PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

BOND VALUATION
Q1

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 12%

80 x 4.96

1100 x 0.403

396.8

443.3

840.71

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 12%

Value of Bond if Interest is paid semi-annually

Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 6%
For 16 yrs

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 6% for 16 years

40 x 10.106

1100 x 0.394

404.24

433.4

837.64

Value of Bond if Interest is paid semi-annually and Expected rate of return is 6%

Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 3%
For 16 yrs

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 3% for 16 years

40 x 12.561

1100 x 0.623

502.44

685.3

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q2

Q3

Q4

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 10%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 10%

90 x 3.791

1,000 x 0.621

341.19

621

962.19

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 8%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 8%

70 x 7.536

1000 x 0.397

527.25

397

924.525

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Statement of cash outflows

Year

Principal paid
Every year

Interest

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

125
100
225
125
87.50
212.50
125
75.00
200
125
62.50
187.50
125
50.00
175.00
125
37.50
162.50
125
25
150.00
125
12.50
137.50
Present value of future cash outflows or value of bond

total cash
outflow

Discounting
factor @ 8%

0.926
0.857
0.794
0.735
0.681
0.630
0.583
0.540

Present
value of
Cash
outflow
208.35
182.11
158.80
137.81
119.18
102.38
87.45
74.25
1070.33

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q5

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Statement of present value of Cash outflows

Q6

Year

Principal paid
Every year

1-5
6
7
8
9
10

115
115
3.517
230
115
345
0.480
230
92
322
0.425
230
69
299
0.376
230
46
276
0.333
230
23
253
0.295
Present value of Future cash outflows or Current market price of bond

total cash
outflow

Discounting
factor @ 13%

Present
value of
Cash
Outflows
404.46
165.60
136.85
112.42
91.91
74.64
985.88

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 16%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 16%
(9 x 2.798) + (10 x 2.798 x 0.552) + (14 x 1.605 x 0.305) + (105 x 0.226)

=
=
Q7

Interest

25.182 + 15.44496 + 6.85335 + 23.73

71.21

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

= Rs 1,600

Price of the bond if yield is 9%

=

= Rs 2,667

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

b.

Current yield is the return of the bond at the current market price
Current yield

0.10

Rs 900

If current Yield is 8%

= Rs 1125

CMP =
If current yield is 12%

= Rs 750

CMP =
Q8

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Equilibrium market price =

Or Intrinsic value

P.V of Interest at 11%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 11%

40 x 3.695

500 x 0.593

147.8

296.7

444.52

Bond is currently traded at 95% i.e (500 x 0.95) Rs 475.

Since actual market price is more than Intrinsic value, So bond is overpriced. Thus bond is not a
desirable Investment.
Q9

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 10%

For 5 years

(8 x 1.735) + (10 x 2.486 x 0.826) + 102 x 0.620

13.88

20.534 +

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 10%
For 5 years

63.24

=
97.654
Equilibrium price or Intrinsic value of the bond is Rs 97.654. If this bond is available at Rs 94, Mr X
should purchase this bond.

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q10

Q11

A bond with face value of Rs 500 will be matured after 15 years at a premium of 5%.
th
Interest is paid semi-annually @ 12%p.a from 6 year
Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the bond
at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 10%

For 15 years

=
=
=

30 x 12.462 x 0.6139
229.513
350.9455

+
+

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 10%
For 15 years
525 x 0.2313
121.4325

Bond is convertible into 5 equity shares after 5 years.

Current market price of share is Rs 22 which is expected to increase @ 5% p.a
5
Market price of share after 5 years =
22 (1.05) = 22 x 1.276 = 28.072
Redeemable value of bond is Value of 5 shares after 5 years
= 5 x 28.072 = Rs 140.36
Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond
=
P.V of all cash outflow
Current market price

Q12

P.V of Interest at 8%
For 5 years

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 8%

11 x 3.993

140.36 x 0.681

43.923

95.585

Rs 139.508

Current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows at expected rate of
return.
Debenture holder has the option to convert debenture into 20 equity shares till maturity. Holder
will exercise the option of conversion when value of shares received is equal to or more than
value of debenture
Value of the Debenture =
P.V of all cash outflow
Current market price

P.V of Interest at 8%
For 5 years

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 8%

12 x 3.993

100 x 0.681

47.916

68.1

116.016

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Statement of value of share at given market price

If Market price of share is Rs 4 =
If Market price of share is Rs 5 =
If Market price of share is Rs 6 =

Total value of 20 shares Rs 80

Total value of 20 shares Rs 100
Total value of 20 shares Rs 120

Thus debenture holder will exercise the option of conversion only if Market price of share is Rs 6,
as the value of his shareholding will be more than value of debenture holdings if the price is Rs 6
or more.
Q13

Assuming current value of the bond is 1, the period required to double the value at compounding
of 9% is
x
1 . (1.09) = 2
Taking log on both sides
x log 1.09 = log 2
x X 0.374 = 3.010
x = 8.05 years
the period required to triple the value at compounding rate of 9% is
x
1 . (1.09) = 3
x log 1.09 = log 3
x (0.374) = 4.771
x=

Q14

= 12.757 years

Current value of the bond is present value of all future outflows. In case of Zero coupon bond,
outflow will be of face value, on the maturity i.e there will be no intermediate outflows in form of
interest during the life of bond.
Current market price

Present value of all future outflows

1,00,000 x 0.593

Rs 59,300

If currently bond is traded at Rs 74,700, the it is overpriced bond as equilibrium price of the bond
is less than actual price of the bond. In this case if investor is holding the bond, he should sell it. If
investor is not holding the bond, he should not buy it.
Expected or equilibrium price of the bond is the present value of the outflows of the bond at
expected rate of return. Higher the expected rate of return lower will be the expected or
equilibrium price.
If actual market price is higher, this implies that actual rate of return of bond is lower than
expected rate of return. In this case investor should dispose such existing bond or should not
invest in such bond
If actual market price is lower than equilibrium market price, this implies that actual rate of return
is more than expected rate of return, in this case investor should hold or purchase the bond.

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q15

Q16

Current market price

a.

Present value of all future outflows

25,000 x 0.226

5,650

face value of bond is Rs 100 and discount yield is 6 %

Discount = 100 x .06 x

= 0.75

Current market price = 100 0.75 = Rs 99.25

b.

Bond equivalent yield = 0.75 is the return for 45 days on the investment of Rs 99.25. yield
for full year is
x 360

c.

effective annual rate of return = (value of 1 Re invested for a year with compounding
after 45 days)

(1+

Q17

a.

= 6.045 % p.a

1.0621

6.21% p.a

Holding period rate of return =

x 100
x 100

=
=

43.75%

If bond is sold for Rs 750 after receiving interest of Rs 150, then holding period rate of
return is

x 100

x 100

=
=

12.5%

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

b.

Holding period rate of return =

x 100
x 100

=
12.85 %
Value of return = 120 + (995 988) = Rs 127
Real return if average inflation rate is 4.49%

or

12.85% of 988 = 127

( 1 + Nominal rate ) = ( 1 + Real rate ) ( 1 + Inflation rate)

Real rate

=
=

- 1
8%

Value of return = 998 X 8% = Rs 79.04

Q18

Current yield

=
=

Q19

12.5%

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 9.87 %

YTM of bond
Present value of cash outflows at 9%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 9% for 5 years

80 x 3.890
311.20
961.20

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 9%

1000 x 0.650
650

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Present value of Cash outflow at 10%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 10% for 5 years

80 x 3.791
303.28
924.28

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 10%

1,000 x 0.621
621

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 925
For Present value of cash outflow of 961.20
For Present value of cash outflow of 924.28
For present value of cash outflow of 925 , rate is
=

9%

9.98%

Rate is 9%
Rate is 10%

961.20 . 9%
925
?
924.28 . 10%

x1

For change in PV of (961.20 924.28)

36.92 change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (961.20 925) 36.2
Change in rate (from 9%) is
9%

Q20

Current yield

x1

=
=

x 100

11.60%

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 10 %

YTM of bond
Present value of cash outflows at 9%
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 9% for 5 years

13 x 3.890
50.57

115.57

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 9%

100 x 0.650
65

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Present value of Cash outflow at 11%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 11% for 5 years

13 x 3.696
48.048
107.348

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 11%

100 x 0.593
59.3

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 112
For Present value of cash outflow of 115.57
For Present value of cash outflow of 107.348

Rate is 9%
Rate is 11%

For present value of cash outflow of 112 , rate is

=

9%

9.868%

115.57 . 9%
112
?
107.348 .11%

x2

For change in PV of (115.57 107.348)

8.222 change in rate is 2%.
For change in PV of (115.57 - 112) 3.57
Change in rate (from 9%) is
9%

Q21

x2

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 13%

For 3 years

=
=
=

11 x 2.361
25.971
95.271

+
+

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 13%
rd
For 3 year
100 x 0.693
69.3

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

10

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

= 11.94 %

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 11%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 11% for 3 years

11 x 2.444
26.884
99.984

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 11%

100 x 0.731
73.1

Present value of cash outflows at 13%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 13% for 3 years

11 x 2.361
25.971
95.271

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 13%

100 x 0.693
69.3

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 97.60
For Present value of cash outflow of 99.984
For Present value of cash outflow of 95.271

Rate is 11%
Rate is 13%

For present value of cash outflow of 97.60 , rate is

=

11 %

12.012

99.984 . 11%
97.60
?
95.271 . 13%

x2

For change in PV of (99.984 95.271)

4.713 change in rate is 2%.
For change in PV of (99.984 97.60) 2.384
Change in rate (from 11%) is
11 %
Q22

x2

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond
=
P.V of all cash outflow
Current market price
=
P.V of Interest at 10% +
P.V of redeemable
For 4 years
amount of bond @ 10%
th
For 4 year
=
800 x 3.170
+
10000 x 0.683
=
2536
+
6830
=
9366

11

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 11.75 %

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 11%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 11% for 4 years

800 x 3.102
2481.6
9071.6

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 11%

10000 x 0.659
6590

Present value of cash outflows at 12%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 12% for 4 years

800 x 3.037
2429.6
8789.6

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 12%

10000 x 0.636
6360

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 97.60
For Present value of cash outflow of 9071.6
For Present value of cash outflow of 8789.6

Rate is 11%
Rate is 12%

For present value of cash outflow of 8785.07, rate is

=

11 %

12.016

9071.6 . 11%
8789.6 . 12%
8785.07
?

x1

The rate at which present value of outflow of bond

Is equal to current market price is 12.016% .
Required rate of return is 10%.
Since return from bond is higher than required rate
Of return, so investor should purchase the bond.

12

For change in PV of (9071.6 8789.6) 282

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (9071.6 8785.07)
286.53 Change in rate (from 11%) is
11 %

x1

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q23

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present
value of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.
Statement of present value of cash outflows
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

cash outflow
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70 + 500
70
70 + 500

PV factor 5%
.952
.907
.864
.823
.784
.746
.711
.676
.644
.614

Present value
66.64
63.49
60.48
57.61
54.88
52.22
49.77
385.32
45.08
349.98
1185.47

Factor 8%
0.926
0.857
0.794
0.735
0.681
0.630
0.583
0.540
0.500
0.463

Present value
64.82
59.99
55.58
51.45
47.67
44.10
40.81
307.8
35
263.91
971.13

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 1062
For Present value of cash outflow of 1185.47
For Present value of cash outflow of 971.13

Rate is 5%
Rate is 8%

For present value of cash outflow of 1062, rate is

YTM

5%

6.73 %

=
=

1185.47. 5%
1062 . ?
971.13 . 8%

x3

For change in PV of (1185.47 971.13)

214.34 change in rate is 3%.

6.73 x 2
13.46 % p.a

For change in PV of (1185.47 - 1062)

123.47 Change in rate (from 5%) is
5%

b.

x3

Effect on price of bond, if YTM increases by 2% i.e if YTM is 15.46%

YTM for 6 months is

= 7.73

For 3% change in rate, change in price is 214.34, For (7.73 5) i.e 2.73% change in rate change
in price is
x 214.34 = 195.0494
New price

= 1185.47 195.0494
= 990.4206

13

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q24

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 16.544 %

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 16%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 16% for 5 years

70 x 3.274
229.18
467.18

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 16%

500 x 0.476
238

Present value of cash outflows at 17%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 17% for 5 years

70 x 3.199
223.93
451.93

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 17%

500 x 0.456
228

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 455
For Present value of cash outflow of 467.18
For Present value of cash outflow of 451.93

Rate is 16%
Rate is 17%

For present value of cash outflow of 455 , rate is

=

16 %

16.80 %

467.18 . 16%
455
?
451.93 . 17%

x1

For change in PV of (467.18 451.93)

15.25 change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (467.18 - 455) 12.18
Change in rate (from 16%) is
16 %

x1

Change in market price If YTM decreases by 10% i.e if YTM is 6.8%

For 1% change in YTM, change in price is 15.25. For 10% decrease in YTM, change in price is
x 10 = 152.5
New price

= 455 + 152.5
= 607.5

14

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q25

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.
Approximate YTM

= 17.30 %

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 17%
=
P.V of interest @ 17% for 2 years
=
100 x 1.585
=
158.5
=
889.5
Present value of cash outflows at 18%

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 17%

1000 x 0.731
731

=
P.V of interest @ 18% for 2 years
+
P.V of redeemable value @ 18%
=
100 x 1.566
+
1000 x 0.718
=
156.6
+
718
=
874.6
YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 874.75
For Present value of cash outflow of 889.5
Rate is 17%
For Present value of cash outflow of 874.6
Rate is 18%
For present value of cash outflow of 874.75 , rate is
=

17 %

17.99%

889.5 . 17%
874.75
?
874.6 . 18%

x1

For change in PV of (889.5 874.6) 14.9

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (889.5 874.75) 14.75
Change in rate (from 17%) is
17 %

x1

New YTM if Market price increases to 1035.66

For increase in price of 14.9 fall in YTM is 1% , for increase in price of (1035.66 874.75) 160.91
fall in rate is
=
New YTM

x1

=
10.80
= 17.99 10.80
= 7.19

15

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q26

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 7.08 % semi annually

i.e 7.08 x 2 = 14.16% p.a

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 7%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 7% for 8 years +

50 x 5.971
298.55
880.55

P.V of redeemable value @ 7%

+
1000 x 0.582
+
582

Present value of cash outflows at 8%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 8% for 8 years +

50 x 5.747
287.35
827.35

P.V of redeemable value @ 8%

+
1000 x 0.540
+
540

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 870
For Present value of cash outflow of 880.55
For Present value of cash outflow of 827.35

Rate is 7%
Rate is 8%

For present value of cash outflow of 870 , rate is

=

7%

=
=
=

7.20% semiannually
7.20 x 2
14.40 p.a

880.55 . 7%
870
?
827.35 . 8%

x1

For change in PV of (880.55 827.35) 53.2

change in rate is 1%.

YTM of bond is 14.40% and his required rate of

return is 21%, so investor will not purchase the
bond.

16

For change in PV of (880.55 - 870) 10.55

Change in rate (from 7%) is
7%

x1

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q27

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 5 % semi annually
i.e 5 x 2 = 10% p.a

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 9%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 4% for 30 years

50 x 17.292
864.6
1172.6

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 4%

1000 x 0.308
308

Present value of cash outflows at 6%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 6% for 30 years

50 x 13.765
688.25
862.25

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 6%

1000 x 0.174
174

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 1000
For Present value of cash outflow of 1172.6
For Present value of cash outflow of 862.25

Rate is 4%
Rate is 6%

For present value of cash outflow of 1000 , rate is

=

4%

=
=
=

5.112 % semi annually

5.112 x 2
10.224 p.a

1172.6 . 4%
1000
?
862.25 . 6%

x1

For change in PV of (1172.6 862.25)

310.35 change in rate is 2%.
For change in PV of (1172.6 1000) 172.6
Change in rate (from 4%) is
4%

17

x2

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

b.

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

st

Price on 1 Jan 08 + Accrued Interest till 31 Mar 08

50 x 10.105 + 1000 x 0.396

917.964

MP on 1 March 08

Q28

st

st

+ 50 x

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

=
i.e price as on 1.04.03

P.V of Interest at 18%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 18%

15 x 3.127

125 x 0.437

101.525

P.V of Interest at 18%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 18%

15 x 2.690
104.725

125 x 0.515

P.V of Interest at 18%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 18%

15 x 2.17
108.55

125 x 0.608

P.V of Interest at 18%

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 18%

15 x 1.565
113.225

125 x .718

P.V of Interest at 18%

15 x 0.847
118.58

P.V of redeemable
amount of bond @ 18%
125 x 0.847

Current market price

=
i.e price as on 1.04.04
=
=
Current market price
=
i.e price as on 1.04.05
=
=
Current market price
=
i.e price as on 1.04.06
=
=
Current market price
=
i.e price as on 1.04.07
=
=

18

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q29

Capital gain on bond

=
=
=
Capital Gain (after tax) =
=

Redeemable value - Issue price

105 - 90
15
15 (1 - .10)
13.5

Issue Price of the bond =

Discount on issue
=

90
10%

= 100

Face value of the bond =

Interest on Bond @ 9% =
Tax on Interest
=
Interest after tax
=

Approximate YTM

Rs 9
30%
9 ( 1 0.3)

6.3

9.3%

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 9%
=
P.V of interest @ 9%
+
P.V of redeemable value @ 9%
=
6.3 x 3.88
+
103.5 x 0.649
=
24.50
+
67.17
=
91.67
Present value of cash outflows at 10%
=
P.V of interest @ 10% +
P.V of redeemable value @ 10%
=
6.3 x 3.790
+
103.5 x 0.620
=
23.877
+
64.17
=
88.047
YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 90
For Present value of cash outflow of 91.67
Rate is 9%
For Present value of cash outflow of 88.047
Rate is 10%

91.67 . 9%
90
?
88.047 . 10%

For present value of cash outflow of 1000 , rate is

=
=

9%

x1

For change in PV of (91.67 88.047) 3.623

change in rate is 1%.

9.461%

For change in PV of (91.67 90) 1.67

Change in rate (from 9%) is
9%

19

x1

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q30

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 7%
For 10 years

=
=
=

80 x 7.024
561.92
1069.92

+
+

P.V of redeemable
th
amount of bond @ 7% for 10 year
1,000 x 0.508
508

Since Intrinsic value of Rs 1069.92 is more than its current Market price of rs 1040, the bond
must be held or purchased by the Investor.
YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 7.45 % Semi annually

i.e 7.45 x 2 = 14.90%

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 7%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 7% for 10 years

80 x 7.024
561.92
1069.92

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 7%

1000 x 0.508
508

Present value of cash outflows at 8%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 8% for 10 years

80 x 6.710
536.80
999.8

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 8%

1000 x 0.463
463

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 1000

20

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

For Present value of cash outflow of 1069.92

For Present value of cash outflow of 999.80

Rate is 7%
Rate is 8%

For present value of cash outflow of 1040 , rate is

=

7%

x1

=
=

7.427 % semi annually

i.e 7.427 x 2 = 14.854% p.a

1069.92 . 7%
1040
?
999.80 .

8%

For change in PV of (1069.92 999.80) 70.12

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (1069.92 1040) 29.92
Change in rate (from 7%) is
7%

Q31

x1

Z is considering investment in AA rated bonds.

Discount rate of AA rated bond =
=
=
=
Current market price of bond is =
Rate of Interest
=

AAA + 2 % spread
364 T- bill + 3% spread + 2% spread
9% + 3% + 2%
14%
1025
15%

Value of bond or current market price of bond is present value of all future cash outflows of the
bond at Expected rate of return or cost of capital. It is also known as Intrinsic value or equilibrium
price.
Value of the bond

P.V of all cash outflow

Current market price

P.V of Interest at 14%

For 5 years

=
=
=

150 x 3.433
514.95
1033.95

+
+

P.V of redeemable
th
amount of bond @ 14% for 5 year
1000 x 0.519
519

Intrinsic value of the bond is more than current market price, investor should buy this bond.

21

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Current yield of the bond is interest earned on Bond on its current market price
Current Yield

14.62%

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 14.29%

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 14%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 14% for 5 years

150 x 3.433
514.95
1033.95

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 14%

1000 x 0.519
519

Present value of cash outflows at 15%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 15% for 5 years

150 x 3.352
502.8
999.8

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 15%

1000 x 0.497
497

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 1025.86
For Present value of cash outflow of 1033.95
For Present value of cash outflow of 999.8

22

Rate is 14%
Rate is 15%

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

For present value of cash outflow of 1025.86 , rate is

=
=

14%

1033.95 . 14%
1025.86
?
999.80 . 15%

x1

14.237%

For change in PV of (1033.95 999.80) 34.15

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (1033.95 1025.86) 8.09
Change in rate (from 14%) is
14%

Q32

x1

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value of
cash inflows or current market price of the bond.
For first two years X received Interest @ 10% on face value of Rs 1,000 and for next 3 years X
received Interest @ 7% on face value of Rs 1,000 after which X received redeemable value of Rs
1,000.
Present value of cash outflows at 8%
Years
1
2
3
4
5

Amount
100
100
70
70
1070

Factor
0.925
0.857
0.793
0.735
0.680

Present value
92.5
85.7
55.51
51.45
728.22
1013.18

At 8% Present value of cash flows is more than current market price of Rs 1,000. Thus YTM is more
than 8%
Present value of cash outflows at 10%
Years
1
2
3
4
5

Amount
100
100
70
70
1070

Factor
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.620

Present value
90.9
82.6
52.57
47.81
663.4
937.28

At 10% Present value of cash flows is less than current market price of Rs 1,000. Thus YTM is less
than 10%
YTM is Between 8% and 10%

23

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

For Present value of cash outflow of 1013.18

For Present value of cash outflow of 937.28

Rate is 8%
Rate is 10%
1013.18 . 8%
1000
?
937.28 . 10%

For present value of cash outflow of 1000 , rate is

=

8%

x2

For change in PV of (1033.95 999.80) 75.9

change in rate is 2%.

8.347%

For change in PV of (1013.18 - 1000) 13.18

Change in rate (from 8%) is
8%

Q33

x2

YTC is the rate at which present value of cash outflows till the date of call of the bond is equal to
present value of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 10.37%

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 10%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 10% for 2 years

12 x 1.736
20.832
107.562

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 14%

105 x 0.826
86.73

Present value of cash outflows at 11%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 11% for 2 years

12 x 1.713
20.556
105.816

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 11%

105 x 0.812
85.26

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 107
For Present value of cash outflow of 107.562
For Present value of cash outflow of 105.816

24

Rate is 10%
Rate is 11%

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

For present value of cash outflow of 107 , rate is

=

10%

10.322

107.562 . 10%
107
?
105.816 . 11%

x1

For change in PV of (107.562 105.816) 1.746

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (107.562 107) 0.562
Change in rate (from 10%) is

10%

Q34

x1

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value of
cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 9.043%

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 8%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 8% for 4 years

100 x 3.312
331.20
1066.20

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 8%

1000 x 0.735
735

Present value of cash outflows at 10%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 10% for 4 years

100 x 3.170
317
1000

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 10%

1000 x 0.683
683

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 1032.40
For Present value of cash outflow of 1066.20
For Present value of cash outflow of 1000

25

Rate is 8%
Rate is 10%

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

For present value of cash outflow of 1032.4 , rate is

=

8%

1066.20 .
8%
1032.40
?
1000
. 10%

x2

9.021 %

For change in PV of (1066.20 1000) 66.20

change in rate is 2%.
For change in PV of (1066.20 1032.40) 33.80
Change in rate (from 8%) is
8%

x2

YTC is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond till the date of call is equal to
present value of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 12.55%

YTC of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 12%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 12% for 2 years

100 x 1.690
169
1045.7

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @12%

1100 x 0.797
876.7

Present value of cash outflows at 13%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 13% for 2 years

100 x 1.668
166.8
1028.1

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 13%

1100 x 0.783
861.3

YTC is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows i.e
present value of cash outflow = Rs 1032.40
For Present value of cash outflow of 1045.7
For Present value of cash outflow of 1028.1

26

Rate is 12%
Rate is 13%

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

For present value of cash outflow of 1032.4 , rate is

=
=

12%

1045.70 .
12%
1032.40
?
1028.1 . 13%

x1

12.756

For change in PV of (1045.7 1028.1) 17.60

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (1045.70 1032.4) 13.3
Change in rate (from 12%) is
12%

27

x1

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q35

For replacement of existing Bond,

- present value of Net savings in cash outflows in future due to issue of new bond
is to be compared with
- Net cash outflows at the time of replacement (0 period)
- If savings are higher, replacement of existing high coupon rate Bond with new low
coupon rate bond is feasible.
Rs (Million)
Net Cash outflows at the time of replacement ( 0 period)
Callable value of old 12% bond
312
- Tax saving on premium paid on calling old Bond
(12 Million x 0.3)
(3.6)
-

Tax saving on unamortized floatation cost of

Old 12%bond
(9 Million x 0.3)

(2.7)

Cash Inflows on Issue of New 10% Bond

(300)

+ Floatation Cost of New Bond

Net cash outflow

6
11.7

Present value of Net savings in cash outflows (during the life of new bond) p.a
Interest payable on new 10% bond
-

30

Tax savings on Interest payable on New 10% Bond

(30 x 0.3)
Tax savings on Installment of Flotation cost of New 10%
Bond to be amortised each year
=
Tax saving

(300 x 0.10)

(9)

I Million p.a

1 million (0.3)

(0.3)

Savings in annual outflow of old 12% Bond

Saving of Interest payable on old bond
(300 x 0.12)
Tax saving on Interest on old bond (36 x 0.3)
Tax saving on Installment of floatation cost of
Old 12% bond
=

36
(10.8)

1.5 Million

Tax saving
1.5 Million (0.3)
(0.45)
(24.75)
Net savings in annual cash outflows
4.05
Present value of Net savings to be accrued in 6 years at 7%
4.05 x 4.767
19.306
Disc rate is cost of deb after tax 10 (1-0.3) = 7%
By replacing 12% Bond with New 10% Bond Company gains (19.306 11.7) 7.606 Millions, So
company should refund the existing Bonds.

28

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q36

For replacement of existing Bond,

- present value of Net savings in cash outflows in future due to issue of new bond
is to be compared with
- Net cash outflows at the time of replacement (0 period)
- If savings are higher, replacement of existing high coupon rate Bond with new low
coupon rate bond is feasible.
Rs (lacs)
Net Cash outflows at the time of replacement ( 0 period)
Callable value of old 12.5% bond
315
- Tax saving on premium paid on calling old Bond(15 lacs x 0.5)
(7.5)
-

Tax saving on unamortized floatation cost of

Old 12.5%bond
Total floatation cost Rs 4,20,000
Written off annually Rs 30,000
Thus life of existing bond 14 years
Unamortised flotation cost 30,000 x 12 = 3,60,000
Tax saving 3,60,000 x 0.5

(1.8)

Cash Inflows on Issue of New 10% Bond

(300)

+ Floatation Cost of New Bond

Net cash outflow

9
14.7

Present value of Net savings in cash outflows (during the life of new bond) p.a
Interest payable on new 10% bond
-

30

Tax savings on Interest payable on New 10% Bond

(30 x 0.5)
Tax savings on Installment of Flotation cost of New 10%
Bond to be amortised each year
=
Tax saving

(300 x 0.10)

(15)

0.75 lac p.a p.a

0.75 lac (0.5)

(0.375)

Savings in annual outflow of old 12.5% Bond

Saving of Interest payable on old bond
(300 x 0.125)
Tax saving on Interest on old bond (37.5 x 0.5)
Tax saving on Installment of floatation cost of
Old 12% bond
=

37.5
(18.75)

0.3 lac

Tax saving
0.3 lac (0.5)
Net savings in annual cash outflows
Present value of Net savings to be accrued in 6 years
3.975 x 8.384

(0.15)

(18.6)
3.975
33.3264

By replacing 12.5% Bond with New 10% Bond Company gains (33.3264 14.7) 18.6264 lac, So
company should refund the existing Bonds.

29

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q37

For replacement of existing Bond,

- present value of Net savings in cash outflows in future due to issue of new bond
is to be compared with
- Net cash outflows at the time of replacement (0 period)
- If savings are higher, replacement of existing high coupon rate Bond with new low
coupon rate bond is feasible.
Rs (lacs)
Net Cash outflows at the time of replacement ( 0 period)
Callable value of old 14% bond

342

Tax saving on premium paid on calling old Bond(42 lacs x 0.4)

(16.8)

Tax saving on unamortized floatation cost of Old 14%bond

Total floatation cost Rs 3,0,000
life of existing bond 30 years
Written off annually Rs 12,000
Unamortised flotation cost 12,000 x 25 = 3,00,000
Tax saving 3,00,000 x 0.4

(1.2)

Tax saving unamortised discount

(3)

Overlapping Interest on old Bonds 300 lac x 0.14 x

Tax saving on overlapping Interest ( 7 x 0.4)

(2.8)

Cash Inflows on Issue of New 12% Bond

(300)

x 25 x 0.4

+ Floatation Cost of New Bond

Net cash outflow

4
29.2

Present value of Net savings in cash outflows (during the life of new bond) p.a
Interest payable on new 10% bond
-

36

Tax savings on Interest payable on New 10% Bond

(36 x 0.4)
Tax savings on Installment of Flotation cost of New 10%
Bond to be amortised each year
=
Tax saving

(300 x 0.12)

(14.4)

0.16 lac p.a

0.16 lac (0.4)

(0.064)

Savings in annual outflow of old 14% Bond

Saving of Interest payable on old bond
(300 x 0.14)
Tax saving on Interest on old bond (42 x 0.4)
Tax saving on Installment of floatation cost of
Old 14% bond
=

0.12 lac

30

42
(16.8)

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Tax saving
0.12 lac (0.4)
Tax saving on Installment of Discount of
Old 14% bond
Tax saving

(0.048)

= 0.3 lac
0.3 lac (0.4)

(0.12)

Net savings in annual cash outflows

(25.032)
3.496

Present value of Net savings to be accrued in 25 years

3.496 x 10.675

37.3198

By replacing 14% Bond with New 12% Bond Company gains (37.3198 29.2) 8.1198 lac, So
company should refund the existing Bonds.
Q38

Duration of Bond =
Years
1
2
3
4
5
6

Cash outflow
160
160
160
160
160
1160

YTM @ 17%
0.855
0.731
0.624
0.534
0.456
0.390

Duration

Volatility of the Bond

Present value
136.8
116.96
99.84
85.44
72.96
452.4
964.40
=

Time
1
2
3
4
5
6

Present value x time

136.80
233.92
299.52
341.76
364.8
2714.4
4091.20

4.24 years

3.624%

For 1% change in YTM, change in price is 3.624%.

If 0.75% change in YTM, then change in Price is 3.624% of 0.75 = 2.71%
If YTM increases, Price of Bond decreases
If .75% increase in YTM then 2.71% decrease in price
New Market price

=
=

962.76 2.71% 0f 962.76

936.66

31

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q39

Duration of Bond A
Year
1
2
3
4
5

Cash outflow
12
12
12
12
112

YTM @ 15%
0.870
0.756
0.658
0.572
0.497

Duration of Bond =

Volatility of the Bond

Present value
10.44
9.072
7.896
6.864
55.664
89.936
=

Time
1
2
3
4
5

Present Value x Time

10.44
18.144
23.688
27.456
278.32
358.048

3.981 years

3.462%

Time
1
2
3
4
5
6

Present Value x Time

95.70
166.32
217.14
251.68
273.35
3,006.72
4010.91

Duration of Bond B
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

Cash outflow
110
110
110
110
110
1160

YTM @ 15%
0.870
0.756
0.658
0.572
0.497
0.432

Duration of Bond =

Volatility of the Bond

Present value
95.70
83.16
72.38
62.92
54.67
501.12
869.95
=

4.611 years

32

4.010%

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q40

Duration of Bond
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

Q41a

Cash outflow
x
x
x
x
x
1,00,000 + x

YTM @ 16%
0.862
0.743
0.641
0.552
0.476
0.410

Duration of Bond

4.3202

Present value Time

0.862x
1
0.743x
2
0.641x
3
0.552x
4
0.476x
5
41,000 + 0.410x 6
41,000 + 3.684x

4.3202 (41,000 + 3.684x)

=
1,77,128.20
+
15.916x =
15.916x 11.391x
=
4.525x
=
x
=

2,46,000 + 11.391x
2.46,000 + 11.391x
2,46,000 1,77,128.20
68,871.8
15,220

Current Market price

41,000 + 3.684x
41,000 + 3.684 (15,220)
97,070

=
=
=

Present Value x Time

0.862x
1.486x
1.923x
2.208x
2.38x
2,46,000 + 2.46x
2,46,000 + 11.319x

` Current yield of the bond is interest earned on Bond on its current market price
Current Yield

15.55%

YTM is the rate of return on bond if it is purchased at current market price and held till the date of
maturity. It is the rate at which present value of cash outflows of the bond is equal to present value
of cash inflows or current market price of the bond.

Approximate YTM

= 8.421% semiannually
i.e 16.842% p.a

33

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

YTM of bond
Present value of Cash outflow at 8%
=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 8% for 10 years

7 x 6.71
46.97
93.27

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 8%

100 x 0.463
46.3

Present value of cash outflows at 8%

=
=
=
=

P.V of interest @ 9% for 10years

7 x 6.428
44.996
87.196

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 9%

100 x 0.422
42.2

YTM is the rate at which present value of cash outflow is equal to present value of cash inflows
i.e present value of cash outflow = Rs 90
For Present value of cash outflow of 93.27
For Present value of cash outflow of 87.196

Rate is 8%
Rate is 9%

For present value of cash outflow of 90 , rate is

=
=
=

8%

93.27 . 8%
90
?
999.80 9%

x1

8.538 semiannually
17.076% p.a

For change in PV of (93.27 87.196) 6.074

change in rate is 1%.
For change in PV of (93.27 - 90) 3.27
Change in rate (from 8%) is
8%

34

x1

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

b.

Duration of Bond
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Cash outflow
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
107

YTM @ 8.538%
0.921
0.849
0.782
0.721
0.664
0.612
0.564
0.519
0.478
0.441

Duration of Bond =
=
c.

Present value
6.447
5.943
5.474
5.047
4.648
4.284
3.948
3.633
3.346
47.187
89.957
=

7.365 / 2 =

7.365 half years

3.6825 years.

Realised yield if intermediate payments cannot be re-invested

= 90

=
(1+r)

=
=

0.1356
13.56%

35

Time
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Present Value x Time

6.447
11.886
16.422
20.188
23.24
25.704
27.636
29.064
30.114
471.87
662.571

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q42

a.

Since both the bonds are selling at par,it means that expected rate of return or YTM is
equal to coupon rate i.e 8%
Bond with 5 years maturity
Current market price if YTM is 8%
Current market price = P.V of Interest @ 8%
=
80 x
3.9927
=
319.416
=
1000

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 8%

1000 x 0.6805832
680.5832

Current market Price if YTM is 6%

Current Market price of the Bond is present value of all future cash outflows.
Current market price = P.V of Interest @ 6%
=
80 x 4.212
=
336.96
=
1083.96

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 6%

1000 x 0.747
747

Thus if YTM decreases to 6%, market price will increase by Rs 83.96

Increase in price due to Interest = 336.96 319.416
= Rs 17.544
Increase due to principal
= 747 680.5832
= Rs 66.4168
Bond with 20 year maturity
Current market price if YTM is 8%
Current market price = P.V of Interest @ 8%
=
80 x
9.8181
=
785.448
=
1000

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 8%

1000 x 0.2145482
214.5482

Current market Price if YTM is 6%

Current Market price of the Bond is present value of all future cash outflows.
Current market price = P.V of Interest @ 6%
=
80 x 11.4699
=
917.592
=
1229.39673

+
+
+

P.V of redeemable value @ 6%

1000 x 0.31180473
311.80473

Thus if YTM decreases to 6%, market price will increase by Rs 229.3967

Increase in price due to Interest = 917.592 785.448
= Rs 132.144
Increase due to principal
= 311.80473 214.5482 = Rs 97.25653

36

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

b.

Duration of Bond
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

Cash outflow
70
70
70
70
70
1070

YTM @ 7%
0.9346
0.8734
0.8163
0.7629
0.7130
0.6664

Present value
65.4206
61.1407
57.1409
53.4027
49.9090
712.9862
1000

Duration of Bond =

Volatility of the Bond

Present Value x Time

65.4206
122.2814
171.4227
213.6108
249.545
4277.9172
5100.1977

5.1002 years

=
c.

Time
1
2
3
4
5
6

4.7665%

Time
1
2
3
4
5
6

Present Value x Time

63.6364
115.7024
157.776
191.2436
217.3225
3623.9226
4369.6035

Duration of Bond if YTM increases to 10%

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

Cash outflow
70
70
70
70
70
1070

YTM @ 10%
0.9091
0.8264
0.7513
0.6830
0.6209
0.5645

Duration of Bond =

Present value
63.6364
57.8512
52.5920
47.8109
43.4645
603.9871
869.3422
=

5.0263 years

Due to increase in YTM duration of Bond increases from 5.1002 years to 5.0263 years, so higher
investment is recovered in shorter period of time
d.

Bond Duration is weighted average number of years over which a securitys total cash flows
occur. The weights used are the market value of the cash flows.It is the Average Time taken to
recollect back the investment in Bonds.
Duration of bond is less than Maturity because besides recovery of redemption amount on
maturity, Intermediate cash flows are also received in form of Interest I.e some part of original
investment is recovered every year, so it will take less than Maturity period to recover the original
Investment.

37

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q43

Duration of Portfolio is weighted Average of duration of each Bond in the Portfolio, weights being
amount invested in each bond (in terms of face value)
Bond
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Q44

Money Duration
0.10
10.35
0.22
4.25
0.19
7.50
0.07
9.50
0.17
12.67
0.06
5.82
0.11
8.50
0.08
6.71
Duration of portfolio

Weighted Duration
1.035
0.935
1.501
0.665
2.1539
0.3492
0.935
0.5368
8.1109

Duration of Payments
Year
1
2
3
4

Amount
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000

YTM @ 12%
0.892
0.792
0.711
0.635

Duration

Present Value
17,840
15,840
14,220
12700
60,700

time
1
2
3
4

Present value x time

17,840
31,680
42,660
50,800
143180

= 2.359 years

Investment should be made in Bonds in such a way that duration of liabilities matches with
duration of Bond investments. Investment is to be made in zero coupon bond. Duration of Zero
coupon bond is equal to its maturity.
Let investment in 2 year Bond is x
Investment in 5 yr bond is (1-x)
Duration of bond portfolio is weighted average of duration of each bond in portfolio, weights being
amount invested in each bond.
x.2 + (1 x)
2x + 5 5x
5 3x
x

=
=
=
=

2.359
2.359
2.359
0.880

Thus 88% is to be invested in 2 years bond & 12% is to be invested in 5year Bond.

38

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q45

Duration of payments
Year
1
2
3
4
5

Amount
10
9
8
8
7

YTM @ 9%
0.917
0.841
0.772
0.708
0.649

Duration =

Present value
9.17
7.569
6.176
5.664
4.549
33.128

Time
1
2
3
4
5

(Rs in million)
Present Value x Time
9.17
15.138
18.528
22.656
22.745
88.237

2.663 years

Liabilities can be immunized by making an investment in zero coupon bonds having

duration of 2.663 years.
Q46a

For Immunisation, duration of bond portfolio should be equal to duration of liability

Duration of Portfolio is weighted Average of duration of each Bond in the Portfolio, weights being
amount invested in each bond (in terms of face value)
Investment in A
Let Investment in B
Let Investment in C

=
=
=

0.50
x
1-x

W ADA + W BDB + W CDC = 6

0.50 x 7.35 + x (6.15) + 4.30 x (0.50 x) = 6
3.675 + 6.15x + 2.15 4.30 x = 6
1.85 x = 6 2.15 3.675
1.85 x = 0.175
X = 0.0945
Weight of B
Weight of C

=
=
=

Investment in A =
Investment in B =
Investment in C =
b.

0.0945
0.50 0.0945
0.405
50%
9.45%
40.5%

After the bond portfolio is constructed duration of bonds changed.

Duration of existing portfolio under changed circumstances is

W ADA + W BDB + W CDC

=
0.5 x 7.15 + 0.0945 x 6.03 + 0.405 x 4.27
=
5.87
Duration of Bond portfolio is lower than duration of Liabilities, so liabilities are not
Immunised.

39

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

c.

Proportion of Each Bond to immunize the liability, if duration of each bond in portfolio is
changed
W ADA + W BDB + W CDC = 6
(0.5)(7.15) + (x)(6.03) + (0.5 x) (4.27) =
6
3.575 + 6.03x + 2.135 4.27x
=
6
1.76x =
0.29
x
=
0.164
Weight of B
Weight of C
Weight of A
Weight of B
Weight of c

Q47

=
=
=

=
=

0.164 or 16.4%
0.5 0.164
=

50%
16.4%
33.6%

Face value of convertible Bond

Market Price of convertible Bond
Market Price per share

=
=
=

Rs 1,000
Rs 970
Rs 18.50

One convertible Bond

Convertible value of Bond

=
=

50 share
50 x 18.50

i.

925

Conversion premium is an additional amount that purchaser of Bond pay over conversion
value
Market price of the Bond conversion value of the Bond
=
970
925
=
45

% premium on conversion

x 100

=
ii.

.336 or 33.6%

x 100

=
4.865%
Premium over investment value = It is the difference between current market price of
convertible Bond and the Investment value of similar Nonconvertible Bond
Investment value of the Bond =
Premium over Investment value =

Rs 870
970 - 870

% premium over investment value

=
=
=

40

x 100
11.494%

100

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

iii.

Conversion Parity price per share = It is the market value of the share based on current
market price of the Bond.
Since Rs 970 (current market price of convertible Bond) is paid for bond which
will be converted into 50 shares, this implies Rs 970 is paid for 50 shares.
Conversion parity price per share

iv.

Rs 19.4 per share.

Break even period.- The yield on a convertible is normally higher than the dividend yield
on the underlying instrument (equity). This circumstance is known as a yield advantage .
The breakeven time/period or payback time/period measures the time it would take for
the yield advantage on the convertible to equal the conversion premium
Yield advantage =
=
=
=

Interest on convertible Bond dividend on total converted shares

115
2.12 x 50
115 106
9

Conversion vaue of share

Break even period

Rs 45

=
Q48

Coupon rate of convertible Bond is

Rate of similar Non-convertible Bond
Face value of convertible Bond
Each convertible Bond
Current price of share

=
=
=
=
=

8%
10.25% (Discount rate)
Rs 1000
20 shares
Rs 54

a. Straight value of the Bond is Intrinsic value of the Bond =

PV of Interest @ 5.125%
+
=
40 x 12.331
+
1,000 x 0.368
=
493.24 +
368
=
861.24
b. Conversion value of the Bond =
=
=

c.

P.V of Redeemable value

No. of shares per Bond x Market price per share

20 x 54
1080

Conversion Premium =

x 100

=
=

5 years.

x 100
6.481%

41

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q49

Stock value of the bond =

=
=
Conversion Premium

conversion value of the Bond

20 x 12
240

x 100

x 100 = 10.417%

%age of Downside Risk = It is excess of current market price of the Bond over the straight value
of the Bond as a ratio of straight value of the Bond
=
=

x 100
12.766%

Conversion parity price of share =

=
=
Q50

13.25

Straight value of the Bond is Intrinsic value of the bond i.e Present value of all future cash
outflows
Straight value of Bond = P.V of interest @ 7% for 20 years + P.V of redeemable value @ 7%
=
6 x 10.594
+
120 x 0.258
=
63.564
+
30.96
=
94.524
Yield to call

= P.V of Interest @ 7 % for 6 years + P.V of redeemable value@ 7%

=
6 x 0.4.767 + 105 x 0.666
=
28.602 + 69.93
=
98.532

Premium over conversion value =

=
Q51

= 10%

Conversion percentage premium

=
Conversion value of the Bond

x 100 = 25.581%
=

430 x 10 = Rs 4300

42

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q52

Current market price is present value of all future outflows

Market price of Bond A =
=
=
=

P.V of 9% Interest @ 12 %for 3 years + PV of Redeemable value

90 x 2.402
+
1000 x 0.712
216.18 +
712
928.18

Market price of Bond B = P.V of 10% Interest @ 12%for 5 years + PV of Redeemable value
=
100 x 3.605
+
1000 x 0.567
=
360.5
+
567
=
927.5
Market price of preference share C =

Present value of perpetual 11% dividend @ 13%

= 84.615
Market price of preference share D =

Present value of perpetual 12% dividend @ 13%

= 92.308
Value of Portfolio

Q53

Security

Nos

Bond A
Bond B
Preference share C
Preference Share D

10
10
100
100

Price per
share/ bond
928.18
927.5
84.615
92.308

Total value
9281.8
9275
8461.5
9230.80
36,249.1

Company is considering conversion of 500 Bonds into 10 share per bond.

PE ratio 20 : 1 before conversion
PE ratio 25:1 after conversion
Shares prior to conversion 10,000
Shares after conversion 10,000 + 10 x 500 = 15,000
Statement of Profit
If No conversion
After conversion
EBIT
Interest (5,00,000 x 0.14)
EBT
Tax
EAT

2,00,000
70,000

2,00,000
-

___________________________

____________________________

1,30,000
45,500

2,00,000
70,000

____________________________

____________________________

84,500

1,30,000

No. of shares
EPS
PE ratio
Market price

10,000
15,000
8.45
8.67
20:1
25:1
20 x 8.45
25 x 8.67
169
216.75
Company should convert the Bonds into shares as after conversion Market price of shares
increases.

43

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q54

Current Market price is Present value of all future cash outflows

Market Price
If yield is 12%

= P.V of Interest @ 6% for 6 years + Present value of redeemable value @ 6%

th
for 6 year
=
14 x 4.917
+
100 x 0.705
=
68.838
+
70.5
=
139.338

Market Price
If yield is 15%

= P.V of Interest @ 7.5% for 6 years + Present value of redeemable value @

th
7.5% for 6 year
=
14 x 4.694
+
100 x 0.648
=
65.716
+
64.8
=
130.516

Market price if it is a zero coupon Bond and yield is 14% = Present value of Redeemable value
th
@ 7% for 6 year
=
100 x 0.666
=
66.63
Q55

th

Amount required for making payment on 30 January 2004

Rate of Interest
No. of days to maturity
Amount x (1 + r.

80,00,000

Amount (1 + .08 .

)=

80,00,000

Amount ( 1.01995)

80,00,000

Amount

Rs 80,00,000
8% p.a
91 days

=
Rs 78,43,521.74
st
Rs 78,43,521.40 should be invested on 31 Oct. 2003 to make payment of Rs 80 Lakh
th
on 30 jan 2004
Q56

Amount required for making payment in 60days

Rate of interest
No. of days to maturity
Amount x (1 + r.

Rs 20,00,000
8% p.a
60 days

20,00,000

Amount (1 + .08 .

)=

20,00,000

Amount ( 1.01315)

20,00,000

Amount

Rs 19,74,041

Rs 19,74,041 should be invested on to make payment of Rs 20 Lakh in 60 days

44

PRAVINN MAHAJAN CLASSES 9871255244, 8800684854

Q57

Assume that the company has issued Commercial paper worth Rs 10 crores
No. of Days
=
90 days
Interest rate
=
11.25%
Amount x (1 + r.

= 10 crores

Amount (1 +0 .1125 .
Amount (1.028)

= 10 crores
= 10 crores

Amount

Amount received by the company on issue of commercial paper Rs 9.728 crores.

Q58

Issued at
Redeemed at face value
Interest

97,350
1,00,000
2,650

Effective rate of Interest =

x 12 = 10.89%

Statement of cost of funds to company

Effective rate of Interest
Brokerage (0.125 x 4)
Rating charge
Stamp Duty (0.125 x 4)

10.89 %
0.50%
0.50%
0.50%
12.39%

45