Title: Oscillator

Chan Kah Loon (108731) Muhamad Hafiz Bin Mohd Noor (108753) Group 19

Under supervision of DR Asrulnizam Bin Abd Manaf

OBJECTIVE
To design an oscillator that is used as a clock signal for sequential logic circuits which has square wave output waveform with frequency ,40k Hz. To compare the output frequency, 40k Hz produced by the 2 types of relaxation oscillators namely ring oscillator and 555 oscillator.

Ring oscillator

 Ring oscillator is achieved by connecting a single RC integrating circuit between the output and the input of an inverter. The output will be a continuous square wave whose frequency depends on the values of R and C. A circular chain composed of an even number of inverters cannot be used as a ring oscillator; the last output in this case is the same as the input. The RC Charge - discharged circuits half life is 69% of the time constant, which is same as 0.693RC is the half-charge time of the RC network. The first step of ring oscillator circuit is connected with the input edge and the final step is connected with the output edge. The time of charge discharged of capacitance is show in equation below: T= nCR In0.5 Hence, the output frequency ,f = 1/T

CALCULATION
1 40 = nCR In0.5 1 40 = 6x 10n xR In0.5 R= 601.1

Since there is no 600 in the lab, so we choose R = 560 as the closest 5% resistor for 601.1.

555 Oscillator
In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. During each cycle capacitor, C charges up through both timing resistors, R1 and R2 but discharges itself only through resistor, R2. the capacitor charges up to 2/3 Vcc (the upper comparator limit) which is determined by the t1= 0.693(R1+R2)C combination and at this time 555 timer acts as open switch. It discharges itself down to 1/3Vcc (the lower comparator limit) determined by the t2= 0.693(R2.C) combination and at this time 555 timer acts as electronic switch.

Schematic diagram

The charging-discharging of the capacitor

Calculation for frequency

t1= 0.693. (R1+R2).C t2= 0.693. R2.C T= t1 + t2 = 0.693. (R1+2R2).C Frequency of the output pulse is given by:

Duty cycle is given by: