Marxist September 2012

e] dT
d|+sY
2012
77
d+|{ : 7 d+ : 5
y\ sT. 5 /-
d+........
eekjTs+>+ <T |T&, ~eT b>T&
eT* esT d+ ]`s d+|Tq
|e<+ |{&\sY : sH| nyT] +\ nd\T sD+
Crj<eT \+H XeT<H se& ~~q eTdT\T
eTT>TZsT e\T eT&T drsD\T
esT dTE eHdsY b |]De\T
|C k+d<eT s & >]b{ sCse
ed+ n+srjT, CrjT |]De\T
s=s{ $<| | nd+| |sT>T+~
|C k+d<eT s
d]
e] dT
&sY >]b{ sCse

#
jTT. seTw
<$T&\ <kVeTq<T MTsT

q$Tq< <q eTsTe<T
s+> u>T #<eT #&b jsT MTsT
sX\T b>T #dT = u>T|& b jsT
+ #\ eT+H
@ + esTe& ysT?
|CsT&T &s Y >]b{ sC
se qTeT ys $.. u<| V<jT T&q
|d< $, $eTs&T sT< eTV
sT deT]+q ns sqeT~.
n~ |C k+d |qsTJe <X.
+<< X + 1940 <X + @s& |C
HeT+&* <X\+ k+d
s+> (kV+ dV) eT\T|
|+~. |CHeT+&* ks~ &s Y
>]b{ sCse. jTq J$+
L& n<= O\ <X. O< eTeT,
J$eT |&T >T| *dbsTTq \+.
d+ <.. e\ kT
<.. n~ |\ #+~q d n..
|\ O|j>|&\.. H
|<sH\qT <Hsq>, |C |u<
O|j+#\, |C deTd\T
|_+_+# sseT #{q |C
sT&T &sY >]b{ sCse.
&sY sCse >]b{ jT
<es, keT*+>eT <+|T\ 1915
| e] 5q seT+& +#sT. +&
O<> $$< |D\T s>&+
jTq L& nH |D $<ud+
#XsT. b<$T $< seT+&,
mdtmdtmd $jTq>s+ yTqeeT
+ O+& |P] #XsT. mm+ sT
eT<dT |P] #d c bs+
&sT> bdT yTT<\T |{sT. jTq
eT<dT y< $< nuddTq sE
Crj<eT d] X\ H
\T, H{\ T |<] +#ysT. n& &s Y
|#\|* seT#+<s& (H\sT
dT|d< y<T&T. dT+<sjT>] k<
sT&T) |]#jT yT jTq <s e]dT
ueC\ |ue+ e#sT. y<
e<s |\ de J$ m
n++ #jT T# >V +#sT. y< e
\qT nqTd+<q+ #d, de+
esT\T = , |CsC m
]+#=# \TdTHsjTq. yeT|
uy\ L&q \yTq $<] O<eT+
n|{ (Crj<eT <X) eT<dT
|#dT+&~. sTy \+ &sY
sCse +< b+ + kw * d T
uy\ yTT\q k+d<eT+
ss> #] |#XsT.
1934 H{ +<< X + eTdT
O<eT+ s|~<T+Tq~. sT`
L sD d+| \T, s T `] d+| \
sD+ eTdT\ T eT>eTjsT.
ukeTT\, $T\T jTeqT\ <|&
VsZ + #dT q eT+.. sb\qT
|#s k<H\T> y&THs+_+#sT.
z ke |jqeTT+<..
< k<q+> y&T= | #q+
rdTsy=# eTdT b >V+
+~. k+d s+> $d |]..
<s |\ wdTU\T e]+..
y] sjT # H |+b+~+#&+
< +. Crj<eT+ kw*dT
uey| sT>TTq sT DeT~. k$jT{
$|e +, ] d+u+ , bd+ |T q\
H|<+ O<e\T e#sTT. M{
kw*dT d<+\ dV d++<+
O+~. M{ >T]+ \TdTe&eT+f..
+<< X + kw*dT d<+ |u e+
|{ |]q |CuVQ| ], sjT
bs{\T, y{ |sds |uy\T, y{
y|, <X m OHj ns+ #dT
e&yT. e]dT uy\ |sD kH

du, eekjT L\ d+|\T z |..
kV, H s+>\ #+~q k+d
<e\T eTs|.. \+ n_
e~ #+<sTT. CrjT ksTT |CH
eT+&* @s&H{ n+f 1940 <X
.. <X+q, n+srjT+>q
L& sjT H|<+ e]+~. ||+#
|]d eT* esT e+~. |C
bs{\ e\, e]dT d<+ y|
e\ <X+ eTdT b $d]++~.
n|{ CrjT ksTT nuT<jT
s#sTT\ d+|T+ L& y|++~.
yeT| ueC\ y|.. Crj<
eT+ ~|+ d+ #d bs{
H+ nedsy T + ~.
<X \ s+>d\+ \yTq
yV. 1943 +&jT H || ~jT sY
|t sY (b) bs+uyT+~. |C
s+>d\+ <s.. VQ |C
<>sZ > be&yT B @sT eTTU<X + .
d# d+dT\L, |s>, deq
bddT X \ T es\, XTe\
b >T]++~. Cq|< \q,
keTV >H, Vs+> d\q
\ k< q $j +# T y
\qTHsT. <s y{ |qsTJ$+|
#j\qTHsT. n\ us ksTT
ssV esZ @sT #XsT.
$T{ m{jT Td, kHdu , nuT <jT
s#s TT\ d+| d++<+ O+~. nH
sc\ |<T\T n+<T OHsT.
b+rjT $T{\T L& @s&sTT.
u+usTT ]q deyX +<
b++ qT+ &sY >]b{ sCse
VsjsT. &sY sCseqT +<
b+, eTT>T+ yTTVsTTBHq T V <s
u< d+kH u<T \T> m+| #XsT.
1943 sT y &s Y sCse c
jTTeq HeT+&*, bs+, |qeT \sT,
~s >e u\d+| \q @s]#sT.
b +< sh $T{ q s
b\qT $d] +|qT+~. H s+>
beTTK V+~. &s Y sCse sHZ
sY> sh < @sT #XsT. c
<+ |H~>.. sh < @s]
se\qT sV+#&+ s+_+#sT.
2
($T> 35e |J)
e] d
T d+...
1. |C k+d<eT s
& >]b{ sCse
` jTT. seTw 2
2. eekjTs+>+ <T |T&,

~eT b>T&
` b O |{jT 4
3. eT* esT d+ ]`s

d+|Tq
` mdt. MsjT 10
4. |e<+ |{&\sY : sH|

nyT] +\ nd\T sD+
` k|sY &sH
16
5. Crj<eT \+H XeT<H

se& ~~q eTdT\T
` 1944 |CX qT+& 19
6. eTT>TZsT e\T eT&T drsD\T

` b CC nVeT<
24
7. esT dTE eHdsY b

|]De\T
` =+&sT MsjT
28
8. ed+ n+srjT, CrjT

|]De\T
`dsD: C. use 31
9. s=s{ $<| | nd+|

|sT>T+~
` _$ s|Te\T
m&sY:
33
mdt. y+{e
m&{]jT usT:
bsT seTjT
_.$. s|Te\T
$TH Msu<+
mdt. MsjT
\|* s$
us eTdT b (e]dT)
+<|<X sh $T{ sT|q
|#T sD s, eTT<| &T: _.$.s|T e\T
d+b<&T : mdt. y+{e
eTT<D : |CX & |+{+> |dt,
b{ H+ 21/1, nCeu<, V <su<`20
bH: m&{]jT 0866`2573822
yTHsY: 040`27673787
EMail: svenkatarao_1958@yahoo.com
Visit
3 cpi(m) site at : cpim.org
nH<eT+
sH s< fVH s +&T sE\bT ]q nH<eT Ks>
d<dT H{ n+srjT |]De\ H|<+ nH $< b<q
d+]+#T+~. yTT<{~, nDT deTd| sHqT n+srjT+> +]
bT #j\qT+Tq nyT], < $TT\ ~ m<TsT <> e]+~.
s +&e~, H{ @< e ||+ #+ nH<eT+ bd+ (]\yH ) sTT+<
key< |#s k<H\T #dTq |#s _q+> nH<eT+ q
neds eT]+> #T+Tq~.
fVH Ks> d<d T nH<e #+~q 120 <X\ |<T \T
s> eTs 17 <X\ |<T\T |]o\\T> VsjsT. sH| nyT],
sb <X\T $~+q +\qT #jT+& <X\T Ks> du
bZq&+ s+> key<T\ #+|< e+{<. n+ +& #
<X\T sH T]+ #s\T s|&+ H{ ||+#
|]dT eseq <X\ d$Tw $Xd |qL, ||+# sj
~>CsTTq nyT] |TL <sq+> u$+#e#T. d]j, VA+&Tsdt,
b\dH e+{ deTd\T nH<eT d<dT #T|&jT key<T\T
#dq |#s d<dTqT jT|<+ #jT&+ <s nq <X\T |={sTT.
nyT], k$jT{ LeTT\ eT< |# q jTT<+ eTTd+~, k$jT{
L$T L*bsTT nyT] H + @< e ||+ # @s&+~ { nH<eT+
nH< ns+ +& bsTT+< =+<sT y~dTHsT. nH<eT+ @
Xj\ @s&+<, nsX #] mTe+{ b sV++<
Xdj
T +> |]o*+q yses Te+{ ssD ssT d]>< H{ ||+ #+
O<eT+ eT]+ jo\ b sV+#*q neds >T]ksT. 1955
u+&T+> (+&Hwj) deyX+ nH<e n+ssD ]+~.
1961 jTT>k$j s& d+d @s&+~. e\d |&qqT+&
qq+> $eTT #+~q <X\T ] key<T\ #s b+&
ke\+uq n_e~ #+<\q~ nH<eT eek|q HVA, {{,
dTVs yTT<q y] XjT+. <X\ eT< d++<\ |+#o\ d\qT
b~|~ #XsT. ese q <X\ ke\+uq kjT+ #dq k$jT{ jTjTH,
s kw*dT <X\ L$T nH<e dV $TT&T> e]+~.
<X\qT [+#& s+s+ |jT d eq key<+ < XTe>
e]+~. nH<eT #] |]o*d $wjT+ eTq u<|&TT+~. |&T
$TT> dVjT+ #d k$jT{ <T. nyT] <|& + @|+>
eseq <X\| #k+~, +\T $~k+~, <&T\T #k+~. H{
L$T +< Vk\T jTT>k$j, |kH, s\qT [+ ||+#
eT+ $d]dTHsTT. Te+{ sTD+ eseq <X\T #j*+~
key<T\T #TTqT nH<e $&H&&y , < \Vq|s# & y
<T. < eT]+ |+ #j*. key<T\qT m~]+# eTVs
k<q+> < eT\T#Ty*.
#+< $es\T
$&| : sT.5
d+es #+< : sT.60
bdT <s < @C+T <s | +#Te#T.
< MT k b s\jT+ d+|~+#+&.
|CX TV dt n u+N\q \_ksTT.
sTHe
m&sY,
e]dT
(d<+ ed|)
|CX |dt, >essY|,
$jTy&`2
e] dT
ed+ eTTU+X+
eekjTs+>+
<T |T&
~eT b>T&
` b|dsY O |{jT
eT| sT>TTq <&T\qT s +>+ HsT > >{> ||T {dT H sT. V\T
#dT H ksTT qT+& u dsD ||T q #| ksTT ysT #sT HsT.
bs{\T eseq <X sjT dTds <rjT>\ ksTT
#sT HsTT. |\ eT< T | <s|& |uT \T >T&> , *$ eq+
nqTd]+# n_e~ ePV\qT de]+#Te&+ nys+> |]D$T++~.
n_e~ #+~q < <X+ q

nqTue+ >T]+, eTTK+> s+> d
>T\ d++~+q nqTuy\>T]+
eseq <X\ CsTTr L&q $X
wD n+~dT+< u$+#eTT. m
&T \T m<Ts H ese q <X\ s +>+,
]\, ]qT\ n<XyTbsT.
|dT qjÒ<sy< eed eT
Jequ |H , dT\ |H ]> <&T\qT
ysT $jTe++> ||T{ksT. H{
< <X 19, 20 Xu b]X
$TsD ] |T&< $<q+ n_
e~ #+~+~. \+ n& q
OT\ T n<XeTjsTT. <X u
ksTT |T&< eekjT+ n_e~
#+~q|{ b]XMTsD neds\
q $<+ > ]\q, eTT& dsT \q
n~ n+~+#bsTT+~. |T&<
eekjT+ < <X\ $j><
es{ neds\qT rsbsTT+~.
n+{ |]d H{ n& =qk>TTq~.
eseq <X\ K, +<q eqsT\qT

eT >T|{ O+#TH+<T <X\T
eTsk] |jT dT+ && sD+ n<.
n_e~ #+~q <X\T b]X$T+
> eTT+<&T>T yjT& <]rdq
#] |]dT\T |yTq$,
$wy T q $. y{ ese q <X |&T
nqT]+#&+ k<+ <T. sT<>
deTd H&T n+ re+> O+~. <T
O< s+>+ ]\ b
*+# |jT sE sEL bZ +~.
|*+> Ob~ sV n_e~ eyT
+& O<>T\qT =\+# |jT
n_e~ #+<T+~. +<Te\ ]\
Ob~ neX\T sEsEL ZbT
HsTT. n_e~ #+~q <X k+
s+>+ nH esT\T #T#dT+T
HsTT. <T |T&< O<
eed sT<> deTd n+ k<s

DyTq $wjT +. s+ > ~ n+Ty~
e+{~. n+<Te\ ese q <X\ #+~q
\~ eT+~ s+>+ b]XMTsD
|sT s b+\ (< <X\)
e\d y neX+ <T. ysT eTs
JeHb~ yTy*q |]dT
OHsT. ese q <X, eTTK+> us,Y
#H e+{ <X dsq JeHb~
]\T u d+K OHsT. eT
$T> T \T ] \qT s < X \
|+|>* > neX+ <T . n< deTjT+
$<o |T&T\qT ]+#&+ <s
sT<> s*+#>\ d L&
eseq <X\Te. m+<T+f $<o
|T&T\T me k+ |]Cq+
e ]\ O #ksTT. n+<T
e\ eT <ojT esqT n_e~
s#sTT q& eVsY HVA $X $<\jT+ ] n<jTq+, |D[

$u>+ #sT\T. 2010 yT19q |#\|* dT+<sjT es+ d+<s+>
V<su< dT+<sjT $Cq +<+ yT #dq |d+>+ d+| bs+ ~
e] dT
#dTe&+ <s sT<>+, JeHb~
deTd\qT eseq <X\T k++>
|]w]+#Ty* O+T+~. |T&<
eed es d>T\ |P]>
_qyTq <Xy esqT n$
n_e~ #dTy*. q sV O
eedqT <rd b]X$TsD <s
eseq<X\T eT sT<> deTdqT
|]w]+#Te. $d yT q ||+ NsD
#T#dT+Tq H{ ||+#+ b{
+ |]b+~. O |+#+<T
]\| <s|&+& f\J
eyT qeTTH |]d T \T sEsEL
|]bTHsTT. ~ sT<> res+
#dT + ~.
ese q <X\T >+ e\d <X\T
> nDy >Tsq+<Tq |<]
m<Ts=HjT, ydy \qT eT <X\
|\T, yT<e\T +\+ ns+ #dT
bjs n_e~ #+~q <X\T
+\+ }<+|&T O|Hk\T #
sTT, dTHsTT. >+H <T H&T
L& n_e~ #+~q <X\T |< <X\
qT+& ~>TeT njT edTe\| |P]>
<s|& eHjTq $wjT+ >TsT+#T
y*. eT Oq Jeq |eD\T
\uTH+<T d+|q <X\T |<
<X\| H{ <s|& T THsTT. H&T
ud\T, e\d ]\| <s|&
b+fwqqT |< <X sb+~+
#sT. |&T L& n< |< =qk>T
+~. #\ yesD+ >\ jTs|t
<X\T mq& O #jT |+\qT
eseq <X\T k>T#d <X\
m>TeT #dTHsTT. |< <X\qT+&
jTs|,t nyT]\ m>TeT njT ee
kjT, K OT\T <X\ b]X$T
_e~, $j><sT\ esqT
n_e~ #d+<TL, $d] +#+<TL <V<
|&TTHsTT. n< deTjT+ eseq
<X\ |\ qT+& eTT|+& ed\T
#dTq |qT\ &TqT $eTjT edTe\
~>TeTT\d+ y&TTHsT. H&T
nyT] X C |\T ed+#
b+\qT n_e~ #d+<T L& e\d
<X\ qT+& s*+#T=q d+|<H
O|j+#THsT. e\d <X\qT
jTs|t <X\T =\>={ <T\T deT
5
eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

>+H <T H&T L& n_e~ #+~q
<X\T |< <X\ qT+& ~>TeT njT edTe\|
|P]> <s|& eHjTq $wjT+ >TsT+#T
y*. eT Oq Jeq |eD\T \uTH+
<T d+|q <X\T |< <X\| H{ <s|&T
THsTT.
LssTT. H&T
|T&< eed
k+ | s y T q
esT\ |* +>
]\T |< mTq
O<>\T
jsT. |T
& < b]XMT
sD <Xy sT<
> n ys+>
<]rd+~. nsTT
b]X$Te++ neTq jTs|t <X\
qT+& qq yd b+\ (nyT],
d*j, dj, |) |\T |<
m T q e\d \ T y s T . +< T e\
j T s | t
]
d + u +
O|X$ T+#&+ bT sjT O~ \ T
d&sTT. H{ n_e~ #+~q <X\T
e\d\ <s eT sT<> eyT
+& e\d\T> eT n<Tb
O+Tq <X\ eT OT\qT L&
m>TeT #XsTT. |*+> e\d <X
|]XeT\T |L*bsTT sT<>
<]rd+~.
sT<X\L |sds |jqs+
n u $+# ]] j T H d < + +
eT*+> |+ O+~. s+&T ||+
#\T s+&T s\ edTe\qT O
#ksTT, #jT>\eH }V>q+|
d<++ <s|&+~. +<T +
<T . n_e~ #+~q <X\T eTT $j
+# nH s\ edTe\qT O
#jTe. n+<Te\ y{ s <X\
qT+& $~> ~>TeT #dT+{sTT.
n+srjT XeT $u q ese q <X\
b]X$T+> yqT&{ <V<+
#d+ ~. y{ b<$ T edTe \qT(eek
jT OT\ T, KC\T) m>TeT #d <X

\T> e]yd+ ~. ydy n+srjT
XeT $uq <X\| \e++>
sT<&+~. eT eekjT s+> s+
<+> es se&+ <s eseq
||+#+ u eT\+ #*++~. m>TeT
T\T &eTT&> |+#*se&+
< o j T Hu ned s y T q \ d ]
Vs|<s\ O, n+<TuT u>
ZbjsTT. <X\ |\T # s+
Vs< H\q < <T+|\T e+{ y{
Vs+> rdTe& n\yT|&*
e+~. |*+> bwVs |eD\T
|&bjsTT. s#T> d+u$+# sTe,
\T y] +>BXsTT. > eT&T
< X u \ T> es e q < X \T d#
yD+ eT #*d T H sTT. <X
\d] Vs<H\ O u> |&b
sTT+~. m>TeTT\T |]>sTT. bwVs
|eD\T ~>CssTT.
sT<>+, JeHb~ deTd\
|T&< b]XMTsD
|]cs+ #|<T
k+ esT\ <s d+u$+#
|T&< O |jT sT<>+
nys deTd. ~ s+>
e] dT
eekjTs+>+ <T |T&
eseq<X eT+ O< keTs+,

Je y$<+ >\ eekjT ueTT\qT eT
nqTL\yTq Vs, +<q neds\qT rs&
O|j+#\ n+ < <X\T &e+&
#dTHsTT. n+<Te\ k |< |\ ned
s\qT rs+<T u$T =se&T+~.
n+Ty~ e+{~. ese q ||+ #+

\~ eT+~ s+>+ |dT+ e\d
y & nqTyq b++ @B<T . eTs
s+>+ |y +# neX\T L& u>
e> OHsTT. u ksTT sT<>
]\T O+& us,Y #H +{ ese q
<X\T eT sT<>, JeHb~ deTdqT
yT |]w]+#Ty* O+~. |T&
< eed |P]> _qyTq <ojT
n+sZ esqT $d] +#Te&+ <s
<X\T eT deTd\qT # ~<T y*.
] b<q>\ q sV O
<rd, & b]X$TsD <s
ese q <X\T sT<>+, Ob~ deTd
\ |]cs+ qT>=q&+ k<+ <T.
||+NsD eed b{+ O<+
> O+T+~. Oq k+ |]Cq+
nedse TjT O $<q+ u ksTT
|T&T\T neds+. e d+K
O<> \q O+T+~. |]XeT
b<$ T s+>+ +& e O
< > \ O<>\ y] ~ #d+<T
b{+>\ ||+NsD sT+
T+~. us<X+ d\ Crj
|sT>T<\ X+ n~+> Oq|{
d+|T{ |]XeT O<>eX\T
eT+> ZbTHsTT. n+<Te\H
n_e~ Ob~ sV n_e~> ds q
H n_e]+#sT.
|T& b<$T d+#jTq (|sTT
eT | mLeTwH) |jT
|dT eseq <X\ qT+& +<q
eqsT\ dV b<$T eqsT\qT eT
Bq+ rdTH |]d H\= O+&~.
b<$ T |T& n_e~ #d |jT
H&T _qs|+ d+]+#T+~. |<
<X u eTT\qT n_e~#+ ~q <X
d+d\T +{ +| eed\ <s
kBq+ #dT+THsTT. s+>

L& eed b<$ T |T& Bq+
rdTedT+ ~. s+<+ > u eTT\qT
kBq+ #dTe&+ < $T+#&+
<s ueTT\qT eT Bq+
rdT+THsTT. ||+ # +<q eqsT\qT
eT >T|{ |Te& n_e~ #+~q
<X\T b{ |&sTT. dV +<H\|
|P]> <s|& ksTT qT+& +<q
ds| s TqT u #dT H+<T u $T|
d+|q |T&< <X\T <w eT[
ksTT. Vs =s eT]+ |sT>TT+~.
|*+> ||+#y|+> Vs ~>TeT
T\| <s|& eseq<X eT]+
d+u+ H\=+T+~.
]y\T |]d d<+
>T]+#&+ <T . eekjT u $T eqe
X, ]\ $d] +# sT . nsTT |T
&T\T |+#&+ <s eekjT
ueTT\ O<qT |+b+~+#e#T.
||+#y|+> |]$TyTq ueqsT\
O< keTs +| n<T| k~+#+<T
n_e~ #+~q |T&< <X\ eT<
s+s bs+ =qk>T+~. C
+<q eqsT\| (|{*jT+) n<T|
k~+# $wjT+q <X\ eT<
bs+ =qk>T+~. n++&,
|+\qT+& +<q eqsT\qT O
#d+<TL w sT>T+~.
+<H\| <<| {ss Xu\
bT <s|& q |]d nq+s+ , s
X+ H\=\&+ nyT] y| \ +
#+~q <]$T #eTTsT <s\T ]
|s>H s+_+#&+ |]d eT yTT<{
e+~. +<q O d+ L& ]
u$T| <s|&*q |]d H\=+~.
<s eekjT+| re & H\=+~.
Vs <H\q, #s q <H e+{
Je +<H \ j O|j dTH sT.

|{ Vs u < $wjT + re
eTT|qT m<Ts=+Tq eseq<X
n+ |e<s y T q |]d T \T {e*
\+ sTT. |]$TyTq ueTT
m>TeT O<+q Vs <H\qT
k>T #j\ n_e~ #+~q <X\
qT+& re & m<Tse+~. nyT]
e+{ n_e~ #+~q <X\T, ue+{
m>Te eT<s> <jT+>\ <X\T
b\qT Je +<q O <sTT+
#+<T n~ b<qdTH sTT.
ese q<X eT+ O< keT
s +, Jey$ < + >\ eekjT u eTT\qT
eT nqTL\yTq Vs, +<q
neds\qT rs& O|j+#\
n+ < <X\T &e+& #dT H sTT.
n+<Te\ k |< |\ neds\qT
rs+<T u$T =se&T+~. <+
de<q+ deTd (Js dyT )> e]
b+~. Vs<H\ O $j
+# ueTT\qT m>TeTT\ O<+q
|+\ k>T ueTT\T> esTdTHsT.
|Xe\ <D> O|j+# Vs<
H\ X+ L& |sT>T+~. <
<X\T eyT |<q+> O|j+#
Je +<H\ O ~ #d Vs
<H\ X+ L& |sT>T+~. ||+ #
y|+> #d eTq Vs<H\
O >T <Z \ |+#<T . < O
n~e TeTqT |dT + ~. Hu
|sT>T<\ b* #d ~ Hu
|sT>T<\ y>+H e> O+{+~.
Vs<H\ n+eT $j>+ |\
Vs+> |Xe\ <D>, Je
+<H\T> esT+~. |\T HsT>
Vs|< s\T> O|j +#& n+<T
uT O+& \d] yTT+ eT+>
>TZ+~. = reyTq d+<s ~
<ojT ds|sqT nk<sD ksTT
Zk+~.
sV se\| |<q+>
<wk]dTq <X |]De\
|<\ bwVs |eD\T ~>Cs&
, * n\eT{+#y] d+K |s>
& <V<+ #ksTT. |< |\T rdT
=H \ |~+ @&T e+T\T Vs
<H\ qT+& Xs n+<TTHsTT.
6
e] dT
eed @ TeH re <T]+
H\=+T+~. Vs|<s\ <s\T n&
n<T| +& |sT>TsTT. |]d T \
e eT]+ res+ #ksTT. |dT +
Te+{ reyTq |]dT\T b
sTTq|{ bw |eD\ ksTT e+
|&bTq~. ~ +<q *+#
$wjT+. n_e~ #+<TTq eseq
<X |<\T +<T eT\+ #*+#T
y* O+T+~. d# yD+ eT
ysT #*+ #* ek+~. ese q<X\
|< |\T #*+# d# yD+
eT y] |uT >T]+#&+<T.
n+<Te\ n$ deTd >T]+ +
q |]cs\qT sb+~+#&+ <T.
|<]+ >TZeTTK+ |{+< #T
|uT\T |\qT e+dTHsTT. <
$<H eTT+<T =qk+#qTHeT
L& &+_+> |{dTHsTT. u\\T,
ebwD deTd\ >T]+ e{&+
n+srjT d+d\ H&T n\yT>
e]+~. nsTT, us<X+ d\+>
Hu yTT+ bw Vs |+ |sT>T
+~. d+ 25 eT+~ bw Vs+
n+<TuT <T. nsTTH deTdqT
|uT+ mq& >T]+#<T. |k$+#
<T . $yT eT+f |> o\ us $<
y\ s#q L& $e |dT+~.
n+srjT d+d\ uwC\ ysT
|u$T\eTqT |k+~.
yTT+ n+X d+| + > $e]+
#\+f, u$T nH~ |]$TyTq
eqsT. eqe w <s B $ds + |+#
&+ k<+ <T. $<+> < ds|s
]w ksTT |]$TyT O+T+~.
$<X\ qT+& e# &e+& |*+>
<ojT+> Vs bZ +~. |sT>T
Tq m>TeTT\ &e+& nqT>TD+>
& Vs<H\qT O #j*
ek+~. n+<Te\ k |\ q
y T s V s < H\T n+< T uT
O+&+<T. n_e~ #+~q <X\ ]
eed\T |]d rdTedTHsTT.
d# yD+, m>TeTT\ O<+q
|+\ $wjT+ | X< |<]+
#&+, <ojT Vs u< eed\qT
|]s+ #+<T |uT C +Z #&+ ,
=~eT+~ <jT+ y>+ > |sT>TTq|
7
eekjTs+>+ <T |T&
u$T nH~ |]$TyTq eqsT. eqe w

<s B $ds+ |+#&+ k<+ <T. $<+> <
ds|s ]w ksTT |]$TyT O+T+~. $<X\
qT+& e# &e+& |*+> <ojT+> Vs
Zb+~. |sT>TTq m>TeTT\ &e+& nqT
>TD+> & Vs< H\qT O #j * ek+~.
|uT ><eTT U {~ qT\ Vs <H\T eTTbTHsTT. sTTH y{

|\ #<s \ e& |uT qjÒ<sy< $<H\T nqTeT+#&+ <T
{ d\ ] T |\| <Twue+
|<]+#&+ e+{ y{ <s n_e~
#+~q <X\T |]d dwdTHsTT.
Vs u<| re |ue+,
sTDus+ dT\ V]+|
d# yDC \T|\T us
se&+ us<X+ Vs u<|
re <Twue+ |&T+~. eseq
<X\T >+q, |dTeT m<Ts=+
Tq nqTuy \ b|~> $wjT +
dw+> #|e#T. Te+{ <Twue+
>T]+ HqT 1992 qT+& V#]dTH qT.
H q T V# ]+qf ]+~. V s
<H\ O |jT qT+& 80 \\
Vs u$T s se\ ~
nsTT+~. m>TeTT\ s +q |+\qT
O #jT &+|H |< q+> <w +B
]dTH sT. k>T #d u $T $ds + \&>
O+&y yTT+ MT< ZbT+&
y sT>T+~. O #dT q Vs<
H L& n~ u> |X e\ <D>

O| j +# | j T m ee+~.
b]X$T neds\ d+, Je +<H \
O d+ Vs<H\qT |< mTq
$jdTHsT. |+\ ~>T& Zb
+~. Zq $ds u #d $<+>
O< |s>&+ <T. 1980 <X+
b*d 1990 <X+ Vs<H\
O y] |sT>T<\ X+ d>
d>+|&bsTT+~. 2000`2008 eT<
\+ |sT>T<\ 1.4 X
|]$TyT + ~. \d] Vs< H\ O
+ eTT+<T+f u> |&b sTT+~. n~
eTTqT|q& y ] 200405 d+es+ n+eTjT eT&
\+ 155 >eTT\ |&b sTT+~.
50 d+es\ + |<eT |+#es
|D[ \+ Oq ksTT ~ |&b
sTT+~. 1937-41 eT< jTT< deTjT+
eTT+<T+f L& ~ u> e>
e] dT
eekjTs+>+ <T |T&
2002 E H{ Vs <H\ \\T 6.4

qT\T> OHsTT. H&T k<sD+>
O+& \\ +f dsd] 4 qT\T me>
OHsTT. eTTK+> >MTD |\ =qT>\T X
u> |&be&yT +<T sD+. n< deT
jT+ |sTTyT m>TeTT\T |]>sTT.
O+~. 1937-41 eT<\+ ~ 157

\T> O+~.
1998-2002 d+es+ eT< \+
\d] n+<TuT Oq Vs
<H\ |]eD+ O |sT>T<\+f
L& + y>+> |&bsTT+~. Vs
< H\ O , n+< T uT\ eT<
u& =qk>T ek+~. 2002 E
H{ Vs <H\ \\T 6.4
qT\T> OHsTT. H&T k<sD+>
O+& \\ +f dsd] 4 qT\T
me> OHsTT. eTTK+> >MTD
|\ =qT>\T X u> |&be&yT
+<T sD+. n< deTjT+ |sTTyT
m>TeT T\T |]>sTT. >+ \d]
V s < H\ O | & b sTTq
|d+<s+q s ~>TeTT\qT
|+#&+ <s B u #dysT. \\
qT+& =+ yTT Vs+> es{
$& T < \ # d n+< T uT O+&
Vs<H\ |]eD |+# ysT.
nsTT 1997-2002 d + e s\
eT<\+ \d] O Zbe&+
bT Vs<H\ \#d |jT
n~yT+~. y{bT m>TeTT\T
|]>sTT. n+<Te\ |\ $j>
n+<TuT O+& Vs<H\ |]e
D+ ]sT ksTT ZbsTT+~.
|\ n+<TuT O+& Vs<
H\ |]eD+ bZ e&+ yqT yTq
sD us |uT+bT us
] y n~ \T $d]+#sT. |\
=qT>\TX |&b e&+, &e+& bZ e
&yT B sD+. M #TTqT
$TMT]q O +<T sD+ <T.
sT\ #*+# d eT<T<s u>
me> Oq+<Te\ bsbT d+ \T
y[ es{ neds\ +f $T+ O
nsTT+< |uT+ y~++~. |\

=qT>\T X |+ < |\ n+<T
uT O+& Vs<H\ |]eD
|+#& <T\T Vs <H\ \\
qT+& 2002, 2003 d+e+s 2.2
qT\ yTT m>TeT #d+~.
dsD <sqT d+_+|#d+~. dsD
yTT L& +Z +~. d+u+ |&
sT\ qT+& Vs<H\ =qT>
]Z e+{ +|\qT nqTeT++~.
Vs<H\ O qT+& |+&\
|+|+| <w k]+#\ sT\
|<|< $| #d+~. |+&T, s
OT\qT |+#\ |#s+ #d+~.
n_e~ #+~q <X d|sY es
ds| s #d $T+ ||+ # Vs s=s
wq nedsyTq s s\ OT\T
|+#+<T #s\T rdT+~. d+d\
|yX +{ eekj $<o
d+d\T, q>s \s <TD\ ds
|s #d $T+ <ojT d+d\T> sh
|uT\T neX+ *+#sTT.
Vs<H\ O ZbsTT+~.
|\ neds\ n+<TuT O+&
\d] Vs< H\ |]eD+ bZ jT
ds[ 2001 d+es+ H{ |e<
syTq ksTT #sT+~. |]d
HqT 1992H eTT+<T> }V+ n|{
qT+& V#]d edTH qT. 2001 H{
|\ n+<TuT Oq Vs< H\T
\d] 151 \ |&bjsTT. 90e
<X+ ~ 178 \T> O+&~.
2004 s+u+ HqT Vs+>
O|Hd+ < $wj |k$+#qT.
]|_ |t V+>sY nH |sT HqT
O|Hd+ #qT. k<sD usrjT
T++ \d] 115 \ Vs<
H\qT eyT $jdT+< HqT
|s=HqT. n+ eTT+<T sT d+es\

b*d 2002-03 n+eTjT eT&T
d+es\ \+ d>T $j>+
u> |&bsTT+~. |<]+ >T]+
n~] \T |P]> | \ & \ T>
Oq $wj L& HqT |k$+#qT.
\T yde |]d m+e+
|_+_+#&+ <T . 30 d+es\ +
H{ |& ud{qT |]>Dq rdT
e&+H bsbT #T #dT+~.
n~ s bw | e D\qT H s T >
Vs<H\ $j> e]+|#d
|<] ksTT |uT+ $Xw++~.
1993-94 H{ >MTD Hu 75
X+ eT+~ n~s bwD |eD
ksTT s< \T *jTCXsTT.
Vs, bwD n+X\ d++~+
ss ydy\qT |uT+, $<e+T\T
$d]+qT> |dT + ~. $wjT +
n+<TuT Oq >D+\+{
|uT + |]>Dq rdTqT |+#
<T . 2007 eTT+<T <y\D+ #]
wk sTT #sT e&+ ydy \qT
d]> $Xw+#+ |uT+
#T#dT +~. <y\D+ ]sT ksTT
bZ e& |< |\ |]d >DjT+
> yTsT>T |&+<q& d++>
|uT+ uw+ #|+~. 1993-94
qT+& 1999-2000 d+es+ eT<
\+ Vs|<s\ b|~q ee
kjT ]\ $j><sT\ <s\
d 45 X+ |]+~. sTy <T
d+es ~ 11 X+ eyT
|]+~. &e+&T+f y>+> ds|s
myq d+<s eyT +&
ds|s +f &e+&T y>+> |&bjT
d+<s d+ <y\D+ >TZT+<H
yd y | u T + eTs bsTT+~.
ds| s +f &e+&T y>+ > |&b e&+
e\H |dT |]d @s&+~. wjTH
d<++ |s+ |\ =qT>\T X
eT+<+#&+ |]d sD+. \d]
O |&b sTTq|{ <y\D+ >&Z
< sD+. * eT+> |sT>TT
q|{ qZ \d] Vs< H\ ds| s
|]d |\T dsTbTq $wj
>T]+#+<T |uT+ s]++~.
dsD <sqT d+_+|#d $<q|s
yTq bsbT sjT+ Vs<H\T
8
e] dT
O |&be& <]rd+~. 20022008 d+es\ eT< $$< |+\
O |sT>T<\ s T 1.4 X |&b
sTT+~. ~ 1990 <X+ ZbsTTq
Hu |sT>T<\ sT +f L& u>
e. |dT <X+ \d] O
+ eTT+<T+f u> |&bsTT+~.
||+ #y| Vs |<s\ <s \ <y\
D m<Ts=H+<T us |uT+
d+d<+ <T. 2007 qT+& <y\D+
u> me> |] |\ yde <

j Z+ yd+~.
$<q s\T Ow|> eT
\\qT dT L]ydT q+ eq
yde + eTsT>Tq|&b <T. 1993-94 d+e
s+ H{ >MTD | 74.5 X+
eT+~ sE 2,400 \\ Vs+
rdTH ksTT #sT<H $wj
mHmdtmdt $j><sT\ ejT de
#s+ y\& + +~. eTT+<q&
~ 2004-05 d+es+ 87 X
|]+~. 1993-94 58.5 X +
>MTD |\T 2000 \\ Vs|<
s\T rdT d O+&> 200405 H{ MsT dTesT 70 X |]
>sT.1800 \\ +f e ksTT
Vs|<s\T rdT+Tq sT|<\
d+K |q |s=q \+ 20 qT+&
25 X |]+~.
n+srjT ] d+d\ T d+q
d\ ] | <y\D $<H\T
9
eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

$<q s\T Ow|> eT \\qT dT
L]ydTq+ eq yde+ eTsT>Tq|&b<T.
1993-94 d+es+ H{ >MTD | 74.5 X+
eT+~ sE 2,400 \\ Vs+ rdTH ksTT
#sT<H $wj mHmdtmdt $j><sT\ ejT
de#s+ y\&++~. eTT+<q& |\
d+K 2004-05 d+es+ 87 X |]+~.
|uT ej\qT +Z #\, <e|sy T q

b<T| b{+#\, O<sT\ e&
s qT |+#\, $j><sT\ *>
n+<TuT O+& sTD d<T bjT+
*+#\, &{ T (&| ksTT
nqT>TD+>) +Z #\, yH \| |]$T
T\T $~+#\, ] ]f+#YyT+T
$<H\qT |yX|{\, s ess
TqT Z+#\ dbsdT #XsTT. eT
sjT dMTsD\qT |q|{ 1991
qT+& us<X+ +< |uT\T
me> $<H\H neT\T#d
e#sTT. $<H\T | <y\D
#s \ eT]+ }+ #sTT. ks
m\T eTTdq sT y esTd> eT&
bT $<H\qT .#. |+&
]q+> neT\T#jT&+, sTy
s+& |\| eTT y|q us\
qT+& =+ yTs O|XeTq+ *+
<s zs eT< T qT ] b+<+<T
<V<+ #d $<H\qT nqTd]+#
<sD |uT \T eeV]d edTH sTT.

Vs <H\ O| s+s <&
#d Vs u<qT <rd | <y
\D $<H\ e\ q O<sT\ dT\
u < |e<+ y{\C d + ~. n+<Te\H
q O<sT\T $<H\| re
||Tq #| edTHsT. qj`
O<sy< d+dsD\ |sT us<X+
#T #dT q |]De\T sT<>
|+yXsTT. |<]+ eT]+ reyT+~.
me eT+~ sT\T ueTT\qT
jsT. y] sTD us+ #*+# ksTT
#sT+~. |X d+| <+~. eT|
sT>TTq <&T\qT s +>+ HsT > >{>
||T {dT H sT. V\T #dT H ksTT
qT+& u dsD ||T q #| ksTT
ysT #sTHsT. bs{\T eseq
<X sjT dTds <rjT>\
ksTT #sTHsTT. |\ eT<T|
<s|& |uT\T >T&>, *$e
q+ nqTd]+# n_e~ ePV\qT
de]+#Te&+ nys+> |]D$T+
+~. sT<>+, JeHb~ deTd\
d++<+ +& n_e~ #+~q <X\T
nqTd]dTq ePV\qT eTq <X+ L&
>T&> nqTd]+# b\\T eT $<H\qT
| d]> esTy*q |]d T \
bs{\T <V<+ #dTHsTT. |\
yTsT> q JeHb~ *+ yTq , X
~ L&q |ejT n_e~ ePV\qT
|uT\T sb+~+#*q neds+
O+~. $<H\T $<+k n+yTT+
~+ q OT\qT |]s+#+<T
<V<+ #j *. $ ]\ beTTK
*+ |\ qT+& d#+<+> eT<T
b+<>*>$> O+&*. $<H\T
O<q, <j\q |+#$>,
|\T >se+> Jeq+ =qk+#+123
<T
123
123
<V<+ #d$> O+&*.
e] dT
ed+ |+
eT* esTd+
]`s d+|Tq
mdt. MsjT#
{e\ u+>TSsT yT& |#\|* dT+<sj

T jT+ se
u>+> ]q yT& dsHsjTD ks|Hd+ |P] bs+ :
sE eTq+ #]dTq n+X+

s+&T $< bd+qT d+]+#T
+~. m+<T+f y| yT& ds
HsjTD |eTTK ]esZ HjT&T,
yT& |#\|* dT+<sjT Ms
\+>D s+> bs+ q&bsT.
eTVs d+<s + MT eTT+<T O|H
d+ e&+ >=| neX+> HqT u$dT
HqT.
us <X es&+ m, B
] ` s d+|Tq neds+ @$T{
nq $wj\qT eTq+ #]dTH+. eTq
usrjT de+ esT +& X\+>
O+&bsTT+<? <T , eTq de+ #
esT\ qe+~. eTq
e\dq esT$T{? y{ k~+#&+
m? esT\ mesT #=se rdTy*?
+e #b\+f |* yT& >+
mesT {*? sTy es+Z #=se rdT
us k+ bs{ q&|++~.
eT] |&esT #=se rdTy*?
sY esY, m+> #bsT:
sTy eedqT L\<jT&+ \+>
>\ ]es+Z s +>+ q dV yTq
HjTD #dT+~. usrjT |]d
T$T{? esY #|q |]dT\ H{
|]d bdT>TT+<? H{ L& us
<X+ 59 X+ |\T sT\T, ee
kjT ]\T. Vs +&
|\T, ]esZ+ L& sT.
sTqs <Xu\ k++ sT
y H&T keq |\T re XV
OHsT. |\T q \\T Hsys<T.
] esZ+, s X$T |\ deTd\T
eT]+ reeTjsTT. eds edTe \
<s\T +q+TTHsTT. yH\T

ZbTHsTT. |\| <|& |sT>T
+~. |\ Jeq |eD\T eT]+
<Tss + > esTTHsTT. f& jTjTH
V\T ={> V]+#&TTHsTT.
n$ nH~ keq |\T }V+#
k s TT |]bsTT+~. ] e s Z y T
+&, s+>+, e<sT\T, eek
jT]\T, s \Vq esZ\T n+
L& <Tss |]dT\H<Ts=+THsT.
sT\ V\T |]bTHsTT.
|{ \ $e =qk>T+~. k+
e 65 @ >&H L&
deTd+<THsTT. k+< bs
|*\qT mesT nqTu$dTHsT?
u s s T y esZ $| e +
=qk+#&+ d <q $wjT+
eTq+<] \TdT. n~ u keT esZ\
sJ |&+~. VQC +|\
#T\T *|+~. n+<T n~ |P&
d++<\qT s<T #jT b +~. u $T
|+#b+~. |]dT\qT {
b\ esZ\T u d+dsD\>T]+
e\T e+ #TT+{sT. $TXeT
] eed |sT ysT eT d+ |j
H\d+ |uT s+> k|+#sT.
|P& eed |H<T\| ysT |T&
< eedq T ]+#& |jT +#sT.
n+<Te\ |<]+, ndeq\T, sT<
>+, n~ <s \ T, n$<, nHs>+ e+{
eT* deTd\T |]cs+ +&
O+&bjsTT. |uT $<H\ e\

CrjT d+|< =~eT+~ ybs d+d\
#T +B]+#&+~. <X+ 20
& ybs d+d\ dT\T 1980
6546.57 qT+& 1989`90 H{
39896 |]+~. n+f \+
609.42 X+ |]>jTq e. ysT
eT u\ d+ = |T& \q,
= esq y<T THsT. B>T]+
esY, m+> #bsT: sTy
esZ+ eT OT\ esqT $d]+#T
H e T+ y T T + | | + # e T+
|sT>T\T rksT. n~ n #{L y
T+~, n #{ ds | & T T+~, n #{
d++<\T |T+T+~. (sY esY,
m+>, eTdT |D[). k$jT{
jTjTH L*be&+ n+srjT
|]d e]bsTT+~. us b\ esZ\T
m+m|,t ||+ # u+\qT XsTT+#sT.
<+ dssD, |sTTy{ sD, ||+N
sD $<H\T eTT+<T e#sTT. M{H
m| $<H\T n+THsT. sTy
ysT ||+# yD d+d (&T{z)qT
L& nqTd]+#&+ bs+_+#sT.
n_e~ |sT > eT&T <Xu\T>
m| $<H\T neT\T|]#sT.
Be\ nqTu e + n_ e ~ me]
]+~? $<H\ e\ ]\
O<> u <, ke u <, f& jT
jTH V\T bjsTT. |uT + s+>
|sTTy{ ] +#&y , |T&T\T O|d+ V
s#sTT us eTdT b (e]dT) +<$T{ duT\T.

d{jT T HjT\T.
10
e] dT
]+#&y, |P]> s<T #jT&y
#XsT. $mdtmHm, u\qT |sTTy{
]+#sT. &|mqT eTdXsT. zmH
d, >sTT, zd, u, d yTT<q
y{qT+& 1,00,883.47 sbjT\
y{\qT O|d+ V]+#THsT. u\T
>&dTq n +|\qT+& |uT+
y{\T O|d+ V]k+~. C #|
y\+f u\ |sTTy{sD, qc\
CrsTsD k>T++~. +{ s D ,
<sY b +{ eed, |& fsY
m+bsTTyT+T |sT * Ob~,
bsY fyT, +{+C+{, dyT essY,
Vqs]jTyT ]\T, y\+{sY, +{
qT+& |#d ]\T yTT<q sb\T
$|+> |]bTHsTT. |uT XK
L& |uT\T Te+{ |<T\H
b{dTHsTT. nd+|T{, njT ]
\ d+K |]be&yT <T, d+|T{
s+> L& nd+|T{ s+> ]\
d+K |< mTq |sT>T+~. ed
s+>+ d+|T{ ]\ d+K
1998 2.82 qT+& 2008 H{
2.75 |&b sTT+~(|]XeT\ y]
ds). ]\ XeT <|& nH sT
|]+~. dw+#&q $\Te (y\
j&&) ]\ y{ 1980 30 X+
qT+& 1990 H{ 20 X
|&bsTT+~. 2008`09 H{ eT]+
~>C]bsTT 10 X #]+~.
n< deTjT+ dw+#&q $\Te
(y\ j&&) u\ y{ 1980
20 X+ qT+& 1990 30 X
2008`09 60 X |]+~. <
deTjT+ $ksy T q +{ ]\T
O<> u<q, k+|T d+eT d<Tb
j\q jsT. CrjT ksTT
yTT+ ] 51 X+ eT+~ djT+
Ob~ > \ ys , 35.5 X + eT+~
Ee ]\ OHs 2009`10
Hwq X+| ds y\&++~. us
Hu 77 X+ eT+~ d+ sE
s. 20 L& KsT #jT >*> d s
nd+|T { s+>+ |]XeT\| jT$T+
#&q CrjT $TwH #|+~.
neT eq nsTT<H n+f
1990`94 H{ dssD $<H\
nd\T ds|+ jT|&+~. <X+
500 +| ]q ds <s+>
11
eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq
ds sD $<H\T neT eq nsTT< H

n+f 1990`94 H{ y{ nd\T ds|+ jT
|&+~. <X+ 500 +| ]q ds <
s+> mH$T fyT | ys sd <X+
y| T|& eTsy| +|\T
$|yTq u\T >&+#jT *|+~.
mH$T fy T | ys sd <X+
y| T|& eTsy|
+|\T $|yT q u\T >&+ #jT
*|+~. m| $<H\T <X+
bT neT\T ]|q sTy 300 |<
+|\ |*\| | eTs ys
|#T]++~. \+ VQC
+ |\T neT\qT 322 X + ,
u\qT 369 X+ |+#T>, usrjT
& s=s{ +|\T neT\qT 303
X + , s u \qT 336 X +
|+#THjT n~ *|+~. |&T
C |]d >T]+ #]<+. <X+
20 & b]X$T d+d\ dT\T
1989`90 s. 39,896.19 qT+&
2012 H{ s. 8,28,300
|]>sTT. n+f 2,076 X+ |]>jTq
e. bsYdt | q $es\ |s+
2003 eTq < X + 13 eT+~
X {X sT\T O+&ysT 2012 e]H{
y] d+K 57 |]+~. X{X
sT\ d+|< dTesT +< &{ de
q+. y` m nH d+d sV+q ds
|s+ us <X+ 8,200 qj`<
\ d+|< s. 50 \\T. ~ eTq
d\ Crj (&|) 70 X+.
B f n_e~ nH |<+ yqTqTq
esZ \D+ jT|&bT+~.
Xq+TTq <s\ us
|\T ++e+ yjT>*> d
sT . <y\D+ >T]+ |uT + dTq
\T ydy \T y\& + #&+ <T . <y\
D+ |s>&yT <T, Vs <y\D+
Xq+T+~. { <s\ dN
(@&~ &~) 2006 7.99 qT+&
2009`10 14.52 |]+~. 2011
qe] 1 H{ ~ 16.91 # ] +~.
nk<sDyTq, dTBsyTq, s+&+\
Vs <y\D+ |<q deTd> O+~.

nd+|T { ]\T, eekjT ]\T,
|< sT\ T+ &{ |<q u>+
Vs |<s\T =q& d]bTq~.
|&T <y\D+ |< |\qT m
<rdTq< \TdT+<+. { <s\
d L& ]esZ+, s |< X$T
|\| |&T Tq us\ >T]+ ydy \T
#| <T. { <s \ d b*d es{
\s <s\T # V#T> O+{sTT.
2010`11 eT< 13 | < q V s
|<s\ { <s\T, \s <s\qT b*
#d 9 |<s\ \s <s \ T { <s \
$T+ |]bjsTT. 2010 nsY
|{*jT+ <s \ | jT+D\T myd q
sTy |{*jT+ OT\ <s\T
$|+> |]bjsTT. B |ue+
s n s\ edTe\ <s\| re+>
O+~. <s \ |sT>T<\ s sD\
uT +<, sh |uT \T $~dT q |s
|qT\T sD+ neTHsTT. |{*
jT+ OT\| j& ysyT |<
O<VsD. & |T&< deC
$Xwd sY esY #|q $wj
>TsT #T y*: |\ JeH<s\|
eT]+> |qT\T $~+#&+ (<s
<s\T |+#T&+) <s q&# <T $
$<q+H |qT\qT sqTsqT eT]+>
|+# |sT>T < O+~. n~ |qT\T
nH~ d+|Tq <T, n<= d+.
(|T& y\yT`1, |J\T708)
2011 qe], e] ek\ eT<
& , eTT+sTT, ==, #qjYT, nVeT
<u< , V < s u< e > s q> s
nk#yT dssV++~. n~
<s \ T, +<q + <s \ T, $< KsT\T, >VsT
D\ us+, s> ;e b\d\ us+
e>s \ e\ q>s >VdT\ b<T|
e] dT
eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq
\+ #*q 1894 u dsD #{ O|j

+#T |uT+ s=s{ s+>, >qT\ s+>
ueTT\T d]+ k+~. Be\ \~ ~yd\
J$\T L& < bTHsTT. <X+ Te+{
\e+| udsD\ es+> 17 sc
sT\, ~yd\ sdq +<q\T #dTHsT.
yTT\T n+ eTT+<T >&q sT

d+es 45 X+ ZbjjT
*|+~. <y\D+ |sT>T<\L, \d]
<jT+ |sT>T<\L nd\T b+q
+& O+< nk#+ |s=+~. \d]
<jT+ sVdyT+{ eTq \TdT.
O<VsD 2011`12 us <X+
\d] <jT+ s. 60,972 (H{ <s\
|s+) n+f n~ yTC]{ |\
<j\qT |_+_+#<T. n~ L&
<y\D nqT>TD+> |s>& + <T .
H\ s. 40 y\ <jT+ Oq T+u
L& eT +~ =qT&
s.17 y\ $T+ $T>\&+ < ds
*|+~. M |]d O+f +
keq b]X$T ]\T, d
yH\ L& H#T {~eT+~
nd+|T { s+> ]\T, eekjT]
\ |]d @$T{? |< sT\T, \T
sT\T, e <sT\ yTT<qy] |]d
@$T{?
qjÒ<sy< $<H\ e\ eek
jT+ L& <+~. eekjT+, nqT
+< s+> |uT |T&T\T eT+>
ZbjsTT. 2004`05 eekjT
s+>+ |uT |T&T\ y{ 20.5
X+ O+&> n~ 2008`09 H{ 17.6
X Z b sTT+~. \+
|sTTyT |T& 79.5 X+ qT+& 82.4
X |]+~. ekj |uT
eT< T bZ e&+, d#es{, dT+\
Z+|\T e+{ #s\ <s ekjT
yDC ds ]+#&+ nH~ eekjT+
qT+& q s T \qT ]yTjT& O< +
q<. sYesY |T&< n_e~
>T]+ #T nH&T ]\T
eT d+ XeT #dT H k<H \{qT+&
y] ysT #jT &+ |T&< eed #d
yTT<{ | (|T& y\yT1, |J

668). |uT+ +{, +| eek
j |yX |&+ <s q , eT< s
> s T \qT eekj T ] \T>
esjT<\#T+~.sTy esZ+ O
k<H\qT s+sjT+> esT#jT
+&, <s O d++<\q y{
<s yTT+ de+ d++<\q
esT#jT +& eTqC\<T.(eTdT
|D[ esY, m+>). \+ #*q
1894 u dsD #{ O|j +#T
|uT+ s=s{ s+>, >qT\ s+>
u eTT\T d]+ k+~. n+<Te\
b<$ T |T& d+#jT q+ n+f O
<sT O k<H\qT+& ysT#jT&+
$TqV eTsMT <T(|T& y\yT`1,
|J 668). \~ ~yd\ J$\T
L& < bTHsTT. <X+
Te+{ \e+| u dsD \ es
+> 17 sc sT\, ~yd\
sdq +<q\T #dT H sT. |<, dqsT
sT\T, eekjT ]\T, e<sT\
|jH\qT <rdTHsT. n_e~
y] se\dq y{ y] <+&
#dTHsT. sYesY b<$T |T&
d+#jT q+ yTT yTq sb y\& +
#&T. jTq #b&T: |T&
b<$T d+#jTq+, n+f < #]
qq+ m ]+~? ud\, nsu
d\, yq ]\T> D+ |]esq
#+<&+ <s s> < T . O <sT\qT
<#Te&+ <s n+f q d+ XeT
#dT H |sTTyT d s<T #jT &+ <s
~ ]+~.(|T&, y\yT`1,
|J`713)
sT\ |+ TuT <s se&+
<T. +< |uT+ |{+q eT<T
< s L & O Ks T H e
O+{+~. O<V s D , 2007`08

(K|t) >&`1 e] |uT+ s. 775
d eT<T <s |{++~. <
O KsT s. 725. n& +~||
O KsT 2039 > d eT<T <s
s.1550 |{++~. $TqTeTT\T s
2,339 O KsT > d eT<T
<s s. 2030 |{++~. | O
<s s. 2054 > d eT<T <s
s. 1800 |{++~. \s es{
<s\T y| |]bT+f sT\
e+ TuT <s\T se&+ <T.
|T&<sT\ eT OT\ <s\T
|+#T+THsT. $H\T, msTe\T,
|sT>TeT+<T\T, eekjT |]s\ <s \ T
$|+> |]bTHsTT. y
eekjT OT\ qT e+ # e
<s =+THsT. O<sT\qT+&,
$j><sT\qT+& L& y u\T
|+&T+THsT. ]esZ d yH \qT
e ksTT O+#&+ d+ |uT+
d eT<T <s\qT e ksTT
O+#TTq~. eekjT |T&T\ <s\T
$|+> |]bT+&&+ O KsT
$|+> |sb+~. s+& d\
\+ msTe\ <s\T eT&T sT
|]>sTT., 31`03`2010 s486 Oq
&m| msTe\ k,15`08`2012 H{
s. 1260 |]+~. \+H
m+| <s s. 231.66 qT+& s. 889
|]+~. jT]j <s s 250.8 qT+&
s. 281.1 |]+~. dVs sTD\
eedqT HXq+ #XsT. eT+> uk
eTT\T, < sT\T |sTTyT yD
d+d\qT+& sTD\T rdTe&+ sT>T>T
Tq~. <X+ 80 X+ sT\T q,
eT< s> s T qq $wjT + eTq <w
O+&*. $H s=s{ s+>
n|+#&+ ]+~. s T \ u$ wT, <X
u$ wT $q #+ # $wjT +
+< sh |uT\T s+{ X< <T.
>MTD < \T eT |T&T\qT ]jT
md T, |D s s+>\ s* dT
HsT. |uT + yD |+\qT y\
bVk+~. 1970`71 Vs <H
\T |+&+# b++ 12.43 ms\
qT+& 2009`10 12.13 ms\
+~. \+H yD|+\T
12
e] dT
|+&+# b+ $ds+ eT]+> |]
+~. | @{ <X+ 15 X+ Vs
<H\ |+qT Z+#j\ |T&T
+~. dssD $<H\+{ e\
2,56, 913 eT+~ sT\T V\
b\&sT . s +&T <X\ eT< jTT<+ d+<
s+ L& + |< mTq |\T
#b<T.
1961 468.7 \d] Vs <H
\ O qT+& 2010`11 438.6
|&be&+ |uT+ |&T +<q
| { k + ~. < + L & V s
d+u <] rjTe#T. n< ]
|<q+> ]esZ+ u> &q 8.2 qT\ Vs
<H\T eTTbT+f +< |uT+
e+ dT|+ sT <X\ sT y L&
|<\d+ Vs <H\qT $&T<\
#jT& d<+> <T. nyT], bH
e+{ n_e~ #+~q <X O KsT
52%, 82%, +><X, bkH e+{
n_e~ #+<TTq <X O KsT
27%, 25% #=|q sT\ d_& +<
dTH sT. eTq |uT + e+ #
=~b{ d_& Z+#ydTq~. d+|T
d+eT #s\qT L& ~+#k+~.
|uT+ d_& _\TqT 2011`12
&| 2.67 X+ qT+& 2012`13
2 X Z+#d+~. sqTq eT&
\+ B 1.7 X +Z #jT &
ssTT++~. n&T>T esZ\ |\MT<
~ $HXsyTq |ue+ #|T+~.
s d H j T \T, >dt , V s < H\T,
msTe\T, |{*jT+ OT\T yTT<q
y{ <s\T eT]+> |]bTHsTT.
|uT+ |<]+ d+K\qT #|+#
$wjT+ L& nd\T, sd\
b\&T+~. |D[ d+|T+ |&T
\ |s+ sE |{D \d]
s. 32 <jT+ e#yS, >MTD
b+ s . 26 e# y +
 < ?
|< |< dq T d_& m>=Z& + d+
|uT+ |< |\qT m|m, _|m
n $uk+~. # <TD\ eedqT
\Vq|sTk+~. T+u H\ 35
_j s. 3 #=|q d
Vs u< *+#& < s.
13
eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq

1961 468.7 \d] Vs <H\ O
qT+& 2010`11 438.6 |&be&+ |uT
+ |&T +<q |{k+~. <+ L&
Vs d+u <] rjTe#T. n< ]
|<q+> ]esZ+ u> <bT+~.
_.{. sD~y
84,299 KseT+~. 2 +u D+
&T d>+ B d]bT+~. d_&
Z+#& |uT+ q><T ~ |<+
e+{ = esZ\qT nHwk+~.
#s\ L& nd+|T{ s+>+q,
njT s+>+q |#d ]esZ
J$\qT <rdT+~. ||+# d+|<
y~ |s+ d+|< #d us
<X+ ||+#+ 12e s+ O+~.
eqy_e~ d #d yTT+
139 <X\ >qT 123 kq+ O+~.
||+# nHsT 17 X+ eT+~
usYH OHs ||+# nHsT\
y~ *|+~. ||+# u+ #|q
~y sT { &H d<++ (=+<sT
<q e+T $T* ysT y] y#+<
Tq d<++) &=\q
yT+{ jT|&+~. $wjT+
usY b*d o\+, bkH, Hb
eTq H yTsT>Z OHsTT. 2012`13
+< &{ |uT + < \ ssTTr\T
e&+ <s s5.28 \\ <

j sTT+~. |<\ d_&\
e#d] |uT+ q e< &T <
;<y\T |\T+~. sTy ù k
eT |uT esZ |jq+ n~. &T
>qT ed\T #dT+f +<+ eTq
$T>T\T &{ @s& O+&~. b\ esZ\T
eT #T n~s O|j +#T
>dT, KC\T, u$T, dyT e>s
dV d+|<\qT \{ #dTHsT.
d+|<\ qT ] rdT <X+ d+ KsT
#d |uT <T\ =s nq<
O+&<T. ]_e~ $wjT+ {+>
&H d<++ $|\ eTsTT+~. n$,
|T&< $<q+ $wjT+
e+ $jTe+yT+~.
|T&< ||+#+ |T&
$|+> b>T|&&+ Ob~sV
n_e~ sT>T+~. n+srjT |H H
|T& u+\T, ;e, wsY esT,
bssY f&+>, |P#sY f&+>, ]jT
md{, s ddT s+> #=#T
b+~. B |*+> neds edTe\
<s\T, $H\T, msTe\T, Vs+ <s\T
|]bTHsTT. q, dqsT s T \L,
q, u> q |]XeT\L sTD\T
@f{ bZ THsTT. n< deTjT+
yT |HH d+d\ $|+> <T\T
deTLsTTHsTT. sT\T sTD\ d+
yT|HH d+d\MT<, |sTTyT
e\MT< <s|&*ek+~. B
>qT ysT 30 X+ k\Td] e&\T
V\ b\&TTHsT. +<
|uT + n+srjT <e |T& &
+bsTT \s es+ $<o |T
&T\qT nqTeT#+<T |jT dTq ~.
< ] eTq |\ Ob~ MT< $< +d
syTq |ue+ |&TT+~.
eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq
e] dT
eekjT+ |T&< d++<\T |sT>T

Tq =B >MTD b+ eekjTs ]\
d+K >DjT+> |sT>T+~. | |]De\T
]`s d+|TqL, dV kVs s
e\L = neX\qT dwdTHsTT.
eekjT+ |T&< d++

<\T |sT>TTq =B >MTD b+
eekjTs ]\ d+K >DjT+>
|sT>T+~. >MTD b+ eekjT
]\T, \T sT\T, |< sT\ <<
duy eTq+ #k+. y =+
deTjT+ eekjT s+>+ |#ksT,
$T> deTjT+ {sY &esY, Ve,
||, { ]\ e+{ s |qT\T
#dT+THsT. n< $<+> dH
eekjT ]\T |D +<
\ e\d bTHsT. |dTyT ysT
CrjT >MTD Ob~ VMT |<+ e+{
y{ L& O|j +#T+THsT. |q
|s=q |]De\ L& ]`s
d+|TqL, dV kVs se
\L = neX\qT dwd T H sTT. H
$<+ > #bsT:|D dyT \ y\Te
|\ $d]+#*. ~ s+> y\Te\
s|+H , yTq ] dyT\
s|+ eT eTTK+> |+\,
~>T&T\ deTjT+ dyT\T y\Ty
*. (H @]q s#q\T, y\yT`8,
|J ` 319) jTq + #b&T:
y\Ty q ]<eT+ eTTK+> ekjT
<sTq, ~qd] ]q
]esZ eT&q, ]esZ bs
|<T\q dw+#T eTq+ #&*.
<X+ sTy ù keT |]b\q
|s ekH\qT eTq+ #X+. |&T
|ejT $<H\ d+ ]esZ+
#=se rdTe\dq deTjT+ dqeT
sTT+~. esY`m+> #bsT:]
esZ+ q| sT>TTq <|& s<T
#jT +&, <s n s\ <|&\ q
s<T #jT +& de+ O X \
jTe C\<T(eTdT |D[).
]esZ+ bs+ q bT n
s\ X$T |\q \T| by*.

d{jTT eek| n<\T yT& _{
sD~y #bsT:s+>+ <X+
n~ |< |CkeT X, n+<Te\ <
s#sD <X $<q sj
\| |
|ue+ #|T+~. s+>+ ]esZ|
dV $TT&T. y] OeT& XTeH&T,
bs+ OeT& |jH\THsTT.
us <X+ ]es+Z b\ esZ\q,
y] $<H\q m~]+ bs&T+~.
s +> |j H\qT rdTHL& n$
|uT $<H\ |TsD |&TTHsTT.
s+>+ d eT<T <s d+, {bsT
<\ d<Tbj\d+, d_&\ L&q
msTe\T, HDyTq $H\T, e e&
eekjT sTD\T yTT<q y{d+
bs&T+~. eekj eT]+ &{
{sTT+|\d+, eekjT+ eT]+
|uT |T&T\ d+, TuT <s \ T
e>s\ d+ bs&* O+~. Vs
u<, $<, y<+ <s\ Z+|, n~
<s \ es+> bs&&+ e+{ OeT&
|jH\ d+ n$ *d bs&*
O+~.
s+>, >MTD |<\q $eTT
# j T +& ] e s Z + q qT qT
<|&q T+& $eTT >$+#T<T . yT&
_{ sD~y #bsT:s+>+, ee
kjT ]\ +<q\ eT<e&+
nH ~ y] kVs |<]+#&+,
kqTu *jTCjT&+ eyT <T.
eekjT $|e + d+, eekjT ]\
&e+& eT<e&+ d+ Xe+
yTq ]`s d+|Tq ]+# q
\+ n~ u>+. d+|TqqT
]+#+& |dT eedqT es+,
sTyùkeT esZ\qT n~s+
qT+& =\+#+. d+|Tq +&
q |CkeT sC k|+#&+,
usrjT |\qT n s\ <|&\ qT+&
$eTT #d kw*C esZ dT>eT+
#jT+.({jTT H {jTT eTyyT+{.
y\yT`3, |J`258). bs+
]es+Z HjT + #|{ *. ]esZ
HjT s +>+ y~+#T> <
$Xk n~ b+<*. y] n s\
bs{\L n+f \$e es+
>, ]q V\ d+, md, md dubH
d+ ]> bs{, eekjT ]\
u bs{\T, s V\ d+ ]>
bs{\L, \T sT\ bs{\L
d+|Tue+ \b*. s+>+ $H\
d+, msTe\ d+, eT OT\ d
eT<T <sd+, b]X$T sD, >qT\
e+ |sT eT ueTT\ dsD
es+> ysT sT|Tq bs{\
]esZ+ kVs \b*. y] bs
{\ e\+ H eT<e&+ eyT
<T ] dVjT+ #j*, &sY
n_e~ &&*, &sY sVD
&&*. dyT\ dV s kVs
se\ ]esZ dMT]+#*.
s+>+, s >MTD |<\ $X
k b+< +& ] es+Z q \
#s < T . $wjT + \+>D kjTT<
bs+ nH $\Tyq bs\T H]+~.
yT& |. dT+<sj
T #bsT:yTT+
\+>D bs+ n |< \Vq
V <su< d+kq+ q>s\T, |D
|++~. q>s b]X$T
_e~ # e> O+~. <+
]esZ+ # q~> O+~. Oq
yTs L& dMT O<eT+ # #
e. (|. dT+<sj
T , +>D |+{
d> T n+& { dH , |J`136). jTq
+ #bsT:\+>D s +>
kVs+> m& +<q\T s><T.
|< |<s q\T>, Vs > , ks
dyT \T>, e] XTeqT |*qT+&
<rd #s\T>, |rs #s\T>
XTe <*\| sVd de#s
dsD #s\T > @MT e. |D
eT< T > #s \T +& >MTD b+
bs+ =qk+#&+ wyTbsTT+~.
(|. dT+<sjT, +>D |+{ d>T
n+& { dH, |J`136).
]es+Z s +>+ eTe&
14
b\
e]esZd\T T nqTeTee. n$ s+>+
n s\ yqTuT <sDT\q,
yqTuT d+|<j\T, \ eT >&\T,
nd sj\qT O|j+#T
|\qT $&BjT& #ksTT. M{
|ue+ ]esZ+ MT<L& O+T+~.
m+<T+f ]\T L& |<q+>
s T \ esT, es nsTT O+{sT
<! H #bsT:<+ yT
B qT+& ]><$T{? s +>+
$Ty< X \ |uT + dT\Te> sJ
s>\<T. n+<Te\ eTq+ s+>+

$|e X\ |+< se&
eT]+ w #j*, eT]+ s>
| #j*.(H @]q s#q\T, y\
yT ` 6, |J 119). $wjT + yT&
_{sY V#]+#sT:| b,
| esZ q+ \+, |<T
\ O+{sTT. eT y<T\, n_e~
s<\ s+>+ eTuy\qT
O|j+#T y] nd+|
u;eTd<T /seTqu $T e+{ $qs
deTd\y| eT[+# pdTHsT. >MTD

ks|s X\T B eT m\, esZ
|j H\ k<q +> O|j +#T
pdTH sT.(_{sY H {jT T eTyT+{,
y\yT`3, |J`325) e]> eTq+
H #dq +~ V#]qT eTqq+
#dTy*: $|e+ $jT+ nH~ <
sD d+, < |]|P] #jT &+ d+
eTT+<T=q ], s |C|
|]eD+ MT< <s|& O+T+~.(123
H
123
123
@]q s#q \T, y\yT`9, |J`433)
n_bj\T
|DsD| yd+
XdjT+> O+~
m&sY >]... e]dT >dT H\
d+ |DsD <sDT\T`
|]o\q yd+ XdjT+> O+~. |
D\T, q>s\ Hu > |< $|
+> |]+~. >e eekjT
s+>+ D+#&+, u eT\T ]jT
md T e|j
#T , dC\L <s
<+ e&+ e\q eekjT+ Z q
sT\T, eekjT L\T, #eT\
ys |D \ e\d edTH sT. n&
Ob~ b q>s\ yTHsT.
$TT&T >+>se T> |]o\q #d
n+\ dV d$esyT q yd+ sXsT.
<q y<\T.
T+b\ o seTeT],
#+<+ >] yd+ j+ @eTT+~?

m&sY >]... e]dT yT H\ d+ n<jTqo* yT& dT+<sjT
yd+ yTT<{ \yT $<+> |#T]+#sT.o eT<TL] #+<XKsse
(#+<+) sdq +< kV+ = b&\T yd+| dT+<sjT $eTsH
yd+ sXsT.... dT+<sjT dTBsyTq ydyT sXsT ~ #~$q |eT
#+<+>] yd+ (#+<+ yke[, $X+< |#TsD, eTT<D H+ 804,
1974 &d+sY`|| 94 qT+& 120) yTT+ #~yqT. dT+<sjT>sT sdqT
#+<+>] yd+ j+ <<+ m&T+< H u<|&<T. MT M
o dT+<sjT>sT sdq dTBs yk e]dT |#T]+#>\sT. n~ #~$
j+ @$T{ ~s $es\T ns+ #dTH |jT+ #kqT.
s|Te\T>] d+<V\T`de<H\T o] dTu<+> O+~. eq mH
d+<V\ eT+ de<H\T <=sTTHsTT. M o] eTs H\T>T
|J\T {sTT+#>\ sT. H{ us+ nH o] bs+_+ |H eTq <X+
sT>TTq |]De\qT $e]d yUq |Ps yd+ s|Te\T>sT sj\
sTTHqT.
.dT+<sjT, d`&
|D jTe]{ +|dt,
|D `411007.
d+b< $esD: #+<+>] yd+| dT+<sjT>] $eTsH yd+
T s#q \
C>y b+, = >Ey, nuT <jT nsY 1946 d+ |#T ]yT + ~. < |#\|* dT+<sj
$XK|+. d+\q+ (|CX TV dt |#T sD, |#T sD d+K 1128, 2010 yT 21, ||` 225
sh+ s +{ m|s Y |
yd+ y*
yT&, |C d+|\ <s+
| eT+&\ +<+ n<jTq y~
\T sV+#\ |jTdTHeTT.
B d\dt deTd> O+Tq~. n+<T
e\ |H H\ |<q+> sh+
eTT+<T=q s+{ m|sY
n+X rdT q $Xw D O+&
e]dT yd+ |#T ]d O|j >
s+> O+T+~. |#T]+#>\sT.
m. \ X ss &,
dq|*,
>T+sT .
15
qT+& 231) |#T ]+#sT. #<e >\sT. d+<V \T de<H\T o] |J\ |]$T
@MT <T . H\ eq |X \{ de<H*e&+ sT>TT+~.
yeT| |ejTyT D se+

us <X+ eTdT O<e >{ |H~ O+~. = # D+H
usY eTdT O<eT+ \yTq X> O+< b|dsY |uY |{jT
|t V+& &y |d sdq eTT+<Te #|q~ yde+. #]H
yTT<{> eTdT b m\ <s n~s+ se+ eTq <X+H
]+~. n> > 40 d+es\ nqTue+ | n+X sTEe #k+~. |
n+X\T yeT| |C+ |ej nqTL\ n+X\H $wjT+ yde+.
b 20e eTVdu b d+ || |+#Ty*, |dT |]dT
$<H\ b|~q eT&e L$T nH~ #sD j>+ <T. yeT| |C+
|ejT+ \yTq yeT| O<eT+ sD+ D sy\ b eTVdu
#dq sjT+ # deTT+> O+< u$dTHqT.
sTeT+ y+fX sse,
402, ^H esY,
=+&|PsY, V<su< 84
e] dT
||+# >eTq+
|e<+ |{&\sY:
sH| nyT]
+\ nd\T sD+
k|sY &sH#
sH nDTseT+ e\ q |e
<+ O+< #T nyT] <| j
\T <Te+~. sH |C $<+d
esDjTT<+ #dT q < nyT] n< |>
|#s+ #dTq~. yT sH $<+d
jTT<+ j sT #dT q ~. n~ nyT]
#TTqTe+{~ <T. < # _q
yTq~. nyT] ~| >{> >+&=f
jTT<+ . #eTTsT ybs+ nyT] &\sT
|H #\TN{ b& jTT<+. n+<T
jTT<eT+f nyT] ujT|&bTq~.
<+ 2005 bs+uyT+~. n|
&T sH q d+ n+srjT #eTTsT
ybs <TD (+swq sTT
usY`z_) k|+ #T+{q | { + +~.
B =* <Xq T 2008 bs+_++~. z_
nH~ n+srjT m+. ~ #eTTsT,
>dt, s |{*jT+ OT\ yDC
nyT] &\s +& s s\
sV+#TH+<T M\T *dT+~. 2007
q+e+sY | (#eTTsT O, m>TeT
<X\) deyX+ sH n< &T eTVeT<
nV~HC< e{&T #eTTsT yD+
nyT] &\sT bqT d]+# eTs
qeTyTq, eT+ s #dTy\
|\T|#sT. &\sTqT jTq |e*q
T + > e]+#sT. <T |] H\ sH
||+#+H #eTTsT O #d <X
H\Ze |< <X+> qy<sTT+~. q <X+
qT+& ~>TeT #dTH #eTTsT nyT]
&\s +& s s\ #*+|\T
sb\ n~ |\T|+~.
nyT] sH| d]=> $~+q

+\T, sH d+ u+ y
<M\T q&| <X\qT \ +> #dT HsTT.
sH #eTTsT m>TeT keTs >qT
< rd n~ nDj T T< \T j s T
#jT<T. qT @ <XeT nyT] d+
u+ y<M\T q&| L &<T n nyT
], jTs|j
T H jTjTH (jTT) <X\T
+\T $~+#sTT. sH ] eedqT
<rjT&yT +\ O<X+. sH
+\qT # jT|<+> n~>$T+#
>\T>T+~. n~ HsT > +>s+ #*+ |\,
#H e+{ <X\ nsTT y{ s
`sH$TH; <s, eT]= <X\ HsT>
uss Y |< <s #eTTsT yD+ #dT q ~.
#H, usY\T eTTKyTq b bwdT
HsTT. scL& dVjT|&T+~. sH
qT+& #eTTsT ~>TeT #dT +Tq <X
#H yTT<{ <X+. usY s+&e~. s+&T
<X\T L& sHqT+& ~>TeT #dT+
Tq #eTTsT>qT =+ u+>sT s|+
q, =+ eT d+ s \ s|+ q
n+f #H #+~q ]H$TH;q, usY
sbjTq #*+ |\T sT|T HjT
|HjT fyT | sd+~. s+&T
s\qT n+srjT s es&+
n+ dT\Tyq $wjT+ <T >qT sH
s O|j+#T s+&T
<X\qT+& ~>TeTT\T #dT+ Tq~.
@&~ yT H\ #H sE 5,24,000
us #eTTsT ~>TeT #dT+ <, ~
n+ eTT+<T H\ b*d 35 X+
|]+< sc |\, {M MT&j
pH 22q y\&+#sTT.
sH #H yD+ =qkd b
nyT] @MT #jT<T. m+<T+f #H
nyT] \ &\sT sTD|& O+~.
nyT] |P]> #HqT+& ~>TeT jT
#q O<q\ MT< <s|& O+~.
$XwyTeT+f, nyT] sH| d]=>
# reyTq +\ T $~dT q T |{ + q
deTjT+H sH MT&j, eT <X+
s+&T #eTTsT #H |< mTq
|T&T\T |&TTqT | { + +~. sH
O s q Oq nC & > H , < D q Oq
jT&esH #eTTsT \qT n_e~ #jT&
#H 2000 &\s |T& |&T
T+~. s +&T #eTTsT \ *| sE
7,00,000 us #eTTsT O #ksTT.
n&>H + 4200 us #eTTsT
b\T OqT n+#H. ||+#+H ~
n |< #eTTsT +.
nyT] usY | >{ |T O+~.
nyT]q, jTs|tq eeV]+#
s#sTT nyT] $T+>H #+~q +&jH $X$<\jT+ ]

n<jTq $u>+ n<|\T> |#dTHsT. =\+dt +&jH $X$<
\jT+ sjT ke Xd n<|> L& | #dTHsT. eT+ s#sTT,
Bs \+> |CdeTd\| |#dT H sT. |T&< eed ||+ # u <|s # & + :
nyT] ] keC s m |e<+> e]+~. nq |d+ sXsT.
16
e] dT
&+ _ ` u, sc, +&j, #H
` sqTsq eT]+ me *d T>
eeV]dTq H|<+ usY| eT]+
& #+<T nyT] eTT+<Tq ne
X\ |]$TT\T @s&TTHsTT. sH
sc ]| yDeT+ L& nyT]
&\s +& sc sT q,
sjTH ]jq sT>T TqT
qe] yTyTsYZ | y\ &++~.
nyT] <X\ \y=Z sH
ybs eqTe&+ <T\T nH <X\T
+\qT @<$<+> | ybs+
#d+<T yTT>TZ #|THsTT. nyT]
$~+q reyTq +\ T neT\T eq
|~sE\ eTT+<T ` pH 20q , sH
\T nyT] &\s y <M\qT | qu{
eT yDC eTeT <X\ s\H
sV+#Ty\ | { + #sTT. sH #eTT
sT nsTT<e |< esT. n+s
rjT es+ $w jT+ |s k
s\ ybs+ #jT&+ mT,
+>s+ ybs+ #jT&+ mT. yT
H\ sH qT+& #eTTsT ~>TeTT\
>qT 140 &\s $\Tyq +>s
#*+ +< |H jT fy T sd+~.
sHqT+& #eTTsT ~>TeT #dTH
<X bH eT&e |< <X+ . bH #eTTsT
#*+|\ &\sT $T+ + &
sT>TjT sH |uT MT&j bsY
qe] |{++~. sHqT+& #eTTsT
~>TeT #dTH <X H\Ze |< <XyTq
<D =]j q <X+ jsq O<<
edTe\qT sH m>TeT #jT&+ <s
ussY |< nqTd]+# $wjT+ |]o*dT
q< fVH fyT E |{++~.
+&wj L& besTT m>TeT #d
sHqT+& #eTTsT ~>TeT #dT H $wjT +
|]o*dTq< ssTTsY *|+~. o\+,
$jT+\T L& sHqT+& #eTTsT
~>TeT #dT H $wjT + &\sTqT | q
uf $wjT+ |]o*dTHjT ysdT
HsTT. <+ L& sH #eTTsT yD+
$j\qT dk+~.
|{&sY |< m |#dT+~?
eTT #b\+f, #eTTsT O
#d @ <X+qT+&H #eTTsT ~>TeT #dT
y\+f <X+ nyT] &\s H #*+ |
\T sb*. ~ n #eTTsT m>T eT <X\
eT<, z| (#eTTsT m>TeT <X\ d+d)
17
|e<+ |{&\sY
nyT] <X\ \y=Z sH ybs
eqTe&+ <T\T nH <X\T +\qT @<$<+>
| ybs+ #d+<T yTT>TZ #|THsTT.
nyT] $~+q reyTq +\T neT\T eq
|~sE\ eTT+<T ` pH 20q , sH\T nyT]
&\s y<M\qT | qu{ eT yDC eTeT
<X\ s\H sV+#Ty\ |{+#sTT.
#H n<&T VQ +{y
sH n<&T HC<
<X\ eT< Bs\+> Oq n+^s+.

O<VsD, _H q s nsTTq b+&q T
#*+ kB ns_jqT+& #eTTsT ~>TeT
#dT<T. < <T\T n~ q b+&qT
nyT] &\s esT #*+#*.
b B |dT+ sH eyT
$TqVsTT+|.
BqsyTeT+f, ||+#+ #eTTsT
~>TeT #dTH yTC]{ <X\T eT e<
$|yT q &\sT ]sT\T O+#Ty \q
e. nsTT &\sqT <X\T b
< #| HT eT ucD |{
\T ydT O+#e. y{ n$ |T&
|&sTT. e nyT] &\sT >qT y{
nyT] |uT u+&q, s e&
e# dL]{q |T&> O+#T+
{sT. eTs$wjT+ @eT+f y{ m| &T
y\+f n| &T #eTTsT e+{ &\sT
y\f edTe \T =qT& $j+#T
H M\T+&*. @sf nyT] \\
&\s n| #d || L& q& ne
X+ *++~. n| qT nyT] yjT&+
<T. s ||+#+ yTT+ nyT] qT+&
e& e# dL]{\ s|+ =qT
ydTH sTT.
B+{ eTsy|q #eTTsT O
#d, m>TeT #d <X\T eT eTTK+>
kB ns_j, s nsT <X\ OHsTT.

eT #eTTsT nyT] &\s #*d |
n+^]+#ueTT n #eTTsT O <sT\T
|T|&+ e\ eyT eed q&T
k+~.1970e <X + @s&q | #eTTsT
d+u nyT] n<&T H |uT+
q nqTL\+> esTq|{qT+&
|< q&Tk+~. ||+#+H n |<
#eTTsT m>TeT <sq kB ns_j
&\sT $TqV $T> s #*+ |\qT
y~+# +& H&T nyT] #jT>*
+~. kB\T eT |\T& O|j+
yTT+ | <X\T B n+^]+#T
#XsT. B <T\T> nyT] q d
X kB ns_jH +& n& |seT
s+> |\qT nDyd s#]
b\qqT L& skq e{+~.
& #eT+~: H jTq
$<X+> eT+ V d+sY\T, kB\qT
|+ y] eT|& yT> #eTTsT
u\qT nyT] ] eed |T&>
|{+#sT. kB\T nyT] |uT dL
]{ \ qT =q& y T +& qj sY
u+ L& |T& |{sT. |
#eTTsT +\ T || + # #eTTsT <s \ qT H\T>T
sT |+#&+ kB\e<, s nsT
O <sT\ e< |T& |&
$|yTq &T b>T|&bsTT+~. q
jsY u+ b>T|&q &TqT ysT
||+# y|+> n| \T |{sT.
#eTTsT <s\T H\T>T sT |s>&+ <e
d+u+ nkT> <e d+u+ @s
&+~. 2000 d+es+ s H jT +>
q #eTTsTqT jTs neT&+ bs+_+
#&+ kB ns_j nyT] Oq q
&T \ &\sqT ]d #d+~.
y{, jTTHf& nsu m$Ts{ esTd>
20,000, 30,000 &\sT ]d
e] dT
|e<+ |{&\sY
nyT] sqT <Ts$T++~ >qT |&T <

d]|& #eTTsT O| ~| + \_++~. qT |&~
kB\MT<H <s|& *q neds+ <T . +y| <Xu\
s & nyT] q d D , n~ ds| s #dq jTT<
d+| e\ kB d H qqT qT s+ #TH keTs +
\_++~. n+ <T b ++ q ~| | < ] +
#TH keTs+ L& < \_++~.
#XsTT.
sTD\T nyT] &\s OHsTT
>qT y{ ] nyT] &\sH #*+
#sTT. 1980 <X+ bs+u+ nyT]
e& sT 21 X+ X q+&+
sTD\| e& L& X q+{+~. ~
+y| eseq <X\ sTD d+u
res+ #d+ ~. B n&+ |T ese q
<X\qT nyT], y d{\T sjT>
|&+#sTT. dT n$ sTD>d <X\
] |qs edsD |T |{sTT.
sTD>d <X\ ||+# u+, m+m|t
sTD\ X #|+#&+ sTD\T y+f
qj` O<sy< |< eT eT <X\
] eed\ qT |qsed ] +#T #XsTT.
<+ 2009 H{ eseq <X\ sTD+
3.7 \\ ({* jTq) &\s |] +~.
2008 <X\T < <X\ eTTK+>
nyT] e&, nd\T bsTT< \d+
60,200 &\sT #*+#sTT. 1980
qT+& 2004 es n$ yTT+ 4.6 \\
({*jTq) &\sT #*+ #sTT.
<+ m ]+~ nq $wjT+
\TdT+f # n<T+ > O+T+~. HqT
< >T]+ eTs# #TqT.
d +> #| y\+f, 1944 _H e&
|+<+ |s+ n s\ n+s rjT
yDC\L &\sYqT n+srjT s>
n+^]+#sT. |+<+ +<H m+m|,t
H{ || + # u+, || + # yD d+d\
eTT+<{ d+d\ @s&sTT. \yTq
$wjTyTeT+f &\ sTqT +>s+ <s
eTT&yX sT. WH +>s+ <s 35 &\sT>
s]+#sT. BqsyTeT+f, nyT] e<
qT eTT~+# &\s deqyTq +>s+
O+&*.
1970e <X+ s+u+ $jT+
jTT<+ e\ KsT\T $|+> |]be
&+ H |uT+ +>s+ k+&sYqT
$jTH | +< s\jT+
$&H&&T. < kq+ |q |s=q

|{&\sY |< |{&T. n<deT
jT+ jTq m+m|t n+srjT |T
& nyT] n+sZ u+\qT+&
$eTT #X&T. n~ kB ns_j, s
nsT O<sT\qT eT |{&\sqT
qjsY u+ ]d #dT&
neX+ *++~.
|{&\sY eek, ||+# ]sT
s> &\sTqT =qkd, <s
sTD L& =qk+#>\ nyT] jTT
\ nyT] ] eed |H<T \T>
essTT. ||+# <e d+u+ e
q|{qT+& nyT] q sTD\ |yV+
=qk>T #dT & >qT e& s qT #
~>Te ksTT O++~. BqsyTeT+f,
#eTTsT=qTe&+ d+ ||+# <X\T
nyT] =qTq dL]{\ e# e&
L& # e > O+~. + e
#b\+f $T> ||+# <X\T eT
#eTTsTqT &\s n$T eT e#
yTq bVyTMT <T. | <X\
>, nyT] >{ $T>T &q kB ns_j
> |{&\sY ]d+ > |< n+{|T
e+&&+ e\ e# ] |jqyTMT
<T . nyT] sqT <Ts$ T++~ >qT
| &T < d]|& #eTTsT O|
~|+ \_++~. qT | &~ kB\

MT<H <s|& *q neds+ <T . +y|
<Xu\ s& nyT] q d D,
n~ ds|s #dq jTT< d+| e\ kB
dH qqT qT ]+#TH keTs+
\_++~. n+ <T b++ q
~| |<]+#TH keTs+ L&
< \_++~. q <X+ mTe+{
nD y O+< n+ reyTq nDy
>TseTq VsTTH |\T > @&~
Kb| #dq sT>TuTqT nD yjT
& kB ns_j <X+| <TseTD
#dq $wjT + |]d n<+ |&T +~.
2018 e d+es+ H{ ||+#
#eTTsT yD s> &\sT eT+>+
b& eTs = eedq T @sT #dT y\
#H, sc, bH, bH\uT >`
#eTTsT O <X\T |D[ ydTHjT
_H #+~q +&|+&+{ | eT<
b# djTsY $] susY |dt 2009
nsY ys sX&T. &\sT kq+
$$< <X\ s\ L&q |< |yX
|{\qTHsT. n+<T > `|s wH
<Xq kB ns_j, y{ , jTTHf &
nsu m$Ts{, eTH, sY, VsTTH\T
s y\&+#ujT OeT& s L&
O+T+~. B uT #H #+~q
jTTyH (]H$TH_), jTs, bH #+~q
mH\T O+{sTT. $TXeT s
+>s L& #sTksT. |D[
nyT] Bs * $TT q kB ns_j,
s nsu > <X\, CbH L&
O+&& { nyT] HjT $
L& |P]> e~jTbsTTH, re+>
|dTHjT e+ nseTe+~.
&\sY ~| nyT] sD
q #eTTsT nyT] &\s +
& s s \ #*+ |\T #j \ s
|>T |jT +#&+ <s |q |s=
q |+<H n~ q&qsTT+~. (HqT
|T&< eed ||+# u<|s
#&+ nq |d+ < y<q #XqT)
<+ nyT] s| >V+ e
<Tse TD b\&+~. 2000 d|+sY
H{ s n<&T d<yT VQdH
|q #d s ++ e+ q
XTe s n+f nyT] &\sTqT
y~+#u<T n #bsT. n|{qT+&
($T> 34e |J)
18
e]
#]dT
Crj<eT \+H
XeT<H se& ~~q eTdT\T
cq~ (+<sT) \Te\ e+
(7`6`1944 |CX qT+&)
1940
<X+ eTdT b b<$T XK\T,

|Cd+|\T m |#d e#sTT? |\ <q+~q
J$+ m bZHsTT? H{ |C deTd\| m+{
sD yK] se\qT neT\T #XsTT?
$wj\qT H{ b duT\T, b XK\T \dTe&+,
H{ b nqTuy \qT+& HsT e&+ # neds+ . 1944
yT 24e ~ |CX (H{ eTdT b |)
#]yTq cq~ (+<sT) \\ eTseTT ><qT
|#T]+#sT. Crj<eT \+H |\ d#+< w,
XeT<H eTdT\T se& ~~q eTVs >< sTT~.
n~ us eTdT b bd+ es |CjTT< H<+
sTTq \+. n~Vs H<+ sTTq \+. |\
O|j>syTq | |Cd+d Hsys\q H<+ 5
\\ 50 y\ ms\ { m<& y]+#&, eTs 40
y\ ms\ |\| u$T k>T >\ se
eTdT b rdT+~. n+ d s y T q #]
seT+ H&T m k+<, @jT b\, m+ deT~
V+ \\ e+ k+< \TdT&
<q + O|j >|& T T+~. 1944 |CX | |#T ]+#
&q <H djTsY eTdT HjT\T |s \ |{_
sese d]+ eT+ 2000 qe+sT d+
|#T]+#sT. < jT<<+> e]dT bs\ n+~
dTH +:
(H{ |CX $] <q+)
+< s +> #] ` <T <T, uss T +H
#] |Tq uy& sT>T+~. 5 \\ 80
y\ ms\ { m<& =\+, eTs 40y\ ms\qT
|\| k>T >\ seT+ w \Te\ eTseTT deTT.
n~Vs neX+ *+ sTe\ q]{,
|\qT b&>\ seTeT~. |C|j >s y T q +{
deTT\qT | =qk+|CjT&+ |Cd+d\ se+.
n+<Te\H sus +<s w s T d+|T + q uT Cq
ydT=+~. B sV+#&+ @eT+ d\ueTsTTq |<T.
$ eT sE\T. sT\, L\ #+& |Oq
sE\T. s b+\, s |qT\ L\T se&+
k<+<T. { |]dT\ + |< se
|Cd+d sV+# |PqTe&+ us<X+ < yTT<{
19
ksy! us<X+ + es $msT> V+&yTq

sT eTVduqT sT|>\ u> yTTq yTTqH +<<X+
H#T+~. |Cde\ #=see\ ] H& n|Ps ssV
D |PqT= <qTs\sTT+~. us sD<eT #]
>sekq+ d+b~+#T=+~.
| m sT>T+< #& jT\T<], \eqT
dMT|dTHqT. >* *ed+<= b :
y* y* L\q
\Te\T y* L\q
eTq sT d+|TyT L\q
eTq sw d+|TyT L\q
m\T> d L\q
C>\ eTq+ L\q
|P\Tb+ eekjT L*, <H|P &

dT<sq+ OV+ b&d |
#dTH&T. bqT sd+~ L& nH.
q &| ysT bq+<T= O T\e
THsT. jTw+H \+ >&|
jTTe&T dT<s q+. |\ e T+d+ q
d+|T + \|{q seT+ n O
|]+~. n $ L& s+
+~. + b&TTH&T dT<sq+.
\Te\T y* L\q
sTe\T rs* L\q
eTq<X >Teq L\q
ejT bddT \ T L\q
eT]\T u{sT L\q
eTqeT+ \y* L\q
CC\T ={* L\q
+. dT<sqeT, n |C
e s sT L\+<s seT
$\TeqT >T]+#sT. eTs T ` L d+|
\ #jT > * se jT|<+
#jT BeV+#sT. | sT>TTq+
yTs \e ]>qT +#T$T+#T
n+{ yesD+ OV+,
BH +&O+~.
n~s sus+
| d\+ |P] y\+f sE
eT&Ty\ eT+~ |Cd+&\ sT
d+|T+ |\T|+~. 19e ~ H{
dTesT 2300 eT+~ eyT L\T
e#sT. M] 7` 8 e+<\ eT+~ ee
kjT L\T, $T> ysT O|sT. eT
dT b qe+T kjT+ #d+~. sT,
L s+> |#dTq s yT&,
ysTTeT+~ e \e | #j \ d+<
X+ +~. 19 e B H{ 700eT+~
eTdT\ T e | eT>T\jsT.
M], eekjT L =+ eT+~
~ n\yT |. eTX q+{
|dT+< n|+# |. | |PssTTq
sT y MsT |T + LsTHysT
.(yTT<{ sE) |H s eTTs\T
#&T>T&T &$. M] y] >\ &~
<s q+. nsTTH |T<\ |#d q
| yL& <s bjTT\T <*#sT.
msC+&\T bVdT+f
n+ |sed OV+
eTT+<T q&#qT. n& & \e ms
C+&\T H&TTHsTT. bduT\T,
sTL essT, eTTs\T = C+&qT
bT=, < k<+ | kdT
HsT. s L eTTs\ qT+ M]
| +# V+ eyT H C+& n
+#qT. +#>, n+H >=|
$\Te O+< >V+#qT. e& O|sT\T,
yTT<q s L eTTs\L, eTTs
\L m+ &O+~. eTTs\ +
{ | O>TZb\ H]q $< O+~.
eTTs\`~ +&\T s>Bd |.
n&T>&T>TH OV, sBq
OB|+|Cd XjTC y] m<T
O+&&+ nedse T|++~. y] deT+
s |s |&Tq msC+ &\ $\Te
n<q >V+#qT. msC+&qT #|{
eT b, eT d+|\T |\T|#sTT,
|\T| $ e#sT MsT. we T LsT+
f eT C+& |w u+>+. C+&
+< k>TTq sD<e\ <.
n+<T + V\+> |
k>TTq \e e* >TMT<H O+~
yTTqsT eTVdu ]q d\+. n&
&# M T< n|{ msC+ & { sTT+
d>s+> m>TsTH O+~. eTVdu
k+|<j =s sks <
sV+q sT L\T? esT
#d#\T n\dbTq nejTy
qqX OT+<|d + ~.
|q\T ` |<\T
\e jTqeT\<TsT y|
q& bs+_+#qT. e& O|s, eekjT
L, b duT\ eTTs\T n
#TsT> |#dHsTT. |#dTq b
duT n s> T \ s T \, $<sT\ ,
]\, e<T\ OHsT. ;eTes|
cs& (b<TsT), >H d+
(e\sT )>sT #] e+< ms\ kMT\T
` bs $ TTHsT. |H
|#dTq L\T $+>
##sT. eT]=+ <s+ eTT+<T
k>qT. qeqe&TTq =+<sT $<sT
\T \T ydTHsT. bs\ eT
HsT. y] VQc]d |H
e<e T] |\T>TydT H &T. eTTUq n\d
V\THsTT. |<e\ MT< sTqe
\T +<T\T =THsTT. mes n&
>qT. >T=+& n#jT>sT. 60 @
|&q <Xde&T. +>dT O<eT+
m+ >+ #X&T. H&T msC+&
& +< k+|<j =qkdT
HsT. |\T| $q< &e> #
Oq d+ |qT\ q{ eT\u{ \e
| e#&T. | |T<\q, sT
qeq, q#T Oq jTTe +<
nqTD+ bVdTHsT. e]
y] dHT
V<jT +H n_q+<q\+<Cd eTT+<T
k>qT.
eTs#, \b>`|+&T>&+, <{
_+q |+#.....# bs `
qe Hy| ##&T. Msq+& e
H ` n+ | qTq jTTe\T m+
bjT+> |]#jT+ #XsT. 60@
|qT+{sTT. \ y+jT>sT (<y
>&+). y] eTTK+ | |T<\qT
#, med| e{&T
bjqT. | $Tc =+ |
sy*. X\{#d eTT+<T k>qT.
= nqTue+
m& #H +{ <X. n\
yT >&T | eTeT+>, B =B
n\yT|s#T=, n< e>>\ L
\ *d #dTq $<sT\, yT<e\
|qTq s L eTTs\ Xs,
d+c *dTH sT.
d\e sE e&+e\ n#T |
ysT, |dt ]\T, s ]\T e,
me] rdbd OV+ |#dTHsT.
]`s qT ysT s|+#sT.
ysY f wjT H D b+<Tq jTTe
\T eT d\e sE\qT | $j
dTHsT. u\ d+|T+ L& O&T
kjT+ =qkk+~.
+{ y] uT+ uT+ *|
|#jT &+ L\= = nqTue +. y]
<T, d+> $qys+<] n<= $+.
13e B H&T yT& dT+<sjT, ydT
< e se, >b\se y T T< q b
HjT\+ \\ >&# T \T #T{, {
` bs |{ |#dq|&T #q y]
d+> ys #|qs<T.
sT>T bsT>Ty] &T
|eTTK sjT HjT\T {
bs |{, L\bT |#jT &+ $
msT> $wjT+. |D eT<s>ysT
$wj >T]+ $+> #|=+
THsT. \, es,Z $#D +& $Cq
ksTT\ se+#+&, n+
*d |#jT&+ #TT|\ sT T+
u m+ d+#\q+ *++~.
eTdT\ +f @$T{ nqTH+.
y] sB H&T s ##+.
u>T+~ HjTH, MT| n os~+#
&= sT |<. \e n n Oq
|eT, jTqeT\<TsT qT+sT\T
< \T> e | # k e T y> q +
20
#e]
XsT. |dTeTqT+
=+eT+~ s T d\ T
e+X\ |qT\T #jT& eT+

eTT eTT+<T e#sT. y\>|P & sj
T
>sT >TeT&jT\T |+bsT. jTqeT\
<TsT =+<sT jTTe\T mes
|\e+& e |#XsT. ||P] #dT
= kH m{ jT\T<]q s T L
essH | ` e H qT\THsTT`
kq+ #jT+& V+#sT jTqeT\
<TsT sT\T. #<Tu ` +
d|P #T\T |#dT= |#XsT.
MTs+<T #<&+ n yT #~
bXsT.
q&T+ e+ |#dT q Ms+<s
eT _&\T. n #eT{&&eT+ eT
|+\ n_e~d+, sTe sdqT+
<X b&+d+. n+{ eT _&\
| s T T+u\T kqTu #|&+
dVyT<! sB eTT+<T,
kqTu #\Te sjT \T, s
$u<\ n+]+ bjsTT. sD
seT+| OV+, |Cdy s
\T $dksTT. |<T.
n~s esZ
H q +{~ #&< H&=
zesY. |\ d++<+ +& y]
kqTu | +& O+& |uT|
n~sesZ~ = e&+ XsyT
eTT+~? eTe\ <qT=q | eT
m<Tf |P] ne +f, Xs# T \jsT
n~s es+Z ysT. |C d+d\ X s
s|+ ##sT.
d$Tw Jeq+
n~s esZ, |C d+d\
se T+, |y# |#sTT+#&+ H
<T, | k>Tq+ \+ |y]
JeH >T]+ X< rdTe&+
L& |C d+d\ T n~sesZ\ bs\T
HsTTHsTT. |y] +{\T <s\
_jT+, yTT<\sTTq Vs |<s\T
d|s TT#d @sT ]>sTT. <\T *q
y] ks\ HsT #XsT.
n{ $T+q<eT+f |>\+ |#d
n\dbsTTq y] kjT++ =+d|
$H< seT+. eTdT b sT
d+|T +, yC <\T |sp n& &
Ts< \ T #TTHsTT.
# Ts< ys TT+~. <+ &
ysTT+#k+~. #TT|\ Oq O|s
eTTs \ys T S , | \T =+< s
=+< s > e TT\T= e # T
21
d MT< e +<sT \Te e+

|qT bZq |#\|* dT+<sjT
Lsk>sT. ~ y] J$+H =
nqTue+. wJe\# n+ +&#
#sTT+#T=Hys >, y] $H< $
k\qT >T]+ n+q<esT? eT
+{ wJe\T #q+b+~, |C
d+d\ +< d+|T {y T , m+d |T q
s\T k~+#s Ts<\ <s
\TdT+THsT. n+es nCH+<
s+|& =T+Tq y] uy
= y\T>T b&#|+~. eT|
+ dTV<jT+ |e]dTq d+d\
|<HXj >V+#sT.
uT\T #| s+ | <=s
<H u< e+&<T. uq+ <HujT+
O+&<T. n+<Td+ bT|&TTHsT
nq<= e| s d. sC VeTsTTq
msC+&qT # O<>+ ` C+&
eTq C+& ` L\ C+&! bD+
deq+> b&Ty\H&= e|s
yTd. eT# | #sTTdTq |C d+d\ ,
y{ Xj $<+> qT
y\&+#sT wJe\T.
eT]+ OV+
$<+ > O Tq eTTs\T eTsT
H&T + OV+, |T<\ |
|y dTH sTT. eTT+<TsE nqTue + MT<,
|sy<T` + | #jT>\eTH
$Xd+ $<sT\T, b duT\T
yTT<\sTTqysT s+>+ ~>TTHsT.
HH{ | = VQcsT + #TsT>
k>T+~. \T>Tseb+ (c)
eTTs eTw sT >C\ #=|q $,
q eTTs\qT u*$ b{ dy
$d]+~. >T+sT b <+
n>+\+ b+<\H |T<\ |
kk+~. s <\T sE sE me
|#j\H B Os\T rdTHsTT.
>TDbs+
|\ eT+ Ls>\ se
s+X |uT n~s esZ\H |C
d+d jT|<+> =qk>+#>\e
|Tq s|k+~. |\ $T&eq
sD X\ neX+ * k~+#>\
|Tqs\ <= q <sq+. n+
<T, n+ |<qeTsTTq deTTqT L&
` @< sD+ <=] d] eT\u{\qT
=+~ |uT+. |\ eT+ n+f \+
s+X |uT+ { n+<T
|PqT=+~. u< H]q CrjT |uT
yT O+f, n #d<? BH <T eT\
&eq +H deTT\qT d\+
=qk+, |\qT sT e\ qT+&
b& |PqT=H<. deTT $wjT +
|C d+d\ T #|q X<, B +<T
sD+.
CrjT |uT+jTT neds
O<++ #{#T+~. |uT|
HjT+ +< usC k+#>\
|Tqs\ ~ d#q.
T~ |T+ w\Te\
eTseTT <X\T
+<sT \e eTseTT | |P]
ek+~. H&T c b <\
+| yqT. <>Zs =+<sT
e{&T+THsT. y] e<T
&+TH&T: <Xu n+f >T+sT
y]~s! deTT e\ y] e#<

$T<T <? nsTTH |\T| n+<d]
m+eT+~ e#s #&T! m+ B,
m+ \&> | #dT H s #&T. #
<s+ #|THsT! q ys+
e* \|s#sT. n_bjH
mH#, ys sT sV \y] H $HqT.
#q ys+<] n_e+<H\qT #s>=+
THsTT >T+sT <\T. d|j q+
O+< < nq~ <T ysT #+~.
<X, |\L m+ O|j >|& T T+<
nq< ys+q $wjT +. eTsTTq
|Cde B e <s bjTT\jsT.
|C|j>syTq | @ b++ y]
qsTTHds , @ s> y]HH ds , <Xu *
| ]dT+~. +<sT \Te |
+<T q <sH\qT #|+~.
O<jT us
O<jT us >TsT\+ uy&
CrjT bsX \. B sV\T
l b{+& e<eXs>sT ` $,
|+&T &T, dV <jT T&T. nuT <jT sy T q
$wjT+ ` ksds+>+ jT+&,
ke+ jT+&` <H #jT
ksT . +<sT \Te |, < =qk
dTq BqT ##sT. OT\jsT.
qe+T kjT+ y+H #j \qTHsT.
H&T yeCeTTq q w+<
q+{ , & n<| y+ uT
\e e#sT. n+<] X q|
ss TT+#sT. qT bs |{sT . <X
eT]beTT. yjT>\ u\\+
\ T yXsT. >T|q U nsTT|&T Tq
\qT b\T>Z\ |db|\T ]+\T
=&T +~ n+~+#sT. eT]=+<sT
u*\T eT+ d|sTTCXsT. #TT
| \ysT eTT>T\ sTTbjsT. yC
<+ d+w+ | e ns>+d|
m+ eTT#> b&, y] HV<
|]+~.
< $<+> |eT qT+ Ob
<jTT&T 20 eT+~ u\\ e kjT+
#X&T. >T+sT qT+ eTT>TsZ T Ob
<jTT\T djT+> bs|{ |#XsT.
uy& s ]\T =+<s,
>T+sT qT+ >T&T |ysT
=+<s e#sT. eT +{ neds\
_jT+ ydTHs nq+ OV+
|#XsT.
c|t m+bsTdt jTjTH duT \T,
|ysT, yTT<\sTTq nH ]
d+d\ysT |ys+ d\esE y[
|#dTHsT. uy& f& jTjTH

d+d\ { sT |q e+<eT+~|> y[
H&T |#jT& @sT sT>TT
HsTT.n~ |+\T |+&+, sTe
\ H<Tse\dq u< MT ]<
<T ` e |P] dV s+ O+< ]
+ $<+> sT j
s|+> VMT k+~. n+<T, >eT,
|D |\ keTsk<= ny|T
<sq+.
eTV d+|T+
| s& yTT<{ eTV
d+| nqTeT e<T. n
esZ\ys X=\~ kjT+ #dT+f,
eTV d+|T + #d }sTb sTT+~.
eTseTT ssV\T es M]
& +> |+~<T. c
eTVd+|T ssVesZ duT \T sw
sZHsT e=+& dse, &sT
n#e+, e=+& TeT yTT<q
ys+ e $, \ T yXsT. |sTw
<\e+ rdbs|+#sT.
X ~>\ |Cde d |sTw $u
<+ +>, <, |<, ], s,
yT<$, XeTJ$ nH $#D+&
n+<s *dse& neX+ O+~
` |+& *deksH d+ mH
$<\ w \Te eTseTT sTEe
sTT+~. $X\ CrjTs+>= bs+
|k~++~.
n~sT\ dVs+
|Cde n esZ\ys, n
sV \ys ~*se&+ |.&T.&. n~
sesZ #T\qT #d+~. s
e jT|<+ > =qk+#& n
$< s T d+| , |Cde\ &
& #d+ ~. | #=seCd +{ |C
|s |qT\qT #d #|+f n~sT\
dV s+ d+b~+#e#T qq& <=
<sq+.
ks|sT\ |+<+
k|> k>Tq | dT
+{sT =+<sT =+ |+<+
njsT. \e n&& |sTq
dTqT e& M +{ rdT
HsT. dT bT n&Tq d\TqT
L& Ms rj*. MsT eT
u+ Ls>\ dTqT e+ rd $T>
d\TqT e~* |{sT . $T*bsTTq d\TqT
L& rsTT+# u< sTd+|TyT
rdT=, deT+> Hsy]+~.
|C de\ sB, |uT dV
s+ ` M{ |*+>H sTd+|T+
H\ yTT<{ BH{ +<sT \Te

e] eTs
dT
eTT |P]#j
T >*+~. H&T eT<V+
\e e~sT. H> n&
#eT{&Tq yT&T, sT\,
eekjT L\, ]\ ` n+<]
H&= |s~q+. eT XeT |*+>
{bsT<\ = d+es\ es
m+{ n+sjT+ O+<<T< n y]
| sT O_bjsq&+ nX
j <T.
sTe \e |
n+{ | |P]<T. dT
u+ H\T (sTe \Te) eTseTT
+ e+~. n~L& eTTdH deTT
e\ |P] |jq+ O+&<T. <L&
|P]#j
T & ssV\T XsTT+#T
HsT. n+f eTsys+, |~sE\T
\Te se& M<qe.
eT ydT q s T \ =+ +<q
e. nsTTH sT\T eT dV
]ks ssV\T +&T qeT+
OHsT. ks+ nDTeeTsTTH
+#+& e+<\=\~ sTL\T
>T+sTqT+ e | #XsT. |+
q~+ #j\H B +&|+&\T>
]\T eT d+ |> bT|&sT.
yT<e\T, eTV\T q&T+_+#sT. m+<T
d+? eTTqT+<T <X+ eT]+ dT_e TsTT,
sTe \ e+& #jT&+
dyT. HsTeT ydTq sT\T L&
<w | qsTksH <s n&
| |Cde& y\&dTH&T. eTT+<T
\T>>\ n~ |jH\ H+,
|{ * +<T\ zsT+{sT.
sT e \e | | kqTu , dV s+
|+& #|s, qeTTTHsT.
<s dVs+
< s T +>dty~ nsTTq >&
s|T TseTjT>sT OV+ e \e
| bZHsT. s|TTseTjT >]
k<sT \T uy , HsjTDse >sT L&
m|&T M\T n|&T e X =\~
bZ+THsT. s|TTseTjT>sT qT
bZyT +& |eT >eT jTTe
*, |<* L& OV|] bZH
#XsT. |eT qT+ sT\T L& e
| #XsT. deTTe\ eT yqTy+H
|jq+ bsTTH, |Cdys
M] bV++~.
|#dTq <\| L& ss
V\T |P] $Xk y\&dTHsT. e&
O| s T \T nqT q+ e T+~ s < T .
n+<s *d ysTTeT+~ eyT sTe
22
\e
e] |dT OHsT (y\qT+~
1500eT+~). M] b duT \T s T L
essT *d 250 eT+~. \e eTseTT
| sTL <\, b duT\
O sy T q k+|<j\qT k|+ #sT.
n&T>&T >TH u*$ b{ |#d, n<
e> Oq eTTs\ HH$<\ $T+b
jsT. dq|*, qsdse| <\T
<sbjT+> \ |#XsTT. y+
|>& <+ eTw 5 |T q >C\T #=|q,
sT <+ 44 |Tq >C\T #=|q
$ O|s eTTs\T eTTMT< y\T
ydT =H #XsTT.
n+<T 30e Bq |e<eXT
\e sT #=s&+~. B |{
ssV\T = <\qT e
\e yj\ ssT. c
+|+ ~*+~. e+<eT+~ |>,
] $T+ sT |q#d yXsT.
eTsTH&T ~>TeqT | n#TsT>
k+~. H{ s | q +| P ]
#j\H B ds qT|++~. eT<
V+ uH\|& njsTT. $X+
rdTuTHsT. n+ eT |\T|
e+~ ` n&T> ydq >>T+~.
< \|s#& se\d+<. D+
\d+ #jT+& {, bs |T=
yT&T jT\T<ssT. n|{|&
=+<s & |#dT H sT. uH ed
<] |]d |{ | ~>sT
ysT. Ms, ys *d q T \|]#sT.
$<+ > deTj deTj\T #& +&
n\dqT b{+# +& |#jT &+
#qe+T\ k<+.
sTe \e | #q+,
sB eHsT>+& O+{jTq&
d+<V+<T. +<sT \e k|+q
dTk+|<j\qT + eTT+<T rdT
b>\sT. s T \T { d+ m<TsT
#dTH sT. #\> |eV+, eTqT
&|& sT L& d<+> O+~. 10e
B { | eTT+ sTe \
sT e<\ s sV\ sjT+.
|#dTq <\T sj =qk
dTH sTT.
(\Te | >T]+ yT& dT+s
d HsjT D sdq Ts< = |T {\T
).
sT d+|T+ |\T|
|\XjT+f @$T{ d
;<X+f @$T{ d
#|{ jTedseTT H&s d
#=se eTT+<Tq sej d
23
|\T>T X #|s d
bs X #|s d
HsT sBq d
H& #|{* sej d
|\T| n+<>H sT L\T:
Hs T bj T T| ey d j T T
MesDT+&Tbs
|\T>T T= |j DeTj&T
+ $T+q |jTeTT+< m+
y<eTTq
=+\>eTTqT rdT <*] L*
jTTe\+&
eT| #jT< beT +{
|&TTq
n$T ks|sT\ <\ e\
H\+# +&
q e] T> qT+&> <* e#
H=&T
nH d++< jTsT<+
eTq
\Te e bTHq~ & ]q

|<|
u* |+&* \|T<q <T\T
y_
* q =e s \T
e|+ *<T&>T
H=L *MsT&T jT\T<]e#
es es L\q
$ T sq
$H eT+ <] Csud
|+H e#d |CH<q+T
yT{yT{y esT\+
|>H&T ]DT\y*
#eT \ +& |eV+#+>

>|+& <H\T rs* sTe+T
sT d+|TyT L* d+|TyT
q&TeTT >{ H&T | |PqT+~
123
123
123
e] dT
<Tq+sy<+ : |Ps|s\T 2

jo\ sj\MT< <Tq+sy<| n|< |ue+ @++f`
sj\qT |seDTksTT ~+#&+. esZ sj\qT <] |+#&+.
d+d |], deq+ |] nd sj \T |] <|& >T]&TTq
esZ\T N*\T |*\T e&+. <s n#{ ||TH<e\T
sT>TTqT q&sTT > ]w+>, \+> m& b\esZ\qT dy\T
#d |]d be&+...M +<q *+# $wj\T.
b CC nV<#
eTq<X+ q, ||+ #y|+ >q

<Tq+sy<yT d]= $|e d<+
+> H&T #eTD ne+~. eT+
n+f e\+ $|e yT. ke+> $|y
yTq esT sy\+f y eT
+ d]b<T. _qyTq sj\T
y*. <T q+sy <+ ne |w
\+> OHjT n~ #| }s>TT+~.
<Tq+sy< + yTT
& $Xw + #&+ k< +<T> d\ +>
eTT>TZsT |+ y\ ` j{sY,
b, &]& drsD\ >T]+ #|
+<+.
<Tq+sy<+> #eTD
eq e]dT es sj\
d++~+q n eT[ drsD\
j{sY s#q |ksTT. {
eTT+<T> y{ >T]+ #<+. 1979
qT sdq <T q+sy < |]d T \T
nq |d+ u> b#Ts+ b+~+~.
|d eTT+<Te <Tq+s
y<+ eTTK+> eT&T eT* #q
d<+\ ysd sd]dT+~. n$
>s+ (V>), VTe (&ksdt,
+{), sjT nsXg+ (esY)
n+{&T. eqy[ q qT <|&, |&
q\ qT+& $eTT+ #dT +T+~. Xdj
T
#q\ <s n~ k<+ n +{
|b~d ]esZ $|e s#sD
<s eyT n k<+ n esY
|b~+#&T. j{sY s+&T

|b<q\ sd]+#&T.
#q d<++, #] @|+>
eTT+| edT+~ nH #q...
s+{ eT |+ |{ eT |q'|
+#\ <Tq+sy<+ sT+
T+~ n+{&T. $X d# k~+#&+
<s #] n eTT+| |\=#T
nq V> d<+.... |T&<
$<H L\<d kw*+, eT
C\qT k|+#&+ <s yTq eq
MjT #] yTT<\eT+~ nq esY
d<+ ` s+&+{ j{sY D
]k&T. $sT< X\ d+|TsDyT (esZ
bs+) eqeC # ] , d e
|]DeTeT+ ]esyZ T + (du y ) b
bwdT+~ nq esY d<++
du y bs Y MT< j
{sY |N O+~.
n> |T&< eed |T
&< esZ b\esZ\T> #eTD
nesTT nq esY drsD d]<
y~k&T. j{sY y<q @++f`
b\esZ\+f $<q sj\T #d
esyZ T . |{ d+|<jT sjT esZ\T
b\esZ+> sb+<<T. |dT+

s=s{ &sT nTq n~ses+Z , e
H|D n>>DT\T, ], sjT
<]d+|\ *d VQ <=+s\
L&q b\esZ+> #eTD neT+~?
n+{&T.
CsC\T, b\T, d+d\T, eT
\T, #] d+|<j\è <y
sD THsTT yT| n L&
eTTsTT+#&T.
b\esZ\ >&T q s#q+
=<MT <T. 1950e <X+ H{ nyT]
H sjT ke Xd+ qT+& nsTe
#T=q<. b <Tq+sy<
sj\T eTT+<T se&+ C`
sC\T, sjT b\T eT yuy
THsTT nH e { n<q+>
#s&T. @y d<++ sTy
\+ ||+#eT+{ n\TeTT+~.
eTTK+> ||+NsD $<H\T }|+<T
q H|<+ <Tq+s sj
\ u> }|+<THsTT. esdt
|uTs d+d\T (mH..z.\T) |T
se&+ $$< s>T\ nd O<e
\ CsT> s+>+MT< e#sTT. j
T T{sY
<T q+sy < |]d T \T nH |d +
s#sTT |U e]dT d<+y, sjT $Xw\T.

nyT], q& nH $X$<\j |#XsT. |dT+
q& HVA ks eTjT+, eseq
n<jTH\ +<+ b|dsY> |#dTHsT.
24
e] dT
n#= H{ (1979), esZs{ <#sY,
d jT+ |H#{\T nT _Hq
T q qjÒ<sy< $<H
\ ls+ #T{sT . #H &+> jy
|+> d+dsD\T #| & + , nyT] n<
&> >H |>Z\T #| & H @&~
eTT+<T> |]De\T #T #dT
HsTT. s |]De\T Xsy>+>
#T #dT HsTT. kw*dT b #+~q
$Ts+& |+ eTdT b bT
|T d OeT& seT+ <s+>
n~s+ e#&T. n< |<$ #|{ + ~
\>jTT nyT] >H nqTd]dTq
qjÒ<sy< $<H\ |Tb
e&+ yTT<{ &T . |+ eTdTb
bT {|t #b&T. d]>Z |]D
e\ H|< + j
{sY <T q+s
y< d<+ H e~&T. qj`
O<sy< $<H\T, d<+\| n
Oq d nqT>TD+>H <+ ]+<
H~ nsd+.
j{sY sk&T: y
||+# esT eT se&&+, $|
yTq ] b{ @s&&+ , nyT]H |T&
< $<q+ ~| ;\T |&&+,
kw*dT |ejT+ D+#&+, #H
es{ s#Te&+... 1970e
<X + e]H{ s sD\T nH+
*XsTT. 1930 <~> s+ bwdT q
bMT<, |T&T\ esZ<s+
eVdTq rsTMT< yTq |qs
+q+ yTT<\sTT+~.
+ dw+ > #| y\+f s +&e
||+ # jTT<q+s+ n+~eq k+
|]Cq+ |T&< $<q+ MT< |u
e+ #|+~. 1930\ qT+& 60e <X+
esL H s ] $<H\qT nqTd]d
eq |T&< $<q+ es+Z qT+&
yqT eTs* <T O<sy< |T&
< $<q+y| eT[+~. |T&<
$<q+ $<+> |+Ee&+ eT
dT |ejT+ seTsT>Tq|&+~.
ds \T, de\qT+& e q+< EsT
e& >T+& <s+ |]+~.
e]|J nqT O|j+q
uwq, |<\q s #d nqT
\ T q <T q+sy < sj \
>TT @$T{ jT|&bT+~. |T
&< $<q+ |+Ee&+, eTdT
25

de+ esZ eT*yT q n+X\T<T. ]X
nH~ s nH X\ { | n< ds+<T.
s+ f |<qb eV+#<T. ke+> nH
b<sT\T O+{sT. (|T&<) sC s<T#d
kq+ += (X$TesZ) sC \u&+ e\
| \MT< | q + ] <T\T (|T&<sT\T) +=sT
(X$T\T) #sTTdTHsT n b #T&T
JH b+sTTdt j{sY
|ejT+ seTsT>T e&+ e+{

|<\T |+ <Tq+sy<
d<+ u$T, | eTdT
esyTq~ $H eTs={ < *b
T+~. H s ] $<H\qT+&
<T O<sy< |T&< $<q+y|
eTs\& k>+#&+ <s qj`
O<sy< $<H\T + sMT< s
eTT+<` nyT] >H n~s+
seTT+<` $<H\ k bs &>
jT|&b j&T.
b >T]+ |&T eTq+ | + >
#|+<+. qT |<q+>
#]sT&T. | sj\T n+>
|y&T. j{sY e~]>H
e]dT eT\ d<+\ | es
O+~. nsTT qjÒ<sy<+ b&
e+ <T. eT] e]+
Oq |N @+{? b q$Tq d+
@++f`sjT nsX g+, seTT...
s+&{ <syT #] ks+ n+f
|qT n+{&T. + ds y T q d+
e]C <H y& n Xs
bqs<T. B >&s+ @$T+{
#<+.
1. de+ esZ eT*yTq
n+X\T<T. ]X nH~ s nH
X \ { | n< ds +<T. s+
f |< qb eV+#<T . ke+>
nH b< sT\T O+{sT. (|T&<)
sC s<T#d kq+ +=
(X$Tes)Z sC \u& + eT\+>
|\MT< |q+ ] <T\T (|T&
<sT\T) +=sT (X$T\T) #
sTTdTH sT.
2. de+ q d+w\T,
n~s +<\ OHsTT. T++,
d, y< +, k+ |]Cq+, +
e yssT d+w\T... esZbs
#+H M+{ |]cs+ <=sT
jT nqTL&<T. @ deTd
deTdqT < |<T |]w]+#*...
n y~k&T.
+{ #q\ \>*d s
j\ n |]$T neXyT <
O+&~. d]>Z b n< #T&T. mes
+=] deTd e |#TL&<T.
n #jT&eT+f me] deTd yqT
b<+ eV+#+& #jT&yT.
deTd\ b d+# esZ+ d
(y T ) s j \T k ( )
ksTT, deTd\ |b~>, fyT
u+&> |]cs w #j *. +<T
y\+f mesH kjT+ #jT#T
s|q +=sT e
|#TL&<T. me] deTdqT y
| ] w ]+# T e& | j T +# & y T
k~] b<+ neT+~ n+{&T.
|uTs d+d\T (my d+|\T)
||+ # y|+ > ke O<e\ |]
#&TTq~ b #|q yT s
j. k~] |] k+>, deTd\
b|~> H $&$&> dMT]+
#&+. eT+ H\T sjT+>
e] dT
s+ > &]& q <T q+sy < d<+

|T m& &+f, qjÒ<sy<, eT
C... s+&+{ d|#<. sjTb\T,
d+|\ neds+ < #| b esZbs+
ns+~. VTe (H) >T]+ |{+#TL&<
#| j
{sY L , &]&L @+ & OqT? eTT>TsZ
e]dT es nH qT eTT.
d+|T{|&< n+^]+#e, nqTeT

+#e.
de+ q n~s+<
\, d+d\ O+{sTT { @+>
O+& sjTb neds+ @e+
O+&<T . deTd s\ m& & deTd
\MT< w #jT&+ <s yTT+ eed
sD d]~<& M\eT+~ n+{
&T b. nd sj <T
q+sy< |T&. |T&<
eed |~\bT |# > =qk>&
e*qM sj . k~s +{
|<> T +uq uw H O<] dTH + n
m+> #|H nd sj\
n+eT+> \_b+<~ |T&< s
eedj
T . sC~s dy\T #j *q
||+ nd sj \ |] N*\T
|*\T e&+, OeT& |j H\ d+
bs&*q q+ Hq, HB, ey{
nq H<\L, bs{\L |]$T+
e&+ H |T&< eed e
*+~ @eTT+~? n+<T +>`XH
O<sy< sC+>jT++ nd s
j \ L , < T q+ y < nf
n&T#|<T. nyT]H O<VsD> rdT
+f & e\d |C+ V#T>
O+{sT. @ <X+qT+& e\deq y
y+ $&> T>, eT{,
#s + s+>TqT{. .. $&$& ke
s> T \T> nd sj \ |]$T+
e&+ sC~s dy\T #jT >*>
esZ sj\ e+& b+~.
|eTTK nyT]H e]dT #]sT&T
yT &$dt nd sj\ |ue+
>T]+ $dyTq n<jTq+ #d yTq
s # q \T mH n+~+#& T . 1960e
<Xu+ e#d] syTq nd
sj \T nyT]qT+&, q&, _H\
Cdt &]&
bsTT. >+ @H& ke s>

(m~>|t) nH |<H y& msT>ysT
<Tq+sy<+, nd sj\T,
bsY b+&wH <T \ |De n 1970\
sTy ke s>T\T nH n+X+
MT< |]X<\T>, n<jT O|Hd
\T> (>dt ssY >), ke O<eT
sT\T> = nes\T msT . @+#| H,
@+ #dH MsT <|& seedqT \B
jTsT, >ZBjTsT, esZbs{\ C*
nd\T bsT.
6. &]& >T]+ #|y\+f
# wyT. j{sY e~]> jTq
d<++> e]+ |P]> >+
|\T #dT<T. n> b e~]>
yTs e]dT dV\ |u e+
O+< # | & T . d e Td \qT y{
duy\qT { |]o*+, < qT+&
sj \qT s]+#* n+{&T. &]&
d<+ $sDy<+ (&HdH)>
#TT+{sT. &]&jTy H +
e]C eT]+ > s& > j sT
#jT&+ n+{&T. s+> nqT
e]C sTD|& O+{&T nqTe#
eTq+. H <T. e yTsyT #T e\T.

&]& #| $sDy<+ n+f ,
kV bs \qT #~y H= |<
| ysT <T. e]C L& nH
#<TeeT+f n~ y]w+. &
|X ... @ |< #~y+ nH~ <T><.
| |# T e]+ e\+ f T
n+H <T><. e]+ n+f
|T & < O $< H\ $d
n<jTq+. e]+ n+f |T&<
O $<H L\<d kw*C,
eTC k|+#& u\T yd
s j T Xg+. { e] C
$sDy< |< n<jTq+ #kqT
n #| &+, n~ L& e]C eT]+
s&> r]~< O<X+ n &]&
#| q&+ nss V +. + #b\+f
sjT d+ {.
s+> &]& q <Tq+
sy< d<++ |T m& &+f,
qj Ò<s y <, e TC...
s+&+{ d|#<. sjTb\T,
d+|\ neds+ < #| b
esZbs+ ns+~. VTe (H)
>T]+ |{+ #TL&< #| j
{sY
&]& @+ & OqT? eTT>TsZ e]dT
es qT eTT.
&]& esY MT< |d + sX&T.
 |s=+~ L&. n+<T
eTdT $|y \q, eTdT b\q
sTs&&T. es = +swq
sy\ |b~k&T. &]& |b
~+q = +swq k>dT m
O+T+< n eH #<+`
B (= +swq) |sT
O+&<T. +{|sT n+H O+&<T.
sV d d+d <T> n{ n eT |_ >
O+&<T. CeT\T O+&e. bsd+
O+&<T . esZ\|] OeT& + O+&<T .
d+d> O+&<T> d+s+> O+T+~.
d+s+ e] essY +swq>
esTT+<, b> s|+ rdT+T+<
n #| + n+srjT HjTd
\T, C, CsC\ e+{ uy\|
$eTsH+> O+T+~
|b<q >+<s>+ n+
eTq+ \ mTy*q | <T>
= +swq nq |< mT
26
e] dT
se&yT <sY +swqqT (y{bf
d+& +swq, bsY +swqqT
L&) d|# O<X+ n eTq+
>V+#*. |d+ | |J, |s
esY k+ #dH esY |u~+
#]+q sjT s#sDq, d<+
|P]> |Ps|+ #k&T. |+>
#|y\+f &]&~ d<+ ns#
y<+. n< <Tq+sy<+> #
eTD ne+~. d<++ nH #sD
n+ @< { O+& rs* <. &]&
<Tq+sy< d<+ n+{
#sD <T. eTdsT\T, +
#| y\+f eTdT es\T L&
eT< \+ e\ T> +s { <s
]=sT d++<\T |T >|
>H, H{esY>H @s& d sj \T
(yT b*{) |] k +<q
\bT ||+#y| sdq\L |PqT
q d+<s\T eTq+ nH+ #X+.
.m+.m|t, `20, ||+# ]y~
deyX\T ]q # yds T qT+&
uksTT sdq |<s q\T, +<q\T
]>sTT. &]& <T q+sy <+
e+ m+{ s#sD L |]=\<T.
+ @$T+f`||+# ke
y ~ (es kw b s y T ) & ] &
|u~+q = +swq e~]>
|#dT+~. n+<T> bsyTqT H{
esY\ deVs\ H{esY> n_e]
dT+ {sT. bsyT d sjT s
eT+ <T, @{ sjT Cs
sT|T+~.
<Tq+sy<+ mq<q
eTT>TZsT \ y<\T |]o*+#+
<! |&T eTq+ @+ rs+#Te#T?
<Tq+sy<+ $$< bjT\TH
sTT. <Tq+sy< @d+>,
@ d<++> |]>D+# M\T <T.
nsTT = | \D\T ={qT
q&sTT. n$:
` <T q+sy <+, n_e~#+ ~q
|eT <X\ |]dT\qT ||*dT+~.
|]dT\ q<q uw+ #T
T+~. <Tq+sy< eTq+ k\
u+ d+ e\+ <<+ qT+&
|]o*+#+. ] D+ qT+& $Xw d <
|eT<X +< \D\T eT]+>
jT|& sTT.
27
<Tq+sy<\T @yH, mqTH

sj\ $wj e#d] e]+
qT+&, eTdT sj\ qT+& K
+> $&>=T O+{sT. esZ\T yssT
e#T, n+eT+> M{ <sD f`
e]dT es.
yTU b
` <T q+sy <\T @yH , mqT

H sj \ $wj e#d] e]
+qT+&, eTdT sj\ qT+&
K+> $&>=T O+{sT. esZ\T
yssT e#T, n+eT+> M{
<sD f` e]dT es. nyT]H
sV <T q+sy <+.. O<sy<+,
e y<\ S, |+ <T
q+y<T dy , j
{sY\ T uf
|{sT yTC]{ esZ nqTd]+
#<T. $T*q y _qesZ\T
m+#TqT |dTq|{ n+<s
qj`ns#y < H |]u$ T+#sT.
& eTq+ >TsT #dTy*q $wjT+
@++f esY Oq sE L&
ns#y<yT e]C b{>,
|ejT+> q&+~. 1930e <X +
#T #dTq kwt jTT<+ esL
jTs|t n+{ < <sD =qk+~.
s& > +# #eT+~ e]+
> + | \T # d T b T +f
ns#y<+ |qsTJ$dT+<y nq
d+<V+ se&+ dVyT. n+<Tq
eTq\| d<+ ns#y HyT

#yTd +{, jT{ n+{ |sT
|UT\T se&+ ns# y<+
(nH]+) |uy ={bsjT
|]d.
` jo\ sj\MT< <T
q+sy<| n|< |ue+ @++f`
sj \qT |se DTksTT ~+#&+ .
es Z s j \qT <] | +# & + .
d+d |], deq+ |] nd
sj \T |] <|& >T]&TTq
esZ\T N*\T |*\T e&+. <s
n#{ ||T H<e\T sT>TTqT
q&sTT > ]w+> \+> m&
b\esZ\qT dy\T #d |]d b
e&+....M +<q *+# $wj\T.
` <Tq+sy< |{\T
nyT]. nyT]H k+d ~|+
eT\+> y<eT, B d++~+q
sj \ ||+ # <X\+{ y|
e#sTT. B&T s=s{ <T\T
deTLsTTHsTT. =#sTT syT
<T \T deTL] |&+ <T q+s
y< sj\L, nd O<e\L
n+&<=]qsTT+~. O<VsD #dT
+f |C d+eT+qT+& |uT s+>+
qT+& s+ |P]> y<=\>\ qj`
O<sy<+ <X<X\q & #k+~.
eTs| qT+& s+ @ s+>+qT+&
yq eTT+< n& |uTs
d+d\ (my\T) <T \T eT k
b|~q ke O<e\ bqT
|+ bwdT+~. s+> qj`
O<sy< $<H\ | |]> esqT
esZ sj\ y| b+& <Tq+
s, nd sj\y| eT[dT+~
key< qjÒ<sy<+.
` <Tq+sy< <sDT\T
us< X + L& | + keXg
123
s+>\ >{ |f k~+#sTT. 123
123
e] dT
>+<| ] #jT +
esTr dT
eHdsY b |]De\T
=+&sT MsjT#
sH eHds Y H\ sE\
bT { |{+q esT dTE
s +| ] bs+_++~.
{ |{ + # H{ b H\TZy\
eT+~ |> +{ ]\T, 1500
eT+~ |]H+{ ]\T | #dT+f
{ nq+s+ bs+_+# sEq
e\+ 300 eT+~ |]H+{ ]\qT
eyT | rdTHsT. M] |
> 1500 eT+~ sh bdT \>\T
eTs 500 eT+~ b jeq+
jT$T+q |yT \>\T kjTT<T
yV]+#sT. B+ n& s
s>s+ nq yesD <T\T
d+ C bdT\ |Vs eT<
UB\ y{ #sTTdTq yesD+
H\=+~. |]De\T #T#dTe
{ D H|<+ p eT&ys+
b ]q nqV d+|T q\T.
d+|T q $~ sVD q ]\T,
y] d|syY s eT< e{ e{ |]
|TsD yesD+ H\=+~. |TsD
|]d y]+ k<sD |]d T \T e
{ b jeq d+~ (VAeTH
]ksY &bsYy T +{) #dq |jT + @$T{
+es *jT<T. d<sT &bsY
yT+{ #+~q < n&&
eTsD+#&T. q|+> jeq+
{ |{ + +~. X+ u <\ T #&
*q |uT+ | +& bsTT+~.

H\sE\ { |*+> 30,000 s
*bsTT+~. +| dTesT
1500 sbjT\ yTs qw+ *+
< n+#H. + ]H >dT 28e
Bq ]q +| y] ds du dey
X+ y{<sT\(wsYVA\sT) dey
X+ +| #sH ]\ +|
jeH #| <>Z $y<M e.
jeq+ |]w]+# +& |+&+>
|{q ]\ &e+&T L& @MT e
n y{<sT\qT q$T+#+<T $X|jT
+ #XsT. n+<T. C $y<+
H|<+ +| jeq+ #
yT >Tsq 546 eT+~ ]\qT
$<T rdTH deTd < +| #s H
useZ wsYVA\s VMT L& #sT!
nd\T s>s+ |]dT\T
m+<T #T#dTHsTT nq <|
+es VsH |uT+ qT+& >,
+< |]XeT\T, < ] XK qT+&
> n~] | q { y\Te&< T .
n+<TuT q ns=s de#s+
<s+> edTq $XwD de#s d
sD ~jsTT. d+<s + > esT
dT b | #dTq Ee
]\T, +{ ]\T, y] jeT

|<T\T, ] V\T V]+#+<T
jeq+ |uT+ eT #dTq
|jT \T, | #dT q ]\ eT<
$$< sq ek\T, yq e
k\T, ke u < *+#+ e
k\T, | +< (c|t bsY\ e<)
]\T m<Ts=+Tq neqTw |]d T \
>T]+ |]$T+> nsTTH #s bs+u+
e{ d+|Tq <]rd+~.
|]De\ >T]+ eT]+ T> \TdT
ujT eTT+<T esT b |
|]dT\T, ]\ d>T\T, n&
neT\T ]> ] #{\T, ||+NsD
H|<+ |T& XeTX eT< d++
<+ edTq esT\ H|<+ |]o
*+#* +~.
||+NsD T CrjT, n+s
rjT XeTX$ u q|H , n+srjT+>
|T&-XeTX eT< +& d++
<\|H |u e+ #|+~. |]XeT
]\T yTsT> q sD \T, edT \ d+
bs& T T +f j eH\T d < s T
]\ qT+& k<yTq+ me |
#sTT+#{, k< yTq + n<q|
s{ $$< |<T\T sMT<
s#sTT & |CX eJ $]
123
123
28
e] dT
dT H sT. bs+ s+>+
$<+> e+ neT+~. ]\T d
esq d]|| d+\T #dH $<T\
VsT y\ esT dT jeq+
wsT $~++~. wsTqT esd
$T*q ]\qT |]#+<T |jT
+q+<T > d+es+ ] d+|T +
|<T\qT ss|t #d+~ jeq+.
B es+> dTBs bs+ q&+~.
es dyT <]rd+~. Te+{ nH
<+\T esTdT dV |\T
+| ds k<sD+> e]+~. ||+
NsD $<H\ eTT+<T 1990 <X+
es eTq <X+ ]\ = d
sD\T #<yT +&$. ]\qT
=\+#\H, { |{+#H,
+| jeH\T |uT \ nqTeT
rdTy* +&~. eT+ | +& yq
desD |+<\T <TsTH |uT \T
+| jeH\qT |+#$. ]\
d+|T{ X, d+|T+ |TH X
#<yTq >T]+|, sD +&$. $y<
|]cs +<\T $+B]+#& +&$.
||+ NsD $<H\ H|< + |uT \
due+bT b | |<T
q, $<Hq |<mTq
esT\T e#sTT. esT eTTKyT
q~ jeH\T eT n~s +B
]+#THsTT. ] d+eTXK\T HeT
eeTjsTT. nT jeH\T, T
|uT\T b]X$T < ] d++
<\ kq+ |T& u\T ]+
|f eqe d++<\ sVD| <wk
]+#sTT. <+ b]X$T ]
d++<\T \+ u> ~>CssTT.
||+ NsD H|< + u\ y
eseq <X\ s* eq $<o |T
&T\T |uT\ usks\ ~>sTT.
usks eTTKyTq n+X+ ]
V\T - d+|T+ |TH V, dyT
V, ]\ # ] ke s
D\T s<T #j \q &e+&T eTTKyTq $.
$wj @ |uT \T jeH\
|q \& j sc\T, <XH
|T&T\T |{ +|\T d<e TeT
HsTT. C d+|T q\ H|< + esT
dT jeq+ VsH <T\T>
> T sY q T eT +< + >
esTy\q |jT+ +f $T+q
29
esTr dT eHdsY b |]De\T

1970 <X + sT y ] \| | T& ]|
d]= <& u>+> +{, Ee ] \
jeT+, nd+|T{ s+>+ <s | #sTT+
#T e+, yTT+ qq eTT\T>
$u + # nd+T #jT &+ e+{ |< T \T
e#sTT.
<VsD eTs{ <T. & +

|uT \T ]\ *d eq d
sD\T, |qH, s>;e e+{ d
u< #s\qT >*=~dTHsTT.
|s ekq+ sT<>+. yq |sy T q
&e+&T, s sD\ d+ ]\T
&e+&T eH+& +&{
sT<>T\T eqsT>, >
|j >|& T THsT. nsTTq|{ ]\T
eT &e+& d+ >=+ sD +>
esT dT sV + #&TTHsT.
> H ]q <Ts q sD\T @$T{,
u< \T mesT nq< $T+ +&
esT jeq+ s+&T <b\T>
ysTTeT+~ ]\qT ss|t #d+~.
B VsH sh |uT+ d>TZ>
edT |*+~. n~s +< L
yT <s+ <+ sT>TTH +<
] XK >T&|+ #k+~. e
T <> n+{|T q
]\T <T jT+ke q&TeT
eTs jT++ e]bsTT jTeq+
# \\qT Hsys |eTTT>
es T T H s | s e +k\Tq
eTqTw\T> >T]+| H#Te+ <T .
1970<X+ sTy ]\|
|T& ]| d]= <& u>+>
+{, Ee ]\ jeT+,
nd+|T{ s+>+ <s | #sTT+#T

e+, yTT+ qq eTT\T>
$u + # nd+T #jT &+ e+{
|< T \T e#sTT. nd+|T { ||< T \T
nH sb e+ nesTT.
eT+ XX ]\ d+K +Z #+,
*, Ee ]\ d+K |s>
+, n+<T L& eTV ]\T,
n|+{dt #dysT, (dVjT\T) e\d
]\T |s>+, >+ |<q b
njT |\T T\T du
+{\ e&+, nqT+< s
eq syD, b+>, b]X< +, u <
eeVs\T |P]> |yTy] n|+
#+, yq #*+ | |< T \T esjT+,
m e w | \ T, n< q | w | \ T |
#sTT+#+, b |]~ D nq
|sT e yH\ me\+
me eT+~ ]\qT D q y]>
| ] > D + # + <s y q u s +
+Z #Te+, ]d+ | \T, HjT\T
b |y +#s<+ +\ T $~+#
+, HsT > +| <>T\qT jT$T+#
+ +& eTTs yTd e+{ sY +{
s <s sE\y ws T MT< ]\qT
| |Te+...e s+>
d+|T { s+>+ qT+& nd+|T { s+>+>
esd+~.
e]dT |
MT n_bj\T \|+&!
e]dT d<+ ed| |H, | ]w yk\|H
MT n_bj\q, d#q\q VdTH+. j yk\| MTsT
#]+#*q n+X\TH, n<q| de#s eTTH |+> sd |+|+&
MT K\T n+<*q sTHe!
m&sY,
e]dT d<+ ed|
|CX |dt, >essT|, $jTy&-2
e] dT
esTr dT eHdsY b |]De\T
esT +| |dT+ yH\ |]d

|]o*d ]\ <jTjT d {qT
|k+~. esT s>s+ |]H+{
] \T d+b~+# n~ yq + s.10 y\
qT+& 16 y\ eT< eyT +~.
qq $<q+ XeT $u q
bT X$T\qT L& $uk+~.
<VsD esT dT eHds Y +|
|q #|q $<+>H =~ eT+~ |sH+{
]\T, y\ eT+~ Ee, +{,
nd+|T { s+> ]\T OHsT. Ms+
*d | #dTHsT. @<H sjT+
neT\T #j* eq|&T nys+>
$$< \ ]\T ]H=sT
Xue+ #dTbsTTH y] eT<
q n+s\ sD+>, =~eT+~
me |jq+ <&+, n~\
nd\T |j q+ < be+ e+{ sD
\ ]\ eT< nH @s&T+~.
< &T jeq+ ]\ deTd
e# |k jT{ qT+& ]\T
rdTe | |& |jT+#
&+ O~ \ T |sT>TTHsTT. > H
]q <Tsq nq+s+ <>\T
b>=Tq y] s b+\ qT+&
e\d eq ys meeT+~. n+#H
|s+ <Tsq s>{ eTT+<T >
d+es+ nsTL& k]
b b]X$T $y<\T sTT.
nsTT n|&T k >e\ qT+& eq
]\T HjT kq+ +&+
jeq+ = ssTTr\T dyT qT

\T|<\ #sTT++~. n|{ qT+& y]
| L& jeq+ q ndT rsT
e{ neX+ d+ m<TsT #k+~.
>&q H ]q |]De\qT n&T
|T y]| k~+| #s\
b\& 800 qT+& 1000 |> *
]\qT <>\ qT+& y>={+~.
|&T yTT+> jT{H >TsY
s* keT |{ + #+ <s kq
] uj+<q\T s++~.
+| s* b +| <] nqT+<
|qT\ <s JeHb~ b+<TTq ys+
<s qwb jT |e<+ +~. n+<T.
b++ Te+{ |\T eTTKyTq
+|\T +&+, y{ * ]
\T neds+ +&+ nedsy T q |&T
nedsy T q + yTs ]\qT ds| s #d
sY +{s T L& \_b+<TTHsT.
|&T +| s*b MsTL& qwb
sT. <+ eTT ds| s #d ]\T
d+|T sb\ <s+> +{sq
VMT eTT+< s ]\qT
ds|s #jT+ sT>T+~. B+
q =~ eT+~ ]\T L& d+|T+
|T H+<T, d+|T+ #s+<T
e]dT
MT d+<V\T sjT+&!
e]dT d<+ ed| d|(m+) sh s<] _$ s|Te\T
|H bs\ d+<V\ de<H*dTq d+> MT \TdT. |dT
n+srjT, CrjT, sh sjT |]De\| MT d+<V\qT e
#dTH+<T |X\qT sd |+|+&! |H 20e B| MT |X\T
e #] <T|] d+ s|Te\T de<H\T \_ksTT.
MT |X\T n+<*q sTHe!
m&sY,
e]dT d<+ ed|,
|CX |dt, >essT|, $jTy&-2
$eTTK e+ #dT H sT. eT+,

]> kq+ |T& XeTX eT<
]> bs+ m sb\T rdT+T+<
C> sT>TTq esT |]De\T
$X<| s T dTH sTT.
esT +| |dT+ yH\
|]d |]o*d ]\ <jTjT d
{qT |k+~. esT s>
s+ |]H+{ ]\T d+b~+# n
~ yq+ s.10 y\ qT+& 16 y\
eT< eyT +~. ud yH \T eT]+
e> +THsTT. +{ ]\T,
Ee ]\ #*+# yq+
b~VMT |<+ +< eekjT ]
\ # yq+ +f e> +~.
VsH |uT+ y~+q d yq
#+ L& & neT\T e+ <T.
zesY f+ | #*+# yH d+
$e | < ] +# & T +~. | ] H + {
]\ s+&+\T, eT&+\T #*d
$T*q y] e+T eyT #*dT
HsT. $<+> deq | deq
yq+ nq n+srjT ] d+d
~XsX+ & \ |]$T+
nsTT+~. n+ yTC]{ ]\T sY
+{s <s jTT q ysT e+
$~ sVD s> deTd\T H,
eTs$<yTq |e<\T H ]\
bD\ u < |]d T \T H\=HsTT.
q q deTd\T L& |]w]+#{
M |< jeq+ |e]k+~. |
q | d{ yTHsT e\+ >T&| +
#&yT | |]w]+# n~s\
b eTTK jeq+ #T +B
yT HsTT. esTTq $<q+
eq esT ~ {. |sT |
|<X+ edT\ yTsT>T<T\ $wjTyTq
]\ u>keT+ | #sD
jeq <X s<s+. es
| ] eT+& e s+&Tqs,
eT&T MTs <s+ q +{H
uq+ #d se{ 20 $Tc\ >&T e,
{ se{ 5 eTTc\T, uYs +
3 eTTc\T e+{ ws T \ esT dT
s +| ]\ J$+ <jTjT
d #]+~. |]d qT+& yTsT>T<\
sT 2000e d+es+ qT+& <X\
y> ]\T +<q\T, Bs\
dyT\T #dTH jeq+ eTq
|uT+ d |ejT+ #|123
<T.
<+ |& |]d +~. 123
123
30
e]
dT +
> ed
n+srjT, CrjT |]dT\T

n+srjT |]d
T \T
d]j |]De\T: d]j n+
sZ bsT =qk>T+~. m\ nq+
s+ jT$T+q |< qeT+ ]ju VC
uqT =\+#&+ jTq CsH y[b
j&T. d]j n+sZ eeVs
nyT] C+ $TMTsT+~. *_j
sV \TueT |uT @sT
#jT& nyT] |jT\T #dTq~.
q nqTL\+> nk< |uT
L\& n& es\ nyT]
sVd+> eT<TdTq~. s
d$T`nsu> <> d]j d+u
ysD d+ |#dq | nqH |\T
sD\ e\ q |<$ sJHe #XsT.
jTq kq+ n]j <y V$T
jT$TT\jsT. jeT+| #H
Vs+ e+ #d+~. d+u+| #s\T
]|+<T nk< sjTu], ||
HjT\T #H $<X+>eT+ $&$&>
#s\T ]bsT. X+jTT |]cs+
~X> k>\ sc s <X\ |\T|
+~. d]j| @| #s\T rdT
+Tq |eT <X\qT V#]++~.
Hb = L$T : Hb b\
eysTTdT\ T, jTTHf & eT<o |+ {, s
&y{ qC d+d\T *d deK
|CkeT ]|_ H L$T (m|&t sYm)>
@s&sTT. L$T eysTTdT
HjT&T |#+& deTqjTs> m
jsT.
nk+C Xj
T + : $ eek| &T
p*jTdt nk+C XjT + *+#\
&sY ss TT++~. &sY rdTq
key< es #s| $$<
<X\ qT+& |X+
d \ T e#sTT.
+ s|D\
| d&H n|
+#\q s
jT+ s >
56 sE\T>
nk+C \+&H
&sY
31
sjTus s\jT+H eHsT. nk+

CqT nsdt #jT & _H |jT dTq ~.
&sYqT u~]k+~. >+ _H
|\TesT $<ojTT\ XjT+ *+,
|&T nk+C $wjT+ <+< |e
D\T b{k+< sc $eT]++~.
$| k~+| b\ &sY
sjTus s\jT+ qT+& e{&T
|eT <X\ nk+C $| #XsT.
| |]De\T: | n< &>
mq y dq+ qT+& |P] n~s
\qT q #T rdTH&T. dH~
|T\qT, sD eT+ =\+#&T.
dq + |{ + q sC+> | qqT s<T
#X&T. |uT s+> d+d dyT\qT
w~+#&T. y #s\ n& |\
qT+& |dT es e+ <T.
#H | jTT< nyT] |< + : #H |
jTT<+ #jT & nyT] dq<+ nsTT+
<, n] d+u+ sD+> #qqT
|d+ V]+#T+< d+sY |s Y kJdt
+swq d&dt (dmdtmdt) y\&+
+~. dj #H \yTq X>
sb+<TTq+<Te\ q |e<+
y{ neX+ eq+<Tq <={\
jk+~. H|<+H | |s
q #H es+> V\ |#s+
#XsT.
s w H e Td T b { M # q :
eTdT ueC\+, yeT| $<H\
|#s+ d+ +s{ {M #qqT
bs+_+#\ swH eTdT b
dHV\T #dTq~. deTd\| #s\T,
MT&j $Xw D \T, &yT+\T |ks+
#j \ u$dTq ~. s #q y+#
< |<e+T KsT H\=\
|D[ #k+~.
s nyT] bdt ejT+ : nyT]
<TseTD eq s bdT D
d+ ue |uT+ dTesT 20
&\sT KsT #d+~. ejT+| &s
y~ |uT re+> $eT]++~.
~ nqedseT *|+~. s+&Tqs @
s s s<q, eTs
19 q>sq ]q Tb \T\T,
u+T<&T 107 eTsD+#sT. U<
<&T\T ]|qT |uT+ *|+~.
> ]\| \T\T : <D|
eT&Ty\ eT+~ > ]\T yH\
|+| ~s &e+& k<q d+ >dT
10 B qT+& dyT #XsT. 14 qT+&
|P]> sb\qT *|yjT&+,
w<\T \+|T+#sq k +<
qsT\| |uT+ \T\T ]|+~.
18 eT+~ eTsD+#sT.
|C sdq\T : b\ |uT\T nqT
d]dTq |Ces $<H\| $$<
<X +<q\T sT>TTHsTT.
` ^dt n\s u+qT |uT
+ |y T e\ n|+#& es
d >dT 1q y~ eT+~ <>T\T
dyT #XsT. M] $$< esZ\ qT+&
eT<T \_++~.
` dsTTH s \qT |y { ] keTq
|uT sj es+> s ]
\T >dT 4q 24 >+\ dyT #XsT.
|uT yK] esb eT <+>
dyT #keT V#]+#sT. eTsy|
|uT+ b{dTq b<T| #s\qT
sddTq +<qsT\qT |uT+
> T ] + k ~ + | # s \ | P qT
+Tq~.
` $< d+dsD\ es
+> #dT q <e >dT 24 @&~
>&+~. $<sT\T sEq <X+
$$< q>s s\T sV+#sT.
*+| : 2012 *+| &\ T p
25 qT+& >dT 12 es 17 sE\bT
\+&H ]>sTT. us +<+ 13
& 55 ] bZ w{+>,
s+>, u&+H, u+>\ yTT+
6 |\qT k~++~. >+(3) +f
yTsT>T q|]H, 55e kq+ *+~.
> ;+> *+| #H 51 ds\
yTT+ 100 |\ n>kq+, 36
ds\ nyT] s+&kq+ b+<>
*+| nyT] 46 ds\ 103
|\T k~+ |<eT kq+q, #H
38 d s
\T, 87
| \
s +&kq+
q *
#sTT.
*+| |dT , eJ eTdT <X\T
yTT+ 263 |\T k~+#&+ $Xw+.
] e+< + ` V \T : ||+ #+
]e +<+, sT<>+ reeTeT q =B
V\T |sT>TTHjT _H Xd
y\ n< jTq+ \T|+~. +>+&T
2008`10 eT<\+ 1000 eT+~
esL V\ b\&sT. 2010
<X+ sT<>+ |s>& + V\
b\& y] d+K |]+~.
CrjT |]d
T \T
nk+ n\sT : nk+ CT\ deTd
|< mTq V+k+& <]rd+~.
<<| 80eT+~ eTs D + #s T . 50
\\eT+~ |> sXjTT\js
n+#H. u&+& k ]qT\L,
e\d e ds|&q u+>, +><o
jTT\L eT< |TsD\T sT>TTHsTT.
|TsD\ yqT udeTd $T&e+~.
1952 bs+uyTq |TsD\T 1993,
1994, 1998, 2008\ ]>sTT.
2012 yTT<> p 6q |TsD\T
bs+ueTjsTT. p 19q ]q
<& s \ n\sT bsTT. M{
n<T| e+#&+ sh |uT + |P]>
y|\+ #+~+~. n\s sdq> >dT
11q eTT+sTT ]q |<s q V+d
#T#dT +~. <s T eTsD+ #sT. nk+
n\s sD+> V<u<, u+>SsT,
$TH&T, <X+ s b+
nkMT\T eT k+ sc s*b
THsT. V+d #\s $d]+#&+, n~
eT+ s+>T |\TeTTe&+| d|jT+
+<q e+ #d+~. +><X qT+&
neT e\d |sT yTH |\|
sT>TTq <&T\qT d|j
T + K+&++~.
u>TZ +u D+ : jTT|m`2 Vj+
eTs u +u D+ y\T>Tpd+~. u>TZ
>qT\ {sTT+| u mTq nee
\ +< |uT+ b\&qT \
dV > u|{+~.. |uT KCH
1.86 \\ T qw+ y{*qT >
d$es+> *+~. u>TZ +uD+|
bs y T +{ $| \T | u T
\BXsTT.
> y
~ | \
&>
e+< ,
| <e
|{+ #~>
e+<
|< bsyT+{ deT]+#THsT.
| < qeT+ u> T Z XKqT # d T q
\+ k+ ]q+<Tq |<
$es D y\ d | j T + & e +&
#d+ ~.D + {sTT+|\T s<T #j \
&e+& #d+~.
Vs u<| 5sE\ <s: V s
u<| H\T>T yeT|\ (d|jT+,
d|, bssYu, sYmdt|) <s+
& 5 sE\ <s seT+ p
30 qT+& >dT 3 es ]+~. yeT
|b\ CrjT HjT+ <s
bZ+~. ksq |C|+|D eed,
deT> Vs u< sb+~+#\
& e +& # X sTT. +< | u T +
|yX|&TTq Vsu< _\T
b\qT de]+#\ ssTT. d|+ sY
12q Vs u< ~q+> <Xy|+>
b{+#\, sdq |<sq\T #j\
|\T|#sTT.
b, n$| B\ T : nHVCs
+<+ duT\T p 25 qT+& >dT 3
es b _\T d+ & B\T
#XsT. sjT |ej rdT=k
eT |{ + #sT. & |< , kj
yk\ eTT+<T +<q\T #XsT.
q\&TqT y*rj\ j> >TsTe
uu s+<y >dT 9 qT+& eT&TsE\T
& B #XsT.
|<]+| ds : <X+ >MTD
b+ ed+# 10 X+ eT+~
sE s.17\ H e $j
dTqT 2011`12 d+es ]q
mHmdtmdt@ ds |* \T \T|THsTT.
H\d] d>T <jT+ s.702.26\T>
eq~. |D b+ 70% |\T
~qd] ejT+ sT.43.16\ $T+ < ,
n< >e s.34.33\T e+< ds
*|+~.
| sh|: us 14e | sh
|> jTT|m nu] nH ] m
jsT. s+&k] | sh|> m
ds|* s<wH dsdq *#s

e]T. dmHT
& m nu ] d+Yd+ > 238 zT s>,
nH 490 zT e#sTT.
eT+esZ+ esT\T : +< eT+
esZ+ p 31q d\ esT\T #XsT.
VA+ XUeT+ <+s ] ]
XKqT {sTT+#sT. VA+eT+>
dTo esY w+&qT jT$T+#sT.
u+\ dyT : <X+ u+ jT
jTq y~ (jTTm|t_jTT) <s+
>dT 22, 23 B dyT ]+~. dyT
\~ eT+~ <>T\T bZHsT.
|uTs+> u+\T eT|&sTT.
K+& $TwH y~qT es+#\,
V#Y sY deTd\| C nqTeT+
#e< &e+& #XsT.
\ dV> qTeT : k+
deTsj<Ts\T, d|jT+ djTsY HjT
\T, dTuwt
#+<udt
\d nC<
V+< bC
|#dq
|H
\dV>
(97) p
23q q
sY eTsD+
#s T . k
+<eT+ |#d, y<e #d
1972 d|jT+ #ssT. 1989
sdu duT\T njsT. 2002 sh
| m nu ]> b{#X sT. 1998
|< $u wH nysTq T +< |uT + qT+&
n+<THsT.
+<
Xd k+
XU
eT+>
| #dT q
$dtsy
< X e TTU
(67)>
d T 14q
qT eT
XsT.
eTVsh eTTK eT+> s +&T |sj\T
|#XsT. +>dt b \|<e\qT
#|{ sT .
123
``
123
123
32
e] dT
s=s{ $<| |
nd+| | sT>T+~
+< |uT+ u>TZ XKqT #dTq

|< eTHVH d+> 1.8 \\ u>TZ
+u D b\&qT > y\& + H yeT
|\T jTq sJHeqT s&+<+<T.
>+ 2 +uD+ +< eT+ sC
sJHe ssT <!
seT|k<,
|sY \, yTT>&,
eTVu q>sY
>{ +uD+ |&T bsyT+

TqT ~|dTq ~. u>TZ b \Tq b+
\qT = u\T> $u+ b{ <s
m+| #jT+& +< |uT+ |yT
ss{ d+d\ u { + ~. B eT\+
> |uT KCH 1.8 \\
sbjT\ qw+ *qT > y~
|s=q~. > y~ |s=q eTT+<T
L& n+X >+ |\TesT yeT
|\T m #bsTT. |&T n~]
d+d qw+ >T]+ |s=q&+ deTd
re d+]+#T+~. |uT+ s
+ |&+~. >+ |<> d+~+#
_C| sjT+> \_b+<& |&T
eT+ neX+ \_++< u$+ #
<&T> eeV]k+~. u>TXZ K |< q
eT+ <s+H q+<Tq jTq
sJHe #j\ &e+& #dTq~.
|<qeT+ n$ b\&< #T
H H u< eV+ sJHe
#j\ &e+& #k+~. yeT|\T
e+ u>TZu\ {sTT+|\qT s<T
#j\, nee\ mesT u<T
+<T OqksTT $#sD sb\
&e+& #dTHsTT. |dT |<q
eT+ sJHe s&+ <T . |< qeT+
n$ b\&bsTTH nee\T
sT>TTq|&T *d $TqHs
$#sD y\& n|&T sJHe s&+
deT+d+> +T+< yeT| \T u$+
#sTT. n+<T bsyT+TqT se~+>
d+ _+| #d _C| yK ] esdT H sTT.
bsyT+T #s <s eT] yd
y\qT y\T>T # neXeTT+
33
T+<, $#sD |T&+, <

sd]d jTT|m |uT <w>
\u& neXeTT+T+< yeT
|\T u$dTHsTT.
eeVs+ mH&m |uT+
>, jTT|m |uT+> $<H
neT\T ]bsTT. n+<Te\q y] y<q
CsTTr @MT<T. nsTT sh|uT
\ nu+s+ e\q u>TZu\ {
sTT+| qT b{ <s s s TT+#
bjeT, u+> yeT| |uT+
L& nu+s+ |{qy q<
|<qeT+ #dq |q |s=HsT.
| q yeT| \ MT< Ts< ~ >
nd\ L& q~. sc\ d++
~+q |uT $<TY d+d\, |uT
s+> d+d\ u\T b{+& {
sTT+#\, |yT d+d\# u\qT
b{ <s y\ #dq d#qqT e
]+ |<qeT+ <Tw#s |PqT
HsT.
2 +uD+ =+ eT+~
| + \_ #L s +<T neT |<
eT+ sC eeV]+#s dw+>
q+<TH jTq sJHeqT H&T
seTT. H&T eTHVHd+> |]d
|dTeTTq de#s+ yTs =+
_q+> q+<TH sJHe s<T.
yT&! ke+>, ]+> yqT
&q esZ\ #+~q $<sT\ +]+>
$< n+< <q T #d $<+ > eTH |E
qT
|uT + ss TT+dTq <X e]dT b |+<
@$T{? |sTTyT +]+> X\\qT
neds $T+ s $<|e D\qT
~>C] |&T |uT +]+> dT
|+#TeTq&+ Vkd<+ <? s=s{
$<$<q+| e]dT b bs &\
sTTHqT.
]|k < #\eT\T

201, d myq,
$Tj|PsY,V<su< ` 49
\VqesZ\ |< $<sT\ b|

wq J |E ]jT+sYyT+{ #d
d+<V \T
de<H\T
` _.$.s|Te\T
|< =qk+#\q~ e]dT b
n_bjT+. _qyTq |E
\qT ss TTks?
@ |E* ssTTks? nH<
$T++& |E m+H |P]>
|uT+ u]+#*. =+ u]+, =+
$<] #*+ #Ty\H~ ds + ~<T. |E
]jT+sYyT+{ |< nqsTesH

<T]j>+ #dT + f < s~+#+<T
mTe+{ #s\T rdTy ssTT+#T
y* | |sT |E
]jT+sYyT+{
yTT |]$T+ #jTL&<T.
+]+> X\\T neds
$T+ ]#s nq+. n_e~ #+~q
<X\ b*d +]+> ~s b|
wq sT\T |P] #dq y] d+K Hu
w |s+ eTq <X+ e>H
q~. eTq sh+ q~ J\ d+K
deTd <T. HD b sTTH, ks\T
bsTTH, u<H d+~ bsTTH
$#\$&> nqTeTT*e&+ nd\T deTd.
$< |y{sD u>+> b\b\
J\qT bVdTHsTT. |\T
&qT|j +#T= b\b\ HjT
u>keTT\T> nqTeTT\T d+bsTT+
k+ $<qT & ybs+> #XsT.
yeT|\T eTTK+> e]dT b
yTT<{ qT+& ybs <sD es
dH O+~. j d+<s\ +<
q\T sV++~. bs+u+ e]dT
b yK] n_e~ es yK]>q,
<T <X+> |s>+& n&T=H b
\| yq& yK]>q r]+ n|
Vd+ #XsT. <Tw#s+ #XsT. nT
e+{ ysT nH eT+~ |&T ss{
$<ybs + | e < > e T
dTH sT. eT] =+eT+~ |C_b j
&d ss{ $<| eTeTs+ H
| | $eTs\T #dT H sT. d\ +> keq
| s s { $< | nd + |
|sT>TTq<H~ +. u$wT $<
s+> ss{sD| $X\yTq
<e ]+# neX+ |sT>TTq~.
nTe+{ <e n_e~ #d+<T
e]dT b w #dT+~.
yT& _$sY >], eTq b CrjT
eTVdu eTT+<T sjT rsq+ eTTksTT<
$&T<\ #ksT. eTTksTT< rsq+ #~$
< q desD\T |+|d desD\qT
|]o*+ CrjT eTVdu sjT rsq+
$&T<\ #ksT. nsTT sjT rsq+
eTTksTT< #~$ desD\T |+|+#ysT #
=~eT+~ eyT O+{sT. sjT rs
q+ eTTksTT<qT ksTT XK dey X
#~$ $|+ b duT\ n_bj\qT
rdT +< $T{ |+|d |C+jT T+
> O+T+< H n_bjT+. MT n_bjT+
*jTCjTe\d+~> sT THqT.
|T +{ H>Xs | k <,
|
<,
>T+sT
CrjT eTVdu deT]+# sjT

rsq+ s+&T H\\ eTT+<T Vs+>
#s d+ $&T<\ #jT&TT+~. duT \T, kqTu |sT \T,
sT \T L& eT n_bj\qT *jT
CjTe#T. d+es+ @| ]q
20 e eTVdu d+<s+> sjT rs
H y\ d+KH desD\T e#sTT.
y+{ eTVdu |]o*++~.
XK\T, $T{\T sjT rsH
L\+w+> #]+#sTT. j XK\T
eT n_bj\qT HsT > s|P s+>
+< $T{ |+|+#bsTTH XK
]q #s \ ks+X | $T{\T +<
$T{ *jTCXsTT. n+<Te\q
ksTT XK ]> #s\ jTT ks+
X+ eTVdu <w s<q Te&+ d]<T.
nsTT MTsT |k$+qT b
ksTT n_bj\T eT]+ |C
++> +< $T{ *d+<T M\T>
|XKqT eT #s\ ks+X HsT>
+< $T{ |+|+# $<+> bV+
#*. |$T{\T n+<T nedsyTq
dVjT+ #j*.
s|Te\T>] qeTkseTT. eTVu
q>sY neu< eT+&\+ .z H+3
@C @]j neT\T O+~. eT+&\+
]qT\ Hu 15 X+, ]Hs T \ Hu
70 X+> O+~. n s\ O<>\T
]qT\ <THsTT. ]Hs Ob<
jTT\qT ~ #jT&+ 26 d {#sY
sT. 105 bdT\T U> OHsTT. ]qT\
|\\ qT Vd XeT bsX \ #]+#T+
THsT. md, ;d $<sT\ #<Te\T
e] dT
k>&+ <T. z 3 es+> O<e\T .y\qT, #{\qT neT\T s|+&

q&TdTHsTT. MT b bZq&+ <T. B| ]q V\qT \sdH HsTT.
n+<Te\q |&T ]q b+
MT yK] #|>\sT.
_. q+<,
neu<,eTVuq>sY
w& @]j <>\T ]
qT\ y\ .y.q+.3 #TTq~.
< e]dT b deT]dT q ~. ]qT\
ueTT\T nH++ e& s~+
#+<T .y.q+.3 +{< 1/
70#+ q~. u> yq&q ]q
b+ ]qT\ | sD b
jT qT+& eq X\T y] ne
X\qT, dT\qT Cd neX\T
HjT > nqTuy \q+{ |]o*+
Te+{ | #{\T rdT=#sT.
yde+> Te+{ #{\q+{
rdT=+~ eTdT b <T. +>dt,
s sTy b\b. d+ =
| #{\ <s ]qT\ =+
yTs H sD *+#b nX+ |*
]q sT>TuT |]\TjT +<
qH b\esZ\T Te+{ #{\qT
#sTT. s+> >+ <e\qT
\Vq+ #jT>*>sTT. nsTT q
nd+| |sT>TTHsTT. <e\T

reeTeTHsTT.
]qT\ sD *dTq |
.y\T, #{\ eT\+> b+
eddTq ]Hs |\ = +
<T\T edTq e yT. ]qT\qT
<#Te&, y] neX\qT, dT\ qT
CjT & +<T\T edT+ f, +\T
@s&TT+f n~ d+w+#*q $wjT yT.
|<\T, keqTq ]HsT\
+<TdT+f ]qT\ sD qw+
+& +<T\qT |]w]+#TH
esZ\qT nHw+#*. n+| ]
qT\q sD\qT =\+#\ #|&+
d]<T. .y.q+ 3 neT\T eT\+>
]HsT\ eu< b++ =
+<T\T @s& +&e#T. y{ n~>
$T+#+<T .y.q+ 3qT =\+#\H
<H ]wyTq s |]cs\qT
|b~+ neT\T s|eT |uT
eTq+ s*. nTe+{ |jT\qT
123
123
e]dT b deT]dT+~.
123
|e<+(18e|J |
{
&\sY
sTysTT)
s #eTTsT =q @ <Xy T H jTs\H #*+ #* e#~. s| nyT] <TseTD
|<q sD+ nyT] ] ~| n+ \yTq &\sT ~| |+#&+.
nTe+{ d<yT |uT =\+ q =T> eeV]+# sC s
H\=\&+, n& nyT] XX d kes @sT #dT e&+ s| nyT]
<TseTD |<q \+. (s d$T +\ sTy s @$<+> nyT] ]
X, < $dsDL |e<+> |]D$T++< HqT |d+ $e]+#qT)
| & sH $wjT+ L& n< sT>TTq~. ||+# ]sT s> &\sT
sHqT+& |e<+ se&+ <+ sT>T+~. ~ + |< n+X+ q
u>+ eyT: sH H&T nyT] jTT qjÒ<sy< ~ | Vs+>+>
sd ]k+~. <Tse TD eTT+<T s e~]>H sH || +# yD d+d duT s\T
<T. 1984 qT+& m+m|t < mTe+{ d++<\T e. < >, ||+#
u+ > u |& <T. s e~]>H nyT], < #eTTsT +|\ sH
u$wT L& #eTTsT +{\T e# neX\T |+#&+ <T. m+<T+f #H
|{ sH #eTTsT n_e~ +{\ T <TsT+~. H{ s e~]>H sHL &
b++ |ue+ *+# X> m~> neX+ O+~. ||+# u+, ||+# yD
d+d, m+m|t\ |&+# wsT\ es+> eT< b#+ H&T |C sT>TuT
sT>TTHsTT. B _qyTq |< b+ <X\ sH sTD\T eT+psT #d
neX+ O+~.
sH $wjT + nyT] q *| H Tb \TqsTT+~. nyT] $~+q
+\ T sHqT +] #jT b>, n~ &\sT | ejT s\d+ y T #d+ ~.
<s | &T nyT] &\sT ~|+ jTT |H n~ eT]+ o|Ts+ #d+~.
nyT] $~+q +\qT m~]+ nH <X\T sH eT<e& eTT+<T se&+
nyT] }V+# $wjT+. nyT] #] ~ |< $<X+> $<q123
y|\+>
*b>\<T. ] ~ sT>TT+~ +f eTs jTT<+ d+u $dT+~. 123
123
34
e]
>]dTb{ sCse
(2e |JsT ysTT)
1946 b y~ |s+... +<

b++ 21 |P] ksTT |#d
<\T, 30 bsY fyT <\T js
jsTT. | L z sZHsT, <sT
sh sZHsT OHsT. n <\
djT+ bw+> |#XsTT. shksTT
H>, , \ +< L&
D _s\T sV+#ysT. +~
ksTT ]> D +<\ sh
HjT\T VsjTysT. yTT+
se q nqT#sT \ kjT+ &s Y
sCse sV+#ysT. &sY sC
se H + H |jT +<< X +
}|+<T+~. H |j >+ =
|+\T =+~. H+ e\+ |Cs+
+> O+&+ f <T. <=
|jq+, d+<X+ O+&*. k+|T
H\T n|{ |<q+> eT< s>
esZ\ deTd\ me> b<q$T#$.
+< H s+> #] 1940
qT+ 1960 esL qejTT>+
q&+~. n<= >& bsTTq dsj
T T>+.
y~eT+~ jTTe\qT dMT]+ |C
HeT+&* k| sT > \&sT
&sY sCse. e\+ ] u\
d+ ]++~<T |CHeT+&*.
n<= OqXjT |u<+ <X,
|\L de#jT & |{q eTV d+d.
jTq |CHeT+&* sZHsT>
jT$T+#&sT. sh < @sT
#XsT. < jTq jsT>..
&s T >.. &s s T > |#X sT. |C
jTT<+ <s #q e+T\T>
#jT & qHV #sT.+<
|CHeT+&* sh <+ u+usTT,
|PH, c|PsT, nV< u<T q>s
eu$T H+ |<]+q|&T \
sC dV , nudt e+{ |eTTKT\T &s Y
sCse s+>d\ |j> sVDqT
m+>H |X+d+ #sT. & jTq
|<]+q ujT+ H+ n+srjT
|X+ d\+<T+~. n\] dseTsE
H+ <Xu ||P]yT +<<X
Os \+ +~. <T k+|T
H ke y<+ \_+# H
O<eT+> w #dq jTXd &s Y
sCse. d+|<jT sb\qT deT
q edT e yT$+.. |s+ yd..
yT*$T|{q +>s+ sb+~+#T
35
y\H |C << e+ {+#T

H&jTq. jTq >=| |j >o\>\
ue&T H&T. jTq dH H
dw. jTq X keTs\L |C O<
e\ y~L deTqjT+ ~]q+\+
k+d $jT $Vs+> k+~.
dT+s dHsjTD ` yds&
udsse s+, &sY sCse <s
+ s|~<Tq eu$T
H+.. |CHeT+&*, < nqT+<
XK\T 980 |<sq\ <s 18 \\
eT+~ |C $X+< , <THy&
u$T V d+<X+~. B+
>+>y sTq +>dt |uT + eu $T
H w~++~. B| &sY sC
se re+> d+~+#sT. eu$T
H w~+#&+ |CHeT+&*
>.. nuT <jT sT\L, q\L
dy. |CkeT sD= |.
{ e\T, >jT\T, sT\T, q
\T, <s\T, $Cqy\T, |Cd+|\T
f$ T{ +< |CeT+ eu $T
|<sq| w<+ =\+# esL +<
q #jT&+ eT $~> u$+#*.
d+<s+ | d+b<\T, +<
|C+ #jT y* n jTq
$| #XsT. &sY sCse eT+
qs\T. jTq q+ O<> *+
#~> O+&~. H{ |<sq jTq
VsT M~ u>e+ ms d&T>
r..dTr.. rdT VsTqT e]
<X+ Ves|&T |j
T +&e
q+ #dysT. jTq m+ eT+
qs &.. n+eT+ qT\T L&. jTq
|]esq H+ b jTe
uT>.. eu$T |{>.. de
M~ H+ k|sY |t>, ujT+
H+ b|sTTsT>, H&T
sV +>.. n\] dseTsE s<s Y
|s >Y .. cVH H+ Ws+>C T>,
s |q+ > n<T+>
q{+ |\ eTqq\T b+<sT.
+< sh |dt essY jTjTH
10e eTVdu\T 1948 seT+&
]q|&T |dt essY H bs+u
eTT+<T.. &sY sCse |dt essY
>&T|Tq w J$\qT n<+ |f
q+ |<]+#sT. &sY sse
s#s TT> H\q, H{\ q, =
|u< > j\q, q <\ q s+#sT.
nH |\ H |j>+ MT<
yk\T sXsT. nH >wT H
MT< O|Hk*#sT. eTdT b|
s+< \+ jTq seT+& y[ |<

k<\ y< de\+~+#&+ yTT<\T
|{sT. = y\eT+~ O
#XsT. jTq &T d+ TqT k>Bd
&s T <T. eT+<d e<q+ eT+<T*
|+|+# eT+ &sT. jTq y<
<X deL.. |CdeL.. $j+#sT.
mm+ &s d+d s sV&T>q
|#XsT. eTdTb | s+< \+
jTqqT seT+& nsdT #d $jT
y& |jT|H bdT +|
rdTe re+> V+d\T |{sT.
V+d\qT jTq eTq+> u]+#s
> b\esZ\ +><T. 1952
seT+& es<q|&T s ]
MT< y[ #d eTT+<T C>> s\qT
U #sTT+ q +{ |THsT.
sE s eTTe eTTbsTT+~.
+{ |H |H.. s|Te \jT+ k|+..mH
H\qT OeT+> |<]+ nH
|]wT VQeH\+<THsT. ~jT
sY |&swH d+dqT k|+ Hs+>
|j > D \j q&bsT. sT y
=+ sC b&H k|+
|{\T ]+#sT. +
<s nHe T+~ = q{qT\qT |]#jT +
#XsT. q{ eTTqqT + <sH
jTq d s+> |]#jT + #XsT.
seT+& jTq y< e #d
|<\ &&TH.. q bD|<y T q
s+>d de #dH.. eTdT b
|eTTKT> |sb\ d+| \sY>
mqT&sT. jTq qqT \sY>
mqTq ysT |\>.. jeY |D
|jH\ d+ m+>H |]X$T+#
sT. &sY sCse >T+&bT 1963
d|+sT 8e Bq q 49e @ eT<
dT qs dT| qTeT XsT.
jTq eTsDys *dq y+H |C
sT\uT, jeY s+>d\, de
s+> ~*e y\]+#sTT.
|CHeT+&* |#+ & |#\&T.
n& eTw <T. jT++. eTVqT&T,
b#, bX H |<T\
D+> [+#Tqy&T
Hs+ > Xd+#>* qy&T
qT #|{q n+{..
V<jT eT, eTqd n++ #dq y&T
n eTV$ ll.. &sY sCse
123
123
|Tq y[ n]+#sT.
RNI Reg. No. APTEL/2006/17554
Postal Regd. No H/SD/407/07-10-12
e] dT
sY esY qT #<e+&!
` $.. H
qeH>] ||+ #eT+{ esY s#q \ |{, u<q \ |{ sTy
Xk\T n+ $<c |<]ksTT. e]C $<w|P] Xg+>
n_e]ksTT. n$ + _qyTq <sD |<] kjT L& eTq+ +#L &<T .
esZ\T> $uyTq de+ ke Xk\T |b sV+>
O+&C\e. n~s, O<sy< Xk\T @< s|+ yq ud
=eTT>ksTT. e]+ eyT yq ud es+> n$X+
bs{ |\T|+~. yq ud de+ Xk\T |b sV +>
O+&\ +#&+ eTs+ nsTTH y*, @MT nejTyTH
nsTT O+&*. jTeqT\T eT |T&T\ MT< u\T +Z #T ]\
yH\T |+#\ Xk\T #|>\y? H{ de+ Xk\T, #{\
#|e> #|e. ||#T nd\T jTe &T |T&> |b MT O<>\T m&+ eksTT? { >TZ n
]& Vu< #ksTT. n< O+#+&. Xg #] #dH, ke Xk\ #] #dH $wjT+ e+
dweTeT+~. e]+ nH~ +f<T y< nr+. +<T m+{ <|]+ <T. n~ \| \&q @
ke Xg+.
eqy[ nTTeT yT<e\T m+<s >+ eHq mH |X\ esY n<TyTq de<H\T n+~+#&T.
Xg+, sjT nsXg+, kw*+ ~s Xk n|{< ||+# yT<e\T m+<s #dq u<q\ |
=qk+|> e]dT Xk r]~<&T.
n|{< y\T | nqsTT+q uy< eT]+ $d|] eT]+ T> nHw+
eqe deC nqsTT+#&+ <s eqe |]DeTe n<T+> |{ e>*>&T esY. #] uy<+
nH~ XdjT #q\ dswyTq Xg+> =j&&TT+~ sDH. #], sj\ | n|{< Oq
>+<s>+, @| eeVs\kH XdjT b|~q #]q, sj\q m ns+ #dTy\H k<H esY
||+# n+~+#&T. OX\ n_e~ de+ <XqT+& ys= <X m |s>$T+#& &&+B, ke
J$+ m+{ esT\T e#j esY XdjT+> $e]+#&T. O<VsD |P&*+ qT+& |T&< $<q+
n_e~ m ]+~ nH~ L&...
|<s (|) n_e~ eqe $Cq+ MT< m |ue+ #|T+<, nH eqe ke $Cq+ (n+f
n , eT, sjT n_bj\T, $Xk\T ~s\T) H{ ke ] eedqT ||*ksTT. sjT
eed\T ]eed |H<T\MT< ]yTq O|]\ sD\T n esY dw+ #X&T. jTs|t $$< sjT eed\T
X$TesZ+ MT< sTy b\\ ~| =qk+# |jH\ m O|]++B D+> $e]+#&T s esY.
sj |\T s+s+ e+#qL, e+#qL >TseH O+{sT. n|{< y T& Oq H,
eT, sjT $Xk\T, y>H\ $T+ OeT&> qT @ esZ #+~qys >T]+ esZ+ *d|& q |jH\T
&sjTH #q+ b+<esL |\T e+#q >TseH O+{sT. b\esZ\T b eedqT b&Te&+ <s
jT<<d =qk+#>\T>TsTT. djT |jH\dyT b\esZ\T esTd+ w#d y] <<eT\T #d<
#ksTT. beed [bsTT m+ nH>]+> jssTTH <H |T y&TT+{sTT. ke |qTesT\qT
n&+# |r|X\qT eT{ ]|+#\+f de+ @jT esZ\T T> *, OeT&> >{ |T|& k<eTeT+<
>T]+ y{ d+|T{+#d bs{ dejT+ #j*. <s b eedqT L* qe deC, deT deC
k|+#T>\+. eTqky# ud+ eTZbTq ]esZ, wJe\ esY d<+ jTT< n+~+#&T.
|T&< eed ]esZ+ yTq kq+ @$T{ e]+ $e]+#q+ >=|> eTs Xg+ $e]+#<T. n+<T
<|&, |&qL >TsjT esZ $eTT jTT<+> e]dT Xk n+~+#&T. n+<T esY #]sT&> *#&T.
wJe\+<s e]C D+> n<jTq+ #j*q neds+ *+#&T.
(e]C eT&T eT\TèT&T u>\T |] u*$ |
bdtyX (yT\T|) 1913 e] d+ sdq yd+. d+>V+>...)
Marxistu, monthly organ of Communist Party of India (Marxist) A.P . State Committee.
Printer & Publisher B.V. Raghavulu. RNI Reg.No. APTEL/2006/17554. Vol.7, No.5, September 2012
36

Marxist September 2012

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Marxist September 2012

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

e] dT

&sY >]b{ sCse

<$T&\ <kVeTq<T MTsT

e&yT. e]dT uy\ |sD kH

2. eekjTs+>+ <T |T&,

3. eT* esT d+ ]`s

4. |e<+ |{&\sY : sH|

5. Crj<eT \+H XeT<H

6. eTT>TZsT e\T eT&T drsD\T

7. esT dTE eHdsY b

8. ed+ n+srjT, CrjT

9. s=s{ $<| | nd+|

n_e~ #+~q < <X+ q

eseq <X\ K, +<q eqsT\qT

eed sT<> deTd n+ k<s

s#sTT q& eVsY HVA $X $<\jT+ ] n<jTq+, |D[

eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

jT OT\ T, KC\T) m>TeT #d <X

eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

eseq<X eT+ O< keTs+,

n+Ty~ e+{~. ese q ||+ #+

kBq+ #dT+THsTT. s+>

Je +<H \ j O|j dTH sT.

eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

u$T nH~ |]$TyTq eqsT. eqe w

|uT ><eTT U {~ qT\ Vs <H\T eTTbTHsTT. sTTH y{

H L& n~ u> |X e\ <D>

eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

2002 E H{ Vs <H\ \\T 6.4

O+~. 1937-41 eT<\+ ~ 157

nsTT+< |uT+ y~++~. |\

|s=HqT. n+ eTT+<T sT d+es\

u> me> |] |\ yde <

eekjTs+>+ <T |T&

|uT ej\qT +Z #\, <e|sy T q

<sD |uT \T eeV]d edTH sTT.

{e\ u+>TSsT yT& |#\|* dT+<sj

sE eTq+ #]dTq n+X+

<s\T +q+TTHsTT. yH\T

O+&bjsTT. |uT $<H\ e\

s#sTT us eTdT b (e]dT) +<$T{ duT\T.

eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq

ds sD $<H\T neT eq nsTT< H

Vs <y\D+ |<q deTd> O+~.

eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq

\+ #*q 1894 u dsD #{ O|j

yTT\T n+ eTT+<T >&q sT

yTT<{ | (|T& y\yT1, |J

O+{+~. O<V s D , 2007`08

eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq

e&+ <s s5.28 \\ <

eT* esTd+ ]`s d+|Tq

eekjT+ |T&< d++<\T |sT>T

eekjT+ |T&< d++

s\ X$T |\q \T| by*.

s>\<T. n+<Te\ eTq+ s+>+

deTd\y| eT[+# pdTHsT. >MTD

#+<+ >] yd+ j+ @eTT+~?

d+b< $esD: #+<+>] yd+| dT+<sjT>] $eTsH yd+

yeT| |ejTyT D se+

nyT] sH| d]=> $~+q

s#sTT nyT] $T+>H #+~q +&jH $X$<\jT+ ]

<X\ eT< Bs\+> Oq n+^s+.

kB ns_j, s nsT <X\ OHsTT.