PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Blood

10
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Composition of Blood
1. What is the blood volume of an average sized adult? About 5.5 liters

2. What determines whether blood if bright red or a dull brick red?

The amount of Oxygen. The higher

The oxygen content the brighter The blood

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3. Identify the cell types or blood elements that fit the following descriptive statements Neutrophil 1. Its name means neutral loving, a phagocyte Basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil Erthrocyte 3. Also called a Red Blood Cell 2. granulocytes

Monocyte, Lymphocyte
Megakaryocyte 5. Ancestral cells of platelets

4. agranulocytes

Formed Elements 6. basophils, esinophils, erythrocytes, lymphocytes megakaryocytes, monocytes and neutrophils Eosinophil 7. Number rises during infections Basophil 8. Releases a vasodilator, the least abundant WBC

Erythrocyte 9. Transports oxygen Plasma Monocyte

10. Primarily water, noncellular, fluid matrix of blood

11. Phagocyte in chronic infections

Basophil, Eosinophil, Lymphocyte, 12. Also called white blood cells Monocyte, Neutrophil
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 4. List three classes of nutrients normally found in Plasma

Glucose, Fatty Acids, Vitamins and Amino Acids

Name two gasses Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Name three ions Sodium Potassium, Calcium 5. Describe the consistency and color of plasma Viscous (slippery) and Yellow, straw like color 6. What is the average life span of a red blood cell. 120 days How does its anucleate condition affect its life span? They are unable to reproduce. They are produced in the Cancellous Bone of the Skeletal System

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 7. Describe the structural characteristics of the following blood cell types and their percentage of the total white blood cell population Eosinophils Bilobed, Nucleus: 1 to 4%

Neutrophils
3 or more lobes: 40 to 70% Lymphocytes Dark, Purple Spherical: 20 to 45% Basophils U or S shaped: <1% Monocytes Dark Blue, Kidney Shaped: 4-8%

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 8. Correctly identify the blood pathologies in column A with Selections from column B
Column A Column B

Leukocytosis
Polycythemia

1. Abnormal increase in the number of WBCs

2. Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs 3. Condition of too few RBCs or of RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies

Anemia
Leukocytosis Leukopenia

Anemia
Leukopenia

4. Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs

Polycythemia

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Hematologic Tests
9. Broadly speaking why are hematologic tests of the blood so important in the diagnosis of disease? These tests are of value because blood composition reflects the health status of many body functions 10. Complete the chart for values for healthy male adults Test
Total WBC Count Total RBC Count Hematocrit Hemoglobin Coagulation Time

Normal Values
4,000-11,000/mm3 4-6 million/mm3 47% + or 7% 13-18 g/100mL 3-6 Minutes

High Values
Leukocytosis Polycthemia Polycythemia Polycythemia

Low Values
Leukopenia Anemia Anemia Anemia

Decreased clotting Increased Clotting

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 11. Define Hematocrit The percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume 12. If you had a high hematocrit would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be high or low? High

Why?
Higher erythrocytes mean higher hemoglobin (The protein for 02 bonding) 13. If your blood clumped with anti-A and anti B seri your ABO blood types would be AB . To what ABO blood group could you give blood? AB From which ABO Donor types could you receive blood? All Which Blood type is the most common? O Least Common? AB 14. Explain why an Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does on the second exposure? The Rh antigens of the donor sensitize the recipient. The second time it does not and the reaction occurs. What happens when an ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time? The plasma proteins (antibodies) will bind together causing the blood to clump and no longer function properly
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Typing
Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner

Cross matchingtesting for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients serum, and vice versa

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ABO Blood Groups

Table 10.3
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Blood Typing

Figure 10.8
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Human Blood Groups

Blood contains genetically determined proteins Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the immune system Antibodies are the recognizers Blood is typed by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Human Blood Groups

There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups

Based on the presence or absence of two antigens Type A Type B The lack of these antigens is called type O

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups

The presence of both antigens A and B is called type AB The presence of antigen A is called type A The presence of antigen B is called type B The lack of both antigens A and B is called type O

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ABO Blood Groups

Blood type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood Universal recipient

Blood type B can receive B and O blood

Blood type A can receive A and O blood Blood type O can receive O blood

Universal donor

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Rh Blood Groups
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeys

Most Americans are Rh+ (Rh positive)

Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh (Rh negative) blood

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Blood Groups and Transfusions

Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of 1530% causes weakness

Loss of over 30% causes shock, which can be fatal

Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings