 2
Spotted Cucumber beetle/Southern Corn Rootworm and Banded Cucumber Beetle............ 4
Life cycle................................................................................................................................ 5
Monitoring of pests ................................................................................................................ 6
Pest management with biocontrol organisms......................................................................... 7
Other pest management techniques........................................................................................ 8
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 9
References................................................................................................................................ 10
Jane Sorensen
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function as one spotted cucumber beetle, whether they are Southern or Western. (Toepfer et al 2009, Wikipedia) Diabrotica spp. was unknown in European countries until the 1990s, when it appeared to have entered Europe multiple times (Toepfer et al 2009) from the United States during the Yugoslav wars. (Wikipedia, Kiss et al 2005) There has since been a lot of research and intervention of these pests in the European context. There is a third species of cucumber beetle (and very possibly more than that), of which this paper does not discuss. The Striped cucumber beetles genus is Acalymma and its species is vittatum. It superficially resembles the adult Western corn rootworm, and it is equally important to D. undecimpunctata in its effects on organic vegetable production. (Toepfer et al 2009) In the 2006 OMAFRA census1, 3.1% of Ontario farms (=1,769) grew vegetable and melon crops, while 22.8%, or 13,056 farms, were oilseed and grain production which means that there will be plenty of opportunities for Diabrotica species to infest from one type of farm to another. The 2006 Canadian total2 of certified organic farms producing fruit, vegetables, and greenhouse products was 916, with 208 of these farms in Quebec and 174 in Ontario. 358 of these farms are in British Columbia; there, however, the D. undecimpunctata range is not so extensive. In addition, there are twice as many non-certified organic farms in all categories of farms across
1 2
Table 1: Organic but not certified producers by product type, 2006 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-325x/2007000/t/6000060-eng.htm, Table 3: Farms reporting certified organic fruit, vegetables or greenhouse products, Canada and provinces, 2006 and 2001 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-325-x/2007000/t/6000062-eng.htm Accessed 11/27/11 5:50 PM Page 3 of 10
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Canada. (Kendrick 2009) Wherever there are extensive cornfields or cucurbit crops, Diabrotica will be a concern for organic farmers.
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Larvae are white, inch grubs with brown heads and brown patches on first and last segments. Both larvae and adults can transit cucumber mosaic virus and bacterial wilt. (Bradley p 262) Larval feeding might increase the incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt. (Capinera 2007)
Life
cycle
Overwintering adults emerge from under crop residues in spring. (Bradley p 262) Adult longevity is 17 to 44 days, but averages 26 days. About six days after adult emergence (from overwintering or pupae), copulation occurs, with egg deposition beginning about 16 days later. Oviposition takes place at two to three day intervals, for two to eight weeks. Females normally deposit two to 15 egg
12-spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii) larva, pupa and adult http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpot ato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/PestRoot&StemInsects/Wireworm/wireworm.htm
clusters of up to 100 eggs each. A female can produce a total of 850 eggs (Capinera 2007). The eggs are yellow or orange in color, oval in form, and measure about 0.6 mm in length and 0.35 mm in width. Banded cucumber beetle (D. balteata) eggs are deposited in cracks in the soil
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(Bradley et al 2009), and spotted cucumber beetles (D. undecimpunctata) lay orange egg masses on the underside of leaves. 4 Eggs require five to nine days to hatch. The larval development time is usually 11 to 17 days and is temperature dependent. For instars 1 to 3, the range is about 4-8, 3-11, and 4-15 days respectively. Pupation, of four to six days, occurs in the soil. (Capinera 2007) D. balteata does not enter diapause. It remains active as long as the weather remains favorable. Under optimal conditions, D. balteatas life cycle can be completed in 45 days. (Capinera 2007)
Monitoring
of
pests
To follow the activity of pests and beneficial insects, make regular weekly checks in the field with a hand lens and a sweep net, inspecting the underside of foliage for the first signs of insect activity. Using these tools as well in cover crops, field edges, and adjacent crops to help determine which beneficial insect species or pests may have potential to move into the crop. (Fouche et al 2000) Alternatively, or in addition to inspection, use sticky traps to monitor populations. For example, in the late 1990s, in response to the invasion of Western corn rootworm (D. virgifera), a permanent monitoring/trapping for containment and control program on became operational in Hungary, Croatia, Romania and Bosnia-Herzegovina. It used Hungarian pheromone traps to capture males, and Multigard yellow sticky traps were used to
4 http://gardening.about.com/od/gardenproblems/ig/Insects-and-Diseases-of-Plants/Cucumber-Beetle-Eggs.htm
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capture both males and females. It was hoped that this trapping method would slow down or possibly stop the build-up of smaller isolated D. virgifera virgifera populations. (Kuhlmann & van der Burgt, 1998)
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Heavy mulching can deter cucumber beetles from laying eggs in the ground near plant stems and may hinder feeding by larvae migrating to fruits. Companion plant with oregano, radish, tansy, and nasturtium,7 and also try broccoli, calendula, catnip, goldenrod, and rue, as they are suggested to be repellent to the cucumber beetle. African, French or Mexican marigolds are pungent and may be used to repel the insects, alternatively, common marigolds may attract them, therefore could be used as a trap crop. 8
Conclusion
In reviewing the material for Diabrotica species, it became apparent that one organic practice needs amending for the crops that are affected by pests: organic matter cannot be left on the field at the end of the growing season, but instead must be thoroughly thermally composted to kill the pupae, overwintering adults, and eggs left in the litter. The organic farmer will need to conduct a thorough literature review and consult with his or her extension department to find out which varieties of crops in the area are susceptible to Diabrotica, and which crops are ideal trap crop candidates to make the job of manual monitoring and control a little easier for the farmer. The farmer should try planting allelopathic or repellent companion plants, and report the results of these efforts to the extension offices to promote information availability on what works, and what doesnt. Lastly, farmers and researchers should pay particular attention to literature coming out of Europe regarding its new programs to contain D. virigifera and any D. undecimpunctata co-invasions, as Europes agricultural practices are more akin to organic farming than North American conventional practices that rely on genetic manipulation in favour of toxic production
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or toxicity resistance. Research of the new invasion should yield interesting applications on an aggressive natural response to Diabrotica cucumber beetles, within an organic context.
References
Bradley FM, Ellis BW, & Martin DL. 2009. The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way. New York, NY: Rodale Caldwell BA, & New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. (2005). Resource guide for organic insect and disease management. Geneva, N.Y: New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Accessed at http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/resourceguide/cmp/corn.php on 11/27/11 7:03 PM Capinera JL. 1999. Banded Cucumber Beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Latest revision: November 2007. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN25000.pdf accessed on 11/25/11 2:36 PM Fossel PV (2007). Organic farming: Everything you need to know. St. Paul, MN: MBI. Fouche C, Gaskell M, Koike ST, Mitchell J, Smith R. 2000. Insect Pest Management For Organic Crops. The Organic Vegetable Production in California Series Publication 7251, available at http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/ Accessed on 11/26/11 8:36 PM Grabowski M, 2009. Diseases of Cucurbits. University of Minnesota. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1172.html Kendrick J, & Statistics Canada. (2008). Organic: From niche to mainstream. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Kiss JE, Berger CR, Cate HK, Cean P, Cheek M, Derron S, Festi J, Furlan H, Igrc-Bari L, Ivanova J, Lammers I, Omelyuta W, Princzinger V, Reynaud G, Sivcev P, Sivicek I, Urek P, Vahala G. 2005. Monitoring of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Europe 1992-2003. In: Western corn rootworm: ecology and management, Eds.Vidal S, Kuhlmann U, Edwards CR. CABI Kuhlmann U & van der Burgt WACM. 1998. Possibilities for biological control of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in Central Europe. BiocontrolNews and Information, 19(2):59N68N Toepfer S, Haye T, Kuhlmann U, et al. 2009. A review of the natural enemies of beetles in the subtribe Diabroticina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): implications for sustainable pest management. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 19(1):1-65..
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