Cu I.

Hiu ng trn bn bc sng

Hin tng trn bn bc sng (FWM_Four-wave Mixing) l: Trong h thngWDM s dng cc tn s gc 1.n, s ph thuc ca chit sut vo cng (cng sut) khng ch gy ra s dch pha trong mi knh m cn sinh ra tn s mi nh l 2i-j v i+j-k. nh hng ca hiu ng ny n truyn dn quang WDM Nu h thng WDM bao gm cc tn s f1, f2,,fn, hiu ng trn bn bc sng sinh ra cc tn hiu ti cc tn s nh l 2fi - fj, v fi + fj - fk. Cc tn hiu mi ny gy ra xuyn knh (crosstalk) vi cc tn hiu c sn h thng. Xuyn knh ny nh hng c bit nghim trng khi khong cch gia cc knh hp. Vic gim tn sc mu lm tng xuyn knh gy ra bi hiu ng

Cc bin php hn ch nh hng ny:

y l hiu ng c nh hng ln vi h thng WDM ,c quan h mt thit vi tn sc ca si quang. khc phc nh hng ca hiu ng FWM ta c th s dng si quang G.655 ( NZ-DFS) thng qua mt s phng n sau : + Phng n to khong cch gia cc knh tn hiu bng nhau : to khong cch gia cc knh bc sng l bng nhau, s dng si quang tn sc khc khng (NZ-DSF).Bc sng tn sc khc khng ca si quang ny khng gn bc sng 1550nm,tn sc gn bc sng 1550nm khong 1->6 ps/nm.km.Nh vy va lm gim nh hng ca FWM,h tr nhiu knh bc sng ghp knh,li lm cho tn sc gn bc sng 1550nm khng qu ln v y cng l phng php c s dng nhiu trong h thng WDM. +Phng n to khong cch gia cc knh tn hiu khng bng nhau :thc hin thng qua vic la chn tn s knh ,t lm cho FWM sinh ra thnh phn tn s mi phn ln nm bn ngoi bng thng ca b lc,nh vy c th lm gim i rt nhiu nh hng ca ca FWM v nng cao cng sut cho php ti a ca cc knh +Phng n to mt phn khong cch gia cc knh tn hiu bng nhau : phng n ny l lm cho khong cch gia cc knh tn hiu tng i xa nhau FWM sinh ra thnh phn tn s ri vo bng thng ca b lc knh tn hiu, do hiu sut FWM gim theo s tng ln ca khong cch gia cc bc sng.Phng n ny c kt hp vi vic s dng si quang b tn sc,c th thc hin lm tn sc cc b khc khng c ch FWM nhng vi tng tn sc gn bng khng gim nh hng ca tn sc.

Cu 2: cho EDFA s dng ngun bm c bc sng 980nm, bm ngc. Hy v hnh cu trc v trnh by nguyn l khuch i quang ca b khuch i EDFA ny:
Hnh v : TTQ2 trang 109 Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo cc bc nh sau (xem hnh 2.13): Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =1.27eV) v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao hn vng bm (pumping band) (1) Ti vng bm, cc ion Er3+ phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1 s) v chuyn xung vng gi bn (2) Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =0.841eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn nh ca vng gi bn (3) Hnh 2.13 Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980 nm v 1480nm [1].(trang113) Cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng lng thp (vng c mt in t cao) (4) Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc photon c nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion Er3+ s chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x t pht) (5). Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s xy ra ng thi hai hin tng sau: - Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er3+ vng nn (6). Tn hiu nh sng b suy hao - Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn (7). Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion Er3+ b kch thch s chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng nn v pht x ra photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng bc sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.

 rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch (khuch i) xy ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565nm. y cng l vng bc sng hot ng ca EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616 nm.

Cu 3: so snh cu to v c tnh k thut ca khuch i quang FPA v EDFA A. FPA *Cu trc ca khuch i quang bn dn SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) tng t nh laser bn dn. Ngha l cng da vo h thng hai di nng lng ca cht bn dn v cc qu trnh bin i quang in: hp th (absorption), pht x t pht (spontaneous emission) v pht x kch thch (stimulated emission). Trong , tn hiu quang c khuch i da trn hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra trong vng tch cc ca SOA. Vng tch cc ny c t gia hai lp bn dn loi n va p (xem hnh 2.5). Ngun bm bn ngoi c cung cp bi dng in phn cc. Hnh 2.5 Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA(TTQ2-tr104) Khuch i Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot Amplifier) c h s phn x cao (c th ln ti 32%). Cu trc ca FPA cng tng t nh laser Fabry-Perot nhng hot ng vi dng phn cc Ibias<Ith. Vi cu trc hc cng hng c h s phn x cao, qu trnh hi tip, chn lc tn s xy ra. Kt qu l, FPA c li cao nhng ph li khuch i nhp nh, khng u. iu ny lm gim bng thng khuch i ca FPA *c tnh KT Xt mt b khuch i FPA c h s phn x cng sut hai mt phn x ca lp tch cc l R1 v R2 nh hnh 2.5. B khuch i ny cng c th TWA nu cho R1 = R2 = 0. Do , qu trnh phn tch sau, u c th p dng cho FPA v TWA. B qua suy hao khi nh sng truyn qua mi mt phn x, ta c h s xuyn qua ca cng sut nh sng i qua mi mt phn x tng ng l (1-R1) v (1-R2). Tng ng, ta c h phn x v h s xuyn qua ca cng in trng ti hai mt phn x l

R1 , R2 v t1 = (1 - R1 ), t 2 = (1 - R2
Gi Gs l rng li n thng (single-pass gain) ca SOA khi tn hiu quang i qua vng tch cc m khng c s hi tip (h s phn x R= 0). Ta c: Gs = Po u t Pi n = exp[(g - )L] (2.5)

Trong : g: li trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc : suy hao trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc : h s tp trung (confinement factor) biu din mc tp trung ca lung nh sng bn trong vng tch cc L: chiu di ca vng tch cc Pin, Pout: cng sut tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i B. EDFA *cu to: Hnh 2.9 Cu trc tng qut ca mt b khuch i EDFA(TTQ2-tr109) Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang si pha trn Erbium EDFA (Erbium-Doped FiberAmplifier) c minh ha trn hnh 2.9. Trong bao gm: - Si quang pha ion t him Erbium EDF (Erbium-Doped Fiber): l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca EDFA - Laser bm (pumping laser): cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra trng thi nghch o nng trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc sng 980nm hoc 1480nm - WDM Coupler: Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm vo trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php ghp cc tn hiu c bc sng 980/1550nm hoc 1480/1550nm. - B cch ly quang (Optical isolator): ngn khng cho tn hiu quang c khuch i phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn phn x ngc v EDFA