DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

PRESENTED BY SWATI PORWAL COGNUS TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR.

STATISTICS...

A set of mathematical procedures for describing, synthesizing, analyzing, and interpreting quantitative data

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS...
Statistics which describe attributes of a sample or population. Includes measures of central tendency statistics (e.g., Mean, median, mode), frequencies, percentages. Minimum, maximum, and range for a data set, variance etc. Organise and summarise a set of data

STATISTICS... indices calculated by the researcher for a sample drawn from a population PARAMETERS... indices calculated by the researcher for an entire population

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Graphs and frequency distribution
Measures of central tendency Measures of variability

GRAPHS...
Representations of data enabling the researcher to see what the distribution of scores look like

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Lists possible values of variable and number of times each occurs

1. GRAPHS

Frequency polygon
Pie chart Box plot Stem-and-leaf chart

STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT
Example: Exam scores (n = 40 students) Stem 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Leaf 6

37 235899 011346778999 00111233568889 02238

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY...

Indices enabling the researcher to determine the typical or average score of a group of scores
Mode Median Mean

MODE...
The score attained by more participants than any other score

MEDIAN...
The point in a distribution above and below which are 50% of the scores

MEAN...
The arithmetic average of the scores

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

Indices enabling the researcher to indicate how spread out a group of scores are
Range Quartile deviation Variance Standard deviation

Range... The difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution Quartile deviation...

One half of the difference between the upper quartile (the 75%ile) and the lower quartile (the 25%ile) in a distribution

Variance... A summary statistic indicating the degree of variability among participants for a given variable
Standard deviation... The square root of variance providing an index of variability in the distribution of scores