ACI STRUCTURAL J Title no. 96 S56 nS TECHNICAL PAPE! Sensitivity of Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Beams to Shear Friction and Concrete Softening According to Modified Compression Field Theory by Dat Duthinh The modified compression field theory (MCT) it used to study the fot of sear tion wncd las iat softening om the compe sear Hrength of renforced (RC) of prestresed concrete (PC) beams. ‘omparisnn is presented if the rariu reatianships that ho Proposed to represent he sear fiction behavior of racked reinforced Coneee A decreaem hea fiction sith the ange of extermen- {al data 08 found, for eramplo, in high-srongth concrete, can loteer ‘the shear strength of beans sith munimurn shear rerforcensent by 15 (25 perce sucording tothe MCPT. Inadaition a comparison i presented of diffrent relattonships weed to rpresnt the bral compreasen-Lenion svength of rinforcnd con crete for RC and PC beams. Some theories of biaxial wfening of con crete donot predit concrete crushing even for very high deformations, tut rather show significant shear force gun ater stirrup yielding and ‘rac slipping. For the RC beam example, some theories predict she tension fore thule others predict diagonal compression failure, Hwee th first peak of shear load reich occur coe to stir yield ing and crack slipping, are within 10 percint of ona another forthe ‘arias theoresand within 10 percent ofthe tea ale forthe PC Bra, Keywords: aggregate interlc beams; compression; prestesed crete eifored eonerets; shea, INTRODUCTION The importance of apgregate interlock, oF sheartrieton, across shear cracks, as one of the mechanisms of shear resistance in reinforced concrete (RC) beams has hoon recognized for quite some time. (Fig. 1 adapted from MacGregor, 1902; and from Joint ASCE-ACI Task Committee 426, 190} However, tradi tional ACI beam design equations for shear (ACI 818-85) do not take explicit account of shear friction, but rather lump it together swith other fctors such as dowel eect an dhe shear carrying ea- pacity of the compressed part ofthe beam into the concrete con- tribution term Z In the lst 20 years, more rational methods for shear strength calculation have been able to explicitly aceaant for the contribs tion of shear friction across cracks in Fesistig shear: One note- worthy method that has now heen adopted in the Canaan Code (CSA A 29.208), the Norwegian Code (NS 24/8 Et), ani the AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications (199 the modified win fel theory (MCPT) (V Collin, 1986; Collins and Mitebell, 1991). Another aspect of shear cracks is that they alsa weaken the concrete struts. The presence of transverse tensile stress and strain lowers the concrete compressive strength below its uniax- fal teenth ote the effect ofthis softeningron the shear strength of RC beams Following reviews of the MCPT and other works on shear fiction and biaxial softening, this paper presents che results ofa Thre MCFT yauvihes « unas eval ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1999 ‘apie Shear @ ) Fig. (a) Internal forces tn erched beam sth srs and (0 relative magnitude of shear carrying mechancoms W., duet ira Vay he trate interlock ys to dvr action amd Wy (0 eompreson cane of bam (adapted from MocGregr, 1992) parametric study’ that determines the effets of eharges in shear fiction and concrete softening on the shear strong of RC and prestressed concrete (PC) Les, as prected by the MCP. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE ‘The shear strength of RC and PC beams remains an active area of research, especially with the advont of high-strength feoneretes (HSC) that are beginning co exceed the database (largely below 40 MPa) of the ACI design equations. Current ‘ACK Code shear design equations limit /’to 69 MPa, although higher strength conerece is allowed provided that the mini- ruin shear reinforcement is increased accurdingly. fv the bak 20 years, rational methods have been developed that incorpo tate the knowledge ofthe fiction laws of shear cracks and the softening of concrete under biaxial compression and tension. ‘This paper studies the sensitivity ofthe shear strength of RC and PC beams, computed accordin MCFT, tosoftening ‘models and changes in shear friction, with a view of clarifying Future vexeanch dist fying, the we ot Bg strength concrete in structures ‘ime at REVIEW OF MODIFIED COMPRESSION FIELD THEORY (MCFT) The MCFT is a rational theory capable of predicting. the strength of reinforved and prestressed concrete hams winder yi b 199, imran Conran Al rahe ace lodng eae ecient ne SonneWCF monic Bat Duta arnault eB od Fe aan arty Nl neo Stora Trdg i an Md iev-omratr fe Comte 3 Hah Sng Conc Phe Ren Patron nt nat ACE-ASCE Comm 48 Sher vad Tron Ha praise ed fr ned ber ona membre Fig, 2—Equilibrium conditions for modified compression field ‘theory (Collins and Mitchell 1993), shear and axial loading. 1 is rational in the sense that it satis fies equilibria of foes and wont, compaibility of lacements, and the stress-strain relationships of conerete and inforcing steel. One of tho simplifying areumptione of the MCFT is that the principal directions of stress and strain coin- cide. According to the MCFT, the shear strength J” of a RC beam is the sum of a steel contribution Wand a concrete con- tribution ¥. The steel contribution is based on the variable an- gle 0 truss model, whereas the concrete contribution is the shear resisted by tensile stresses fin the diagonally cracked conerete (Fig. 2). Ihe concrete tensile stress J, 1s 2670 at cracks, and reaches a maximum halfway between eracks. (The notations is explained is Pig, 2 anal atte eral wf the apes) Va ytve= “hid co fabpid co “The concrete contribution, whieh depends on fi isa fine= ‘ion of the shear that cab be transmitted across cracks by fgregate interlock, Indecd, after yielding of the transverse wittal of ens eons emient te cal shear stresses t along. cracks, The ability ofthe crack inter face to transmit the shear stress T depends strongly on the crack width tu, Vecchio and Collins (1986) allowed for the pos= ssbility of local compressive normal stress 6 across cracks Based on Walraven and Reinhardt’s (1981) experimental sults, they suggested the following parabolic relation of (Fig. 3 from Vecchio and Coffins, 1980), maa euites a ro) 496 Fig 3~(a) Tranomition of hearts acre rch by aggregate Inc, tnd (0) teltowip. heen ser ses ned auras erch and compresce reson esc (adapted fom Techio. snd Catt, 1980) With tyg,/MPa = (2b) ‘Thus tay the maximum shear stress tranamiceble across @ ‘rack isa function of the erack width the concrete strength {and the maximum aggregate size ¢ As the normal stress 6 ‘across cracks increases, so docs the shear stress , but not quite as steeply as linear relationship with a cohesion term. I turns ‘out that, in most practical situations, & has a negligible etfect, thence, Eq, (2a) was simplified in Iter versions ofthe MCFT to (Collins and Michel, 1991) ¥ = O18 oe co) ‘The MCPT assumes a parabolic relationship (Hlognestad, 1952) to deseribe the stress-strain behavior of concrete in com- fete whore Ey is the strain at peak uniaxial stress, and fyman Which Js the compressive strength of eonerete panels in biawial ten= sion (Direction 1) ~ compression (Direction 2), depends on the ‘transverse tensile strain e,. A softening parameter B is defined aS the Fatio OF Janay to the Uniaxial eylinder compressive strength f/ DFig: (0) fa 1 Bn = ORDO RE fe 10 6 Eq, (5) was derived from panel tests with a mean ratio aFtest values to equation predictions of 0.98 and a coefficient of vari- ation for the saine ratio oF 0.80 For ty = 0.002, o O80 1708, Eq, (6) is used in the Canadian Code (CBA, principal compressive stress isthe cone 1904), Thus, the fea fimetion nat ACI Structural JournaliJuly-August 1999ly af existing p pal camuprensive sera Ey But ale of ee neipal tensile strain €, REVIEW OF SHEAR FRICTION Walraven and Reinhardt (1981), and Walraven (1981) per formed some important work on the constitutive felations of shear cracks in concrete. Their work accounts for aggregate it~ terlock, dovwel action, and axial tension of the reinforcement crossing a shear erack, combines experiment and theory, and howe good agreement between the te, Diroct shear cests with no bending were conducted on pre crackesl, pushof, rectangular specimens 400 x G00 x 120 mnt with a shear area of 300 x 120 men. The two applied loads were collinear with the crack, and wedges on the upper and lower fac- tes of the specimen channeled the loads tether side ofthe erack Fig. ). The specimens wore either internally or externally re Inforced, with the cube etrongth fof concrete ranging from 30 to 56 MPa, and included lightweight eonerete and one mis with a discontinuous grading of aggregate size (no aggregate between 0.25 and 1.00 mm. The other mixes had a dist iution of aggregate sizes). The reinforcement ranged in ratio fram (0.36 t0 399 percent, and in inelination Rom 40 ta 138 deg tothe crack plane. In ane series of experiments, the reinforcement bare were covered with soft sleever extending 20 mm on bot sides of the crack to eliminate dowel ation. During the test, crack displacements were recorded versus the applied shear force. In addition, for the externally reinforced specimens, the normal restaint force exerted by the reinforcement crossing the plane of the crack was measured, “Thus, curves of shear stress and normal stress versus crack slip for various values of crack wideh could be plotted forthe externally reinforced spc imens (Fig. ). Walraven and Reinhardt (1981) noticed thatthe behavior ofthe internally reinforced specimens was totally dif © om tt of the externally teinforse ones The crack displacement path (curve of crack width versus erack slip} was Inui mace eaaitive eo the ‘externally reinforced specimens than for the internally rein- forced ones. Nevertheless, Walraven and Reinhardt used the saine model of aggregate interlock for both types of specimens, In addition to aggregate interlock, the shear erack model of the internally veinfoncea speciniens ale eludes dae dowel action of the reinforcement and its bond ta concrete jews nf Hernan fr the The analytieal model of aggragate interlock werumeos the con crete to be composed af to phases rigid, perfeetly plastic mor- tar, and rigid, spherical aggregates of varios sizes "Pig. 5{a) and iceptrconmahy Fig ¢—Pushff test specimens ta study aggregate bnterlck racked reinforced conerte (a) geonetsy and (8) reinforcement (Watraven and Reinherdt, 1981) 5 Hemet 28 MPa ig. 3—Walraven'e made for shear transfer across rack (9) stress-stram curve of matrix moteriak (b) formation at crack, (0) contact areas as fictions of rach end ond si and (4) normal and tear Ing stresses functions of erack tect and sp (adapted from Brénay, 1990) AC! Structural JournaliJuly-August 1999 497