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NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vol 1
GATE CLOUD
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vol 1
JHUNJHUNUWALA
JAIPUR
Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable. However, neither Jhunjhunuwala nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information herein, and Jhunjhunuwala nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that Jhunjhunuwala and its author are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services.
JHUNJHUNUWALA
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SYLLABUS
CONTENTS
*******
CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT THEOREMS
266
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
EXERCISE 5.1
MCQ 5.1.1
(A) 2 A (C) 3 A
MCQ 5.1.2
(B) 2 A (D) 3 A
The linear network in the figure contains resistors and dependent sources only. When Vs = 10 V , the power supplied by the voltage source is 40 W. What will be the power supplied by the source if Vs = 5 V ?
(A) 20 W (C) 40 W
Chap 5
MCQ 5.1.4
Circuit Theorems
267
In the circuit below, it is given that when Vs = 20 V , IL = 200 mA . What values of IL and Vs will be required such that power absorbed by RL is 2.5 W ?
For the circuit shown in figure below, some measurements are made and listed in the table.
Which of the following equation is true for IL ? (A) IL = 0.6Vs + 0.4Is (B) IL = 0.2Vs 0.3Is (C) IL = 0.2Vs + 0.3Is (D) IL = 0.4Vs 0.6Is
MCQ 5.1.6
In the circuit below, the voltage drop across the resistance R2 will be equal to
268
MCQ 5.1.7
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
In the circuit below, the voltage V across the 40 resistor would be equal to
In the circuit below, current I = I1 + I2 + I 3 , where I1 , I2 and I 3 are currents due to 60 A, 30 A and 30 V sources acting alone. The values of I1 , I2 and I 3 are respectively
The value of current I flowing through 2 resistance in the circuit below, equals to
(A) 10 A (C) 4 A
MCQ 5.1.10
In the circuit below, current I is equal to sum of two currents I1 and I2 . What are the values of I1 and I2 ?
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
269
(A) 6 A, 1 A (C) 3 A, 1 A
MCQ 5.1.11
(B) 9 A, 6 A (D) 3 A, 4 A
A network consists only of independent current sources and resistors. If the values of all the current sources are doubled, then values of node voltages (A) remains same (B) will be doubled (C) will be halved (D) changes in some other way.
MCQ 5.1.12
Consider a network which consists of resistors and voltage sources only. If the values of all the voltage sources are doubled, then the values of mesh current will be (A) doubled (B) same (C) halved (D) none of these
MCQ 5.1.13
In the circuit shown in the figure below, the value of current I will be be given by
270
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
(A) 4 A (C) 2 A
MCQ 5.1.15
(B) 6 A (D) 1 A
(A)
2 7
Chap 5
MCQ 5.1.18
Circuit Theorems
271
MCQ 5.1.20
272
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
MCQ 5.1.21
Chap 5
MCQ 5.1.22
Circuit Theorems
273
(A) 0 W (C) 9 mW
MCQ 5.1.23
For the circuit shown in the figure the Thevenin voltage and resistance seen from the terminal a -b are respectively
The Thevenin equivalent resistance RTh between the nodes a and b in the following circuit is
274
MCQ 5.1.25
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
In the following circuit, Thevenin voltage and resistance across terminal a and b respectively are
The value of RTh and VTh such that the circuit of figure (B) is the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in figure (A), will be equal to
What values of RTh and VTh will cause the circuit of figure (B) to be the equivalent circuit of figure (A) ?
(B) 3 , 16 V (D) 10 , 24 V
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
275
MCQ 5.1.28
The value of Thevenin voltage across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B) respectively are (A) 30 V, 36 V (B) 28 V, 12 V (C) 18 V, 12 V (D) 30 V, 12 V
MCQ 5.1.29
The value of Thevenin resistance across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B) respectively are (A) zero, 3 (B) 9 , 16 (C) 2 , 3 (D) zero, 16
MCQ 5.1.30
The equivalent Thevenin voltage across terminal a -b is (A) 31.2 V (B) 19.2 V (C) 16.8 V (D) 24 V
MCQ 5.1.31
The Norton equivalent current with respect to terminal a -b is (A) 13 A (B) 7 A (C) 8 A (D) 10 A
276
MCQ 5.1.32
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
For a network having resistors and independent sources, it is desired to obtain Thevenin equivalent across the load which is in parallel with an ideal current source. Then which of the following statement is true ? (A) The Thevenin equivalent circuit is simply that of a voltage source. (B) The Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source and a series resistor. (C) The Thevenin equivalent circuit does not exist but the Norton equivalent does exist. (D) None of these
MCQ 5.1.33
The Thevenin equivalent circuit of a network consists only of a resistor (Thevenin voltage is zero). Then which of the following elements might be contained in the network ? (A) resistor and independent sources (B) resistor only (C) resistor and dependent sources (D) resistor, independent sources and dependent sources.
MCQ 5.1.34
For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenins voltage and resistance looking into a -b are
(A) 2 V, 3 (C) 6 V, 9
(B) 2 V, 2 (D) 6 V, 3
Chap 5
MCQ 5.1.36
Circuit Theorems
277
For the following circuit, values of voltage V for different values of R are given in the table.
The Thevenin voltage and resistance of the unknown circuit are respectively. (A) 14 V, 4 (B) 4 V, 1 (C) 14 V, 6 (D) 10 V, 2
MCQ 5.1.38
In the circuit shown below, the Norton equivalent current and resistance with respect to terminal a -b is
(A)
17 6
A, 0
278
MCQ 5.1.39
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
The Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure is given by
MCQ 5.1.40
What are the values of equivalent Norton current source (IN ) and equivalent resistance (RN ) across the load terminal of the circuit shown in figure ?
IN 10 A 10 A 3.33 A 6.66 A
RN 2 9 9 2
For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to obtain Thevenins or Nortons equivalent across a load which is in parallel with an ideal voltage sources. Consider the following statements :
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
279
1. 2. 3.
Thevenin equivalent circuit across this terminal does not exist. The Thevenin equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a voltage source. The Norton equivalent circuit for this terminal does not exist.
Which of the above statements is/are true ? (A) 1 and 3 (B) 1 only (C) 2 and 3
MCQ 5.1.42
(D) 3 only
For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to obtain Thevenins or Nortons equivalent across a load which is in series with an ideal current sources. Consider the following statements 1. Norton equivalent across this terminal is not feasible. 2. 3. Norton equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a current source only. Thevenins equivalent circuit across this terminal is not feasible.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ? (A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 1 only (D) 3 only
MCQ 5.1.43
The Norton equivalent circuit of the given network with respect to the terminal a -b, is
280
MCQ 5.1.44
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
The maximum power that can be transferred to the resistance R in the circuit is
In the circuit below, if RL is fixed and Rs is variable then for what value of Rs power dissipated in RL will be maximum ?
In the circuit shown below the maximum power transferred to RL is Pmax , then
In the circuit shown in figure (A) if current I1 = 2 A , then current I2 and I 3 in figure (B) and figure (C) respectively are
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
281
(A) 2 A, 2 A (C) 2 A, 2 A
MCQ 5.1.48
(B) 2 A , 2 A (D) 2 A , 2 A
In the circuit of figure (A), if I1 = 20 mA , then what is the value of current I2 in the circuit of figure (B) ?
(A) 40 mA (C) 20 mA
MCQ 5.1.49
If V1 = 2 V in the circuit of figure (A), then what is the value of V2 in the circuit of figure (B) ?
282
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
(A) 2 V (C) 4 V
MCQ 5.1.50
(A) 1 A (C) 3 A
(B) 6 A (D) 2 A
***********
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
283
EXERCISE 5.2
MCQ 5.2.1
MCQ 5.2.2
(A) 3 (C) 6
(B) 12 (D) 3
284
MCQ 5.2.3
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
If V = AV1 + BV2 + CI 3 in the following circuit, then values of A, B and C respectively are
(A) 2 , 2 , 1 3 3 3 (C) 1 , 1 , 1 2 2 3
MCQ 5.2.4
For the circuit of figure, some measurements were made at the terminals a -b and given in the table below.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
285
(B) 12 A (D) 4 A
In the circuit below, for what value of k , load RL = 2 absorbs maximum power ?
(A) 4 (C) 2
MCQ 5.2.8
(B) 7 (D) 6
In the circuit shown below, the maximum power that can be delivered to the load RL is equal to
(A) 72 mW (C) 24 mW
MCQ 5.2.9
(B) 36 mW (D) 18 mW
For the linear network shown below, V -I characteristic is also given in the figure. The value of Norton equivalent current and resistance respectively are
286
MCQ 5.2.10
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
In the following circuit a network and its Thevenin and Norton equivalent are given.
The value of the parameter are VTh (A) (B) (C) (D)
MCQ 5.2.11
RTh 2 2 1.2 5
IN 2A 2A
30 3 8 5
RN 2 3 1.2 5
4V 4V 8V 8V
A A
(A) 6 V (C) 8 V
MCQ 5.2.12
(B) 7 V (D) 10 V
A practical DC current source provide 20 kW to a 50 load and 20 kW to a 200 load. The maximum power, that can drawn from it, is (A) 22.5 kW (B) 45 kW (C) 30.3 kW (D) 40 kW
MCQ 5.2.13
For the following circuit the value of equivalent Norton current IN and resistance RN are
(A) 2 A, 20 (C) 0 A, 20
(B) 2 A, 20 (D) 0 A, 20
Chap 5
MCQ 5.2.14
Circuit Theorems
287
(B) Ib = Ia + 2 (D) Ib = Ia
288
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
MCQ 5.2.17
The Thevenin equivalent of the unknown network across terminal a -b is (A) 3 , 14 V (B) 5 , 16 V (C) 16 , 38 V (D) 10 , 26 V
MCQ 5.2.18
The value of R that will cause I to be 1 A, is (A) 22 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 11 In the circuit shown in fig (a) if current I1 = 2.5 A then current I2 and I 3 in fig (B) and (C) respectively are
MCQ 5.2.19
(A) 5 A, 10 A (C) 5 A, 10 A
(B) 5 A , 10 A (D) 5 A , 10 A
Chap 5
MCQ 5.2.20
Circuit Theorems
289
The Thevenin equivalent resistance between terminal a and b in the following circuit is
The V -I relation of the unknown element X in the given network is V = AI + B . The value of A (in ohm) and B (in volt) respectively are
290
MCQ 5.2.23
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
(B) 96 W (D) 48 W
For the following network the V -I curve with respect to terminals a -b, is given by
Chap 5
MCQ 5.2.25
Circuit Theorems
291
The V -I relation for the circuit below is plotted in the figure. The maximum power that can be transferred to the load RL will be
(A) 4 mW (C) 2 mW
MCQ 5.2.27
(B) 8 mW (D) 16 mW
In the following circuit equivalent Thevenin resistance between nodes a and b is RTh = 3 . The value of is
(A) 2 (C) 3
MCQ 5.2.28
(B) 1 (D) 4
A network N feeds a resistance R as shown in circuit below. Let the power consumed by R be P . If an identical network is added as shown in figure, the power consumed by R will be
292
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
A certain network consists of a large number of ideal linear resistors, one of which is R and two constant ideal source. The power consumed by R is P1 when only the first source is active, and P2 when only the second source is active. If both sources are active simultaneously, then the power consumed by R is (B) P1 ! P2 (A) P1 ! P2 (C) ( P1 ! P2 ) 2 (D) (P1 ! P2) 2
MCQ 5.2.30
If the 60 resistance in the circuit of figure (A) is to be replaced with a current source Is and 240 shunt resistor as shown in figure (B), then magnitude and direction of required current source would be
(A) 4 V, 48 (C) 24 V, 24
(B) 24 V, 12 (D) 12 V, 12
Chap 5
MCQ 5.2.32
Circuit Theorems
293
The voltage VL across the load resistance in the figure is given by VL = V b RL l R + RL V and R will be equal to
(A) 10 V , 2 (C) 10 V , 2
MCQ 5.2.33
The maximum power that can be transferred to the load resistor RL from the current source in the figure is
(A) 4 W (C) 16 W
(B) 8 W (D) 2 W
MCQ 5.2.34
The power supplied by 36 V source will be (A) 108 W (B) 162 W (C) 129.6 W (D) 216 W
294
MCQ 5.2.35
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
The power supplied by 27 A source will be (A) 972 W (B) 1083 W (C) 1458 W (D) 1026 W
MCQ 5.2.36
In the circuit given below, viewed from a -b, the circuit can be reduced to an equivalent circuit as
(A) 10 volt source in series with 2 k resistor (B) 1250 resistor only (C) 20 V source in series with 1333.34 resistor (D) 800 resistor only
MCQ 5.2.38
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
295
(A) 14 V (C) 10 V
MCQ 5.2.39
The value of RL , that would absorb maximum power, is (A) 60 k (B) 100 (C) 300
MCQ 5.2.41
(D) 30 k
296
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
In the following circuit the value of open circuit voltage and Thevenin resistance at terminals a, b are
(A) Voc = 100 V , RTh = 1800 (B) Voc = 0 V , RTh = 270 (C) Voc = 100 V , RTh = 90 (D) Voc = 0 V , RTh = 90
***********
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
297
EXERCISE 5.3
With 10 V dc connected at port A in the linear nonreciprocal two-port network shown below, the following were observed : (i) 1 connected at port B draws a current of 3 A (ii) 2.5 connected at port B draws a current of 2 A
GATE EE 2012
MCQ 5.3.1
With 10 V dc connected at port A, the current drawn by 7 connected at port B is (A) 3/7 A (B) 5/7 A (C) 1 A (D) 9/7 A
MCQ 5.3.2
For the same network, with 6 V dc connected at port A, 1 connected at port B draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is connected to port A, the open circuit voltage at port B is (A) 6 V (B) 7 V (C) 8 V (D) 9 V
MCQ 5.3.3
GATE EC 2011
In the circuit shown below, the value of RL such that the power transferred to RL is maximum is
(A) 5 (C) 15
(B) 10 (D) 20
298
MCQ 5.3.4
GATE EC 2009
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
(B) 8 3 (D) 6
For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin voltage and resistance looking into X -Y are
(A) (C)
MCQ 5.3.6
GATE EC 2005
4 3 4 3
V, 2 V, 2 3
(B) 4 V, 2 3 (D) 4 V, 2
The maximum power that can be transferred to the load resistor RL from the voltage source in the figure is
For the circuit shown in the figure, Thevenins voltage and Thevenins equivalent resistance at terminals a -b is
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
299
In the network of the figure, the maximum power is delivered to RL if its value is
(A) 16 (C) 60
MCQ 5.3.9
GATE EC 2000
(B) 40 3 (D) 20
Use the data of the figure (a). The current i in the circuit of the figure (b)
(A) 2 A (C) 4 A
MCQ 5.3.10
GATE EC 1999
(B) 2 A (D) 4 A
The value of R (in ohms) required for maximum power transfer in the network shown in the given figure is
300
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
(A) 2 (C) 8
MCQ 5.3.11
GATE EC 1998
(B) 4 (D) 16
Superposition theorem is NOT applicable to networks containing (A) nonlinear elements (B) dependent voltage sources (C) dependent current sources (D) transformers
MCQ 5.3.12
GATE EC 1997
(A) 9 V (C) 1 V
MCQ 5.3.13
GATE EE 1997
The Thevenin voltage and resistance about AB for the circuit shown in figure respectively are
(A) 10 V, 2 9 (C) 10 V,
MCQ 5.3.14
GATE EE 1997
12 5
(B) 0 V, 2 9 (D) 0 V,
12 5
For the circuit shown in figure, the Norton equivalent source current value and and its resistance is
(A) ^2 A, 3 h 2 (C) ^4 A, 3 h 2
(B) ^2 A, 9 h 2 (D) ^4 A, 3 h 4
Chap 5
MCQ 5.3.15
GATE EE 1998
Circuit Theorems
301
Viewed from the terminals A-B , the following circuit shown in figure can be reduced to an equivalent circuit of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor with the following parameters
(A) 5 volt source in series with 10 resistor (B) 1 volt source in series with 2.4 resistor (C) 15 volt source in series with 2.4 resistor (D) 1 volt source in series with 10 resistor
MCQ 5.3.16
GATE EE 2009
For the circuit given above, the Thevenins resistance across the terminals A and B is (A) 0.5 k (B) 0.2 k (C) 1 k (D) 0.11 k
MCQ 5.3.17
GATE EE 2009
For the circuit given above, the Thevenins voltage across the terminals A and B is (A) 1.25 V (B) 0.25 V (C) 1 V (D) 0.5 V
MCQ 5.3.18
GATE EE 2010
As shown in the figure, a 1 resistance is connected across a source that has a load line V + I = 100 . The current through the resistance is
302
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the transfer of maximum power to the load having a resistance of 3 is
For the circuit shown in figure VR = 20 V when R = 10 and VR = 30 V when R = 20 . For R = 80 ,VR will read as
For the circuit shown in figure R is adjusted to have maximum power transferred to it. The maximum power transferred is
(A) 16 W (C) 64 W
MCQ 5.3.22
GATE IN 2001
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
303
(B) 2 A (D) 7 A
In full sunlight, a solar cell has a short circuit current of 75 mA and a current of 70 mA for a terminal voltage of 0.6 with a given load. The Thevenin resistance of the solar cell is (A) 8 (B) 8.6 (C) 120 (D) 240
MCQ 5.3.24
GATE IN 2009
The source network S is connected to the load network L as shown by dashed lines. The power transferred from S to L would be maximum when RL is
304
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
SOLUTIONS 5.1
SOL 5.1.1
In the left, 4 and 2 are in series and has same current I = 1 A . V3 = 4I + 2I = 6I = 6 V I 3 = V3 = 6 = 2 A 3 3 I2 = I3 + I = 2+1 = 3A V1 = (1) I2 + V3 = 3+6 = 9V I1 = V1 = 9 = 3 A 6 6 2 Applying principal of linearity For Vs = V0 , I1 = 3 A 2 So for Vs = 2V0 , I1 = 3 # 2 = 3 A 2 Option (D) is correct. We solve this problem using principal of linearity.
(using KVL)
SOL 5.1.2
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
305
I1 = 3 A 2 I1 = 3 # 2 = 3 A 2
Vs = 10 V , P = 40 W So, Is = P = 40 = 4 A Vs 10 Now, Vsl = 5 V , so Isl= 2 A New value of the power supplied by source is Psl = VslIsl= 5 # 2 = 10 W Note: Linearity does not apply to power calculations. For,
SOL 5.1.4
(From linearity)
Option (C) is correct. From linearity, we know that in the circuit Vs ratio remains constant IL Vs = 20 = 100 IL 200 # 103 Let current through load is ILl when the power absorbed is 2.5 W, so PL = (ILl) 2 RL 2.5 = (ILl) 2 # 10 ILl = 0.5 A Vs = Vsl = 100 IL ILl So, Vsl = 100ILl= 100 # 0.5 = 50 V Thus required values are ILl = 0.5 A , Vsl= 50 V
306
SOL 5.1.5
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Option (D ) is correct. From linearity, IL = AVs + BIs , From the table 2 = 14A + 6B 6 = 18A + 2B Solving equation (i) & (ii) A = 0.4 , B = 0.6 So, IL = 0.4Vs 0.6Is
SOL 5.1.6
Option (B) is correct. The circuit has 3 independent sources, so we apply superposition theorem to obtain the voltage drop. Due to 16 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source and Short circuit 32 V source) Let voltage across R2 due to 16 V source only is V1 .
Using voltage division 8 (16) 24 + 8 = 4 V Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit both the 16 V and 32 V sources) Let voltage across R2 due to 5 A source only is V2 . V1 =
V2 = (24 || 16 || 16 ) # 5 = 6 # 5 = 30 volt Due to 32 V source only : (Short circuit 16 V source and open circuit 5 A source) Let voltage across R2 due to 32 V source only is V3
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
307
Using voltage division 9.6 (32) = 12 V 16 + 9.6 By superposition, the net voltage across R2 is V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 4 + 30 + 12 = 38 volt Alternate Method: The problem may be solved by applying a node equation at the top node. V3 =
SOL 5.1.7
Option (C) is correct. We solve this problem using superposition. Due to 9 A source only : (Open circuit 6 A source)
Using current division V1 = 20 (9) & V1 = 80 volt 40 20 + (40 + 30) Due to 6 A source only : (Open circuit 9 A source)
Using current division, V2 = 30 (6) & V2 = 80 volt 40 30 + (40 + 20) From superposition, V = V1 + V2 = 80 + 80 = 160 volt Alternate Method: The problem may be solved by transforming both the current sources into equivalent voltage sources and then applying voltage division.
SOL 5.1.8
CONCEPT: Superposition
308
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
12 || 6 = 4
Using current division 2 (60) = 12 A 2+8 Again, Ia will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 and 6 I1 = 6 (12) = 4 A 12 + 6 Due to 30 A source only : (Open circuit 60 A and short circuit 30 V sources) Ia =
Using current division 4 (30) = 12 A 4+6 Ib will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 and 6 I2 = 6 (12) = 4 A 12 + 6 Due to 30 V source only : (Open circuit 60 A and 30 A sources) Ib =
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
309
3 (5) = 1 A 12 + 3
Option (B) is correct. Using super position, we obtain I . Due to 10 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source)
I2 = 0 I = I1 + I 2 = 5 + 0 = 5 A
Alternatively :
We can see that voltage source is in parallel with resistor and current source so voltage across parallel branches will be 10 V and I = 10/2 = 5 A
310
SOL 5.1.10
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Option (C) is correct. Using superposition, I = I1 + I 2 Let I1 is the current due to 9 A source only. (i.e. short 18 V source)
6 (9) = 3 A (current division) 6 + 12 Let I2 is the current due to 18 V source only (i.e. open 9 A source) I1 =
So,
SOL 5.1.11
18 = 1 A 6 + 12 I1 = 3 A , I 2 = 1 A I2 =
Option (B) is correct. From superposition theorem, it is known that if all source values are doubled, then node voltages also be doubled. Option (A) is correct. From the principal of superposition, doubling the values of voltage source doubles the mesh currents. Option (D) is correct. Applying superposition, Due to 6 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A current source)
SOL 5.1.12
SOL 5.1.13
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
311
6 ( 2) (using current division) 6+6 = 1 A I = I1 + I2 = 0.5 1 = 0.5 A Alternate Method: This problem may be solved by using a single KVL equation around the outer loop. I2 =
SOL 5.1.14
Option (A) is correct. Applying superposition, Due to 24 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A and short circuit 20 V source)
I1 = 24 = 3 A 8
312
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
So (Due to short circuit) I2 = 0 Due to 2 A source only : (Short circuit 24 V and 20 V sources)
4 (2) (using current division) 4+4 = 1A So I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4 A Alternate Method: We can see that current in the middle 4 resistor is I 2 , therefore I can be obtained by applying KVL in the bottom left mesh. I3 =
SOL 5.1.15
Vo = 0
SOL 5.1.16
Option (C) is correct. Using source transformation, we can obtain I in following steps.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
313
I = 6 + 8 = 14 = 2 A 3+4 7 Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem by obtaining Thevenin equivalent for right half of the circuit.
SOL 5.1.17
Option (C) is correct. Using source transformation of 48 V source and the 24 V source
314
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
SOL 5.1.18
Writing KVL around anticlock wise direction 12 2I + 40 4I 2I 16 = 0 12 8I = 0 I = 12 = 1.5 A 8 Option (D) is correct. Using source transformation of 4 A and 6 V source.
Applying KVL around the anticlock wise direction 5 I + 8 2I 12 = 0 9 3I = 0 I = 3 A Power absorbed by 12 V source P12 V = 12 # I = 12 # 3 = 36 W or, 12 V source supplies 36 W power.
Chap 5
SOL 5.1.19
Circuit Theorems
315
Option (B) is correct. We know that source transformation also exists for dependent source, so
Option (C) is correct. We know that source transformation is applicable to dependent source also. Values of equivalent voltage source Vs = (4Ix ) (5) = 20Ix Rs = 5
SOL 5.1.21
Option (C) is correct. Combining the parallel resistance and adding the parallel connected current sources. 9 A 3 A = 6 A (upward) 3 || 6 = 2
316
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
SOL 5.1.22
Option (B) is correct. We apply source transformation as follows. Transforming 3 mA source into equivalent voltage source and 18 V source into equivalent current source.
I = P4 k
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
317
SOL 5.1.23
= b 3 l # 4 = 2.25 mW 4 Option (D) is correct. Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage) The open circuit voltage between a -b can be obtained as
2
Writing KCL at node a VTh 10 + 1 = 0 24 VTh 10 + 24 = 0 VTh = 14 volt Thevenin Resistance : To obtain Thevenins resistance, we set all independent sources to zero i.e., short circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit all the current sources.
RTh = 24
SOL 5.1.24
Option (A) is correct. Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short circuit voltage sources) to obtain RTh
RTh = 12 || 4 = 3
SOL 5.1.25
318
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
and,
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
319
So,
SOL 5.1.27
VTh = 4 V , RTh = 6
SOL 5.1.28
RTh = 6 || 4 = 6 # 4 = 2.4 6+4 Option (B) is correct. For the circuit of figure (A)
320
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
VTh = Va Vb Va = 24 V Vb = 6 ( 6) = 4 V 6+3 VTh = 24 ( 4) = 28 V For the circuit of figure (B), using source transformation
(Voltage division)
VTh = 12 V
SOL 5.1.29
RTh = Rab = 6 || 3 = 2 For the circuit of fig (B), as obtained in previous solution.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
321
RTh = 3
SOL 5.1.30
(KVL)
Option (B) is correct. We obtain Thevenins resistance across a -b and then use source transformation of Thevenins circuit to obtain equivalent Norton circuit.
322
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Norton equivalent
SOL 5.1.32
The current source connected in parallel with load does not affect Thevenin equivalent circuit. Thus, Thevenin equivalent circuit will contain its usual form of a voltage source in series with a resistor.
SOL 5.1.33
Option (C) is correct. The network consists of resistor and dependent sources because if it has independent source then there will be an open circuit Thevenin voltage present. Option (D) is correct. Current I can be easily calculated by Thevenins equivalent across 6 . Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
SOL 5.1.34
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
323
VTh = 9 = 9 = 0.5 A 18 RTh + 6 12 + 6 Note: The problem can be solved easily by a single node equation. Take the nodes connecting the top 4 , 3 V and 4 as supernode and apply KCL. I =
SOL 5.1.35
Applying KCL at top middle node VTh 2Vx + VTh + 1 = 0 3 6 VTh 2VTh + VTh + 1 = 0 3 6 2VTh + VTh + 6 = 0 VTh = 6 volt
(VTh = Vx )
324
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Thevenin Resistance : Open circuit voltage VTh = Isc Short circuit current To obtain Thevenin resistance, first we find short circuit current through a -b RTh =
Writing KCL at top middle node Vx 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx 0 = 0 3 6 3 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx = 0 Vx = 6 volt Isc = Vx 0 = 6 = 2 A 3 3 Thevenins resistance, RTh = VTh = 6 = 3 2 Isc
Direct Method :
Since dependent source is present in the circuit, we put a test source across a -b to obtain Thevenins equivalent.
By applying KCL at top middle node Vx 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx Vtest = 0 3 6 3 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx 2Vtest = 0 2Vtest Vx = 6 Itest = Vtest Vx 3 3Itest = Vtest Vx Vx = Vtest 3Itest Put Vx into equation (i) We have
...(i)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
325
2Vtest (Vtest 3Itest) = 6 2Vtest Vtest + 3Itest = 6 Vtest = 6 3Itest For Thevenins equivalent circuit
...(ii)
Option (C) is correct. We obtain Thevenins equivalent across R. Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
Applying KVL 18 6Ix 2Ix (1) Ix = 0 Ix = 18 = 2 A 9 VTh = (1) Ix = (1) (2) = 2 V Thevenin Resistance : RTh = VTh Isc
326
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Isc = 18 = 3 A 6 Thevenin resistance, RTh = VTh = 2 3 Isc Now, the circuit becomes as
I =
2 =3 2+R 3 2 = 2 + 3R
R =0
SOL 5.1.37
Using voltage division V = VTh b From the table, 3 3 + RTh l 8 = VTh b 8 l 8 + RTh 6 = VTh b ...(i) ...(ii) R R + RTh l
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
327
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get 6 = 3 (8 + RTh) 8 8 (3 + RTh) 6 + 2RTh = 8 + RTh RTh = 2 Substituting RTh into equation (i) 6 = VTh b 3 l 3+2 VTh = 10 V
SOL 5.1.38
Option (C) is correct. Norton current : (Short circuit current) The Norton equivalent current is equal to the short-circuit current that would flow when the load replaced by a short circuit as shown below
Applying KCL at node a I N + I1 + 2 = 0 I1 = 0 20 = 5 A a 6 24 So, IN 5 + 2 = 0 6 IN = 7 A 6 Norton resistance : Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short circuit voltage sources) to obtain Nortons equivalent resistance RN .
RN = 24
SOL 5.1.39
328
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
IN =
(Current division)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
329
RN = 6 + 3 = 9
SOL 5.1.41
The voltage across load terminal is simply Vs and it is independent of any other current or voltage. So, Thevenin equivalent is VTh = Vs and RTh = 0 (Voltage source is ideal). The Norton equivalent does not exist because of parallel connected voltage source.
SOL 5.1.42
The output current from the network is equal to the series connected current source only, so IN = Is . Thus, effect of all other component in the network does not change IN . In this case Thevenins equivalent is not feasible because of the series connected current source.
SOL 5.1.43
330
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
SOL 5.1.44
Option (C) is correct. We obtain Thevenins equivalent across R. By source transformation of both voltage sources
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
331
Maximum Power absorbed by R ^VTh h2 (5.4) 2 P = = = 121.5 mW 4 # 60 4R Alternate Method: Thevenin voltage (open circuit voltage) may be obtained using node voltage method also.
SOL 5.1.45
V = Vs b Power absorbed by RL
RL Rs + R L l
2 (V) 2 = V s RL 2 RL (Rs + RL) From above expression, it is known that power is maximum when Rs = 0
PL =
332
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Note : Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum power transfer theorem if RL is variable and Rs is fixed then power dissipated by RL is maximum when RL = Rs .
SOL 5.1.46
Option (C) is correct. We solve this problem using maximum power transfer theorem. First, obtain Thevenin equivalent across RL . Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
Using nodal analysis VTh 24 + VTh 24 = 0 6 2+4 2VTh 48 = 0 & VTh = 24 V Thevenin resistance :
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
333
SOL 5.1.47
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh = 3 Value of maximum power (24) 2 (V ) 2 Pmax = Th = = 48 W 4#3 4RL Option (D) is correct. This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in each of the circuit. In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect to direction of branch current so V1 =V2 =V3 I1 I2 I3 I2 = I 3 = 2 A Option (C) is correct. According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single voltage source Va in branch a produces a current Ib in branches b, then if the voltage source Va is removed(i.e. branch a is short circuited) and inserted in branch b, then it will produce a current Ib in branch a. So, I2 = I1 = 20 mA Option (A) is correct. According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single current source Ia in branch a produces a voltage Vb in branches b, then if the current source Ia is removed(i.e. branch a is open circuited) and inserted in branch b, then it will produce a voltage Vb in branch a.
SOL 5.1.48
SOL 5.1.49
So,
SOL 5.1.50
V2 = 2 volt
Option (A) is correct. We use Millmans theorem to obtain equivalent resistance and voltage across a -b.
334
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
96 + 40 + 80 Vab = 240 200 800 = 144 = 28.8 V 1 + 1 + 1 5 240 200 800 The equivalent resistance 1 = 96 1 + 1 + 1 240 200 800 Now, the circuit is reduced as Rab =
I =
SOL 5.1.51
Option (C) is correct. First we obtain equivalent voltage and resistance across terminal a -b using Millmans theorem.
I = 24 = 3 A 3+5 ***********
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
335
SOLUTIONS 5.2
SOL 5.2.1
Option (B) is correct. Thevenin Voltage: (Open circuit voltage): The open circuit voltage will be equal to V , i.e. VTh = V Thevenin Resistance: Set all independent sources to zero i.e. open circuit the current source and short circuit the voltage source as shown in figure
RTh = 6
SOL 5.2.3
Option (B) is correct. V is obtained using super position. Due to source V1 only : (Open circuit source I 3 and short circuit source V2 )
336
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
50 (V ) = 1 V (using voltage division) 100 + 50 1 3 1 so, A=1 3 Due to source V2 only : (Open circuit source I 3 and short circuit source V1 ) V =
V = I 3 [100 || 100 || 100] = I 3 b 100 l 3 So, C = 100 3 Alternate Method: Try to solve by nodal method, taking a supernode corresponding to voltage source V2 .
SOL 5.2.4
Option (D) is correct. We solve this problem using linearity and taking assumption that I = 1 A .
In the circuit,
V2 = 4I = 4 V I 2 = I + I1 = 1 + V2 = 1 + 4 = 4 A 12 3 4+8
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
337
SOL 5.2.5
V3 = 3I2 + V2 = 3# 4 +4 = 8V 3 Is = I 3 + I 2 = V3 + I2 = 8 + 4 = 4 A 3 3 3 Applying superposition When Is = 4 A , I = 1 A But actually Is = 2 A , So I = 1 # 2 = 0.5 A 4 Option (A) is correct. Solving with superposition, Due to 6 V source only : (Open circuit 2 mA source)
(Using KVL)
(Using KCL)
6 = 6 = 0.6 mA 6 + 6 || 12 6 + 4 I1 = 6 (Is) = 6 # 0.6 = 0.2 mA 6 + 12 18 Due to 2 mA source only : (Short circuit 6 V source) : Is =
Combining resistances, 6 k || 6 k = 3 k 3 k + 6 k = 9 k
I2 =
9 ( 2) = 1.2 mA 9+6 I = I1 + I 2
338
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
= 0.2 1.2 = 1 mA Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem using source conversion.
SOL 5.2.6
SOL 5.2.7
VTh RTh + RL From the data given in table 10 = VTh RTh + 2 6 = VTh RTh + 10 Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get 10 = RTh + 10 6 RTh + 2 10RTh + 20 = 6RTh + 60 4RTh = 40 & RTh = 10 Substituting RTh into equation (i) 10 = VTh 10 + 2 VTh = 10 (12) = 120 V For RL = 20 , = 120 = 4 A IL = VTh RTh + RL 10 + 20 Option (A) is correct. IL =
...(i) ...(ii)
For maximum power transfer RTh = RL = 2 To obtain RTh set all independent sources to zero and put a test source across the load terminals.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
339
RTh = Vtest Itest Using KVL, Vtest 4Itest 2Itest kVx 4Itest = 0 Vtest 10Itest k ( 2Itest) = 0 Vtest = (10 2k) Itest RTh = Vtest = 10 2k = 2 Itest 8 = 2k k =4
SOL 5.2.8
(Vx = 2Itest )
Option (D) is correct. To calculate maximum power transfer, first we will find Thevenin equivalent across load terminals. Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
340
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
2 (24) 2+2 = 12 V
RL V RTh + RL Th For maximum power transfer RL = RTh VL = VTh # RTh = VTh 2 2RTh So maximum power absorbed by RL VL =
2 2 (12) 2 Pmax = V L = VTh = = 18 mW 4#2 RL 4RTh Option (C) is correct. The circuit with Norton equivalent
SOL 5.2.9
IN + I = V RN I = V IN RN From the given graph, the equation of line I = 2V 6 Comparing with general form So,
(General form)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
341
1 = 2 or R = 0.5 N RN IN = 6 A
SOL 5.2.10
RTh = 2 + 3 = 5 = RN Norton current: IN = VTh = 8 A 5 RTh Option (A) is correct. If we solve this circuit directly by nodal analysis, then we have to deal with three variables. We can replace the left most and write most circuit by their Thevenin equivalent as shown below.
SOL 5.2.11
342
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Writing node equation at the top center node V1 4 + V1 + V1 12 = 0 1+1 6 1+2 V1 + 4 + V1 + V1 12 = 0 2 6 3 3V1 12 + V1 + 2V1 24 = 0 6V1 = 36 V1 = 6 V
SOL 5.2.12
...(i)
SOL 5.2.13
When RL = 200 , power absorbed in load will be 2 Rs ...(ii) b Rs + 200 Is l 200 = 20 kW Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we have (Rs + 200) 2 = 4 (Rs + 50) 2 Rs = 100 and Is = 30 A From maximum power transfer, the power supplied by source current Is will be maximum when load resistance is equal to source resistance i.e. RL = Rs . Maximum power is given as 2 (30) 2 # 100 = 22.5 kW Pmax = I s Rs = 4 4 Option (C) is correct. Norton current, IN = 0 because there is no independent source present in the circuit. To obtain Norton resistance we put a 1 A test source across the load terminal as shown in figure.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
343
SOL 5.2.14
Norton or Thevenin resistance RN = Vtest 1 Writing KVL in the left mesh 20I1 + 10 ^1 I1h 30I1 = 0 20I1 10I1 30I1 + 10 = 0 I1 = 0.5 A Writing KVL in the right mesh Vtest 5 ^1 h 30I1 = 0 Vtest 5 30 ^0.5h = 0 Vtest 5 15 = 0 RN = Vtest = 20 1 Option (C) is correct. In circuit (b) transforming the 3 A source in to 18 V source all source are 1.5 times of that in circuit (a) as shown in figure.
344
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
345
I = 12 + 72 + Vs 19 + 9 Vs = (28 # I) 12 72 = (28 # 5) 12 72 = 56 V
SOL 5.2.16
Option (A) is correct. We obtain I using superposition. Due to 24 V source only : (Open circuit 6 A)
Applying KVL 24 6I1 3I1 3I1 = 0 I1 = 24 = 2 A 12 Due to 6 A source only : (Short circuit 24 V source)
From superposition,
346
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Alternate Method: Note that current in 3 resistor is ^I + 6h A, so by applying KVL around the outer loop, we can find current I .
SOL 5.2.17
VTh 3 + RTh 1.6 = VTh 5 + RTh Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get 2 = 5 + RTh 1.6 3 + RTh 6 + 2RTh = 8 + 1.6RTh 0.4RTh = 2 RTh = 5 Substituting RTh into equation (i) 2 = VTh 3+5 VTh = 2 (8) = 16 V
SOL 5.2.18
SOL 5.2.19
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
347
It can be solved by reciprocity theorem. Polarity of voltage source should have same correspondence with branch current in each of the circuit. Polarity of voltage source and current direction are shown below V1 =V2 = V3 So, I1 I2 I3 10 = 20 = 40 2.5 I2 I3 I2 = 5 A I 3 = 10 A
SOL 5.2.20
Option (B) is correct. Open circuit voltage RTh = Voc = Isc short circuit Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage Voc ) Using source transformation of the dependent source
Applying KCL at top left node 24 = Vx & Vx = 144 V 6 Using KVL, Vx 8I Vx Voc = 0 2 144 0 144 = Voc 2 Voc = 72 V Short circuit current (Isc ):
348
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Vx = 8I sc 2 Vx = 16Isc KCL at the top left node V Vx /2 24 = Vx + x 6 8 24 = Vx + Vx 6 16 Vx = 1152 V 11 Isc = Vx = 1152 = 72 A 16 11 # 16 11 RTh = Voc = 72 = 11 72 Isc b 11 l Alternate method : We can obtain Thevenin equivalent resistance without calculating the Thevenin voltage (open circuit voltage). Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short circuit voltage sources) and put a test source Vtest between terminal a -b as shown
RTh = Vtest = 11 Itest Option (C) is correct. We solve this problem using linearity and assumption that I = 1 A .
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
349
SOL 5.2.22
V2 = I 2 4 + 12 Is = 16 + 2.5 = 3.5 A 16 When Is = 3.5 A , I = 1A But Is = 14 A , so I = .1 # 14 = 4 A 3.5 Option (A) is correct. To obtain V -I equation we find the Thevenin equivalent across the terminal at which X is connected. Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
350
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Option (C) is correct. This problem will easy to solve if we obtain Thevenin equivalent across the 12 V source. Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
351
Mesh currents are Mesh 1: I1 = 0 Mesh 2: I1 I 3 = 2 or I 3 = 2 A Mesh 3: I 3 I2 = 4 or I2 = 6 A Mesh equation for outer loop VTh 1 # I 3 1 # I2 = 0 VTh ( 2) ( 6) = 0 VTh + 2 + 6 = 0 VTh = 8 V Thevenin resistance :
352
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Option (A) is correct. To obtain V -I relation, we obtain either Norton equivalent or Thevenin equivalent across terminal a -b. Norton Current (short circuit current) :
IN = V + I RN
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
353
or
4 =V +I 4 16 = V + 4I V = 4I + 16
Option (A) is correct. For maximum power transfer RL = RTh . To obtain Thevenin resistance set all independent sources to zero and put a test source across load terminals.
RTh = Vtest Itest Writing KCL at the top center node Vtest + Vtest 2Vx = I test 2k 1k Also, Vtest + Vx = 0 so Vx = Vtest Substituting Vx = Vtest into equation (i) Vtest + Vtest 2 ( Vtest) = I test 2k 1k Vtest + 6Vtest = 2Itest RTh = Vtest = 2 k - 286 7 Itest
SOL 5.2.26
354
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
I = VTh V RTh or, V = RTh I + VTh From the given graph V = 4I + 8 So, by comparing RTh = 4 k , VTh = 8 V For maximum power transfer RL = RTh Maximum power absorbed by RL
2
(General form)
SOL 5.2.27
2 (8) Pmax = VTh = = 4 mW 4#4 4RTh Option (C) is correct. To fine out Thevenin equivalent of the circuit put a test source between node a and b,
RTh = Vtest Itest Writing node equation at V1 V1 Ix + V1 = I x 1 1 2V1 = ^1 + h Ix Ix is the branch current in 1 resistor given as Ix = Vtest V1 1 V1 = Vtest Ix Substituting V1 into equation (i) 2 ^Vtest Ix h = ^1 + h Ix 2Vtest = ^3 + h Ix 2Vtest = ^3 + h Itest RTh = Vtest = 3 + = 3 2 Itest 3+ = 6 = 3
SOL 5.2.28
...(i)
^Ix = Itest h
Option (C) is correct. Let Thevenin equivalent of both networks are as shown below.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
355
SOL 5.2.29
Using superposition I = I1 ! I 2 P1 ! P2 R R 2 I R = ( P1 ! P2 ) 2 =
SOL 5.2.30
Option (B) is correct. From the substitution theorem we know that any branch within a circuit can be replaced by an equivalent branch provided that replacement branch has the same current through it and voltage across it as the original branch. The voltage across the branch in the original circuit
40 || 60 (using voltage division) (20) (40 || 60) + 16 = 24 # 20 = 12 V 40 Current entering terminal a -b is I = V = 12 = 200 mA R 60 In fig(B), to maintain same voltage V = 12 V current through 240 resistor must V =
356
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
I = I R + IS 200 = 50 + Is Is = 150 mA ,
SOL 5.2.31
down wards
Option (B) is correct. Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage) In the given problem, we use mesh analysis method to obtain Thevenin voltage
I3 = 0 Writing mesh equations Mesh 1: 36 12 (I1 I2) 6 (I1 I 3) 36 12I1 + 12I2 6I1 3I1 2I2 Mesh 2: 24I2 20 (I2 I 3) 12 (I2 I1) 24I2 20I2 12I2 + 12I1 14I2 From equation (i) and (ii) I1 = 7 A, I2 = 1 A 3 2 Mesh 3: 6 (I 3 I1) 20 (I 3 I2) VTh
(a -b is open circuit)
=0 =0 =6 =0 =0 = 3I1
(I 3 = 0) ...(i)
(I 3 = 0) ...(ii)
=0
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
357
RTh = (20 + 4) || 24 = 24 || 24 = 12 Alternate Method: VTh can be obtained by writing nodal equation at node a and at center node.
SOL 5.2.32
Option (C) is correct. We obtain Thevenins equivalent across load terminal. Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
358
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Ix = 5 A Using KVL 2Ix 4Ix VTh = 0 2 (5) 4 (5) = VTh VTh = 10 volt Thevenin Resistance : First we find short circuit current through a -b
Using KCL at top left node 5 = Ix + Isc Ix = 5 Isc Applying KVL in the right mesh 2Ix 4Ix + 0 = 0 Ix = 0 So, 5 Isc = 0 or Isc = 5 A Thevenin resistance, RTh = VTh = 10 = 2 5 Isc Now, the circuit becomes as
V = VTh b So,
SOL 5.2.33
Option (C) is correct. We obtain Thevenin equivalent across the load terminals Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
359
340 (40) 340 + 60 = 34 A Va = 20I1 = 20 # 34 = 680 V I1 = Similarly, 60 (40) = 6 A 60 + 340 Vb = 100I2 = 100 # 6 = 600 V Thevenin voltage VTh = 680 600 = 80 V Thevenin Resistance : I2 =
360
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh = 100 Maximum power transferred to RL (V ) 2 (80) 2 Pmax = Th = 4 # 100 4RL = 16 W
SOL 5.2.34
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
361
Option (D) is correct. Now, we do source transformation from left to right as shown
Option (C) is correct. First, we find current I in the 4 resistors using superposition.
362
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
I1 = 18 = 4.5 A 4 Due to 12 V source only : (Open circuit 4 A and short circuit 18 V source)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
363
Alternate Method: Let current in 4 resistor is I , then by applying KVL around the outer loop 18 12 4I = 0 I = 6 = 1.5 A 4 So, power dissipated in 4 resistor P4 = I 2 (4) = (1.5) 2 # 4 = 9 W
SOL 5.2.37
Option (D) is correct. We obtain Thevenin equivalent across terminal a -b. Thevenin Voltage : Since there is no independent source present in the network, Thevenin voltage is simply zero. VTh = 0 Thevenin Resistance : Put a test source across terminal a -b
RTh = Vtest Itest For the super node V1 Vtest = 2000Ix V1 Vtest = 2000 b V1 l 4000 V1 = V or V = 2V test 1 test 2 Applying KCL to the super node V1 0 + V1 + Vtest = I test 4k 4k 4k 2V1 + Vtest = 4 # 103 Itest 2 (2Vtest) + Vtest = 4 # 103 Itest Vtest = 4 # 103 = 800 5 Itest
SOL 5.2.38
^Ix = V1 /4000h
(V1 = 2Vtest)
Option (C) is correct. Using, Thevenin equivalent circuit Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
364
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Ix = 4 A Writing KVL in bottom right mesh 24 (1) Ix VTh = 0 VTh = 24 + 4 = 20 V Thevenin resistance : open circuit voltage Voc RTh = = short circuit current Isc Voc = VTh = 20 V Isc is obtained as follows
(using KCL)
1 (V ) = 1 ( 20)= 10 volt (Using voltage division) 1+1 1 + RTh Th Alternate Method: Note that current in bottom right most 1 resistor is ^Ix + 4h, V =
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
365
so applying KVL around the bottom right mesh, 24 Ix ^Ix + 4h = 0 Ix = 14 A So, V = 1 # ^Ix + 4h = 14 + 4 = 10 V
SOL 5.2.39
Option (A) is correct. Writing currents into 100 and 300 resistors by using KCL as shown in figure.
SOL 5.2.40
Ix = 1 A, Vx = Vtest Writing mesh equation for bottom right mesh. Vtest = 100 (1 2Ix ) + 300 (1 2Ix 0.01Vx ) + 800 = 100 V RTh = Vtest = 100 1 Option (D) is correct. For RL = 10 k , Vab1 = 10k # 3.6m = 6 V For RL = 30 k , Vab2 = 30k # 4.8m = 12 V 10 V = 6 ...(i) Vab1 = 10 + RTh Th 30 V = 12 ...(ii) Vab2 = 30 + RTh Th Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get RTh = 30 k . Maximum power will be transferred when RL = RTh = 30 k . Option (C) is correct. Equation for V -I can be obtained with Thevenin equivalent across a -b terminals. Thevenin Voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
SOL 5.2.41
366
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Writing KCL at the top node Vx = VTh Vx 20 40 Vx = 2VTh 2Vx 3Vx = 2VTh & Vx = 2 VTh 3 KCL at the center node Vx VTh + Vx = 0.3 20 30 3Vx 3VTh + 2Vx = 18 5Vx 3VTh = 18 2 V 3V = 18 2 5 b l Th Th bVx = 3 VTh l 3 10VTh 9VTh = 54 VTh = 54 volt Thevenin resistance : When a dependent source is present in the circuit the best way to obtain Thevenin resistance is to remove all independent sources and put a test source across a -b terminals as shown in figure.
RTh = Vtest Itest KCL at the top node Vx + I = Vtest test 20 + 30 40 Vx + I = Vtest test 50 40 Vx = 30 (Vtest) 30 + 20 = 3 Vtest 5 Substituting Vx into equation (i), we get 3Vtest + I = Vtest test 50 5 (40) Itest = Vtest b 1 3 l = Vtest 50 200 200 RTh = Vtest = 200 Itest
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
367
Option (D) is correct. To obtain Thevenin resistance put a test source across the terminal a , b as shown.
Vtest = Vx , Itest = Ix By writing loop equation for the circuit Vtest = 600 (I1 I2) + 300 (I1 I 3) + 900 (I1) Vtest = (600 + 300 + 900) I1 600I2 300I 3 ...(i) Vtest = 1800I1 600I2 300I 3 The loop current are given as, I1 = Itest , I2 = 0.3Vs , and I 3 = 3Itest + 0.2Vs Substituing theses values into equation (i), Vtest = 1800Itest 600 (0.01Vs) 300 (3Itest + 0.01Vs) Vtest = 1800Itest 6Vs 900Itest 3Vs 10Vtest = 900Itest , Vtest = 90Itest Thevenin resistance RTh = Vtest = 90 Itest Thevenin voltage or open circuit voltage will be zero because there is no independent source present in the network, i.e. Voc = 0 V ***********
368
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
SOLUTIONS 5.3
SOL 5.3.1
Now, we obtain Thevenin equivalent for the circuit seen at load terminal, let Thevenin voltage is VTh, 10 V with 10 V applied at port A and Thevenin resistance is RTh .
IL = For RL = 1 , IL = 3 A 3=
VTh,10 V RTh + 1 For RL = 2.5 , IL = 2 A V 2 = Th,10 V RTh + 2.5 Dividing above two 3 = RTh + 2.5 2 RTh + 1 3RTh + 3 = 2RTh + 5 RTh = 2 Substituting RTh into equation (i)
...(ii)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
369
VTh,10 V = 3 (2 + 1) = 9 V Note that it is a non reciprocal two port network. Thevenin voltage seen at port B depends on the voltage connected at port A. Therefore we took subscript VTh,10 V . This is Thevenin voltage only when 10 V source is connected at input port A. If the voltage connected to port A is different, then Thevenin voltage will be different. However, Thevenins resistance remains same. Now, the circuit is
For RL = 7 ,
SOL 5.3.2
IL =
VTh,10 V = 9 = 1A 2 + RL 2 + 7
Option (B) is correct. Now, when 6 V connected at port A let Thevenin voltage seen at port B is VTh,6 V . Here RL = 1 and IL = 7 A 3
VTh, 6 V = RTh # 7 + 1 # 7 = 2 # 7 + 7 = 7 V 3 3 3 3 This is a linear network, so VTh at port B can be written as VTh = V1 + where V1 is the input applied at port A. We have V1 = 10 V , VTh,10 V = 9 V ...(i) 9 = 10 + ` When V1 = 6 V , VTh, 6 V = 9 V ...(ii) ` 7 = 6 + Solving (i) and (ii) = 0.5 , = 4 Thus, with any voltage V1 applied at port A, Thevenin voltage or open circuit voltage at port B will be So, VTh, V = 0.5V1 + 4 For V1 = 8 V (open circuit voltage) VTh,8 V = 0.5 # 8 + 4 = 8 = Voc
1
370
SOL 5.3.3
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Option (C) is correct. Power transferred to RL will be maximum when RL is equal to the Thevenin resistance seen at the load terminals. To obtain Thevenin resistance, we set all independent sources zero(i.e. short circuit voltage source and open circuit current source) as shown in figure.
Option (C) is correct. For maximum power transfer, the load resistance RL must be equal to Thevenin resistance RTh seen at the load terminals. i.e. RL = RTh . Thevenin resistance is given by Open circuit voltage Voc RTh = = Short circuit current Isc The open circuit voltage can be obtained using the circuit shown below
The open circuit voltage is Voc = 100 V. Short circuit current is determined using following circuit
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
371
From figure,
I2 = 100 + Vx = 100 50 = 12.5 A 4 4 Isc = I1 + I2 = 25 A So, RTh = Voc = 100 = 4 Isc 25 Thus, for maximum power transfer RL = RTh = 4 .
SOL 5.3.5
Option (D) is correct. Open circuit voltage (Voc) VTh = Isc Short circuit current (Isc) is voltage across node also. Applying nodal analysis we get RTh =
Here VTh
VTh + VTh + VTh 2i = 2 2 1 1 From the circuit, i = VTh = VTh 1 Therefore, VTh + VTh + VTh 2VTh = 2 2 1 1 or, VTh = 4 volt From the figure shown below it may be easily seen that the short circuit current at terminal XY is Isc = 2 A because i = 0 due to short circuit of 1 resistor and all current will pass through short circuit.
Therefore
SOL 5.3.6
Option (C) is correct. Maximum power will be transferred when RL = RTh = 100 In this case voltage across RL is 5 V, therefore
372
Circuit Theorems
2 (10) 2 Pmax = VTh = = 0.25 W 4R 4 # 100 Option (B) is correct. Open circuit voltage VTh RTh = = Isc Short circuit current Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage):
Chap 5
SOL 5.3.7
Applying KCL at node we get VTh + VTh 10 = 1 5 5 or, VTh = 7.5 Short Circuit Current: Short circuit current through terminal a , b is obtained as follows.
Isc = 1 + 10 = 3 A 5
Thevenin resistance, RTh = VTh = 7.5 = 2.5 Isc 3 Note: Here current source being in series with dependent voltage source makes it ineffective.
SOL 5.3.8
Option (A) is correct. For maximum power delivered, load resistance RL must be equal to Thevenin resistance RTh seen from the load terminals. Open circuit voltage (Voc) VTh RTh = = Isc Short circuit current (Isc)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
373
Applying KCL at Node, we get 0.5I1 = VTh + I1 20 or VTh + 10I1 = 0 but I1 = VTh 50 40 Thus, VTh + VTh 50 = 0 4 or VTh = 10 V For Isc the circuit is shown in figure below.
Isc = 0.5I1 I1 = 0.5I1 but I1 = 50 = 1.25 A 40 Isc = 0.5 # 12.5 = 0.625 A So, Rth = VTh = 10 = 16 Isc 0.625 Alternate Method: Thevenin resistance can be obtained by setting all independent source to zero and put a test source across the load terminals as shown.
Writing KCL at top node Vtest + Vtest = I + 0.5I test 1 20 40 3 V = I + 0.5 Vtest b 40 l test 40 test 3 1 b 40 80 l Vtest = Itest 1 V =I test 16 test
374
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Thevenin resistance, RTh = Vtest = 16 Itest Option (C) is correct. This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in each of the circuit. In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect to direction of branch current so V1 =V2 I1 I2 10 = 20 2 I I = 4 A Option (C) is correct. For maximum power transfer RL should be equal to RTh at same terminal. To obtain RTh set all independent sources to zero as shown below
SOL 5.3.9
SOL 5.3.10
RTh = ^5 || 20 h + 4 = 5 # 20 + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8 5 + 20 Option (A) is correct. Superposition theorem is applicable to only linear circuits. Option (D) is correct. V can not be determined without knowing the elements in box. Option ( ) is correct. Thevenin Voltage (open circuit voltage) :
SOL 5.3.11
SOL 5.3.12
SOL 5.3.13
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
375
Writing KCL VTh 10 = 4V s 2 VTh = 8Vs + 10 10 VTh = Vs From equation (i) and (ii) VTh = 8 ^10 VTh h + 10 = 80 8VTh + 10 = 10 V Thevenin resistance : RTh = VTh Isc Isc is short circuit current through terminal A, B
...(i) ...(ii)
Isc = 10 Vs 4 Writing KCL at top center node Vs + 4V = I s sc 2 9V = I sc 2 s Vs = 2 Isc 9 Substituting Vs into equation (iii) 4Isc = 10 2 Isc 9 Substituting Vs in to equation (i) 4Isc = 10 2 Isc 9 38 I = 10 9 sc Isc = 90 A 38 RTh = 10 = 38 A 9 90/38 None of the option is correct.
SOL 5.3.14
...(iii)
376
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
So,
SOL 5.3.15
IN = 2 A RN = 4.5
Adding parallel connected current source and combining the resistance I = 10 5 = 5 A 6 4 12 R = 12 = 2.4 5
SOL 5.3.16
Option (B) is correct. To obtain equivalent Thevenin resistance put a test source across A, B and set independent source to zero.
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
377
Writing node equation at top right node Vtest + 3VAB + Vtest = I test 1k 1k Vtest + 3Vtest + Vtest = I test 1000 1000 5Vtest = 1000Itest RTh = Vtest = 200 = 0.2 k Itest
SOL 5.3.17
^VAB = Vtest h
Option (D) is correct. Thevenin voltage or open circuit voltage across A, B can be computed using the circuit below.
Writing node equation at node x ^VTh + 3VAB h 5 VTh + 3VAB VTh + + 2k 2k 1k VTh + 3VAB 5 + VTh + 3VAB + 2VTh 10VTh 5 VTh
SOL 5.3.18
=0 =0 =0 = 0.5 V
^VAB = VTh h
...(i)
378
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
Applying KVL in the loop V 1I = 0 From equation (i) and (ii) 2I = 100 & I = 50 A
SOL 5.3.19
...(ii)
Power transferred to the load 2 10 P = I 2 RL = b l RL RTh + RL For maximum power transfer RTh , should be minimum. RTh = 6R = 0 6+R R =0 Note : Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum power transfer theorem if RL is variable and RTh is fixed then power dissipated by RL is maximum when RL = RTh .
SOL 5.3.20
Option (A) is correct. Let Thevenin equivalent voltage of dc network is VTh and Thevenin resistance is RTh .
R V R + RTh Th 10 V 20 = 10 + RTh Th 20 V 30 = 20 + RTh Th Dividing equation (i) and (ii) 2 = 10 c 20 + RTh m 20 10 + RTh 3 40 + 4RTh = 60 + 3RTh VR =
...(i) ...(ii)
Chap 5
Circuit Theorems
379
SOL 5.3.21
RTh = 20 Substituting RTh into equation (i) 20 = 10 VTh 10 + 20 VTh = 60 V For R = 80 , VR = 80 ^60h = 48 V 80 + 20 Option (C) is correct. We obtain Thevenin equivalent across R. Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage) :
SOL 5.3.22
RTh = 1 For maximum power transfer R = RTh = 1 The maximum power will be 2 ^16h2 Pmax = VTh = = 64 W 4 4RTh Option (B) is correct. Transforming the 5 A current source into equivalent voltage source
380
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
SOL 5.3.23
5V1 50 + 12V1 = 120 17V1 = 170 V1 = 10 V Current in 5 resistor I5 = V1 = 10 = 2 A 5 5 Option (C) is correct. Let the circuit is
Vt = 0.6 ,
...(i)
I = VTh 0.6 = 70 mA RTh VTh 0.6 = 70 # 103 RTh From equation (i) and (ii) 75 # 103 RTh 0.6 = 70 # 103 RTh 5 # 103 RTh = 0.6 RTh = 120
...(ii)
Chap 5
SOL 5.3.24
Circuit Theorems
381
SOL 5.3.25
I = 10 3 = 7 2 + RL 2 + RL Power delivered from source to load will be sum of power absorbed by RL and power absorbed by 3 V source 2 P = c 7 m RL + c 7 m # 3 2 + RL 2 + RL 49RL + 21 ^2 + RL h = ^2 + RL h2 ^42 + 70RL h = ^2 + RL h2 For maximum power transfer dP = 0 dRL 2 ^2 + RL h 60 + 70@ ^42 + 70RL h64 ^2 + RL h@ =0 ^2 + RL h4 ^2 + RL h^70h ^42 + 70RL h^2 h = 0 140 + 70RL 84 140RL = 0 RL = 4 = 0.8 5 Option (A) is correct. Transforming 10 V source into equivalent current source
10 || 10 = 5 10 A 1 A = 9 A
382
Circuit Theorems
Chap 5
I =
5 9 5 + 10 ^ h = 3A ***********