SUPPORT SYSTEM

To help raise our body

Can move easily Maintains the shape of the body

SKELETON

Hydrostatic skeleton

Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

 Small animals (soft-bodied)

Are supported by pressure from a liquid (mainly

water) in their cells and in spaces between their body organ. Examples : earthworm, sea anemone

 Most invertebrates

An external skeleton that encloses most of the body

Insect
Hard Shell

chitin

Calcium carbonate

 The exoskeleton of insects cannot change size once

they have hardened. To grow, insects have to shed their exoskeleton & make another one.

MOULTING

 Vertebrates have a rigid internal skeleton

Made of bone + cartilage

Bone provides the strength while cartilage at the joints

lets bone slide over each other the body can move Endoskeleton grows as the body grows

Land & aquatic vertebrates have

ENDOSKELETON

BONE + CARTILAGE

LAND VERTEBRATES

AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Have a larger endoskeleton for the Have a smaller endoskeleton for the same body mass same body mass because they gain support from the water in which they live. The force from the water, which allows an object to float buoyancy Require a strong & rigid skeleton to The skeleton is less rigid. Sharks & support the body rays have an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage which provides a degree of flexibility

All the four limbs are located The limbs splay out from the body directly beneath the body to hold as in turtles & dolphins the body off the ground

 Have skeletons which facilitate movement

Muscles are attached to the skeletons

the body moves by the contraction of these muscles

LAND INVERTEBRATES Most have an exoskeleton

AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Most have a hydrostatic skeleton

The muscles enclosed within the The fluid (hydrostatic skeleton) is exoskeleton surrounded by muscles which press against it The main role of exoskeleton = The hydrostatic skeleton provides protection no protection

The exoskeleton of insects cannot grow once it has hardened. Exoskeleton must periodically be shed (moulted) and replaced by a larger one

Hydrostatic skeleton does not require moulting because the skeleton does not hinder the growth of the animal

MAIN SUPPORT

WOODY PLANTS

STEM

NON-WOODY PLANTS

HAVE WOODY TISSUES (XYLEM) PROVIDE SUPPORT

DEPEND ON THE WATER STORED IN THE CELLS OF THEIR STEM FOR SUPPORT

VARIOUS SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

BUTTRESS ROOTS

FOR EXTRA / ADDITIONAL SUPPPORT

AIR SACS

PROP ROOTS

PRICKLES

CLASPING ROOTS

THORNS STILT ROOTS TENDRILS

 ARE COMMON IN LARGE TROPICAL TREES

THESE ROOTS OCCUR AT THE BASE OF THE TRUNK

WHERE THE MAIN ROOTS BRANCH OFF AT THE GROUND SURFACE & ENTER THE SOIL HAVE WALL-LIKE STRUCTURES AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE TRUNK & THE GROUND FUNCTIONS: PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SUPPORT (PREVENT THE TREE FROM FALLING OVER) GATHERING MORE NUTRIENTS EXAMPLE :

BUTTRESS ROOTS

 PROP ROOTS FORM FROM THE NODES ON THE MAIN

STEM OR ITS BRANCHES PROP ROOTS ARE SIMILAR TO BUTTRESS ROOTS EXCEPT THAT THEY ORIGINATE FURTHER UP THE STEM RATHER THAN AT THE BASE OF THE PLANT FUNCTION : PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SUPPORT EXAMPLE : MAIZE PLANT, BANYAN TREE

PROP ROOTS

 ARE AERIAL ROOTS THAT DEVELOP FROM THE NODES

OF A STEM THESE ROOTS ENABLE A PLANT TO CLIMB BY GROWING AROUND & CLASPING TO SUPPORT HAVE SMALL DISKS THAT EMIT A GLUE-LIKE SUBSTANCE TO HOLD ONTO THE SUPPORT EXAMPLES : MONEY PLANT, PEPPER PLANT, WILD ORCHID

CLASPING ROOTS

 STILT ROOTS GROW FROM THE STEMS TO PROVIDE

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT EXAMPLE : MANGROVE TREES GROW ALONG THE MUDDY SHORES OF TROPICAL COUNTRIES

 ARE SLENDER, COILED STRUCTURE WHICH TWINES

ITSELF AROUND SUPPORT TO HELP THE PLANT SUPPORT ITS WEIGHT & CLIMB EASILY ARE THIGMOTROPIC (SENSITIVE TO TOUCH) EXAMPLES : GOURDS, PUMPKINS

 ARE MODIFIED BRANCHES & USUALLY FOUND WHERE

A LEAF JOINS A STEM EXAMPLE : BOUGAINVILLEA HAS THORNS WHICH ARE USED AS ORGANS OF SUPPORT FOR CLIMBING

 ARE MERELY OUTGROWTHS OF SUPERFICIAL TISSUES

OF THE STEM SUCH AS EPIDERMIS EXAMPLE : ROSE HAS SEVERAL CURVED PRICKLES FOR CLIMBING

 BROWN ALGA GROWS ON ROCKS IN THE SEA THAT

ARE ALTERNATELY EXPOSED & COVERED BY THE TIDES EVERYDAY THIS SEAWEED HAS AIR SACS FOR SUPPORT BECAUSE THE AIR SACS PROVIDE BUOYANCY

(a) BEACHED WHALES

- AQUATIC MAMMALS (DOLPHINS, WHALES) GET BEACHED IN SHALLOW WATER - THEY STRANDED UNABLE TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES WILL DIE (BECAUSE THEIR WEIGHT WILL CRUSH THEIR INTERNAL ORGANS)

(I)THEY ARE FOUND TO BE SUFFERING FROM INFECTIONS OF THE INNER EAR WHICH MAY AFFECT THEIR ABILITY TO NAVIGATE USING ECHOES (II) CERTAIN TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES MAY LEAD TO STRANDINGS. WIDE, GENTLY SLOPING BEACHES ARE NOT DETECTED BY THE REFLECTION OF SONAR PULSES. THIS MAY RESULT IN THEY APPROACHING TOO CLOSE TO THE SHORE (III) IN THE CASE OF STRANDED SMALL WHALES & DOLPHINS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT LARGER WHALES & DOLPHINS HAVE PANICKED THE HERD, FORCING THEM TO THE SHORE

(I) INFORM

(PROVIDE DETAILS THE EXACT LOCATION, THE NUMBERS, CONDITION & THE SPECIES) THE MARINE DEPARTMENT (II) ATTEMPT TO PLACE THEM ON THEIR BELLIES. SAND & WATER CAN ENTER THE BLOWHOLE & DROWN THEM IF THEY ARE LEFT LYING ON THEIR SIDES (III) TRY TO TURN THE WHALES SO THAT THEY FACE THE SHORE. THIS WILL ALLOW THEM TO FEEL A WAVE COMING WITH THEIR TAILS & CLOSE THEIR BLOWHOLES

(IV) DIG HOLES FOR THE FLIPPERS SO THAT THEY ARE HANGING FREE. THEN, ALLOW WATER TO ENTER THESE HOLES TO ASSIST IN COOLING, AS THE FLIPPERS & TAILS ARE IMPORTANT AREAS FOR HEAT EXCHANGE (V) COVER THEIR BODY (EXCEPT THE BLOWHOLE) WITH WET TOWELS OR SEAWEED TO REDUCE THE BURNING & DRYING EFFECTS OF SUN & WIND

(b) THE CRIPPLED - A CRIPPLE IS A PERSON WHO IS PARTLY OR WHOLLY UNABLE TO USE ONE OR MORE OF HIS LIMBS, ESPECIALLY THE LEGS - CAUSES : INJURY OR DISEASE TO HIS MUSCULER, SKELETAL OR NERVOUS SYSTEM - MAY NEED A CANE, CRUTCHES OR A WALKING FRAME TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SUPPORT

Edited & created by : Teacher Faasilla