4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

PRESENTATION:
PHOTOELASTICITY.

GROUP MEMBERS: 1. SYED ANIS BADSHAH 2. 3. 4. 5. HAFIZ ABULRAFAY MUHAMMAD ASHIQ HAMMAD HABIB MUHAMMAD HASHIM ME-001 ME-011 ME-037 ME-043 ME-046

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR; MUAZAMA ARSHAD

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

OUTLINE:
Definition and methodology of photoelasticity? Theory of Photoelasticity The application of photoelasticity Photoelastic materials Products Limitations Conclusions GFP2000 for real-time photoelasticity PhotoStress Measurement

PHOTOELASTICITY:
It is an indirect method of stress analysis, in that a study is made of the stress conditions in a scale model made from a transparent plastic material, and from this the stresses in a metal component can be deduced, both quantitatively and qualitative results being obtain.." METHODOLOGY: Polarized light is passed through the model in stress condition and changes the passage of light are thus effected , which are observed on the image of the model at the end of the optical system. The appearance of an optical stress pattern is illustrated in figure (A) for a pair of mating gear teeth. These optical results are related to; Stress distribution Magnitude and Direction in the model This provides stresses in the Actual metal component. Model is made of plastic And component of metal is Of no significance in Determination of stress in the elastic range

1. 2. 3.

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL Because widely different elastic constants would only affect the determination of deformations and not stresses.

THEORY OF PHOTOELASTICITY:
Photoelasticity is the application of given stress to the model which is made of plastic or any other transparent material. After this we pass polarized light through the model which is composed of a transparent material and we utilize an induce birefringence (double refraction) , through this we examine the actual distribution of stresses of the material.

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

Birefringence(Double Refraction)
A transparent material like mica, calcite etc is birefringent if a ray of light passing through it experiences two refractive indices, usually two rays are ordinary and extra ordinary rays. The effect of this is to change the polarization state of the transmitted light to form interference fringes. Ordinary ray are energetic and extra ordinary ray are more energetic. Mathematically: ; where R= relative retardation in wavelength C = optical constant; and = principle stresses EQUATION (1) is called "STRESS OPTICAL LAW" and is the basis of photoelasticity. Isochromatic fringes: These are lines of constant principal stress difference, ( P Q). "Photoelasticity can provide both magnitude and direction of principal stress and strain

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

Isoclinic fringes. It happens when principal stress direction coincides with the axis of polarization of the polarizer. The front figure shows appearance of isoclines in a beam during bending At 60, 45, and 30. ORIENTATION Of the polarizer and analyzer with Respect to a Vertical datum.

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

Stress trajectories:
Isoclines in themselves do not provide a clear picture of direction of stresses in the model. However from them it is possible to construct a set of curves known as stress trajectories.

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

Basic Instrumentation for polarized light employed:

Basically three types that is a) Plane polarized, b) circular polarized and c) elliptical polarized

FRINGES IN CIRCULAR POLARISCOPE:

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL Figures are the fringe pattern for a beam built in each end and carrying a uniformly distributed load.Fig(A) represents whole order fringes and Fig(B) represents half order fringes

APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOELASTICIRTY:
Non-contact optical method for determining stresses and load paths in components or structures. Impact Testing Assembly Stress Analysis Glass Inspection Flaw Detection Residual Stress Analysis FEA Model Verification

PHOTOELASTIC MATERIALS:

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL Most widely used photoelastic material is an epoxy-based resin known as ARALDITE, which is also termed a thermosetting resin. In U.S.A several well tried and successful materials for both two and three dimensional work namely BAKELITE, FOSTERITE AND KRISTON.. however these materials are rather expensive and show little advantage over ARALDITE. Materials such as celluloid and Perspex , while exhibiting birefringence , are optically too insensitive for normal photoelastic use, although they are sometimes convenient when determining isoclines. REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD PHOTOELASTIC MATERIALS: High optical sensitivity. Tensile strength and modulus. Absence of optical and mechanical creep Time edge stress Ability of casting and machining. Although photoelastic properties tend to vary somewhat from one batch of material to another, some typical values for various substances are given in the table below.
Tensile strength. (lbf/in2) Modulus of elasticity (lbf/in2) 0.45 * 10^6 0.0019 * 10^6 Poissons ratio Material fringe value, lbf/in2. per fringe for 1 in. = 5461 A 52 1.4

substances

ARALDITE(U.K) 20 C 135 C BAKELITE(U.S.A) 20C 110C FOSTERITE(U.S.A) 87C KRISTON(U.S.A) 20C 135C CELLULOSE NITRATE(U.K) GELATINE(14% GLYCERINE)

12000 300

0.3 -

16000 400 520

0.62 * 10^6 0.0011 * 10^6 0.024 * 10^6

0.36 0.5 0.48

85 3.3 4

8200 680 6000 TO 8000

0.54 * 10^6 0.0138 * 10^6 0.25 * 10 ^6 TO 0.32 * 10^6 14

------0.34

80 6.25 220

----

0.5

0.17

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

PRODUCTS: o GFP2000 for real-time photoelasticity.

KEY FEATURES SYSTEM PERFORMENCE

DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;

4RD SEMESTER, MECHANICAL

LIMITATION:
Data Acquisition for principal stress magnitude and direction Coating material and process for damp concrete-problem from bond failure and unknown shrinkage stress effects in concrete The difference between thermal coefficient in coating material and concrete leads to errors to field investigation Too sensitive to the Young Modulus and poison's ratio ( local effect from coating process).

CONCLUSION:
Photoelasticity theory and its application are given. The examples of products from venders are described. The most practical use of photoelasticity is to qualitatively investigate the stress-strain pattern in complex specimen. The limitations of this technology is to measure the direction and magnitude of principal stress of a number of interesting locations is impractical due to the data acquisition process. The unreliability in applying the coating material in the field investigation of reinforced concrete structures due to shrinkage, thermal effect, bond, and local effect of material properties.

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DEPARTMENT; MECHANICAL ENGG;