Pahang JUJ 2012 SPM Chemistry

1 The equation below shows a reaction to produce hydrogen gas.
Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas bagi menghasilkan gas hydrogen.

2HCl + Zn ZnCl
2
+ H
2

Which of the following would increase the rate of production of hydrogen gas?
Manakah antara pernyataan berikut meningkatkan kadar penghasilan hydrogen gas.

A Increase the time of the reaction
Meningkatkan masa tindak balas
B Increase the volume of acid
Meningkatkan isipadu asid
C Increase the size of granulated zinc
Meningkatkan saiz ketulan zink
D Increase the temperature of the mixture
Meningkatkan suhu campuran
(27/2003)

2 Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of the reaction?
Manakah antara pernyataan berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak
balas?

I Release of gas per unit time
Menghasilkan gas per unit masa
II Change of the colour intensity per unit time
Perubahan keamatan warna per unit masa
III Formation of precipitate per unit time
Penghasilan mendakan per unit masa
IV Increase in the mass of reactant per unit time
Meningkatkan jisim bahan tindak balas per unit masa

A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
B III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
C I, II and III only
I,II dan III sahaja
D II,III and IV only
II,III dan IV sahaja
(18/2003)

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3 Table 4 shows the total volume of gas collected at regular intervals in a reaction.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan jumlah isipadu gas yang dikumpul pada sela masa dalam suatu
tindak balas.

Time/s
Masa/s
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Volume of the gas/cm
3
isipadu gas/ cm
3

0.0 2.0 3.7 5.2 6.4 7.3 8.6 8.6

What is the average rate of the reaction in the second minute?
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata pada minit kedua?

A 0.040 cm
3
s
-1
B 0.045 cm
3
s
-1

C 0.053 cm
3
s
-1

D 0.062 cm
3
s
-1

(44/2003)

4 The equation below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Persamaan berikut mewakili penguraian larutan hidrogen peroksida

2H
2
O
2
(aq) 2H
2
O(l) + O
2
(g)

Which of the following are produced when 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed
completely?
Manakah antara berikut yang akan terhasil apabila 1 mol hydrogen peroksida diuraikan
dengan lengkap?

(1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm
3
at room condition; Avogadros Constant: 6.0 x 10
23
mol
-1
1 mol gas memenuhi 24 dm
3
pada suhu bilik: Avogadros constant: 6.0 x 10
23
mol
-1
)

I 2 mole of water
2 mol air
II 12 dm
3
of oxygen gas
12 dm3 oksigen gas
III 3 x 10
23
of water molecules
3 x 10
23
molekul air
IV 1.2 x 10
24
of water molecules
1.2 x 10
24
molekul air


A I and III only
I dan III sahaja
B I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
C II and III only
II dan III sahaja
D II and IV only
II dab IV sahaja
(48/2003)

5 The rate of reaction for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide decreases with the time
because
Kadar tindak balas untuk penguraian hydrogen peroksida berkurangan dengan masa
kerana

A Product of the reaction decreases
Hasil tindak balas berkurangan
B Temperature of hydrogen peroxide decreases
Duhu hydrogen peroksida berkurangan
C Volume of the hydrogen peroxide decreases
Isipadu hydrogen peroksida berkurangan
D Concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreases
Kepekatan hydrogen peroksida berkurangan
(14/2004)


6 An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between marble and
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji tentang kadar tindak balas antara marmar
dengan asid hidroklorik bagi menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida

Experiment
Ekperimen
Substances
Bahan
I
Excess marble and 50.00 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
Marmar berlebihan dan 50.00 cm
3
asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm
-3

II
Excess marble and 100.00 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
Marmar berlebihan dan 100.00 cm
3
asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm
-3

Which of the following graphs represents the two experiments?
Manakah antara graf berikut yang mewakili dua eksperimen ini?

A

B

C

D


7 The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The reaction is
complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is 25 cm
3
. What is the
average rate of the reaction?
Tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dan zink menghasilkan hydrogen gas. Tindak balas
ini lengkap dalam masa 50 saat dan isipadu gas yang terhasil ialah sebanyak 25 cm
3
.
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata dalam tindak balas ini?

A 0.5 cm
3
s
-1

B 1.0 cm
3
s
-1

C 2.0 cm
3
s
-1

D 4.0 cm
3
s
-1

(45/2004)

8 The table shows the mass of sulphur trioxide formed at different temperatures during the
Contact process.
Jadual menunjukkan jisim sulfur trioksida yang terhasil semasa proses Sentuh pada suhu
yang berlainan.

Temperature/
o
C
Suhu/
o
C
300 400 500 600
Mass of suphur trioxide/kg
Jisim sulfur trioksida/kg
350 200 120 100
Time taken
Masa
5 hours 2 hours 6 minutes 9 minutes

At what temperature is the production rate of sulphur trioxide the highest?
Pada suhu keberapakah kadar penghasilan tertinggi bagi sulfur trioksida?

A 300
o
C
B 400
o
C
C 500
o
C
D 600
o
C
(46/2004)


9 The diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction. Ea is the activation energy for this
reaction
Gambar rajah menunjukkan profil tenaga bagi suatu tindak balas. Ea adalah tenaga
pengaktifan bagi tindak balas ini.

What will change the activation energy from Ea to Ea?
Apakah yang akan mengubah tenaga pengaktifan daripada Ea ke Ea?

A Temperature
Suhu
B Catalyst
Mangkin
C Concentration
Kepekatan
D Total surface area
Jumlah luas permukaan
(12/2005)

10 Which of the following explains the meaning of effective collision?
Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah menjelaskan maksud perlanggaran yang
berkesan?

A The collision where its energy is less than the activation energy
Perlanggaran yang tenaganya kurang dari tenaga pengaktifan
B The collision that has a low energy
Perlanggaran yang berlaku mempunyai tenaga yang rendah
C The collision which takes place before a reaction
Perlanggran yang berlaku sebelum sesuatu tindak balas
D The collision that causes a reaction
Perlanggran yang menghasilkan tindak balas.
(13/2005)


11. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the rate of
the reaction between thiosulphate and sulphuric acid.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar
tindak balas antara natrium tiosulfat dengan asid sulfuric.

Which of the following combination of conditions take a shortest time for the mark X to
disappear from sight?
Antara kombinasi keadaan berikut yang manakah mengambil masa paling singkat untuk
tanda X hilang daripada penglihatan?

A
B
C
D

(45/2005)
Sulphuric
acid
Sodium
thiosulphate solution
Temperature/
o
C
Volume
/cm3
Concentration
/mol dm-3
Volume
/cm3
Concentration
/mol dm-3
10
10
10
20

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
50
50
50
40
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
30
40
30
40
12. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a catalyst?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah bukan ciri-ciri mangkin?

A A catalyst is specific in its reaction
Mangkin adalah kursus dalam tindak balasnya.
B A catalyst influences the quality of product reaction
Mangkin mempengaruhi kuantiti hasil tindak balas.
C The chemical property of a catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
Sifat kimia mangkin tetap tidak berubah di akhir tindak balas.
D Only a little amount of a catalyst is needed to influence of the rate of the reaction
Hanya sedikit mangkin diperluaskan untuk mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
(13/2006)


13. In an experiment, the decomposition of 25 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
-3
hydrogen peroxide
solution produces oxygen gas.
Dalam satu eksperimen, penguraian 25 cm
3
larutan hydrogen peroksida 0.1 mol dm
-3

menghasilkan gas oksigen. Graf isipadu gas osigen melawan masa dilukis dan lengkung
P diperoleh.

If experiment is repeated using another solution, which solution will produce curve Q?
Sekiranya eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan larutan lain, larutan manakah yang
akan menghasilkan lengkung Q?

A 25 cm
3
of 0.15 mol dm
-3
hydrogen peroxide
25 cm
3
hidrogen peroksida 0.15 mol dm
-3

B 20 cm
3
of 0.15 mol dm
-3
hydrogen peroxide
20 cm
3
-3

C 15 cm
3
of 0.15 mol dm
-3
hydrogen peroxide
15 cm
3
-3

D 10 cm
3
of 0.25 mol dm
-3
hydrogen peroxide
10 cm
3
-3

(46/2005)

14. The following statements are related to the collision theory of a reaction.
Antara pernyataan berikut adalah berkaitan dengan teori perlanggaran tindak balas.

I. The total surface area of the reactant particles increases
Jumlah luas permukaan zarah tindak balas meningkat
II. The kinetic energy of the reactant particles increases
Tenaga kinetik zarah bahan tindak balas meningkat
III. The frequency of the collision between the reactant particles increase
Fekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah bahan tindak balas meningkat
IV. The number reactant of particles per one unit of volume increases
Jumlah zarah bahan tindak balas per unit isipadu meningkat


15. Which of the following combinations is true about the effect of the rise in temperature on
the reactant particles?
Antara kombinasi berikut, yang manakah benar tentang kesan peningkatan suhu ke atas
zarah bahan tindak balas?

A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
B II and III only
II dan III sahaja
C III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
D I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
(30/2006)

16. If you want to cook 100 potatoes within a short time, which is the most suitable method?
Jika anda ingin memasak 100 biji tomato dengan masa yang singkat, manakah kaedah
yang paling sesuai digunakan?

A Boil the potatoes in a pan
Merebus kentang di dalam kuali
B Boil the potatoes in a pressure cooker
Merebus kentang di dalam periuk tekanan
C Steam the potatoes in a steamer
Mengukus kentang di dalam pengukus
D Fry the potatoes in a wok
Menggoreng kentang dalam kuali
(43/2006)

17. Which of the following reactants produces the highest rate of the reaction with zinc
powder?
Manakah antara bahan tindak balas berikut yang menghasilkan kadar tindak balas
tertinggi apabila bertindak balas dengan serbuk zink?

A 25 cm
3
of sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm
-3

25 cm
3
asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm
-3

B 25 cm
3
of ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm
-3

25 cm
3
asid ethanoik 0.1 mol dm
-3
C 25 cm
3
of nitric acid 0.1 mol dm
-3

25 cm
3
asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm
-3
D 25 cm
3
of hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm
-3

25 cm
3
asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm
-3
(44/2006)


18. The reaction between zinc, Zn and hydrochloric acid, HCl is represented by the following
equation.

Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(g)

A student wants to determine the rate of the reaction in a school laboratory. Which of the
following methods is the most suitable?

Tindak balas antara zink, Zn dengan acid hydroklorik, HCl diwakili oleh persamaan
berikut.

Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(g)

Seorang murid ingin menentukan kadar tindak balas itu di makmal sekolah. Antara
kaedah berikut yang manakah sesuai?

A. Determine the change in temperature of the solution with time
Menentukan perubahan suhu larutan dengan masa
B. Determine the change of the concentration of zinc chloride with time
Menentukan kepekatan zink klorida dengan masa
C. Determine the volume of hydrogen gas given off with time
Menentukan isipadu gas hydrogen yang terbebas dengan masa
D. Determine the change of concentration hydrochloric acid with time
Menentukan perubahan kepekatan acid hidroklorik dengan masa
(12/2007)

19. Diagram 11 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the rate of
reaction.
Rajah 11 menunjukan susunan radas bagi ekperimen bagi menentukan kadar tindak
balas.


20. Which of the following techniques is the most suitable to determine the rate of reaction?
Antara teknik berikut, yang manakah paling sesuai untuk menentukan kadar tindak
balas?

A. Record the time as soon as precipitate is formed.
Mencatat masa apabila mendakan mula terbentuk.
B. Record the time to obtain the maximum temperature
Mencatat masa untuk mendapatkan suhu maksimum
C. Record the time as soon as cross mark cannot be seen
Mencatat masa sebaik sahaja tanda pangkah tidak kelihatan.
D. Record the time for the change pH value until the fixed pH value is obtained
Mencatat masa bagi perubahan nilai pH sehingga nilai pH yang tetap diperolehi.
(33/2007)

21. Which is the following is the correct match of a low rate of reaction and a high of
reaction?
Antara padanan berikut, yang manakah betul tentang tindak balas yang mempunyai
kadar tindak balas rendah dan kadar tindak balas tinggi?

Low rate of reaction
Kadar tindak balas rendah
High rate of reaction
Kadar tindak balas tinggi
A Neutralisation between hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide solution
Peneutralan antara acid hidroklorik dan
larutan natrium hidroksida
Iron rusting
Pengaratan besi
B Double decomposition between lead(II)
nitrate solution and potassium iodide
solution
Penguraian ganda dua antara larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat dan larutan kalium
iodide
Neutralisation between hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide solution
Peneutralan antara acid hidroklorik
dan larutan natrium hidroksida
C Iron rusting
Pengaratan besi
Formation of glucose solution
Penapaian larutan glukosa
D Formation of glucose solution
Penapaian larutan glukosa
Double decomposition between lead(II)
nitrate solution and potassium iodide
solution
Penguraian ganda dua antara larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat dan larutan kalium
iodide
(42/2007)


22. Table 2 shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO
2
, collectrd in the reaction between
limestone powder and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 2 menunjukan isipadu gas carbon dioxide, CO
2
yang dikumpul dalam tindak
balas antara serbuk batu kapur dan acid hidroklorik cair.

Time/minute
Masa/minit
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Volumeof CO
2
/cm
3

Isipadu CO
2
/cm
3

0.0 4.5 7.5 10.0 12.5 14.5 16.0 17.0
Table 2
Jadual 2

What is the average rate of reaction during the second minute?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata dalam minut kedua?

A. 1.25 cm
3
minute
-1

1.25 cm
3
minit
-1

B. 2.50 cm
3
minute
-1

2.50 cm
3
minit
-1

C. 5.00 cm
3
minute
-1

5.00 cm
3
minit
-1

D. 12.50 cm
3
minute
-1

12.50 cm
3
minit
-1
(43/2007)

23. Which factors does not affect the rate of reaction?
Factor manakah tidak mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas?

A. Size of the solid reactant.
Saiz bahan tidak balas yang berkeadaan pepejal
B. Volume of the reactant.
Isipadu bahan tindak balas
C. Concentration of the reactant
Kepekatan bahan tindak balas
D. Temperature of the reactant
Suhu bahan tindak balas
(8/2008)


24. Which of the following is a characteristic of a catalyst?
Antara yang berikut adalah ciri suatu catalyst?

A. It changes the amount of product in the reaction
Mengubah kuantiti hasil tindak balas dalam tindak balas
B. Chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
Tidak berubah secara kimia pada akhir tindak balas
C. Equal amount of catalyst and reactant are needed for the reaction
Kuantiti yang sama bagi mangkin dan bahan tindak balas diperlukan untuk tindak
balas.
D. The amount of the catalyst decreases at the end of the reactant
Kuantiti mangkin berkurangan pada akhir tindak balas.
(48/2008)

25. Which process have the highest rate of reaction?
Proces yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang paling tinggi?

A. Rusting
Pengaratan
B. Respiration
Respirasi
C. Combustion
Pembakaran
D. Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
(1/2009)

26. In which in the chemical reaction can the rate be determined by measuring the changes in
the gas volume?
Antara tindak balas kimia berikut,yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang
boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur perubahan isipadu gas?

A. Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution with iron(II) sulphate solution
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat
B. Sodium hydroxide solution with dilute hydrochloric acid
Larutan natrium hidroksida dengan asid hidroklorik cair
C. Silver nitrate solution with sodium chloride solution
Larutan argentum nitrat dengan larutan natrium klorida
D. Calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid
Kalsium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik cair
(24/2009)


27. When the temperature of a reacting mixture increases, the rate of reaction increases.
Which statement explains why the rate of reaction increases?
Apabila suhu campuran bahan tindak balas meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat.
Penyataan manakah yang menerangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas meningkat?

A. The total surface area of the reactant particles increases
Jumlah luas permukaan zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas bertambah.
B. The total number of the reactant particles per unit volume increases.
Jumlah bilangan zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas per unit isi padu bertambah.
C. The reactant particles move faster and collide more often with one another.
Zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas bergerak lebih cepat dan berlanggar lebih kerap
antara satu sama lain.
D. The reactant particles which collide more often are able to overcome the lower
activation energy.
Zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas yang berlanggar lebih kerap boleh mengatasi
tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah.
(30/2010)

28. Table 6 shows the total volume of hydrogen gas, collected at regular intervals for the
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas hydrogen, yang dikumpul pada sela masa yang
sekata bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik.

Time (min)
Masa (min)
Total volume of hydrogen gas (cm
3
)
Jumalah isi padu gas hydrogen (cm
3
)
0.0 0.00
0.5 8.00
1.0 14.50
1.5 20.50
2.0 24.00
2.5 26.50
3.0 26.50
3.5 26.50

What is the average rate of reaction?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata?

A. 0.10 cm
3
min
-1

B. 7.60 cm
3
min
-1

C. 10.60 cm
3
min
-1

D. 37.40 cm
3
min
-1

(31/2010)


29. The following equation shows the reaction between zinc powder and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara serbuk zinc dengan asid
hidroklorik.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
How can the rate of production of hydrogen can be increased?
Bagaimanakah kadar penghasilan hydrogen boleh ditingkatkan?

A. Increase the size of zinc
Meningkatkan saiz zink
B. Increase the volume of water in the acid
Meningkatkan isipadu air dalam asid
C. Increase the volume of hydrochloric acid
Meningkatkan isipadu asid hidroklorik
D. Increase the temperature of the hydrochloric acid
Meningkatkan susu acid hidroklorik
(32/2010)

30. The following chemical equation represents the reaction between calcium carbonate,
CaCO
3
and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
Which changes can be used to determine the rate of reaction?

Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 dan
asid hidroklorik, HCl.
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
Perubahan manakah boleh digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas?

I Mass of calcium carbonate per unit time
Jisim kalsium karbonat per unit masa
II Volume of carbon dioxide released per unit time
Isi padu karbon dioksida dibebaskan per unit masa
III Colour of solution per unit time
Warna larutan per unit masa
IV Mass of precipitate produced per unit time
Jisim mendakan terhasil per unit masa

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV
(24/2011)


31. When a few drops of copper(II) sulphate solution is added to a mixture of zinc powder
and dilute sulphuric acid, the rate of reaction increases. Which statement best explains
why the rate of reaction increases?
Apabila beberapa titik larutan kuprum(II) sulfat ditambah kepada campuran serbuk zink
dan asid cair, kadar tindak balas meningkat. Pernyataan manakah yang terbaik
menjelaskan mengapa kadar tindak balas meningkat?

A. Lowers the activation energy
Merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan
B. Increases the collision frequency
Meningkatkan frekuensi perlanggaran
C. Increases the concentration of sulphate ion in the mixture
Meningkatkan kepekatan ion sulfat dalam campuran
D. Makes the orientation of collision between reacting particles is favourable
Menjadikan orientasi perlanggaran antara zarah bahan tindak balas lebih sesuai.
(29/2011)

32. Table 4 shows the total volume of oxygen gas, O
2
, collected in the decomposition
reaction of hydrogen peroxide, H
2
O
2
.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan jumlah isipadu gas oksigen, O
2
, yang dikumpul dalam tindak
balas penguraian hydrogen peroksida, H
2
O
2
.

Time(s)
Masa(s)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Volume of O
2
(cm
3
)
Isipadu O
2
(cm
3
)
0.00 18.00 27.50 35.00 41.50 46.50 50.00 50.00 50.00
Table 4
Jadual 4

What is the overall average rate of reaction?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata keseluruhan?

A. 0.152 cm
3
s
-1

B. 0.208 cm
3
s
-1

C. 0.278 cm
3
s
-1

D. 0.310 cm
3
s
-1

(39/2011)


Section A
Bahagian A

1 Diagram 6 shows two experiments to investigate one factors that influences the rate of a
reaction.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji satu faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar satu tindak balas.

(a) What is the factor that influences the rate of reaction in both experiments?
Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam kedua-dua
eksperimen itu?

[1 mark]


(b) The reaction in the experiment is represented by the following equation:

CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)

Tindak balas dalam eksperimen itu diwakili oleh persamaan berikut:

CaCO
3
(p) + 2HCl(ak) CaCl
2
(ak) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(ce)

(i) Among the products stated in the equation, which is the most suitable to
be chosen to determine the rate of reaction?
Antara hasil tindak balas yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan ini, yang
manakah paling sesuai untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas?

[1 mark]

(ii) State one reason for choosing the product in 1(b)(i).
Nyatakan satu sebab untuk memilih hasil tindak balas di 6(b)(i).

[1 mark]

(c) State two controlled variable in both experiment.
Nyatakan dua pembolehubah yang dimalarkan dalam kedua-dua eksperimen ini.

[2 marks]


(d) The results for both experiments are represented by Graph 6.
Keputusan kedua-dua eksperimen itu diwakili oleh graf 6

Based on Graph 6:
Berdasarkan Graf 6:

(i) Experiment II has a higher rate of reaction. How does the graph show
this?
Eksperimen II menunjukkan kadar tindak balas yang lebih tinggi.
Bagaimanakah graf itu menunjukkan keadaan ini?

[1 mark]

(ii) What is happen to the reactant at time x?
Apakah yang telah berlaku pada bahan tindak balas pada masa x?

[1 mark]

(iii) Why are both curves at the same level after time x?
Mengapakah kedua-dua lengkung berada pada aras yang sama selepas
masa x?

[1 mark]


(e) What is the conclusion for both experiments?
Apakah kesimpulan bagi kedua-dua eksperimen itu?

[1 mark]

(f) Another experiment is carried out using excess calcium carbonate powder and
dilute hydrochloric acid with different concentrations.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan menggunakan serbuk kalsium karbonat
berlebihan dengan asid hydroklorik cair yang berlainan kepekatan.

Sketch the curve of concentration of dilute hydrochloric asid against the time
taken to collect a fixed quantity of the product.
Lakar lengkung graf kepekatan asid hidroklorik cair melawan masa untuk
mengumpul kuantiti hasil ditetapkan.

[2 marks]


2 An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of reaction of zinc with hydrochloric
acid. Excess zinc powder is added to 20 cm
3
of 0.2 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid. The
volume of gas collected at regular intervals is shown in Diagram 5.1
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara zink dengan asid
hidroklorik. Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 20 cm
3
-
3
. Isi padu gas yang terkumpul pada sela masa yang sama ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1.

(a) State the meaning of the rate of reaction.
Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.

[1 mark]

(b) From the graph in Diagram 5.1, determine:
Daripada graf dalam Rajah 5.1, tentukan:

(i) The rate of reaction at 120 s.
Kadar tindak balas pada 120 s

[1 mark]

(ii) The average rate of reaction between 60 s and 120 s.
Kadar tindak balas purata antara 60 s dan 120 s.

[1 mark]


(c) Explain why the rate of reaction decreases with time.
Terangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas berkurangan dengan masa.

[1 mark]

(d) Another experiment is carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of this
reaction. The results of this experiment are shown in Diagram 5.2. Curve I
represents the results of this experiment using excess zinc powder and 50 cm
3
of
1.0 mol dm
-3
dilute hydrochloric acid.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas ini. Keputusan eksperimen ini ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah 5.2. Lengkung I mewakili keputusan eksperimen yang menggunakan
serbuk zink berlebihan dan 50 cm
3
asid hidroklorik cair 1.0 mol dm
-3.

(i) Suggest the factors that influence the rate of reaction to obtain the curves
labelled II and III
Cadangkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas untuk
mendapatkan lengkung-lengkung berlabel II dan III

Curve II/ lengkung II : .

Curve III/ lengkung III :.
[2 marks]


(ii) Describe briefly how to carry out the experiment to obtain the curve
labelled III.
Huraikan dengan ringkas bagaimana eksperimen itu dijalankan untuk
mendapatkan lengkung berlabel III.

[3 mark]

(iii) Give one reason why the final volume the gas obtained in curve III is
half the final volume of gas in curve I.
Beri satu sebab mengapa isi padu akhir gas yang terhasil dalam
lengkung III adalah separuh daripada isi padu gas dalam lengkung I.

[1 mark]


3 Diagram 5 show two set of experiment to study the factor affecting the rate of reaction
between hydrochloric acid, HCl and calcium carbonate, CaCO
3

Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik, HCl dan kalsium karbonat,CaCO
3.

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction in this experiment.
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.

[2 marks]

(b) What is the reading needed to recorded in both experiments to determine the rate
of reaction in 3 minutes?
Apakah bacaan yang perlu dicatat dalam kedua-dua eksperimen untuk
menentukan kadar tindak balas dalam masa 3 minit?

[1 mark]


(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction in set I
Hitung kadar tindak balas purata dalam set I

(d) (i) Compare the rate of reaction in set 1 and set 2.
Explain your answer based on the factor affecting the rate of reaction.
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi set 1 dan set 2. Jelaskan jawapan
anda berdasarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the answer in 5(d)(i) with reference to the collision theory.
Jelaskan jawapan di 5(d)(i) dengan merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran.

[3 marks]


(e) Sketch the graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time for both
set of experiment in the first 3 minutes.
Lakarkan graf isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan melawan masa bagi
kedua-dua set eksperimen dalam masa 3 minit yang pertama.

Volume of
carbon dioxide/
cm
3

Isipadu karbon
dioksida / cm
3

Time/ min

Masa/min

4 In an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction, 50.0 cm
3
of 0.2 mol dm
-3
sodium
thiosulphate solution and 5.0 cm
3
of mol dm
-3
of sulphuric acid, are used. The sulphur
formed can be measure the rate of reaction.
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas, 50.0 cm
3
larutan tiosulfat 0.2
mol dm
-3
dan 5.0 cm
3
-3
, digunakan. Sulphur yang terbentuk
boleh digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas itu.

The equation for the reaction is given below.
Persamaan tindak balas itu diberi di bawah.

Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ S + H
2
O

(a) What is the colour of sulphur?
Apakah warna sulphur?

[1 mark]


(b) The number of moles of a solute can be calculated using the formula, n=MV
[ n = Number of moles of solute (mol), M = Molarity of a solution(mol dm
-3
),
V = Volume of solution(dm
-3
)]
Bilangan mol suatu zat terlarut boleh dihitung menggunakan rumus, n=MV
[ n = Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol), M = Kemolaran larutan (mol dm
-3
), V =
Isipadu larutan (dm
-3
)]

Calculate,
Hitung,

(i) The number of mole of sodium tiosulphate in the solution.
Bilangan mol bagi natrium tiosulfat dalam larutan itu.

[1 mark]

(ii) The number of mole of sulphuric acid.
Bilangan mol bagi asid sulfurik.

[1 mark]

(c) Based on the answer in 2(b)(i) and 2(b)(ii), name the reactant which determines
the quantity of sulphur formed at the end of the reaction.
Berdasarkan jawapan di 2(b)(i) dan 2(b)(ii), namakan bahan tindak yang
menentukan kuantiti sulphur yang terbentuk pada akhir tindak balas itu.

[1 mark]

(d) (i) State three factors that can affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Nyatakan tiga faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas itu
dalam eksperimen ini.
1. .
2. .
3. .
[3 marks]


(ii) using the collision theory, explain how any one of the factors in 2(d)(i)
increases the rate of reaction.
Menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mana-mana
satu daripada faktor di 2(d)(i) meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]


Section B
Bahagian B

1 (a) Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen
cabinet. Explain why.
[4 marks]
Makanan yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk tahan lebih lama daripada makanan
yang disimpan dalam almari dapur.
Terangkan mengapa.
[4 markah]

(b) A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors
affecting the rate of reaction. Table 7 shows information about the reactant and
the temperature used in each experiment.
Sekumpulan murid telah menjalankan tiga eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Jadual 7 menunjukkan
maklumat tentang bahan tindak balas dan suhu yang digunakan dalam setiap
eksperimen.

Experiment
Eksperimen
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
I
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 30 cm
3
of 0.5 mol
dm
-3
hydrochloride acid
Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 30 cm
3
asid
hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm
-3

30
II
3
of 0.5 mol
dm
-3
hydrochloride acid
3
asid
-3

40
III
Excess calcium carbonate powder and 30 cm
3
of 0.5
mol dm
-3
hydrochloride acid
Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 30 cm
3
asid
-3

40

Table 7
Jadual 7

Graph 7 shows the results of these experiments.
Graf 7 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen-eksperimen ini.


(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I.
Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata bagi eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

(ii) Based on Table 7 and Graph 7, compare the rate of reaction between:
Berdasarkan Jadual 7 dan Graf 7, bandingkan kadar tindak balas
antara:
Experiment I and experiment II
Eksperimen I dan eksperimen II
Experiment II and experiment III
Eksperimen II dan eksperimen III

In each case explain the different in rate of reaction with reference to the
collision theory.
Bagi setiap kes terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar tindak dengan
merujuk kepada teory perlanggaran.
[10 marks]


(iii) The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalsium
carbonate dengan asid hidroklorik.

CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O

Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the molar
volume of any gas is 24 dm
3
mol
-1
at room temperature and pressure.
Diberi, jisim atom relatif bagi C=12, O=16, Ca=40 dan isi padu molar
sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.

Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in
Experiment II.
Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil dalam
eksperimen II.
[4 marks]

2 Three experiments, I, II, and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate
of reaction. Table shows the reactants and the conditions of reaction involved.
Tiga eksperimen, I, II, dan III dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Jadual 8 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan
keadaan tindak balas yang terlibat.

Experiment
Eksperimen
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Condition of reaction
Keadaan tindak balas
I
Excess zinc
Zink berlebihan
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3

hydrochloric acid
50 cm
3
asid hidroklorik 0.5
mol
-3

Room temperature
II
Excess zinc
Zink berlebihan
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3

sulphuric acid
50 cm
3
asid sulfurik 0.5 mol
-3

Room temperature
III
Excess zinc
Zink berlebihan
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3

sulphuric acid
50 cm
3
-3

60C

(a) (i) Referring to experiment I, II and III, state:
The meaning of rate of reaction
Two factors that affect the rate of reaction
Merujuk kepada eksperimen I, II dan III, nyatakan:
Maksud kadar tindak balas,
Dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
[3 marks]


(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

(b) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment I.
[Molar gas volume at room conditions is 24 dm
3
]
Hitungkan jumlah isipadu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen I.
[Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik ialah 24 dm
3
]
[3 marks]

(c) Diagram 8 shows the results of experiments I, II and III.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen I, II dan III.

Based on the graph,
Berdasarkan graf,
(i) Compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment II.
Explain your answer using the Collision Theory.
Banding kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II.
Jelaskan jawapan anda menggunakan Teori Perlanggaran.
[5 marks]


(ii) Suggest one way to obtain curve III without changing the zinc, acid or
temperature in experiment II. Explain your answer using collision theory.
Cadangkan satu cara untuk memperoleh lengkung tiga tanpa mengubah
zinc, asid, dan suhu dalam eksperimen II. Jelaskan jawapan anda
menggunakan teori Perlanggaran.
[5 marks]

(iii) Explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment II
is doubled that of experiment I.
Terangkan mengapa jumlah isi padu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan
dalam eksperimen II adalah dua kali ganda eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

Section C
Bahagian C

1 Table 10 shows the data from Experiment I and Experiment II that were carried out to
study the rate of reaction of zinc with two acid, P and Q.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan data daripada Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II yang dijalankan
untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara dua asid, P dan Q.

Experiment
Eksperimen
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Products
Hasil tindak balas
Observation
Pemerhatian
I
2.6 g of zinc and 50 cm
3
of
acid P 2.0 mol dm
-3
2.6 g of zink dengan 50
cm
3
asid P 2.0 mol dm
-3
Zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas
Zink klorida dan gas
hidrogen
The temperature of the
mixture inceases
Suhu campuran meningkat
II
3
of
acid Q 2.0 mol dm
-3
2.6 g of zink dengan 50
cm
3
asid Q 2.0 mol dm
-3

Zinc sulphate and
hydrogen gas
Zink sulfat dan gas
hidrogen
mixture inceases


(a) (i) By choosing either Experiment I or Experiment II, state the name of
the acid used. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of this acid
with zinc.
Dengan memilih Eksperimen I atau Eksperimen II, nyatakan nama asid
yang digunakan . tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini dengan
zink.
[2 marks]

(ii) Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction in 10(a)(i). On the
energy profile diagram show the:
Lukis satu gambar rajah profil tenaga untuk tindak balas di 10(a)(i).
Pada gambar rajah profil tenaga itu ditunjukkan:

Heat of reaction, H
Haba tindak balas, H
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Tenaga pengaktifan tanpa mangkin, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea
Tenaga pengaktifan dengan mangkin, Ea

Explain the energy profile diagram.
Jelaskan gambar rajah profil tenaga itu.
[10 marks]


(b) The graph in Diagram 10 shows the results of Experiment I and Experiment II
Graf pada Rajah 10 menunjukkan keputusan bagi Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen
II.

Based on the graph:
Berdasarkan pada graf:

(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction for either Experiment I or
Experiment II.
Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata bagi Eksperimen I atau
Eksperimen II.
[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the different in the rate of reaction between Experiment I and
Experiment II before 160 s. Use the collision theory in your explanation.
Terangkan perbezaan kadar tindak antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen
II sebelum 160 s. Gunakan teori perlanggaran dalam penerangan anda.
[6 marks]


PAPER 3 : CHAPTER 1 FORM FIVE (Rate of Reaction)

Q1 / P3 / 2003

An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction. 50
cm
3
of sodium thiosuiphate solution 0.05 mol dm
-3
at 30C was put into a 250 cm
3
conical flask.
Then the conical flask was placed on an `X' sign on a piece of white paper.

10 cm
3
3
was added to the sodium thiosuiphate solution and
shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was started. The stop watch was stopped as soon as the
`X' sign was no longer visible. The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium
thiosuiphate solution which was heated to 35C, 40C and 50C.

Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different temperatures.

Diagram 1

(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.


(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time, and
time
1
for this experiment.

(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against
time
1
on the graph paper.

(ii) Based on the graph in (c)(i), state the relationship between the rate of
reaction and temperature.

(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign `X' to be no longer visible if
this experiment is repeated at 55C.

(e) (i) State the variable involved in this experiment.

Manipulated variable

Responding variable

Constant variable


(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other
variable constant.

(f) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

.

.

(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between
temperature and rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in our daily
lives, for example, keeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.

Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between temperature
and the rate at which food turns bad.

..

..

..


MARK SCHEME

1. D 30. C
2. C 31. A
3. C 32. C
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. C
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. B
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. C
26. C
27. D
28. C
29. D

Section A
1. (a) Total surface area of the calcium carbonate
(b)(i) Carbon dioxide, CO
2
(b)(ii) The volume of carbon dioxide released per unit time can be easily measured
(c) 1. The temperature of the reacting mixture
2. The concentration of the hydrochloric acid
(d)(i) The gradient of the graph obtained from Experiment II is much steeper that the
gradient of the graph obtained from experiment I.
(d)(ii) One of the reactant and both of the reactants has completely reacted.
(d)(iii) The mass of calcium carbonate or the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used
is the same in both experiments. This resulted in the same volume of carbon
dioxide being released.
(e) The bigger the total surface area is, the higher the rate of reaction will be.



(f)

2. (a) Rate is a measure of how fast or how slow something is happening.
In chemistry, the rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted
into products through a chemical reaction.
Concentration of dilute
hydrochloric acid
Time taken to collect a
fixed quantity of product
(b)(i) Rate of reaction
=
= 0.142 cm
3
s
-1

(b)(ii)
=
= 0.267 cm
3
s
-1

(c) Because the concentration of the acid and the mass of the zinc decreases with
time
(d)(i) Curve II : The experiment is carried out at a higher temperature or a catalyst is
used.
Curve III : The experiment is carried out with a lower concentration of HCl or
with a smaller mass of zinc.
(d)(ii) The experiment for curve (III) are carried out, using the same apparatus set up
and under the same condition as in experiment (I). However, only the
concentration of HCl is changed from 1.0 mol dm-3 to 0.5 mol dm-3. The
volume of the gas collected at regular interval by using water displacement
method.
(d)(iii) Because the reaction uses the same volume of HCl but with half of its
concentration. Therefore, the number of mole of hydrochloric cid for curve III is
half the number of mole of HCl for curve I.

3. (a) CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
(b) Volume of carbon dioxide released every 30 seconds.
(c) 60 (3 60) = 0.333 cm
3
s
-1
(d)(i) The rate in reaction in set 2 is higher than the rate of reaction in set 1. This is
because the concentration of HCl in reaction in set 2 is higher than that in
reaction in set 1. The higher the concentration, the higher is the reaction will.be.

(d)(ii) A higher concentration of HCl contains more particles of H
+
and Cl
-
per unit
volume, the higher the effective rate of collision of H
+
on CO
3
2-
will be. This
increases the rate of formation of CO
2
.
(e)

Section B.
1. (a) Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer because of the following reasons :
The temperature in refrigerator is lower
Bacterial activity is lower, less toxin is produced by bacteria
In a kitchen cabinet, the temperature is higher, bacterial activity is higher.
Therefore the rate of food spoilage is faster in a kitchen cabinet than in a
refrigerator.

(b)(i) Volume of gas released = 50 cm
3

Time taken = 55 s
Therefore the average rate of reaction
=
= 0.91 cm
3
s
-1

(b)(ii) Experiment I and experiment II
Experiment II has a higher rate of reaction than experiment I.
The temperature for reaction II is higher than experiment I.
Frequency collision between hydrogen ion, H
+
and calcium carbonate
increases in experiment II, so
The kinetic energy between reacting particles increases, so
The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles increases.

Experiment II and experiment III
The rate of reaction in experiment III is higher than experiment II
The size of calcium carbonate in experiment III is smaller than experiment II
The smaller the size, will increases the total surface area in experiment III
The frequency of collision between hydrogen ion, H
+
and calcium carbonate
increases.
The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles increases.


(b)(iii) Number of mole of hydrochloric acid
= x 30
= 0.015 moles

2 moles of HCl produce 1 mol of carbon dioxide
Therefore 0.015 mole hydrochloric acid produces
= x 0.015
= 0.0075 mole

1 mole of CO2 occupies 24 000 cm3
Therefore 0.0075 mole will occupy
= 0.0075 x 24 000 cm
3

= 0.18 dm
3

2. (a)(i) Meaning
Rate of reaction is the change of volume of hydrogen gas per unit volume
Two factors
Temperature and concentration of hydrogen ion/ hydrochloric
(a)(ii) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

(b) Number of mole
= = = 0.025
= = 0.0125
Total volume
= 0.0125 X 24 = 0.3 dm
3
(c)(i) Experiment I and experiment II
Rate of reaction of experiment II is higher than experiment I
Concentration of hydrogen ions in experiment in experiment II is higher than
experiment I
Thus, the number of hydrogen ion per unit volume in experiment II is higher
than experiment I
Frequency of collision between zinc and hydrogen ion in experiment II is
higher than experiment I
Frequency of effective collisions between particles increases

(c)(ii) Add a catalyst such as copper(II) sulphate
The catalyst lowers the activation energy.
More particles collide with each other to achieve activation energy.
Frequency of collisions between zinc and hydrogen ion increases.
Frequency of effective collisions between particles increases

(c)(iii) The acid used in experiment II is diprotic acid whereas in experiment I
is monoprotic.
So, the number of hydrogen ions in experiment II is double.


Section C.

1. (a)(i) Experiment I : Hydrochloric acid
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

(a)(ii)

Explanation Ea
The reaction is exothermic
The total heat contains of the products is lower than that of the reactant
Therefore heat of given off.
The differences between reactants and products are known as the heat of
reaction.
The energy differences between the maximum energy of the curve and the
energy of the reactant are called activation energy.
This is the energy barrier that must be overcome before the reaction can occur.

Explanation Ea
When a catalyst is added, the activation energy is lower.
The reaction goes through an easier path
The rate of reaction increases because more effective collision between the
reactant particles can occur to produce the products faster.

(b)(i) Experiment I
= = 4 cm
3
s
-1
(b)(ii) Experiment I.
The acid used in experiment I is hydrochloric acid. It is a monoprotic acid. The
acid
produces one hydrogen ion per molecule.

Experiment II
The acid used in experiment II is sulphuric acid. It is a diprotic acid. The acid
produces two hydrogen ions per molecule. If the concentration is the same,
diprotic acid will have more hydrogen ions per unit volume than a monoprotic

acid. The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles is higher.
This will result in a higher rate of reaction for experiment II.

Paper 3 :

1 (a) Time, t
1
55 s at the temperature of 30 C.
Time, t
2
48 a at the temperature of 35 C.
Time, t
3
Time. t
4
Time, t
5

(b)

(1) Graph of temperature against
time
1



(ii) The rate of reaction increases with the increase in temperature.


From the graph, when temperature = 55 C,
time
1
= 0.033 s
-1

Time = 30.3 s

(h) (i) Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution.
Responding variable: Rate of reaction between sodium thiosuiphate
and hydrochloric acid.
Constant variable: Concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution

(ii) Temperature is the manipulated variable.
Heating sodium thiosulphate with several different temperatures by remaining the
concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid
constant helps maintain the responding variable.

(i) The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction is.

(g) The lower the temperature, the lower the rate of food turns bad.

1 | P a g
e @ R A T
1

E
Diagram 6
reaction.
Rajah 6 men
satu tindak b

(a) What is
Apakah f
_______
(b) The reac

CaC

Tindak b

CaC

E O F R E A
shows two
nunjukkan du
balas.
the factor th
faktor yang
___________
ction in the e
CO
3
(s) + 2HC
balas dalam
CO
3
(p) + 2H
A C T I O N S
experiments
ua eksperime
hat influences
mempengaru
__________
experiment is
Cl(aq) Ca
eksperimen
HCl(ak) Ca
S
Section A
Bahagian A

to investiga
en untuk men
s the rate of r
uhi kadar tin
___________
s represented
Cl
2
(aq) + CO
itu diwakili o
aCl
2
(ak) + C
A
ate one facto
ngkaji satu f
reaction in b
ndak balas da
___________
d by the follo
O
2
(g) + H
2
O(
oleh persama
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O
M O
ors that infl
faktor yang m
both experime
alam kedua-d
___________
owing equatio
(l)
aan berikut:
O(ce)
O D U L E J
luences the r
mempengaru
ents?
dua eksperim
_________
on:
U J 2 0 1 2
rate of a
uhi kadar
men itu?
[1 mark]

2 | P a g
e @ R A T

E
(i)
p
(ii)
(c) State tw
Nyataka
1. ____
2. ____
(d) The resu
Keputus

Based on
Berdasa

(i)
E O F R E A
Among the
chosen to de
Antara hasil
paling sesua
__________
State one rea
Nyatakan sa
__________
wo controlled
an dua pembo
__________
__________
ults for both
san kedua-du
n Graph 6:
arkan Graf 6
Experiment
Eksperimen
graf itu men
__________
__________
A C T I O N S
products st
etermine the
l tindak bala
ai untuk men
___________
ason for choo
atu sebab unt
___________
variable in b
olehubah yan
___________
___________
experiments
ua eksperime
:
II has a high
II menunjuk
nunjukkan ke
___________
___________
S
tated in the
rate of reacti
as yang diny
entukan kada
___________
osing the pro
tuk memilih h
___________
both experim
ng dimalarka
___________
___________
are represen
en itu diwakil
her rate of rea
kkan kadar ti
adaan ini?
___________
___________
equation, w
ion?
yatakan dala
ar tindak ba
__________
oduct in 1(b)
hasil tindak
__________
ment.
an dalam ked
___________
___________
nted by Grap
li oleh graf 6
action. How
indak balas y
__________
__________
M O
which is the
m persamaa
las?
___________
)(i).
balas di 6(b)
___________
dua-dua eksp
___________
___________
ph 6.
6
does the gra
yang lebih ti
___________
___________
O D U L E J
most suitab
an ini, yang m
__________
)(i).
__________

perimen ini.
__________
__________
[
aph show this
inggi. Bagaim
___________
_____
U J 2 0 1 2
ble to be
manakah
[1 mark]

[1 mark]
[2 marks]

s?
manakah
_______
[1 mark]

3 | P a g e @ R A T E O F R E A C T I O N S M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2
(ii) What is happen to the reactant at time x?

x?
Apakah yang telah berlaku pada bahan tindak balas pada masa x?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(iii) Why are both curves at the same level after time
Mengapakah kedua-dua lengkung berada pada aras yang sama selepas masa x?
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(e) What is the conclusion for both experiments?
Apakah kesimpulan bagi kedua-dua eksperimen itu?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(f) Another experiment is carried out using excess calcium carbonate powder and dilute
hydrochloric acid with different concentrations.
Satu eksperimen lain dijalankan menggunakan serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan
dengan asid hydroklorik cair yang berlainan kepekatan.

Sketch the curve of concentration of dilute hydrochloric asid against the time taken to
collect a fixed quantity of the product.
Lakar lengkung graf kepekatan asid hidroklorik cair melawan masa untuk mengumpul
kuantiti hasil ditetapkan.

[2 marks]

2 An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid.
Excess zinc powder is added to 20 cm
3
of 0.2 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid. The volume of gas
collected at regular intervals is shown in Diagram 5.1
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara zink dengan asid
hidroklorik. Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 20 cm
3
-3
.
Isi padu gas yang terkumpul pada sela masa yang sama ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1.

Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1

(a) State the meaning of the rate of reaction.
Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.
________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(b) From the graph in Diagram 5.1, determine:
Daripada graf dalam Rajah 5.1, tentukan:

(i) The rate of reaction at 120 s.
s.
Kadar tindak balas pada 120 s
___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(ii) The average rate of reaction between 60 s and 120
Kadar tindak balas purata antara 60 s dan 120 s.
___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

5 | P a g
e @ R A T

E
(c) Explain
Terangk
_______
_______
(d) Another
The resu
this exp
acid.
Satu eks
tindak b
mewakil
asid hid

(i)
(ii)
E O F R E A
why the rate
kan mengapa
___________
___________
r experiment
ults of this ex
eriment usin
sperimen lain
balas ini. Ke
li keputusan
droklorik cair
Suggest the
II and III
Cadangkan
lengkung-len
Curve II/ len
Curve III/ le

Describe bri
Huraikan d
mendapatka
__________
__________
__________

Volume of hy
Isipadu gas h
A C T I O N S
e of reaction
a kadar tinda
__________
__________
is carried ou
xperiment ar
ng excess zin
n dijalankan
eputusan eks
eksperimen
r 1.0 mol dm
factors that i
faktor yang
ngkung berla
ngkung II :
engkung III :
iefly how to
dengan rin
an lengkung b
___________
___________
___________
ydrogen gas/cm
hydrogen/cm
3
S
decreases w
ak balas berk
___________
___________
ut to study th
re shown in D
nc powder an
n untuk meng
sperimen ini
yang mengg
-3.
influence the
g mempengar
abel II dan II
__________
__________
carry out the
ngkas baga
berlabel III.
___________
___________
___________
m
3
Di
R
with time.
kurangan den
___________
___________
he factors th
Diagram 5.2
nd 50 cm
3
of
gkaji faktor-f
i ditunjukka
gunakan ser
e rate of reac
ruhi kadar t
II
___________
___________
e experiment
imana eksp
__________
__________
__________
iagram 8
Rajah 8
M O
ngan masa.
___________
___________
hat affect the
. Curve I rep
f 1.0 mol dm
faktor yang m
n dalam Raj
rbuk zink ber
ction to obtai
tindak balas
___________
__________
t to obtain the
perimen itu
___________
___________
_______
O D U L E J
___________
_
e rate of this
presents the r
-3
dilute hydr
mempengaru
ajah 5.2. Len
rlebihan dan
in the curves
s untuk mend
___________
___________
[
e curve label
u dijalankan
___________
___________
Time/s
Masa/saat
U J 2 0 1 2
_______
[1 mark]

reaction.
results of
rochloric
uhi kadar
ngkung I
n 50 cm
3

s labelled
dapatkan
_
__
[2 marks]
lled III.
n untuk
_______
_______
[3 mark]

(iii) Give one reason why the final volume the gas obtained in curve III is half the
final volume of gas in curve I.
Beri satu sebab mengapa isi padu akhir gas yang terhasil dalam lengkung III
adalah separuh daripada isi padu gas dalam lengkung I.
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
[1 mark]

3 Diagram 5 show two set of experiment to study the factor affecting the rate of reaction
between hydrochloric acid, HCl and calcium carbonate, CaCO
3

Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik, HCl dan kalsium karbonat,CaCO
3.

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction in this experiment.
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.

[2 marks]

(b) What is the reading needed to recorded in both experiments to determine the rate of
reaction in 3 minutes?
Apakah bacaan yang perlu dicatat dalam kedua-dua eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar
tindak balas dalam masa 3 minit?

[1 mark]

(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction in set I
Hitung kadar tindak balas purata dalam set I

(d) (i) Compare the rate of reaction in set 1 and set 2. Explain your answer based on
the factor affecting the rate of reaction.
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi set 1 dan set 2. Jelaskan jawapan anda
berdasarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]
(ii) Explain the answer in 5(d)(i) with reference to the collision theory.
Jelaskan jawapan di 5(d)(i) dengan merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran.

[3 marks]

(e) Sketch the graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time for both set of
experiment in the first 3 minutes.
Lakarkan graf isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan melawan masa bagi kedua-
dua set eksperimen dalam masa 3 minit yang pertama.

Volume of carbon
dioxide/ cm
3

Isipadu karbon
dioksida / cm
3

Time/ min
Masa/min

4 In an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction, 50.0 cm
3
of 0.2 mol dm
-3
sodium
thiosulphate solution and 5.0 cm
3
of mol dm
-3
of sulphuric acid, are used. The sulphur formed
can be measure the rate of reaction.
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas, 50.0 cm
3
larutan tiosulfat 0.2 mol
dm
-3
dan 5.0 cm
3
-3
, digunakan. Sulphur yang terbentuk boleh
digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas itu.

The equation for the reaction is given below.
Persamaan tindak balas itu diberi di bawah.

Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ S + H
2
O

(a) What is the colour of sulphur?
Apakah warna sulphur?

[1 mark]

(b) The number of moles of a solute can be calculated using the formula, n=MV
[ n = Number of moles of solute (mol), M = Molarity of a solution(mol dm
-3
), V =
Volume of solution(dm
-3
)]
Bilangan mol suatu zat terlarut boleh dihitung menggunakan rumus, n=MV
[ n = Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol), M = Kemolaran larutan (mol dm
-3
), V = Isipadu
larutan (dm
-3
)]

Calculate,
Hitung,
(i) The number of mole of sodium tiosulphate in the solution.
id.
Bilangan mol bagi natrium tiosulfat dalam larutan itu.

[1 mark]

(ii) The number of mole of sulphuric ac
Bilangan mol bagi asid sulfurik.

[1 mark]

(c) Based on the answer in 2(b)(i) and 2(b)(ii), name the reactant which determines the
quantity of sulphur formed at the end of the reaction.
Berdasarkan jawapan di 2(b)(i) dan 2(b)(ii), namakan bahan tindak yang menentukan
kuantiti sulphur yang terbentuk pada akhir tindak balas itu.

[1 mark]

(d) (i) State three factors that can affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Nyatakan tiga faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas itu dalam
eksperimen ini.
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

(ii) using the collision theory, explain how any one of the factors in 2(d)(i) increases the
rate of reaction.
Menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mana-mana satu daripada
faktor di 2(d)(i) meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.

[2 marks]

Section B
Bahagian B

1 (a) Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet. Explain why.
[4 marks]
Makanan yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk tahan lebih lama daripada makanan yang
disimpan dalam almari dapur.
Terangkan mengapa.
[4 markah]

(b) A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of
reaction. Table 7 shows information about the reactant and the temperature used in each
experiment.
Sekumpulan murid telah menjalankan tiga eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Jadual 7 menunjukkan maklumat tentang bahan
tindak balas dan suhu yang digunakan dalam setiap eksperimen.

Experiment
Eksperimen
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
I
3
of 0.5 mol
dm
-3
hydrochloride acid
3
asid
-3

30
II
3
of 0.5 mol
dm
-3
hydrochloride acid
3
asid
-3

40
III
Excess calcium carbonate powder and 30 cm
3
of 0.5 mol
dm
-3
hydrochloride acid
Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 30 cm
3
asid
-3

40

Table 7
Jadual 7

12 | P a g

g e @ R A T E
Graph 7 sho
Graf 7 menu

(i) Calc
Hitu
(ii) Base
Berd
In e
theo
Bag
teory
E O F R E
ows the result
unjukkan kep
culate the av
ungkan kadar
ed on Table
dasarkan Jad
Experim
Eksperim
Experim
Eksperim

each case exp
ory.
gi setiap kes
ry perlanggar
E A C T I O N
ts of these ex
putusan ekspe
erage rate of
r tindak bala
7 and Graph
dual 7 dan G
ment I and ex
men I dan ek
ment II and ex
men II dan e
plain the dif
terangkan p
ran.
N S
xperiments.
erimen-ekspe
Graf 7
Graf 7
f reaction for
as purata bag
h 7, compare
Graf 7, bandi
xperiment II
ksperimen II
xperiment II
eksperimen II
fferent in rat
perbezaan d
erimen ini.
r Experiment
gi eksperime
the rate of re
ingkan kadar
I
II
te of reactio
dalam kadar
M O
t I.
en I.
eaction betw
r tindak bala
on with refer
r tindak deng
O D U L E J
[
ween:
as antara:
rence to the
gan merujuk
[1
U J 2 0 1 2
[2 marks]

collision
k kepada
0 marks]

(iii) The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalsium carbonate
dengan asid hidroklorik.

CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O

Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the molar volume of
any gas is 24 dm3 mol -1 at room temperature and pressure.
Diberi, jisim atom relatif bagi C=12, O=16, Ca=40 dan isi padu molar sebarang gas
adalah 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.

Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in Experiment II.
Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil dalam
eksperimen II.
[4 marks]

2 Three experiments, I, II, and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate of
reaction. Table 8 shows the reactants and the conditions of reaction involved.
Tiga eksperimen, I, II, dan III dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas. Jadual 8 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan keadaan tindak balas yang
terlibat.

Experiment
Eksperimen
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Condition of reaction
Keadaan tindak balas
I
Excess zinc
Zink berlebihan
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3

hydrochloric acid
50 cm
3
asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol
-3
Room temperature
II
Excess zinc
Zink berlebihan
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3

sulphuric acid
50 cm
3
-3

Room temperature
III
Excess zinc
Zink berlebihan
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3

sulphuric acid
50 cm
3
-3
60C

Jadual 8
Rajah 8

(a) (i) Referring to experiment I, II and III, state:
The meaning of rate of reaction
Two factors that affect the rate of reaction
Merujuk kepada eksperimen I, II dan III, nyatakan:
Maksud kadar tindak balas,
Dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
[3 marks]

(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen I.
[2 marks]
14 | P a g

g e @ R A T E
(b) Calculat
[Molar g
Hitungk
[Isi padu

(c) Diagram
Rajah 8

Based on
Berdasa
(i)
j
(ii)
E O F R E
te the total vo
gas volume a
kan jumlah is
u molar gas p
m 8 shows the
menunjukka
n the graph,
arkan graf,
Compare th
your answer
Banding kad
jawapan and
Suggest on
temperature
Cadangkan
asid, dan su
Perlanggara

E A C T I O N
olume of hyd
at room cond
sipadu gas hy
pada keadaa
e results of e
an keputusan
he rate of rea
r using the C
dar tindak b
da mengguna
e way to o
in experime
satu cara u
uhu dalam ek
an.
N S
drogen gas re
ditions is 24 d
ydrogen yang
an bilik ialah
experiments I
n bagi eksper
Diagram 8
Rajah 8
action betwe
ollision Theo
balas antara
akan Teori P
obtain curve
ent II. Explain
untuk mempe
ksperimen II
eleased in ex
dm
3
]
g dibebaskan
h 24 dm
3
]
I, II and III.
rimen I, II da
een experime
ory.
a eksperimen
Perlanggaran
e III witho
n your answ
eroleh lengk
I. Jelaskan ja
M O
xperiment I.
n dalam eksp
an III.
ent I and ex
n I dan eksp
n.
out changing
er using coll
kung tiga ta
awapan anda
O D U L E J
perimen I.
[
xperiment II.
perimen II.
[
g the zinc,
lision theory.
anpa mengub
a menggunak
[
U J 2 0 1 2
[3 marks]
. Explain
Jelaskan
[5 marks]

acid or
.
bah zinc,
kan teori
[5 marks]

(iii) Explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment II is
doubled that of experiment I.
Terangkan mengapa jumlah isi padu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan dalam
eksperimen II adalah dua kali ganda eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

Section C
Bahagian C

1 Table 10 shows the data from Experiment I and Experiment II that were carried out to study
the rate of reaction of zinc with two acid, P and Q.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan data daripada Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II yang dijalankan
untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara dua asid, P dan Q.

Experiment
Eksperimen
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Products
Hasil tindak balas
Observation
Pemerhatian
I
3
of
acid P 2.0 mol dm
-3
2.6 g of zink dengan 50 cm
3

asid P 2.0 mol dm
-3
Zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas
Zink klorida dan gas
hidrogen
mixture inceases
II
3
of
acid Q 2.0 mol dm
-3
2.6 g of zink dengan 50 cm
3

asid Q 2.0 mol dm
-3

Zinc sulphate and
hydrogen gas
Zink sulfat dan gas
hidrogen
mixture inceases

Table 10
Jadual 10

(a) (i) By choosing either Experiment I or Experiment II, state the name of the acid
used. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of this acid with zinc.
Dengan memilih Eksperimen I atau Eksperimen II, nyatakan nama asid yang
digunakan . tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini dengan zink.
[2 marks]

(ii) Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction in 10(a)(i). On the energy profile
diagram show the:
Lukis satu gambar rajah profil tenaga untuk tindak balas di 10(a)(i). Pada gambar
rajah profil tenaga itu ditunjukkan:

Heat of
Haba tin
reaction, H
ndak balas,
H
H

16 | P a g

(b)

g e @ R A T E

Expl
Jelas
The graph in
Graf pada R

Based on the
Berdasarkan
(i) Calc
Hitu
(ii) Exp
befo
Tera
160

E O F R E
Activati
Tenaga
Activati
Tenaga

lain the ener
skan gambar
n Diagram 10
Rajah 10 men
e graph:
n pada graf:
culate the av
ungkan kadar
plain the diffe
ore 160 s. Us
angkan perb
s. Gunakan
E A C T I O N
ion energy w
pengaktifan
without a cata
tanpa mangk
alyst, Ea
kin, Ea
ion energy w
pengaktifan
with a catalyst
dengan man
t, Ea
ngkin, Ea
rgy profile di
r rajah profi
iagram.
il tenaga itu.
[10 marks]
0 shows the r
nunjukkan ke
results of Ex
eputusan bag
xperiment I a
gi Eksperime
and Experime
n I dan Eksp
ent II
perimen II.
erage rate of
r tindak bala
ferent in the r
se the collisio
bezaan kadar
teori perlang
N S
Diagram
Rajah
f reaction for
as purata bag
rate of react
on theory in
r tindak anta
ggaran dala
m 10
10
r either Expe
gi Eksperime
eriment I or E
en I atau Eks
Experiment I
sperimen II.
[
II.
[2 marks]

ion between
your explana
ara Eksperim
m peneranga
n Experiment
ation.
men I dan Ek
an anda.
t I and Expe
ksperimen II
[
riment II
I sebelum
[6 marks]
M OO D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2
PAPER 3 : CHAPTER 1 FORM FIVE (Rate of Reaction)

Q1 / P3 / 2003

An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction. 50
cm
3
of sodium thiosuiphate solution 0.05 mol dm
-3
at 30C was put into a 250 cm
3
conical flask.
Then the conical flask was placed on an `X' sign on a piece of white paper.

10 cm
3
3
was added to the sodium thiosuiphate solution and
`X' sign was no longer visible. The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium
thiosuiphate solution which was heated to 35C, 40C and 50C.


Diagram 1

(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.


(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time, and
time
1
for this experiment.

(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against
time
1
on the graph paper.

(ii) Based on the graph in (c)(i), state the relationship between the rate of reaction and
temperature.

..

(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign `X' to be no longer visible if this experiment is
repeated at 55C.


Manipulated variable

.

Responding variable

.

Constant variable


(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other variables
constant.

.

.

..


..

(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between temperature and rate of
reaction. The same situation can be applied in our daily lives, for example, keeping food that
is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.

Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between temperature and the rate at
which food turns bad.

..


ANSWER

Paper 3 : RATE OF REACTION

1 (a) Time, t
1
Time, t
2
Time, t
3
Time. t
4
Time, t
5

(b)

(1) Graph of temperature against
time
1


(ii) The rate of reaction increases with the increase in temperature.

(di From the graph, when temperature = 55 C,
time
1
= 0.033 s
-1

Time = 30.3 s

(h) (i) Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution.
Responding variable: Rate of reaction between sodium thiosuiphate
Constant variable: Concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution

(ii) Temperature is the manipulated variable.
Heating sodium thiosulphate with several different temperatures by remaining the
concentration and volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid
constant helps maintain the responding variable.

(i) The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction is.

(g) The lower the temperature, the lower the rate of food turns bad.


1 | P a g e @ A C I D , B A S E S A N D S A L T S M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

CHAPTER: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

SPM 2003

1 Which of the following is true of a weak acid?

A Unable to neutralise alkali
B The pH value is more than 7.
C Able to change red litmus paper to blue.
D Ionizes partially in water to produced hydrogen ions.

2 What are the products of the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?

I Water
II Ethyl ethanoate
III Carbon dioxide
IV Sodium ethanoate

A I and III only
B II and IV only
C I, II, and III only
D I, II, and IV only

3 Which pair of substances represented by the following formulae would result in a
reaction?

I HCI(aq) + KOH(aq)
II HNO
3
(aq) + NaNO
3
(aq)
III H
2
SO
4
(aq) + CuSO
4
(aq)
IV CH
3
COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)

A I and IV only
B II and III only
C I, II, and IV only
D I, II, III, and IV

4 The information about two solutions is as follows:

Concentration of barium hydroxide solution = 0.5 mol dm
-3

Concentration of ammonia aqueous = 0.5 mol dm
-3

Which of the following statements are true based on the information?

I Aqueous ammonia is a weaker alkali than barium hydroxide solution.
II The pH value of barium hydroxide solution higher than aqueous ammonia.
III The degree of dissociation of barium hydroxide in water is higher than
ammonia.
IV The concentration of OH
-
ions in barium hydroxide solution is higher than in
aqueous ammonia.

A I and III only
B III and IV only
C I, II, and III only

XCO
3
XO + CO
2 5

The equation above shows the action of heat on the carbonate salt of metal X.
How many moles of XCO
3
are needed to produced 4.0 g of oxide X?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; X, 64]

A 0.03
B 0.05
C 0.08
D 0.09

6 Sulphuric acid used as an electrolyte in a car battery has a concentration of
0.5 mol dm
-3
.
How many moles of sulphuric acid is there in 100 cm
3
?

A 0.025
B 0.05
C 0.1
D 0.5


7 Figure 10 shows the set-up of apparatus for the titration of potassium hydroxide solution
with sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm
-3


Figure 10
20 cm
3
of potassium hydroxide
solution 0.1 mol dm
-3
and
phenolphthalein as an indicator

What is the total volume of the mixture in the conical flask at the end point of the
titration in Figure 10?

A 10 cm
3

B 20 cm
3

C 30 cm
3

D 40 cm
3

8 Which of the following is true about acids?

A Acids react with metal to produce salt and water
B Acids react with alkali to produce salt and hydrogen gas
C Acids react with metal oxide to produce salt, water, and hydrogen gas
D Acids react with carbonate of metal to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide
gas

9 The following equation represents a neutralization reaction.

Acid + Base Salt + Water

Which pairs are reactants in neutralization reactions?

I Sulphurix acid + Sodium hydroxide
II Hydrochloric acid + Solid copper(II) oxide
III Sulphuric acid + Solid calcium carbonate
IV Hydrochloric acid + Potassium carbonate solution

A I and II only
B I and IV only
C II and III only
D III and IV only


10 Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide solution?

I Al
3+

II Mg
2+

III Pb
2+

IV Zn
2+

A I and II only
B II and IV only
D I, III and IV only

11 The equation shows the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide?

H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O

What is the volume of 1.0 mol dm
-3
sodium hydroxide solution which can neutralize
25.0 cm
3
of 1.0 mol
-3
sulphuric acid?

A 12.5 cm
3

B 25.0 cm
3

C 50.0 cm
3

D 75.0 cm
3

12 3.2 g of cooper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid.
What is the mass of cooper(II) nitrate formed in the reaction?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of N = 14, O = 16 and Cu = 64.

A 3.76 g
B 4.96 g
C 5.04 g
D 7.52 g

SPM 2005

1 Which of the following is true about an alkali?

A An alkali is not corrosive
B An alkali is a base that is soluble in water
C A strong alkali has a low pH value
D A weak alkali has a high degree of ionization

2 Glacial ethanoic acid is put into four test tubes A,B, C and D.
In which test does a reaction occur?

3 The diagram shows the set up of apparatus for the reaction between calcium carbonate
and ethanoic acid in two different solvents.

Which of the following statements are true about the observation in beakers X and Y?

I Water ionizes ethanoic acid in beaker X
II Benzene ionizes ethanoic acid in beaker Y
III Water reacts with calcium carbonate in beaker X
IV Ethanoic acid remains as molecules in beaker Y

A I and II only
B I and IV only
C II and III only
D III and IV only


4 0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produced hydrogen gas.
Given that the relative molecular mass of H=1, Mg=24, Cl=35.5 and 1 mol of gas
occupies 24 dm
3
at room temperature pressure.
Which of the following is true about the reaction?

I Mg + 2H
+
JMg
2+
+H
2

II Volume of gas released is 120 cm
3

III Mass of the salt formed is 0.30g
IV This is a redox reaction

A I and II only
B I and III only
C I, II and IV only
D II, III and IV only

SPM 2006

1 Which of the following set ups of apparatus is correct to prepare hydrogen gas?

2 Which of the following substances is acidic?

A Ammonia
B Potassium oxide
C Carbon dioxide
D Sodium hydroxide


3 Diagram 1 shows the set up of the apparatus for the reaction between an acid and a
metal.

Which of the following is not metal X?

A Stanum
B Copper
C Lead
D Magnesium

4 Diagram 9 shows the set up of the apparatus of an experiment.

Diagram 9

What is the process shown in Diagram 9?

A Preparation of insoluble salt
B Preparation of soluble salt
C Purification of insoluble salt
D Purification of soluble salt

5 A dibase acid, H
2
J has the concentration of 0.5 mol dm
-3

Letter J is not the actual symbol of the element. What is the volume of potassium
hydroxide, KOH, 1.0 mol dm
-3
that can neutralize 25.0cm
3
of the H
2
J acid solution?

A 6.25 cm
3

B 12.50 cm
3

C 25.00 cm
3

D 50.00 cm
3



6 You are asked by your teacher to verify the cation and anion in a sample of
ammonium chloride salt solution.
What substance can you use to verify the cation and anion?

Cation Anion

A Nessler reagent Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
B Nessler reagent Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
C Potassium thiocyanate Dilute nitric and silver nitrate
D Potassium thiocyanate Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride

SPM 2007

1 Which of the following statements correctly describe a strong acid?

I Has a high pH value
II Ionizes completely in water
III Has a high concentration of hydrogen ions
IV Exists as molecules in water

A I and II
B II and III
C I and IV
D III and IV

2 Which of the following statements is true about all bases?

A React with acids
B Dissolve in water
C Contain hydroxide ions
D Have alkaline properties

3 Which of the following shows the process of dissociation in strong alkali when it is
added to water?
The letters X and Y are not the actual symbol of the elements


4 The following equation shows the decomposition reaction of copper(II) carbonate
when heated at room temperature and pressure.

CuCO
3
CuO + CO
2

Which of the following is not true when 1 mol of copper (II) carbonate is
decomposed?

[Relative atomic mass: C=12, O=16, Cu=64 and 1 mol of gas occupies the volume of
24 dm
3
at room temperature and pressure.]

A 1 mol of copper(II) oxide is formed
B 1 molecule of carbon dioxide gas is given off
C 80 g copper(II) oxide is formed
D 24 dm
3
of carbon dioxide gas is given off

5 A student is stung by an insect with an alkaline sting.

Which of the following substances is the most suitable to be applied to the part stung
to treat the student?

A Vinegar
B Ethanol
C Tooth paste
D Cooking oil

H X H X
H X
H X

H X H X
H X H X

Y OH

A

B

C

D

H+
X- X-
H+
H+
H+
X- X-
H X X- H+
X- X H+ H

Y+ OH- Y+
Y OH
OH-
Y+ Y+
Y OH Y OH
OH- OH-

OH- Y+ Y OH Y OH Y OH
Y+
Y OH Y OH
OH- Y OH
6 Diagram 13 shows the neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong
alkali.

Diagram 13

What is the volume of the alkali needed to produced 1 4625 g of salt?
[Relative atomic mass: Na=23, Cl=35 5, H=1, O=16]

A 0 005 cm
3

B 0 025 cm
3

C 5 000 cm
3

D 25 000 cm
3

SPM 2008

1. Table 1 shows the pH values of four acidic solution which have same concentration.

Solution pH value
K 1.0
L 3.0
M 5.0
N 6.0
Table 1

Which acidic solution has the highest degree of dissociation ?

A K B L
C M D N

2. Alkali Y of concentration 1 mol dm-3 has a pH of 13.
Which statement is true about alkali Y ?

A Slighty soluble in water
B Reacts only with a weak acid
C The degree of ionization in water is high
D Has a low concentration of hydroxide ion



3. A patient complained of a pain due to an excess of acid in the stomach.
Which substance will help to relieve the pain ?

A Ammonia
B Ethanoic acid
C Sodium chloride
D Magnesium hydroxide

4. The molarity of a solution of sulphuric acid is 2.0 mol dm-3.
What is the concentration of the acid in g dm-3
[relative atomic mass : H = 1, O = 16, S = 32]

A 97 B 98
D 194 D 196

5. The following equation shows the reaction between copper(II) oxide and sulphuric acid.

CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O

6.0 g copper(II) oxide is added to 50.0 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid.
What is the mass of copper(II) oxide left at the end of the reaction ?

A 0.3 g B 2.0 g
C 2.8 g D 4.0 g

6. 50.0 cm
3
of 0.4 mol dm
-3
potassium hydroxide solution, KOH, is titrated with sulphuric acid,
H
2
SO
4
.
What volume of 1.0 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid is needed to neutralise the potassium hydroxide
solution ?

A 10.0 cm
3
B 20.0 cm
3

C 40.0 cm
3
D 50.0 cm
3

SPM 2009

1. Which of the following particles in a solution of hydrogen chloride is responsible for its
acidity properties ?

A H
+
B OH
-

C Cl
-
D HCl

2. Which of the following substances ionise completely in water ?

I Ammonia II Nitric Acid
III Ethanoic Acid IV Sodium Hydroxide

A I and II
B I and III
C II and IV
D III and IV

3. Table 2 shows the degree of dissociation of four solutions of alkalis which have the same
concentration.

Solution Degree of dissociation
W High
X Medium
Y Very high
Z Low
Table 2

Which solution has the highest pH value ?

A W
B X
C Y
D Z

4. Which of the following is a use of neutralisation in daily lives ?

A Vinegar cures bee stings
B Limestone treats acidic soil
C Baking powder cures wasp stings
D Methanoic acid prevents coagulation of latex

SPM 2010

1. 0.1 mol dm-3 solution of X has a pH value of1 3.
which statement is correct about the solution ?

A X is a weak acid
B X is a strong alkali
C X dissociates partially in water
D X has a high concentration of hydrogen ions

2. Which of the following is not a chemical poperty of acids ?

A Reacts with carbonate to produce salt, water and carbon
dioxide
B Reacts with reactive metal to produce salt and hydrogen
C Reacts with metal oxide to produce salt and water
D Reacts with alkali to produce salt and hydrogen


3. A farmer found that his soil to acidic fr some lants to grow well.
Wich substance is suitable to reduce the acidity of the soil ?

A Barium chloride
B Calcium oxide
C Sodium nitrate
D Potassium iodide

4. The following equation represent the neutralisation reaction between barium hydroxide,
Ba(OH)
2
and hydrochloric acid, HCl.

Ba(OH)
2
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O

What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise 25 cm
3
of
0.1 mol dm
-3
barium hydroxide ?

A 2.5 cm
3
B 5.0 cm
3

C 10.0 cm
3
D 12.5 cm
3

5. Table 5 shows the observation in three tests on solution X

Test Observation
I Add sodium hydroxide solution until in
excess
White precipitate which dissolves in
excess sodium hydroxide solution
II Add ammonia solution until excess White precipitate which dissolves in
excess ammonia solution
III Add 2 cm
3
of dilute nitric acid and
a few drops of silver nitrate solution
White precipitate formed

What is X ?

A Zinc chloride B Zinc sulphate
C Aluminium chloride D Aluminium Sulphate

6. Which equations represent double decomposition reactions that form a precipitate ?

I CaSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
CuCO
3
+ Na
2
SO
4

II CuSO
4
+ Mg(NO
3
)
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ MgSO
4

III AgNO
3
+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO
3

IV ZnCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2NaCl

A I and II B I and III
C II and IV D III and IV

SPM QUESTIONS

1 (a) A farmer discovered that his vegetables were not growing well because the soil was poor
and acidic. As a chemistry student, you help the farmer.

Suggest how the farmer can overcome the problem. [2 marks]

(b) Figure 7 shows an incomplete flow chart of cation and anion tests for salt X.

Anion test Cation test
Salt X

Pb
2+
CO
3
2-

Figure 7

Use the reagents listed below and complete the flow chart to confirm that salt X
contains Pb
2+
ions and CO
3
2-
ions. Include your observations.

REAGENTS
Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid, and lime water
[8 marks]

(c) You are required to prepare dry magnesium chloride salt. The chemicals supplied are
magnesium sulphate solutions,
dilute hydrochloric acid,
potassium carbonate solution.

Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. In your description, include the
chemical equation involved. [10 marks]



SPM 2004

1 Table 5 shows Experiments I and II in the preparation of a salt.

Experiment Method

I

II

(a) State one observation in Experiment I.

[1 mark]

(b) Based on Experiment II:

(i) State the reason why copper(II) oxide powder is added in excess.

[1 mark]

(ii) State how the excess copper(II) oxide powder can be separated from the
products.

[1 mark]

(iii) State the chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in Experiment II.

[1 mark]

(iv) Calculate the maximum mass of the salt formed.
Use the information that the relative atomic of O = 16, S = 32 and Cu = 64.

[2 marks]


(c) Experiment I is repeated. Sulphuric acid is replaced by hydrochloric acid of the same
concentration. Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid required for a complete
reaction.

[1 mark]

(d) There are several steps in the preparation of the salts in each of the Experiments I and
II. State one difference in the steps between the two experiments.

Experiment I Experiment II

[1 mark]

(e) (i) State the type of reaction in the preparation of salts in experiments I and II.

[1 mark]

(ii) State one type of reaction used in the preparation of salt other than
that in (e)(i).

[1 mark]

SPM 2005

1 Table 4 shows the positive and negative ions three salt solutions.

Name of Salt Positive Ion Negative Ion
Copper(II ) sulphate Cu
2+
SO
4
2-

Sodium sulphate Na
+
SO
4
2-

Lead(II) nitrate Pb
2+
NO
3
-

Table 4
Use the information in Table 4 to answer the following questions.

(c) What is another name for a positively charged ion?

[1 mark]

(d) Name the ions in copper(II) sulphate solution.

[1 mark]


(e) Write the formula for sodium sulphate.

[1 mark]

(f) When 10cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
sodium sulphate solution is added to excess lead(II)
nitrate solution, a while precipitate is formed.

(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

[2 marks]

(ii) Describe the chemical equation in (d)(i).

[1 mark]

(iii) Name the white precipitate.

[1 mark]

(iv) Calculate the number of mole of sodium sulphate in the solution.
Use the formula: Number of mole = Volume X Concentration

[1 mark]

(v) Calculate the mass of precipitate formed.
Given that the relative atomic mass of O=16, S=32, Pb=207.
Use the formula: Mass=Number of mole X Relative molecular mass

[2 marks]


6 (a) The following information is about hydrochloric acid and etanoic acid.

Explain why these two solutions have different pH values.
[4 marks]

(b) Figure 8.1 shows two reagent bottles each containing an aqueous solution.

Figure 8.1

Qualitative analysis can be used to determine the presence of cations and anions in
solutions.
Describe chemical test that can be used to verify the ions in each solution.
[10 marks]

(c) A pupil carried out an experiment to investigate the chemical changes that occur to
copper (II) chloride as a result of reaction P.
The result of the experiment is shown in Figure 8.2

The pH of 1 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid solution is 1
The pH of 1 mol dm
-3
ethanoic acid solution is 4
Sodium chloride
soluion
Figure 8.2

(i) The chemical equation for reaction P is as follows:

CuCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + CuCO
3

Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50 cm
3
of mol dm
-3
copper(II) chloride.
Given that the relative molecular mass of CuCO
3
= 124.

Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate precipitate formed.
[2 marks]


(ii) Name solid X and state its colour. [2 marks]
(iii) Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity. [2 marks]

SPM 2006

1 (a) 8 g of solid hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in distilled water to produced a solution of
1000 cm
3
. The NaOH solution produced has the concentration of 8 g dm
-3
and
molarity of 0.2 mol dm
-3
.

(i) State the meaning of the concentration for the solution produced.

[1 mark]

(ii) State the meaning of the molarity for the solution produced.

[1 mark]

(iii) Write the formula that represents the relationship between the number of
mole (n), molarity (M) and volume (V) for the solution.

[1 mark]

(iv) Substitute the actual values of the number of mole, molarity and volume of
the NaOH solution into the formula in 4(a)(iii).
[Relative molecular mass of NaOH =40]

[1 mark]


(b) Diagram 4.1 shows the preparation of the standard solution of NaOH, 0.2 mol dm
-3
.

(i) What are the two parameters that should be measured accurately to prepare the standard
solution of NaOH?

Parameter I :

Parameter II :
[2 marks]



(ii) After all the NaOH solution is poured into the volumetric flask, the beaker
and the filter funnel must be rinsed several times with distilled water.
After each rinse, all of this water is transferred into the volumetric flask.
Give one reason for doing this.

[1 mark]

(iii) What step should be taken to ensure that the meniscus level of the standard
solution is exactly in line with the graduation mark on the volumetric flask?

[1 mark]

(iv) A volumetric flask is more suitable to be used in the preparation of the
standard solution rather than beaker.
Why?

[1 mark]

(v) Why is the volumetric flask stoppered after the standard solution is prepared?

[1 mark]

1 (a) The following are three examples of sulphate salts that can be prepared in the
laboratory.

Potassium sulphate, K
2
SO
4

Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO
4

(i) From these examples, identify the soluble and insoluble salts. [2 marks]

(ii) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in 7(a)(i).
[2 marks]

(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the crystallisation method for preparing
an insoluble salt from its saturated solution.
[6 marks]


(c) Table 7 shows the observations from some tests carried out on salt X.

Test Observation

I : Heating of salt X solid

A metal oxide is formed and brown
gas is given off

II : Salt X solution is mixed with
excess
aqueous ammonia

A white precipitate which is
insoluble in excess aqueous
ammonia is formed.
Table 7

Based on the information in Table 7:

(i) Identify an anion is present in Test I and describe a chemical test to verify the
anion. [4 marks]

(ii) Identify two cations that are present in Test II and describe a chemical test to
verify the cations. [6 marks]

2009

(a) In an experiment, 50 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
-3
of ethanoic acid, CH
3
COOH reacts
completely with X g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and is dissolved in 100 cm
3
of
solution.
Calculate the value of X.

(b) Table 10 shows the results when zinc reacts with hydrogen chloride in solvent L and
solvent M.

Substance Solvent Observation
Zinc + Hydrogen chloride L Bubbles of gas
Zinc + Hydrogen chloride M No bubble of gas
Table 10
Based on Table 10, suggest the name of solvent L and solvent M.
Explain the observations.
Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in solvent L.


2011

4. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Table 4 shows two solutions of hydrochloric acid, P and Q,
of different concentrations.

Hydrochloric acid solution Concentration (mol dm
-3
)
P 0.100
Q 0.001
Table 4

a) State the meaning of an acid.

b) Why hydrochloric acid is a strong acid?

c) Solutions P and Q have different pH values.

i. Which solution gives a lower pH value?

ii. Given one reason for the answer in 4 (c)(i)

d) 25 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
-3
solution hydroxide solution is put in a conical flask. Then a
few drops of phenolphthalein are added. Thin solution is titrated with solution P.

i. State the type of reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and solution P.

ii. What is the colour change of the mixture at the end point?

iii. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

iv. Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid used.

Diagram 10 shows a flow chart when substance C is dissolved in two different solvent, water and
solvent D, and the properties of solutions formed.


+ Solvent D
+ Water

Solution E
Can conduct electricity
Change the colour of litmus paper
Solution F
Cannot conduct electricity
Does not change the colour of litmus
Substance C

Diagram 10

i. Suggest substance C and solvent D.
ii. Explain the differences in properties between solution E and solution F.

2010

6. (a) Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up for the titration of 25.0 cm
3
of
0.1 mol dm
-3
sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCI,
using phenolphthalein as an indicator.

Diagram 6

i. Name the type of reaction that occurs in the conical flask.

ii. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in 6 (a)(i)

iii. State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask when the end point
of titration is reached.

iv. 20.0 cm
3
of hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise completely the sodium
hydroxide solution in the conical flask.
Calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid.



(b) Table 6 shows the concentration and volume of two different types of strong acid, X
and Y, which are used to neutralise 20.0 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
potassium hydroxide
solution.

Acid X
Y
Concentration 0.5 mol dm
-3

0.5 mol dm
-3

Volume V cm
3

2V cm
3

Table 6

Based on the information in Table 6, identify acid X and acid Y.

(c ) Sulphuric acid solution contains sulphate ion, SO
4
2-
.
Describe one confirmatory test for sulphate ion, SO
4
2-
.

1 | P a g

PAPER

1.

2.

e @ R E D O
R 1
The diagram
gas. (2005)
Gambar raja
hydrogen.
What is the m
Apakah oksi
A Zinc oxid
Zink oksi
C Magnesiu
Magnesiu
The diagram
Gambar raja

After one da
Selepas satu
A Test tube
Tabung u
C Test tube
Tabung u

O X
m shows the s
ah menunjuk
metal X oxid
ida logam X
de
ida
um oxide
um oksida
m shows four
ah menunjuk
ay, in which
u hari, laruta
e 1
uji 1
e 3
uji 3
OXIDATIO
set up of the
kkan susunan
de?
itu?
B Alumi
A
D Lead
P
r pairs of met
kkan pasanga
test tube is th
an dalam tab
B Test tu
Tabun
D Test tu
Tabun
ON AND RE
apparatus fo
n radas bagi
inium oxide
Aluminium o
oxide
Plumbum oks
tals in differe
an logam da
he solution b
ung uji yang
ube 2
ng uji 2
ube 4
ng uji
EDUCTION
or the reducti
penurunan o
ksida
sida
ent test tubes
lam tabung u
blue?
g manakah be
M O
N
ion of metal X
oksida logam
s. (2005)
uji berlainan
erwarna biru
O D U L E J
X oxide by h
m X oleh gas
n.
u?
U J 2 0 1 2
hydrogen

3. The diagram shows the mechanism of rust formation. (2005)
Gambar rajah menunjukkan mekanisme pembentukan karat.

Which of the following statements is true about this mechanism?
Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah benar mengenai mekanisme ini?

A An iron atom releases two electrons to perform an iron(II) ion
Satu atom ferum membebaskan dua electron membentuk satu ion ferum(II)

B An iron(II) ion receives two electrons from an iron atom
Satu ion ferum(II) menerima dua electron daripada satu atom ferum

C An oxygen molecule receives two electrons to form a hydroxide ion
Satu molekul oksigen menerima dua electron untuk membentuk satu ion hidroksida

D Four hydroxide ions are formed when two water molecules receive four electrons
Empat ion hidroksida terbentuk apabila dua molekul air menerima empat electron

4. When powder of metal P is heated with black metal Q oxide, the following
observation are made: (2005)
Apabila serbuk logam P dipanaskan dengan oksida logam Q yang berwarna hitam,
maklumat berikut diperoleh:

A glow is seen / Suatu baraan terhasil
The residue produced is yellow when it is hot and white when it is cold
/ Baki yang terhasil berwarna kuning semasa panas dan putih semasa sejuk

Based on the information above, which statement is true?
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, pernyataan yang manakah benar?

A The powder of metal Q can displace P from its salt solution
Serbuk logam Q boleh menyesarkan P daripada larutan garamnya

B Metal Q oxide can react with a heated carbon powder
Oksida logam Q boleh bertindak balas dengan serbuk karbon yan dipanaskan

C Metal P oxide can react with a heated iron powder
Oksida logam P boleh bertindak balas dengan serbuk logam ferum yang dipanaskan

D The powder of metal P can react with a heated magnesium oxide powder
Serbuk logam P boleh bertindak balas dengan serbuk magnesium oksida yang dipanaskan

2 | P a g e @ R E D O X M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

5. A redox reaction can be represented by the following equation. (2005)
Suatu tindak balas redoks boleh diwakili oleh persamaan berikut.

X
2(aq)
+ 2KBr
(aq)
2KX
(aq)
+ Br
2(aq)

X
2(ak)
+ 2KBr
(ak)
2KX
(ak)
+ Br
2(aq)

Element X is in Group 17 in the Periodic Table of Elements. What can be observed if element
X is replaced with iodine?
Unsur X berada dalam Kumpulan 17 dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur. Apakah yang dapat
diperhatikan jika unsure X digantikan denagn iodine?

A Brown gas is produced
Gas perang terhasil

B Colourless solution is produced
Larutan jernih terhasil

C No change is observed
Tiada perubahan dapat diperhatikan

D Brown colour of the iodine is decolourized
Warna perang larutan iodine dinyahwarnakan

6. What is the oxidation number for oxygen in the thiosulphate ion, S
2
O
3
2-
? (2006)
Apakah nombor pengoksidaan oksigen dalam ion tiosulfat S
2
O
3
2-
?

A -3

B -2

C +2

D +3

7. Diagram 3 shows the rusting process of iron. (2006)
Rajah 3 menunjukkan proses pengaratan besi.

Diagram 3
Rajah 3

Which of the following equations occurs at the cathode?
Antara persamaan berikut, yang manakah berlaku di katod?

A Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
-

B Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe

C O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
-

4OH
-

D 4OH
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
-

8. What is the oxidation number of oxygen in oxygen gas, O
2
? (2007)
Apakah nombor pengoksidaan oksigen dalam gas oksigen, O
2
?

A -2

B -1

C 0

D +1

9. What is the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals? (2007)
Di manakah kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam?

A Between zinc and iron
Antara zink dan ferum

B Between aluminium and zinc
Antara aluminium dan zink

C Between lead and copper
Antara plumbum dan kuprum

D Between iron and lead
Antara ferum dan plumbum

5 | P a g
10.

11.

12.

e @ R E D O
Which of the
Antara yang
A Carbon d
Karbon d
B A bromin
Satu atom
C A chlorin
Satu mole
D A sodium
Satu atom n

The followin
Persamaan m
C +
Which statem
.Pernyataan
A Zinc oxid
Zink oksi
B Carbon is
Karbon i
C The oxid
Nombor p
D The oxid
Nombor p
Diagram 5 s
potassium m
Rajah 5 men
manganat(V
O X
e following i
g berikut, yan
dioxide loses
dioksida keh
ne atom gain
m bromine m
ne molecule g
ekul klorin m
m atom loses
natrium kehi
ng equation s
menunjukkan
2ZnO
ment is true
n manakah ya
de is oxidised
ida dioksidak
s the reducin
alah agen pe
ation numbe
pengoksidaa
ation numbe
pengoksidaa
shows the app
manganate(VI
nunjukkan su
VII) dengan la
is an oxidatio
ng manakah p
oxygen
hilangan oksi
s an electron
menerima satu
gains hydrog
menerima hid
an electron
ilangan satu
shows the re
n tindak bala
CO
2
+ 2Zn
about this re
ang benar m
d to zinc
kan kepada z
ng agent
enurunan
er of carbon i
an bagi karbo
er of oxygen
an bagi oksig
paratus set-u
II) with iron
usunan radas
arutan ferum
Di
R
on process? (
proses pengo
igen
n
u elektron
gen
drogen
electron
action betwe
as antara kar
n
eaction?
engenai tind
zink
is decreases
on berkurang
increases
gen bertamba
up used to inv
(II) sulphate
s untuk meng
m(II) sulfat.
iagram 5
Rajah 5
(2008)
oksidaan?
een carbon an
rbon dan zin
dak balas ini?
g
ah
vestigate the
solution. (20
gkaji tindak b
M O
nd zinc oxid
nk oksida.
?
reaction of a
008)
bals antara k

O D U L E J
e. (2008)
acidified
kalium
U J 2 0 1 2

Which of the following is the colour change of the two solutions?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah perubahan warna bagi kedua-dua larutan itu?

Iron(II) sulphate solution
Larutan ferun(II) sulfat
Acidified potassium manganat(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII) berasid
Green to brown
Hijau kepada perang
Purple to colourless
Ungu kepada tidak berwarna
Brown to green
Perang kepada hijau
Purple to colourless
Ungu kepada tidak berwarna
Brown to green
Perang kepada hijau
Orange to green
Jingga kepada hijau
Green to brown
Hijau kepada perang
Orange to green
Jingga kepada hijau

13. Which of the following is an oxidising agent? (2009)
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah agen pengoksidaan?

A Chlorine
Klorin

B Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioksida

C Hydrogen sulphide
Hydrogen sulfida

D Potassium bromide
Kalium bromida

14. Which substance can be used to convert Fe
2+
ions to Fe
3+
ions? (2009)
Bahan manakah yang boleh digunakan untuk menukar ion Fe
2+
kepada ion Fe
3+
?

A Magnesium
Magnesium

B Sulphur dioxide gas
Gas sulphur dioksida

C Potassium manganate(VII) solution
Larutan kalium manganat(VII)

D Acidified potassium dichromate(VII) solution
Larutan kalium dikromat(VII) berasid


15. What is the oxidation number of chromium in K
2
CrO
4
? (2009)
Apakah nombor pengoksidaan bagi kromium dalam K
2
CrO
4
?

A +6 B +3

C +2 D +1

PAPER 2

[SPM 2003/ 5]
Bahagian A

Diagram 5 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reactions that take place in test tube P and
test Q
Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi mengkaji tindak balas yang berlaku
di dalam tabung uji P dan tabung uji Q.

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

(a) State the observation for the reaction
Nyatakan pemerhatian bagi tindak balas yang berlaku

(i) In test tube P.
dalam tabung uji P.

.
[ 1 markah ]
(ii) in test tube Q
dalam tabung uji Q.

[ 1 markah ]

(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (a)(i).
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas dalam (a)(i).

..
[ 1 markah ]

(c ) State what is meant by oxidizing agent in terms of electron transfer
Nyatakan maksud agen pengoksidaan dari segi pemindahan electron.

..
[ 1markah ]
(d ) Referring to the reaction that takes place in test tube P.
Merujuk kepada tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam tabung uji P,

(i) What is the change in the oxidation number of magnesium?
apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi magnesium ?

..
[ 1 markah ]
(ii) name oxidizing agent.
namakan agen pengoksidaannya.

[ 1 markah ]
(e) Reffering to the reaction that takes place in test tube Q,
Merujuk kepada tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tabung uji Q,

(i) State the type of reaction that occurs.
nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.

[ 1 markah ]
(ii) state the oxidation number of bromine in bromine water
nyatakan nombor pengoksidaan bromine dalam air bromine.

.
[ 1 markah ]
(iii) what is the function of bromine water?
apakah fungsi air bromine ?

[ 1 markah ]
(iv) name another reagent that can replace bromine water.
namakan satu bahan uji lain yang boleh menggantikan air bromine

..
[ 1 markah ]

[SPM 2007/6]
6. Iron is a metal that rusts easily.
Besi adalah sejenis logam yang mudah berkarat

(a) (i) State the conditions for the rusting of iron.
Nyatakan syarat untuk pengaratan besi.

[1 mark]

(ii) Draw a labeled diagram to show how the conditions of iron involve in the
ionization of iron and the flow of electron.
Lukis satu gambar rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan bagaimana syarat
untuk pengaratan besi keadaan melibatkan pengionan besi dan pengaliran
electron.

[3 marks]

(b) (i) Describe the reactions that take place at the edge of water droplet (positive
terminal) during the rusting of iron after the Fe
2+
and OH
-
ions are formed.
Huraikan tindakbalas yang berlaku di pinggir titisan air (terminal positif)
semasa pengaratan besi setelah ion Fe
2+
dan ion OH
terbentuk.

[3 marks]

(ii) State the change in the oxidation number of iron in 6(b)(i).
Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan besi dalam 6(b)(i).

[1 mark]


(c) Diagram 6 shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to prevent rusting.
Rajah 6 menunjukka penggunaan kepingan zink pada sebuah kapal besi untuk
mengelakkan pengaratan.

DIAGRAM 6
RAJAH 6

(i) Explain how the zinc plates protect the iron ship from rusting.
Terangkan bagaimana kepingan zink itu melindungi kapal besi itu daripada
berkarat.

[2 marks]

(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction in 6(c)(i).
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas di 6(c )(i).

[ 1 marks]

Section C
[SPM 2004/4]

(a) Explain what is meant by redox reaction using a chemical equation.
Terangkan maksud tindak balas redoks dengan menggunakan
satu persamaan kimia.
[2 marks]

(b) Table 4 shows the result of two experiments to study the effects of metals P
and Q on the rusting of iron.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan keputusan bagi dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan
logam P dan logam Q terhadap pengaratan besi.

Table 4
Jadual 4

(i) Explain why there is a difference in observations in Experiments I and II .
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan pemerhatian dalam eksperimen I
dan eksperimen II.

(ii) Arrange in descending order metals P, iron and Q based on
the electropositivity of the metals.
Susunkan secara menurun logam P, besi dan logam Q berdasarkan sifat
keelektropositifan logam.
[8 marks]
(c) You are provided with strips of metals W, X, Y and Z and their salt solutions.
Describe how you would show that the order of these metals in the electrochemical
series is W, X, Y and Z in descending order of electropositivity.
Your explanation should include observations and conclusions.
Anda dibekalkan dengan kepingan logam W, logam X, logam Y dan logam Z serta
larutan garam masing-masing.
Huraikan bagaimana anda dapat menunjukkan susunan logam itu dalam siri
elektrokimia berdasarkan sifat keelektropositifan secara menurun ialah W, X, Y dan
Z.
Huraian anda perlulah mengandungi pemerhatian dan kesimpulan.

[10 marks]
[SPM 2005/9]

(a) You have an iron key that rusts easily
State how you would solve this problem using an electrolysis process
Anda mempunyai kunci besi yang mudah berkarat.
Nyatakan bagaimana anda menyelesaikan masalah itu menggunakan
Proses elektrolisis.
( 4 marks)

(b) Electrolysis is carried out on a dilute sodium chloride solution using carbon
electrodes. Explain how this electrolysis occurs. Use a labelled diagram to explain
your answer
Elektrolisis dijalankan ke atas larutan natrium klorida cair menggunakan elektrod
karbon.
Terangkan bagaimana elektrolisis itu berlaku.
Gunakan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menjelaskan jawapan anda.
( 6 marks)

(c) Aluminium is placed above zinc in the electrochemical series .
Aluminium and zinc can be used to build a chemical cell, using suitable apparatus
and the following chemicals ;

Aluminium sulphate solution
Zinc sulphate solution
Sulphuric acid solution

Describe how you build this chemical cell.
Include a labelled diagram in your answer.
On your diagram, mark the direction of the electron flow, the positive terminal and
the negative terminal

Aluminium terletak di atas zink dalam siri elektrokimia.
Aluminium dan zink boleh digunakan untuk membina satu sel kimia dengan
menggunakan radas yang sesuai dan bahan kimia berikut:

Larutan aluminium sulfat
Larutan zink sulfat
Larutan asid sulfurik

Huraikan bagaimana anda membina sel kimia ini.
Sertakan gambar rajah berlabel dalam jawapan anda.
Pada gambar rajah anda tandakan arah pengaliran electron, terminal positif dan
terminal negatif.
[10 marks] [SPM 2006/7]
(a) The following are the formulae of two compounds.
Berikut adalah formula bagi dua sebatian.

Al
2
O
3
Cu
2
O

(i) Based on the two formulae, state the oxidation number for aluminium
and copper.
Berdasarkan dua formula itu, nyatakan nombor pengoksidaan bagi
aluminium dan kuprum.
[2 marks]

(ii) Name both the compounds based on the IUPAC nomenclature system.
Namakan kedua-dua sebatian itu mengikut system tatanama IUPAC.
[2 marks]

(iii) Explain the difference between the names of the two compounds based
on the IUPAC nomenclature system.
Jelaskan perbezaan antara nama kedua-dua sebatian itu mengikut system
tatanama IUPAC.
[2 marks]

(b) Diagram 7 shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to investigate electron
transfer through a solution.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
pemindahan electron melalui satu larutan.

DIAGRAM 7
RAJAH 7

(i) Name the oxidation agent in the experiment.
Namakan agen pengoksidaan dalam eksperimen itu. [1 mark]

(ii) Write the half equations for the reactions that occur at the negative
and positive terminals.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindakbalas yang berlaku di terminal negatif
dan terminal positif.
[5 marks]

(iii) Based on your answer on 7(b)(ii), describe the oxidation and reduction
process in terms of the electron transfer that occurs at the negative and
positive terminals.
State also the changes that can be observed after 10 minutes.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 7(b)(ii), huraikan proses pengoksidaan dan
penurunan dari segi pemindahan electron yang berlaku di terminal negatif
dan terminal positif.
Nyatakan juga perubahan yang dapat diperhatikan selepas 10 minit.
[8 marks]

[SPM 2008/9]
(a) A metal M reacts with oxygen to form an oxide. The oxide is very soluble in water to
produce an alkaline solution. Suggest the identity of metal M and describe an
observation when the metal you have named reacts with oxygen.
Write the half-equations for oxidation and reduction for the reaction.

Logam M bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk membentuk oksida. Oksida itu
sangat larut dalam air untuk menghasilkan larutan beralkali.
Cadangkan identity logam M dan huraikan satu pemerhatian apabila logam yang
anda namakan itu bertindak balas dengan oksigen.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas pengoksidaan dan penurunan yang
berlaku.

[4 marks]
[4 markah]

(b) Diagram 9 shows an apparatus set-up to investigate the effect of two different metals,
X and Y on the rusting of iron, Fe.
Radas 9 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji kesan dua logam, X dan Y yang
berlainan ke atas pengaratan besi, Fe.

The result of this experiment after three days is shown in Table 9.
Keputusan eksperimen ini selepas tiga hari ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 9.

Pairs of metals
Pasangan logam
Observation
Pemerhatian
Fe, X

Dark blue colour
Warna biru tua
Fe, Y No change
Tiada perubahan
Table 9
Jadual 9
15 | P a g

[SPM 2

g e @ R E D
Base
Give
Berd
Beri
(b) Iron
back
halo
conv
Des
Ion f
sem
Den
yang
anda
Hur

009/9]
(a) Diag
chlo
Raja
laru
Base
this
Pred
follo
Berd
sesu
Ram
aspe

O X
ed on the Ta
e two reason
dasarkan Jad
i dua sebab u
n(II) ions can
k to iron(II) i
ogen as an ox
versions.
cribe a test to
ferum(II) bo
ula kepada i
ngan menggu
g dinamakan
a boleh mela
raikan satu uj
gram 9 show
oride solution
ah 9 menunju
utan ferum(II
ed on the ob
experiment.
dict the ion p
owing aspect
dasarkan pem
uai untuk dig
malkan ion ya
ek-aspek ber
able 9, sugges
ns for each of
dual 9, cada
untuk setiap
n be converte
ions. By usin
xidising agen
o show that e
oleh ditukar k
ion ferum(II)
unakan logam
n sebagai age
akukan kedua
ujian untuk m

ws the appara
n and a meta
ukkan radas
II) klorida da
servation sho
present in the
ts:
merhatian ya
gunakan dala
ang hadir da
rikut:
st the identit
f your choice
ngkan identi
pilihan anda
ed to iron(III
ng a named m
nt, describe b
each convers
kepada ion fe
).
m yang dinam
en pengoksid
a-dua penuka
menunjukkan
atus and obse
l.
dan pemerh
an sekeping l
own in Diagr
e green soluti
ang ditunjukk
am eksperime
alam larutan
y of metals,
es.
ity logam, X
a.
I) ions and ir
metal as a red
briefly how y
sion has take
ferum(III) dan
makan sebag
daan, huraik
aran itu.
setiap penuk

ervation for a
atian bagi sa
logam.
ram 9, sugge
ion and expla
kkan dalam R
en ini.
hijau itu dan
M O
X and Y.
dan Y.
ron(III) ions
ducing agent
you would ca
en place.
n ion ferum(I
gai agen penu
kan dengan ri
karan itu tela
a redox react
atu tindak ba
est a suitable
ain the answ
Rajah 9, cada
n jelaskan ja
O D U L E J

[6 marks]
[6 markah]
can be conve
t and a name
arry out these
(III) boleh dit
urunan dan h
ingkas bagai
ah berlaku.
[10 marks]
[10 markah]
ion between
alas redoks a

metal to be
wer based on
angkan logam
awapan berda
U J 2 0 1 2

erted
ed
e two
tukar
halogen
imana
]
iron(III)
antara
used in
the
m yang
asarkan

The change in oxidation number for both the reactants
Perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan bagi kedua-dua bahan tindak balas
The type of reaction that has occurred to each reactant
Jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada setiap bahan tindak balas
The role in each reactant in the redox reaction
Peranan setiap bahan tindak balas dalam tindak balas redoks tersebut
The half-equations involved in the redox reaction
Setengah persamaan yang terlibat dalam tindak balas redoks tersebut
[10 marks]
[10 markah]

Iodide ions are good reducing agent.
Ion iodide adalah agen penurunan yang baik

(b) You are given the following apparatus:
U-tube, galvanometer, connecting wires, stopper, dropper, carbon electrodes and
retort stand with clamps.
Suggest a suitable chemical and describe an experiment to verify the above statement
using the given apparatus.
Anda diberikan radas berikut:
Tiub-U, galvanometer, wayar penyambung, penutup, penitis, elektrod karbon dan
kaki retort dengan penyepit.
Cadangkan bahan kimia yang sesuai dan huraikan satu eksperimen untuk
mengesahkan pernyataan di atas dengan menggunakan radas yang diberi.

[10 marks]
[10 markah]

ANSWERS SCHEME

PAPER 1

2005
1. D 6. B (2006) 11. B (2008)
2. D 7. C (2006) 12. A (2008)
3. A 8. C (2007) 13. A (2009)
4. B 9. A (2007) 14. D (2009)
5. C 10. D (2008) 15. A (2009)

SPM 2004, SECTION C ,QUESTION 4

4. a) Redox reaction is a reaction whereby oxidation and reduction occurred
simultaneously in a chemical reaction .
Example : Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu
Zinc donates electron, therefore zinc is oxidized while the coper(II) ion
receives electrons therefore, copper(II) ion is reduced. The oxidation
number of zinc increses- oxidation reaction. Oxidation number of
copper(II) ion decreases- reduction reaction.

b) (i) In experiment I, iron is oxidized into Fe
2+
ions. Therefore, the metal P
accelerates the oxidation or rusting of iron. Electrons flow from iron to P
because iron is more electropositive than P. The blue spots show the
presence of Fe
2+
ions. In experiment II, metal Q oxidizes into Q
n+
ions. Q
will lose electrons.
Q Q
n+
+ ne
Metal Q is more electropositive than iron. Electrons flow from Q to iron.
Water and oxygen also receives electron to form OH
-
ions.
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e 4OH
-

The pink spots show the presence of OH
-
ions.
(ii) Q, iron, P

c) Method:
1. Fill in four test tubes with the salt solution of metals W, X, Y and Z as
respectively.
2. Polish or clean the metal strips with sandpaper.
3. Put metal W into ever test tube.
4. Leave for several minutes.
5. Repeat the steps above using metals X, Y and Z.
6. A more electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive one.
Observation:

Salt solution
/Metal
W X Y Z
W 9
9 9
X X
9 9
Y
X X
9
Z
X X X

9 Metal deposited
X No deposit

Observation for metal W:
- There is metal deposition when metal W is immersed into the salt solution of
X, Y and Z.
- Therefore, W is the most electropositive.
Observation for metal Z:
- There is metal deposition when metal Z is immersed into salt solution of W,
X and Y.
- Therefore, Z is the least electropositive.
Observation for metal X:
- There is metal deposition when metal X is immersed into the salt solution of
Y and Z.
- No metal deposition when metal X is immersed into the salt solution of W.
- Therefore, X is more electropositive then Y and Z.
Observation for metal Y:
- There is metal deposition when metal Y is immersed into the salt solution of
Z.
- No metal deposition when metal Y is immersed into the salt solution of W
and X.
- Therefore, Y is more electropositive than Z.
W > electropositive than X
X > electropositive than Y
Y > electropositive than Z
Descending order: W, X, Y and Z

SPM 2005, SECTION C, QUESTION 9

9. a) - The iron key can be electroplated with nickel by electrolysis.
- Iron key acts as cathode whereas nickel acts as anode and nickel(II)
sulphate solution is used as the eelectrolyte.

b) - The set up of the apparatus for the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride
solution is shown below.

- The ions presence in the sodium chloride solution are Na
+
, Cl
-
, H
+
and
OH
-
ions.
- When the switch is switched on, Na
+
and H
+
ions will be attracted to the
cathode.
- The H
+
ion will be discharged to produce hydrogen gas because it is
located at a lower position in the electrochemical series compared to Na
+

ions.
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
- The Cl
-
and OH
-
ions are attracted to anode.
- The OH
-
ion will be discharged to produce oxygen gas because it is
located at a lower position in the electrochemical series.
4OH
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
c)

- Dilute sulphuric acid is filled into the U-tube as the salt bridge.
- Aluminium sulphate solution is filled into one the arms of the U-tube and
zinc sulphate solution is filled into another arm of the U-tube slowly drop
by drop.
- Aluminium plate and zinc plate are immersed respectively into
aluminium sulphate and zinc sulphate solutions as shown in the figure.
- The wire is connected to complete the circuit. The voltmeter reading is
deflected.

SPM 2006, SECTION B QUESTION 7

7. (a) i. Oxidation number of Al = +3
Oxidation number of Cu = +1
ii Al
2
O
3
Aluminium oxide
Cu
2
O - Copper(I) oxide
iii The Roman Number is used in the nomenclature of copper(I) oxide
because copper exhibit more than one stable oxidation number.
Roman number is not necessary for aluminium oxide because
aluminium only exhibit one stable oxidation number only.

(b) i. Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution, KMnO
4.

ii At positive terminal:
MnO
4
-

(aq) + 8H
+
(aq) + 5e
-
Mn
2+
(aq) + 4H
2
O(l)
At negative terminal:
Fe
2+
(aq) Fe
3+
(aq) + e
-

iii At positive terminal, the MnO
4
-
ions are reduced, whereby
the MnO
4
-
ions receive electrons and reduced to Mn
2+
ions.
The process whereby a substance receives electrons is called a
reduction process.
At negative terminal, Fe
2+
ions are oxidized , whereby the Fe
2+
ions
donate electrons and oxidized to Fe
3+
ions. The process whereby a
substance donates electrons is called an oxidation process.
After 10 minutes, it is observed that the purple colour intensity of
acidic potassium manganate(VII) solution fades. this is because the
MnO
4
-
ions that gives the purple colour to the solution is reduced
to form the colourless Mn
2+
ions. Meanwhile, at the negative
terminal, the green colour of iron(II) sulphate solution changes to
brown colour upon the conversion of Fe
2+
ions to Fe
3+
ions.

SPM 2007, PAPER 2, SECTION A, QUESTION 6

6. (a) (i) Presence of water and air
(ii)

(b) (i) The Fe
2+
ions combined with the OH
-
ions to form iron(II)
hydroxide. The iron(II) hydroxide is oxidized further to form
hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe
2
O
3
.xH
2
O. The hydrated iron(III) oxide
is known as the rust.
(ii) From +2 to +3
(c) (i) Zinc is more electropositive than iron. Zinc atoms lose electron
more easily than iron. Hence, the iron does not corrodes
(ii) Zn (s) Zn
2+
(aq) + 2e
-


CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
SPM QUESTIONS 2003 - 2010

OBJECTIVE QUESTION

1. Diagram 1 shows the symbol for a chlorine atom

37

Cl

17

Figure 1

Which of the following is true based on the symbol in Diagram 1?

Proton number Nucleon number Number of electrons
A 17 37 17
B 17 20 17
C 20 37 20
D 37 17 37
SPM 2003, NO 1

2. Diagram 3 shows a model of an atom

Diagram 3

Which of the following is true of the atomic model?

I Proposed by Neil Bohr
II Was built based on the existence of the neutron.
III Shows that electrons move in shells around the nucleus.
IV Discovered through the bombardment experiment of alpha particles on gold foil

A I and III only
B II and IV only
D I, II, III and IV
SPM 2003, NO 1
1 | P a g e @ T H E S T R U C T U R E O F A T O M S M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

3. Diagram 6 shows the cooling curve for gas X
Which of the following statements is true?

Diagram 6

A From 0 to t
1
heat energy is absorbed
B From t
1
to t
2
forces between particles overcome.
C From t
2
to t
3
the kinetic energy of particles increased
D From t
3
to t
4
the heat energy released is equal to the heat energy lost to the
surroundings.
SPM 2003, NO 21

4. The diagram shows the change of state of matter.

Which of the following is process X?

A Melting B Boiling
C Freezing D Condensation
SPM 2004, NO 1


5. The diagram shows the atomic symbol of element X.

23

11 X

Which of the following is true about the subatomic particles of element x?

Proton number Nucleon number Electron configuration
A 11 23 2.8.1
B 11 23 2.8.8.5
C 23 11 2.8.1
D 23 11 2.8.8.5

SPM 2004, NO 21

6. The information shows the sub atomic particles of atom W.

Electron configuration 2.1
Number of protons 3
Number of neutrons 4

Which of the following diagrams shows an atom W?

SPM 2004, NO 24

7. The diagram shows a model of an atom.

Who introduced this model?

A Neils Bohr B John Dalton
C James Chadwick D Ernest Rutherford
SPM 2005, NO 1

8. The diagram shows an experiment to study the particle theory of matter.

Which of the following is the best explanation of the observation in the experiment?

A. Agar dissolves copper (II) sulphate.
B. Copper (II) sulphate is an ionic compound.
C. Particles in copper (II) sulphate are minute and discrete.
D. The attractive force between agar and copper (II) sulphate particles is strong.

SPM 2005, NO 21

9. The table shows information about two types of particle.

Particle Proton number Electron configuration
X 9 2.8
Y 17 2.8.8

Based on the information in the table, both particles X and Y are

A inert gas
B negative ions
C atom of metal
D isotopes of the same element
SPM 2005, NO 22

10. The table shows the number of electrons and neutrons for ions G
2-
, H
+
, L
-
and M
2+
.
These letters are not the actual symbols for the elements.

Ion Number of
electron
Number of
neutron
G
2-
10 11
H
+
10 12
L
-
18 18
M
2+
18 20

Which of the following shows the correct nucleon number of the ion?

Ion Nucleon Number
A G
2-
21
B H
+
21
C L
-
35
D M
2+
36
SPM 2005, NO 41


11. Which of the following set ups of the apparatus is correct to determine the melting point
of acetamide?

SPM 2006 , NO 1

12. Which of the following is a use of carbon-14 isotope?

A. Determine the age of the fossil
B. Generate electrical energy
C. Diagnose thyroid problems
D. kill cancer cells.

SPM 2006, NO 2


13. Which of the following electron arrangement has three valence electrons?

SPM 2006, NO 3
14. Diagram 1 shows the electron arrangement of an atom.

Diagram 1

Which of the following electron arrangement has the same number of valence electrons
as the atom in Diagram 1?

SPM 2007, NO 1

15. Which of the following shows the correct type of particle for each substance?

Atom Molecule Ion
A water Magnesium Sodium chloride
B Magnesium Carbon dioxide Sodium chloride
C Sodium chloride Carbon dioxide Magnesium
D Magnesium Sodium chloride Carbon dioxide
SPM 2007, NO 2



16. Which substance is element ?
A Air
B Steam
C Carbon
D Naphthalena

SPM 2008 Q1

17. The following statements refer to the contribution of a scientist in the development of
ideas about atomic structure.

Discovered proton
Most of the mass of the atom is in the nucleus
The electron move in the empty space

Who was the scientic?

A Neil Bohr B John Dalton
C J.J Thomson D Ernest Rutherford

SPM 2008 Q23

18. Diagram shows the symbol for the element. X is not an actual symbol of element.

Which the following shows the electron arrangement and the number of neutron in the
atom of X.

Electron Arrangements number of neutron
A 2.8.1 11
B 2.8.2 11
C 2.8.1 12
D 2.8.2 12
SPM 2008 Q24

23

11
X
19. Diagram 3 show the electron arrangement of a beryllium atom

Which of the following is true about this atom?

A The proton number is 2
B The nucleon number is 2
C The total number of electron is 4
D The number of valance electron is 4

SPM 2008 Q25

20. Which of the following particles contain 10 electron?
[ Proton number: Ne = 10, Na = 11, mg=12]

I Na II Ne
III Na
+
IV Mg
2+

A I,II and III B I,II and IV
D I,III and IV D II,III and IV

SPM 2008 Q26

21. Table 2 shows the proton numbers of elements X and Y.
X and Y are not actual symbols of the elements

Element Proton number
X 11
Y 19

Which statements are true about element X and Y?

I Atom X and Y have one valence electron
II Element X is more reactive than element Y
III Atom X has bigger atomic size than atom Y
IV Element X and Y are the same group in Periodic Table

A I and III B I and IV
B II and III D II and IV

SPM 2008 Q 27
.


22. Which of the following is use of cobalt-60 isotope?

A Treatment of cancer
B Sterilizations of insects
C X-ray for body examination
D Dating the age of fossils and artifacts.
SPM 2009 Q5

23. Diagram 1 show the inter-convention of the states of matter of a substance.

Which of inter convention involves the release of energy?

A Steam Ice
B Water Steam
C Ice water
D Ice Steam
SPM 2009 Q6

24. Which statement is true about the reaction of a magnesium fluoride?
[ Proton number: F = 9, Mg = 12]

A One magnesium atom donates two electron to one fluorine atom.
B One magnesium atom donates two electron to two fluorine atom.
C One magnesium atom shares two electron to one fluorine atom.
D One magnesium atom shares two electron to two fluorine atom

SPM 2009 Q16

25. Diagram shows the electron arrangement of an atom of Y
Y is not actual symbol of the element

Which of the following, is the position of element Y in the periodic table?


Group Period
A 2 2
B 2 3
C 12 2
D 12 3

SPM 2009 Q20

26. The following statements are about diffusion.

The tiny particle are discrete
The tiny particle are move randomly

Which are the following situations are explained by the statements above?

I bromine gas mixing with air.
II Aqueos copper(II) sulphate moving through a gel
III Melting of lead bromide.
IV Combustion of magnesium in the air.

A I and II B I and IV
B II and III D III and IV

SPM 2009 Q22

27. Table shows the melting point and boiling point of four substances

Which substances is a liquid at room temperature?

A W
B X
C Y
D Z
SPM 2009 Q 27


28. Diagram shows the cooling curve of liquid Y

Which statement can be deduced from Diagram?

A At t
1
exist as solid
B The freezing point of Y is 70
o
C
C From t
1
to t
2
, Y does not release heat energy.
D From t to t , the particles are less closely packed
2 3
SPM 2009 Q32

29. Element G reacts with element L to form a covalent compound with the formula GL
2

The electron arrangement of an atom of L is a possible electron arrangement of an
atom of G.

A 2.8.1
B 2.8.2
C 2.8.4
D 2.8.6
SPM 2009 Q36

30. The relative molecular mass of M
2
(SO
4
)
3
is 342
What is the relative atomic mass of element M ?
[Relative atomic mass : O=16, S=32]

A 27
B 54
C 118
D 123

SPM 2009 Q37

31. What is the meaning of isotope?

A atoms of the same elements with the same nucleon number.
B atoms of the same elements with the different number of nucleon.
C atoms of the different elements with the different proton number.
D atoms of the different elements with the same nucleon number.

SPM 2010 Q1

32. Solid X is heated in a boiling tube and the temperature is recorded at regular time
intervals if the melting point of X is 78
o
C, Which graph represent the heating curve of X?

SPM 2010 Q2

33. The proton number of atom R is 14 and its relative atomic mass is 28
Which statement is correct about R?

A The mass of an atom of R is 28 g
B The molar mass of R is 28 g/mol
C 14g of R contains 6.0 x 10
23
atoms
D Atom R has 14 protons, 14 electron and 28 neutron.
SPM 2010 Q3

34. Element J and element Q have proton number of 12 and 9 respectively.
What is relative formula of a compound formed between J and Q?
[ relative atomic mass: J=24; Q=19]

A 30 B 43
C 62 D 67
SPM 2010 Q6


MARK SCHEME

1 A 11 D 21 B 31 B
2 C 12 A 22 A 32 C
3 D 13 C 23 A 33 B
4 B 14 D 24 B 34 B
5 A 15 B 25 B
6 A 16 C 26 A
7 A 17 C 27 C
8 C 18 C 28 B
9 B 19 C 29 B
10 C 20 D 30 A


CHAPTER: THERMOCHEMISTRY

1 Diagram 1 shows an energy level diagram.

Energy

J
(s)
+ T
2+
(aq)

J
2+
(aq)
+ T
(s)

Diagram 1

Based on Diagram 1, what is the increase in temperature of the solution if excess J powder is
added to 50 cm
3
of T salt

solution 0.2 mol dm
-3
?
[Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.0 J g
-1

0
C
-1
]

A 4.4
0
C
B 5.5
0
C
C 8.8
0
C
D 11.0
0
C

2. Diagram 2 shows a set-up of apparatus to determine the heat of reaction.
H=-220kJ

Diagram 2

Based in Diagram 2 which of the following statements are true?

I The process of bonding occurs.
II Temperature increase during the reaction.
III The H value in the reaction is positive.
IV The energy content of the products of reaction is higher than that of the reactants.

A I and II only
B III and IV only
C I, II, and IV only

1 | P a g e @ T H E R M O C H E M I S T Y M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

3. The equation below shows a displacement reaction and its heat of reaction.

Mg + Fe
2+
Mg
2+
+ Fe , H = -189 kJ mol
-1

Which of the following statements are true about the reaction represented by the above
equation?

I Magnesium is oxidized
II The reaction is exothermic
III The temperature decrease during the reaction.
IV The heat released by reacting 0.2 mole of ferrum(II) ions is 37.8 kJ.

A I and II only
B II and IV only
C III and IV only
D I, II, and IV only

4. Yogurt is prepared by adding 20.0 cm
3
of lime juice into 200.0 cm
3
of fresh milk. It is found
that the temperature of the yogurt increase by 2.0
0
C.
What is the total amount of heat released?
Use the information that the specific heat capacity of yogurt = X J g
-1

0
C
-1
.
Assume that 1 cm
3
of solution is equal to 1 gram of solution.

A 40X J
B 220X J
C 400X J
D 440X J

5. The following equation shows the combustion of heptane, C
7
H
16
, in excess oxygen.

C
7
H
16(l)
+ 110
2(g)
7CO
2(g)
+ 8H
2
O
(l)
, H = -5 512 kJ mol
-1

The combustion of heptane in excess oxygen release 1 378 kJ of energy.
What is the mass of heptane used?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12.

A 25.0g
B 36.0g
C 77.0g
D 88.0g


6. The following is the energy level diagram of a reaction.

HNO
3
+ NaOH
Energy

H = -57 kJ mol
-1

NaNO
3
+H
2
O

Which of the following acids is suitable to replace nitric acid, HNO
3
to obtain the same H
value?

A. Ethanoic acid, CH
3
COOH
B. Carbonic acid, H
2
CO
3

C. Sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4

D. Hydrochloric acid, HCl

7. In experiment 100 cm
3
of dilute hydrochloric acid solution is mixed with 100cm
3
sodium
hydroxide solution in a polystyrene cup. The concentrations of the two solutions are the same.
During the mixing the temperature of the mixture increased by 7
0
C. What is the heat released
in the experiment?
Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution 4.2J g
-1 0
C
-1
.

A. 1470 J
B. 2940 J
C. 4410 J
D. 5880 J

8. The reaction between 25.0 cm
3
of hydrochloric acid and 25.0 cm
3
of sodium hydroxide
solution release the heat of 2100 J.
What is the temperature change of the mixture?
[Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
;
Assume that 1 cm
3
of a solution is equal to 1 g of the solution]

A 1
0
C
B 2
0
C
C 10
0
C
D 20
0
C

9. The following information shows the combustion of an experiment to determine the heat
change for the combustion of propanol, C
3
H
7
OH.

Volume of water in the copper container = 300 cm
3

Initial temperature of water in the copper container = 27.5
0
C
Highest temperature of water in the copper container = 68.5
0
C

What is the heat released by the combustion of propanol, C
3
H
7
OH?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2J g
-1

0
C; water density = 1 g cm
-3
]

A 34.65 kJ
B 51.66 kJ
C 86.31 kJ
D 120.96 kJ


10. Diagram 3 shows the mercury level of thermometer in a reaction.

Diagram 3


A Endothermic reaction
B Exothermic reaction
C Bond breaking in the reactants absorbs energy
D The amount of energy in the product is higher than that of the reactants

11. In an experiment, 2 4 g of magnesium powder is added to 100 cm
3
of 2 0 mol dm
3

copper(II) sulphate solution.
The temperature of the mixture increases by 1 0
0
C.

What is the heat of reaction in the experiment?

[Specific heat capacity of a solution = 42 J g
-1
C
-1
; Relative atomic mass of Mg = 24]

A -042 kJ mol
-1

B -048 kJ mol
-1

C -420 kJ mol
-1

D -480 kJ mol
-1



12. Diagram 4 shows an energy level diagram.

Energy

OH
-
+ H
+

H = - 57 kJ mol
-1

H
2
O

Diagram 4

Based on Diagram 4, it can be concluded that

A. the heat of neutralization is -57 kJ mol
-1.

B. 57 kJ of energy is needed for the reaction.
C. the products of reaction contain more energy that the reactants.
D. the temperature at the end of the reaction is lower than that at the beginning of the
reaction.

13. The following equation shows the reaction between Ag
+
and Cl
-
ions.

Ag
+
(aq)
+ Cl
-
(aq)

AgCl
(s)
, H = -65kJ mol
-1

Which of the following is true about the above equation?

A. Endothermic reaction occurs
B. Heat is released to the surroundings
C. The temperature of the product decrease
D. 65 kJ of heat absorbed when 1 mole of silver chloride is formed

14. The following is an energy level diagram.

H
2
O
(l)

OH

(aq)
+ H
+

(aq)

Energy

What conclusion can be made from the diagram?

A The product contains more energy than the reactants
B OH
-
ions contain more

energy than H
+
ions
C Heat is needed to initiate the reaction
D Heat is released in this reaction



15. The diagram below shows the energy profile of a reaction.

Which of the following is true about the diagram?

A The reaction is endothermic
B The activation energy is y kJ
C The heat of reaction is (y-r)kJ
D y value increase with the presence of a catalyst

16. The following chemical equation shows the reaction of the formation of lead(II) sulphate
precipitate.

Pb
2+
(aq)

+SO
4
2-
JPbSO
4(s)
;H = -42 kJ mol
-1


Heat change Type of reaction
A Heat is released Endothermic
B Heat is absorbed Exothermic
C Heat is released Exothermic
D Heat is absorbed Endothermic


17. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is an exothermic reaction. The
heat of reaction is 57 kJ mol
-1
. Which of the following energy level diagrams represents the
reaction?

A

NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)

Energy

HCI
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
H = +57kJ mol
-1

B

NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)

Energy
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
H = - 57kJ mol
-1

C

Energy
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)

H = - 57kJ mol
-1

NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)

D

Energy
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)

H = + 57kJ mol
-1

NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)

18. Which of the following is true about the heat of combustion, H for ethanol, propanol and
butanol?

A
B
C
D
Ethanol Propanol Butanol
-2 015 kJ mol
-1
-1 376 kJ mol
-1
-725 kJ mol
-1

-2 015 kJ mol
-1
-2 676 kJ mol
-1
-725 kJ mol
-1

-2 676 kJ mol
-1
-725 kJ mol
-1
-1 376 kJ mol
-1

-1 376 kJ mol
-1
-2 015 kJ mol
-1
-2 676 kJ mol
-1



19. The following equation shows a combustion reaction of methanol.

CH
3
OH
(l)
+ 3/2O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)
, H = -726 kJ mol-1

Which of the energy level diagrams represents the reaction?

A
Energy
CH
3
OH + 3/2O
2

CO
2
+ 2H
2
O

B
Energy
CO
2
OH + 2H
2
O

CH
3
OH + 3/2O
2

C
Energy
CO
2
OH + 2H
2
O

CH
3
OH + 3/2O
2

D
Energy
CH
3
OH + 3/2O
2

CO
2
+ 2H
2
O


20. The following equation shows the reaction between silver nitrate, AgNO
3
, and sodium
chloride, NaCI.

AgNO
3(aq)
+ NaCl
(aq)
AgCl
(s)
+ NaNO
3(aq)
, H = -65.kJ mol
-1

Which of the following shows that the reaction is an exothermic reaction?

A Silver chloride precipitate is formed in the reaction
B The reaction needs 65.5 kJ of heat energy to form 1 mol of silver chloride
C The total energy absorbed to break the bonds is more than the total energy released
during the precipitation of silver chloride
D The energy contained in silver nitrate and sodium chloride is higher than the energy
contained in silver chloride and sodium nitrate

21. In an experiment, 2.4g of magnesium powder is added to 100 cm
3
of 2.0 mol dm
-3
copper(II)
sulphate solution. The temperature of the mixture increases by 1.0
0
C.
What is the heat of reaction in the experiment ?
[specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
; Relative atomic mass of Mg = 24]

A -0.42 kJ mol
-1

B -0.48 kJ mol
-1

C -4.20 kJ mol
-1

D -4.80 kJ mol
-1

22. Diagram 5 is an energy level diagram

Diagram 5
H= +ve
Products
Reactants
Energy

Which of the following can be deduced from Diagram 5 ?

A Heat is absorbed
B The products are more stable than the reactants
C The surrounding temperature increases during the reaction
D The total energy of the reactants is more than the total energy of the products


23. The following is a thermochemical equation.

Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu ; H = -150 kJ mol
-1

What is the heat change when 3.2 g of copper is formed in this reaction ?
[Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64]

A 1.37 kJ
B 7.50 kJ
C 46.90 kJ
D 480.00 kJ

24. Which of the following is an endothermic reaction?

A HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
B HCl + NaHCO
3
NaCl +CO
2
+ H
2
O
C NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3

D Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu

25. Diagram 6 shows an energy level diagram for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

H= + 570 kJ mol
-1

CaO + CO
2

CaCO
3

Energy

Diagram 6

Which statement can be deduced from Diagram 6?

A heat is absorbed in the reaction
B the reaction is exothermic
C total energy of the reactant and the products is 570 kJ
D the reactant has more energy than the products

26. The following thermocheical equation shows a displacement reaction.
Based on the equation, which statement is correct ?

Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu ; H = -210 kJ mol
-1

A the reaction is endothermic
B the activation energy is 210 kJ mol
-1

C the temperature of the mixture increases
D the total energy of the reactants is lower than the products.


27. 100 cm
3
of water is heated by the burning of a sample of ethanol. The heat released by the
combustion is 10.5 kJ. What is the maximum increases in temperature of the water ?
[specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
]

A 0.025
0
C
B 0.25
0
C
C 2.5
0
C
D 25
0
C

MARK SCHEME

1. D 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. D
7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. C
13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. D
19. A 20. C 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. B
25. A 26. C 27. D

SPM 2003

1 A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of displacement for the reaction
between copper and silver nitrate solution. In this experiment, excess copper powder was added to
100 cm
3
of silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm
-3
. The heat of displacement in this experiment was -
105 kJ mol
-1
.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg
-1

0
C
-1
,and the density of the solution is 1g cm
-3
]

(a) What is meant by heat of displacement?

[1 mark]

(b) Beside the data given above, state one other piece of data that is needed to calculate the heat
of displacement.

[1 mark]
(c) State one precaution that must be taken while carrying out the experiment.

[1 mark]

(d) (i) State one observation of the experiment.

[1 mark]
(ii) State the reason for the observation in (d)(i).

[1 mark]

(e) Based on the information from this experiment, calculate
(i) the number of moles of silver ions reacted. [1 mark]

(ii) the amount of heat released. [1 mark]

(iii) the in temperature. [1 mark]

(f) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in this experiment. [2 marks]

(g) The experiment is repeated using 100 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
silver nitrate solution and
excess copper powder. Calculate the temperature change in this experiment.
Explain why this change of temperature is different from that in (e) (iii).
[3 marks]



MARK SCHEME (SPM 2003)

(a) Heat that is released when 1 mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal

(b) Initial temperature and maximum temperature of the solution // temperature change

(c ) Stir the solution //The container is wrapped with an insulator // The container is covered //
Plastic /Polystrene container // Carried out in minimal air movement
(Accept any one)
(d) Shiny grey solid deposited//Colourless solution turn blue //Container becomes hot//
temperature increases
(Choose either one)

(ii) Silver metal form//Contains Cu
2+
ion // Exothermic reaction
// heat being released
(Choose either one)
(e) (i) The number of moles Ag
+
ion = 0.5 x 100 // 0.05
1000

(ii) 0.05 x 105 kJ // 5.25 kJ // 5250 J

(iii) = 5.25 x 1000 // 12.5
o
C
100 x 4.2

(f)

(g) 1. The number of moles of Ag
+
ion = 1x 100 // 0.1
1000
2. Temperature difference = 1 x 10500
100 x 4.2
3. The number of moles of Ag
+
ion is doubled// Concentration of siver nitrat solution
doubled

Energy
Cu + Ag
+

Cu
2+
+ Ag

H=-105 kJ mol
-1


SPM 2004 (Q4)

Diagram 4 shows the set-up of the apparatus of an experiment to determine the heat of
precipitation. 25.0 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
silver nitrate solution is reacted with 25.0 cm
3
of
0.5 mol dm
-3
sodium chloride solution. As a result there is a change in temperature of the mixture
and white precipitate is formed.

Diagram 4

(a) Why is polystyrene cup used in the experiment?
[1 mark]

(b) (i) Based on the change of temperature in the experiment, state the type of reaction that
occurred.
[1 mark]

(ii) How is the total energy of the products different from the total energy of the reactants?

[1 mark]

(c) State one step that should be taken while adding the two solution in order to get a more
accurate result.
[1 mark]

(d) The ionic equation for the precipitation reaction of silver chloride is:

Ag
+
(aq)
+ Cl
-
(aq)
AgCl
(s)


(i) What is the number of moles of Ag
+
ions that reacted
(ii) Calculate the heat change of the precipitation reaction that has taken place. Use th

with Cl
-
ions? [1 mark]
e
is

heat of precipitation for this reaction. [2 marks]

kJ/mol

(e) The calculated value of the heat of precipitation for this reaction is less than the actual value.
[1 mark]

ARK SCHEME SPM 2004:
) to reduce the loss of heat to the surrounding
on neutralizes 1 mole of hydroxide ion/
)
perature occurs in the reaction
)
13.2 x 3
025 = -50.4 kJ mol -1
)
) (i) less than the theoretical value
the surrounding /the plastic cup absorbs a little heat
)
hydrogen in.

information that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
and density water
1 g cm
-3
? [2 marks]

(i) Calculate the

Give a reason.

M

(a
(b) heat that is released when 1 mol of hydrogen i
Heat release when 1 mole of water is formed
(c (i) exothermic
(ii) a rise in tem
(d number of mole = [0.5 x 50]/1000 = 0.025 mol
(e) heat change = mc
= 100 x
= 1260 J
(f) heat of neutralization = 1260/0.

(g

(h
(ii) part of the heat is released into
(i ethanoic acid is a weak acid which ionizes partially in water to produce low concentration of
energy H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O
H = -50.4 kJ mol
-1

05 (Q3 & Q5 SPM 20 )
out an experiment to determine the value of heat of displacement.
Diagram 3 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment.

1. A pupil carried

Diagram 3
The following data was obtained
lphate solution,
1
= 28
0
C
Highest temperature of the mixture of product,
2
= 48
0
C
[1 mark]
(b) In this experiment, excess zinc is added to 100 cm of 0.5 mol dm

d the density

f heat in the experiment.
Use the formula, H = mc.
[2 marks]
The number of moles of copper(II)
sulphate that reacted =
[2 marks]

Initial temperature of copper(II) su

(a) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction that occurred.

Zn + Cu
2+

3 -3

Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
an
of the solution is 1.0 g cm
-3
.
(i) Calculate the change o

(ii) Calculate the heat of displacement in the experiment.

Heat of displacement =


(c ) Draw the energy level diagram for reaction.
[2 marks]
(d) It was found that the heat of displacement value in (b)(i) is not the same as
the actual value.

[1 mark]
(e)
[1 mark]
(f) The pupil repeats the experiment, replacing the metal zinc with metal X.
The following equation shows the reaction and the value of heat of displacement of

Fe
(s)
+ CuSO
4(aq)
FeSO
4(aq)
+ Cu
(s)
, H=-150kJ mol
-1
Fe
(s)
+ CuSO
4(aq)
FeSO
4 (aq)
+ Cu
(s)
, H=-100kJ mol
Choose from this list: Aluminium, magnesium and tin.
[1 mark]

Suggest one step that must be taken to get a more accurate value.

Based on the experiment, what is meant by heat of displacement?

metal iron and metal X.
Equation I:

Equation II:
-1

Predict the metal X.


2. (a) What is the meaning of the heat of combustion of an alcohol?

[1 mark]
(b) Table 5 shows the heat of combustion of three types of alcohol.
The number of carbon atoms and the attractive force between molecu
formula
Heat of combustion/kJ mol

les are among the
factors that affect the value of heat of combustion.

Name of alcohol Molecular
-1
Methanol CH
3
OH 725
Ethanol OH 1376 C
2
H
5
Propanol C
3
H
7
OH 2015

Table 5
(i) Use data from Table 5 to draw the graph of the heat of combustion against number of
carbon atoms on the graph paper below.

[2 marks]

(ii) Based on the graph in (b)(i), as the number of carbon atoms increases so does the
value of the heat of combustion.
[2 marks]
Explain why.


(iii) alculate the heat released when 2.3 g of ethanol is completely burnt in air.
iven that the relative atomic mass of C=12, H=1, O=16.
[2 marks]

(c) Methanol and ethanol do not have isomers.
Propanol has two isomers.
opanol.
[2 marks]

(d) Table 5.2 shows the freezing and the boiling points of mercury, methanol, ethanol and
butanol.
Substance Freezing point / C Boling point / C
C
G
Use the formula:
Heat released=Number of moles X Heat of combustion

Draw the structures of the two isomers of pr

0 0
Mercury -39 357
Methanol -97 64
Ethanol -117 79
Butanol -90 117

Table 5.2
A thermometer may contain mercury or an alcohol.
A mercury thermometer is not suitable t he temperature at around -100
0
C.
meter to measure the temperature at
[2 marks]

o measure t
Name a suitable alcohol that can be used in a thermo
around -100
0
C.
Give one reason for your choice.

Name of alcohol :

Reason :


(b) (i) H = 100 x 4.2 x 20 = 8400 J
ber of moles Cu O
4
reacted = [0.5 x 100]/1000 = 0.5 mole
/number of moles
-1

(c )
(d) use a plastic cup or add in the zinc powder quickly.
(e) the heat released when 1 mole of metal is displaced from its solution
alcohol is completely burnt in excess oxygen.
2

1. (a) Zn
2+
+ Cu

(ii) Num S
Heat of displacement = mc
= 8400/0.05
= 168,000 J mol -1.
= 168 kJ mol

(f) stanum

2. (a) the heat released when 1 mole of

(b) (i)

Energy
Zn + Cu
2+

Zn
2+
+ Cu

H= - 168 kJmol
-1


(ii) the greater the number of carbon atoms, more products are formed which
causes more heat to be released during the formation of bonds.

0.5 mole
= 68 800 J
(c )
(d) 1.ethanol
2. the freezing point of ethanol is -177
0
C which lower than -100
0
C
PM 2007 (Q10)
ows the data from Experiment I and Experiment II that were carried out to study
the rate or reaction of zinc with two acids, P and Q.

Observation
(iii) relative molecular mass of ethanol
= (12 x 2) + (1 x 6) + 16 = 46
Number of moles ethanol = 2.3/46 =
Heat released = 0.05 x 1376 = 68.8 kJ

S

10. Table 10 sh
Experiment Reaction
I
2.6g of zinc and 50cm
3
of
acid m
-3

Zinc chlori hydrogen
gas
The t the
mixture increases
P 2.0 mol d

ne emperature of
II

2.6
acid Q 2.0 mol dm
Zinc sulphate and
hydrogen gas
Th e
mixture increases
g of zinc and 50cm
3
of
-3

e temperature of th

Table 10
(a) (i) By choosing either Experiment I or Experiment II, state the name
or the acid used. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of
marks]
profile diagram show the:
, H
Activation energy without a catalyst, E
a

catalyst, E
[10 marks]

this acid with zinc. [ 2

(i) Draw an energy positive profile diagram for the reaction in 10(a)(i).On the energy

Heat of the reaction
Activation energy with a
a

Explain the energy profile diagram.


(b) The graph in Diagram 10 shows the results of Experiment I and Experiment II.

Diagram 10

Based on the graph:

average rate of reaction for either Experiment I
or Experiment II. [2 marks]
(ii)
xperiment II before 160s.

(i) Calculate the

Explain the different in the rate of reaction between Experiment I and
E
Used the collision theory in your explanation. [6 marks]


0(a) i. P is hydrochloric acid and Q is sulphuric acid
SO
4
+ H
2

ii.
1. Reaction is an exothermic
2. the reactants contain more energy

1

2HCl + Zn ZnCl
2
+ H
2
or H
2
SO
4
+ Zn Zn

than the products.
in the reactants and in the products.
7. ses the frequency
3. H is the energy difference
4. Heat given out during bond formation is greater than
heat absorbed during bond breaking.
5. Activation energy, E
a
must be overcome in order for
the reaction to take place
6. The use of a catalyst reduces the activation energy
The use of a catalyst increa of effective collisions
(b) (i)
Experiment II: 960/160 = 6 cm s .
(b) (ii)

periment II is greater than Experiment I
2. This is because the acid (H SO ) in Experiment II is a diprotic
II is greater than

Energy

Experiment I: 960/240 = 4 cm
3
s
-1

3 -1

1. The rate of reaction for Ex
2 4
3. The acid (HCl) in Experiment I is a monoprotic / monobasic acid.
4. Diprotic acid has higher concentration of H
+
ion
5. The frequency of collision between H + ion and zinc in Experiment
in Experiment I
6. The frequency of effective collisions in Experiment II is greater (than Experiment I


SPM 2008 (Q6)
al equation for the neutralization reaction between nitric acid and sodium
ydroxide solution is given below.
aNO
3
+ H
2
O , H = -57.3 kJ
(a) state the
[1 mark]
added to sodium hydroxide solution.

[2 marks]
mol dm sodium hydroxide solution.

ergy released in this experiment.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]

ol -1
[2 marks]

The thermochemic
h

HNO
3
+ NaOH N

meaning of heat of neutralization.

(b) based on the given thermochemical equation, state one observation when dilute nitric acid is
Explain your answer

(c ) In an experiment 100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
-3
nitric acid solution was added to 100 cm
3
of 2.0
-3
[specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g
-1

o
C
-1
; Density of solution = 1 g cm
-3
]
Calculate:

(i) the heat en

(ii) the temperature change in this experiment.

(d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide.

[2 marks]

(e) Nitric acid and ethanoic acid both react with sodium hydroxide by a neutralization reaction.

HNO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ H
2
O , H = -57.3 kJ mol -1

CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O , H = -55.2 kJ m

Explain why the heat of neutralization for each reaction is slightly different.


MA
from the neutralization between acid and alkali.
cts with 1 mole of hydroxide ions to form
)
gher
(c )
Energy = 0.2 x 57.3 = 11.46 kJ
i) 0 x 4. 6 C
)
) 1. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and nitric acid is a strong acid
2. energy used to ionize nitric acid is higher than ethanoic acid.
PM 2009 (Q6)
the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of neutralization between nitric acid and
odium hydroxide solution.
RK SCHEME SPM 2008
le of water is formed
/ Heat released when 1 mole of hydrogen ions rea
he reaction is exothermic/heat is released/energy of reactant is hi

(a) Heat change when 1 mo

1 mole of water.
(b observation: the mixture become hot
Explanation: t
than product
(i) no of moles of NaOH = [100 x 2]/1000 = 0.2
released

0
(i [11.46 x 1000]/[20 2] = 13.
(d

(e

S

Diagram 6 shows
s

Diagram 6

energy NaOH + HNO
3

= -50.3 kJ mol
-1
NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
H

Table 6 shows the result of this experiment.
Description Temperature (
o
C)

Initial temperature of nitric acid 30.0
Initial temperature droxide of sodium hy 30.0
Highest temperature of the mixture 36.8

Table 6
(a) What is the meaning of heat of neutrali
[1 mark]
t released during the reaction
-1

o
C
-1
;
[1 mark]

(ii)
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
) Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction.
[3 marks]
nitric acid.
difference of the heat of neutralization.

[3 marks]

zation

(b) Calculate:

(i) The hea
Density of solution = 1 g cm
-3
]

The number of moles of nitric acid reacting.

(iii) The heat of neutralization.

(c

(d) The experiment is repeated using 25 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
of ethanoic acid to replace the
The heat of neutralization using ethanoic acid is 55.0 kJ mol
-1
Explain the

(e) give one reason why a copper container cannot replace the polystyrene cup in this experiment.

[1 mark]


MARK S
cid and alkali.
cts with 1 mole of hydroxide ions to form
)
]/1000
m
428/0.025 mol
-1

)
) 1. the heat of neutralization for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and nitric acid
is higher than the heat of neutralization between ethanoic acid and
2.
3. d to ionize ethanoic acid.
) eleased by the reaction
PM 2010
ws the heat of neutralization of two different monoprotic acid, P and Q, with sodium
ydroxide solution
Reactants Heat of neutralization (kJ mol
-1
)
CHEME SPM 2008
le of water is formed from the neutralization between a
/ Heat released when 1 mole of hydrogen ions rea
f moles of nitric acid = [1.0 x 25
25

(a) Heat change when 1 mo

1 mole of water.
(b (i) Heat released = (25+25) x 4.2 x 6.8 = 1428 J
(ii) number o
= 0.0 ol
(iii) heat of neutralization = 1 = -57.12 kJ

(c

(d
sodium hydroxide..
nitric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a weak acid
heat is used/absorbe

(e copper is a good heat conductor/copper absorbs heat r

S

Table 10 sho
h

Experiment
I
100 cm
3
1.0 mol dm
-3
sodium hydroxide
100 cm 1.0 mol onoprotic acid P
solution
+
3
dm
-3
of m
-55.0
II
100 cm
3
1.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide
100 cm 1.0 mol d onoprotic acid Q
-57.0

-3
solution
+
3
m
-3
of m

(a) (i) Based on the information in T te one example which could be acid P
and one which could be acid Q.
s]

[4 marks]
Table 10

able 10, sta
[2 mark
(ii) Explain why there is a difference in the value of the heat of neutralization.

energy NaOH + HNO
3

NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
H = -58.12 kJ mol
-1

(b) Calculate the change in temperature of the mixture in experiment I.
-1

o
C
-1
]
[4 marks]
(c )
eutralization.
re of the experiment
utralization.
[10 marks]
M
id/ethanoic acid/propanoic acid
Q: hydrochloric acid/nitric acid
completely to form hydrogen ion and
e partially in water
y
letely to form hydrogen ion.
(b) 1. number
2. Mass of the solution = 200 g
e /[200 x 4.2] = 6.5 C
) hyd solution.
2. pour the solution into a plastic/polystyrene cup
ene cup

on
acid P/Q = T
1

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide = T
2

2
]/2 = T
a

x 4.2 x (T
b
T
a
) = X J
H = -X / [0.1 x 1000] = -X/0.1 J mol
-1

By using one of the acid in (a)(i), describe one experiment to determine the heat of
n
Your answer should consist of the following:
Procedu
The method to calculate the heat of ne
ARK SCHEME SPM 2010

(a) (i) P: methanoic ac

(ii) 1. Q is strong acid
2. P is weak acid
3. acid Q dissociate
acid P dissociat
4. some of the heat given out during neutralization is used b
acid P molecules to dissociate comp

of mole acid P = [1.0 x 100]/1000 = 0.1 mol
3. Heat released = 0.1 x 55000 = 5500 J
0
4. Change in temperatur = [5500]

(c 1. Measure 100 cm
3
of sodium roxide 1.0 mol dm
-3

3. record the initial temperature of the solution
4. measure 100 cm
3
of acid P/Q 1.0 mol dm
-3

5. pour the solution into another plastic/polystyr
6. record the initial temperature of the solution
7. pour acid P/Q quickly into the sodium hydroxide soluti
8. stir the mixture
9. record the highest temperature reached

Calculation:

Initial temperature of

Average initial temperature = [T
1
+ T
Highest temperature = T
b

Heat given out = 200


PAPER 3
shows two experiments to determine the heat of neutralization.
eaction between 25 cm of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm
-3
and 25 cm
3
of
CH COOH, 2.0 mol dm
-3
.

SPM 2006

Diagram 1.1

Experiment I
3
R
ethanoic acid,
3

itial temperature of the mixture : .
0
C
ighest temperature of the mixture:
0
C
eaction between 25 cm of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm
-3
and 25 cm
3
of
id, 2.0 mol dm
-3
.
In
H
Change in temperature:
0
C

Experiment II
3
R
hydrochloric ac

itial temperature of the mixture : T
1

0
C
ighest temperature of the mixture: T
2

0
C
Diagram 1.1
(a) Write the initial and the highest tem mixture and change in temperature for
experiment I in Diagram 1.1

[3 marks]
In
H
Change in temperature: T
3

0
C

perature of the


(b) construct a table that can be used to record the data from both experiments.
[3 marks]
(c) State one hypothesis for both experiment
[3 marks]
(d) Based on the temperature in Experiment I, predict the change in temperature in expe
[3 marks]
(e) Why must the initial temperature and the highest temperature be recorded in these ex
?

[3 marks]
(f) how can the value of the change in temperature be obtained ?
[3 marks]
(g) state three observations that you could obtain in experiment I other than the change i
temperature.

2.
constant variable in this experiment.
2.
[3 marks]

riment II.

periment

n

1.

3.

(h) State three

1.

3.


(i) Diagram 1.2 shows the calculation to determine the heat of neutralization for the reaction in
Experiment I and Experiment II.

Based on Diagram 1.2:
onal definition for the heat of neutralization.
[3 marks]

(ii) It was found that the value of y is greater than the value of x.
Explain why.
) The experiment is repeated using the methanoic acid.
The value of the heat of neutralization of these acids are given in Table 1.
or weak acid.
Name of acid Heat of neutralization/kJ mol
-1
Type of acid

Experiment I

Heat released = mc
= 50g x 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
x
0
C
J] / Number of mole of water produced
= mc
= 50g x 4.2 J g
-1

0
C
-1
x T
3

0
C
J] / Number of mole of water produced
Diagram 1.2

= x J

Heat of neutralization = [x k

Experiment II

Heat released

= yJ

Heat of neutralization = [x k

(i) Give the operati

(j

Complete table 1 by classifying the acids as strong acid

Ethanoic acid -50.3
Hydrochloric acid - 57.2
Methanoic acid -50.5

Table 1


MARK SCHEME SPM 2006
= 28
0
C
Suhu tertinggi = 40
0
(b)
Suhu awal/
0
C Suhu tertinggi/
0
C

(a) Suhu awal campuran
C
Perubahan suhu = 12
0
C

I
II

(c) Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan
Asid etanoik, asid hidroklorik// jenis asid // asid kuat, asid lemah
Haba peneutralan // perubahan suhu / kenaikan suhu

Lebih tinggi/ rendah

1 HCl/ asid kuat menghasilkan (haba peneutralan) / (perubahan/ kenaikan suhu) yang
lebih tinggi/ rendah daripada asid etanoik/ lemah atau sebaliknya.
patkan/ menentukan perubahan/ kenaikan/ perbezaan suhu.
awal// suhu
akhir - suhu awal
(g) tirena menjadi panas.
2. bacaan termometer/aras merkuri meningkat.
rutan tanpa warna.
nyap.
(h)
. isipadu (bahan tindak balas) / (asid dan alkali)

(i) n apabila 1 mol air dihasilkan
2. Haba yang dibebaskan apabila satu mol H
+
bertindak balas dengan

Kesan yang berhubung dengan pembolehubah bergerak balas
Arah kesan
2 Jenis asid yang berlainan/ berbeza menghasilkan (haba peneutralan)/ (perubahan/
kenaikan suhu) yang berbeza/ berlainan/ sama.

(d) 12 < 15

(e) Untuk menda

(f) Menolak suhu tertinggi/ akhir dengan suhu awal // suhu tertinggi - suhu

1. Cawan polis
3. Tiada perubahan warna larutan// la
4. bau asid etanoik/ sengit/ cuka hilang/ lesap/ le

1. kepekatan (bahan tindak balas)/ (asid dan alkali)
2
3. bekas// cawan polistirena
4. suhu persekitaran
5. alkali// larutan NaOH
(i) 1. Haba yang dibebaska
satu mol ion OH
-
untuk menghasilkan satu mol air.


(ii) 1. perubahan suhu eksperimen II/ y lebih tinggi.
2. Eks. II menggunakan asid kuat, Eks. I menggunakan asid lemah.
lemah.

(j)
Nama asid Jenis asid
3. HCl adalah asid kuat, CH
3
COOH adalah asid
Asid etanoik lemah
Asid hidroklorik Kuat
Asid metanoik lemah


SPM 2007
shows the apparatus set-up for Experiments I, II, III and IV. The magnification of the
ermometers shows the readings of the initial temperature and the highest or lowest temperature in
ecord the temperature readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.1
th
each experiment.

(a) (i) R


Diagram 1.1

(ii) Construct a table to show all the data in each of these experiments.

(iii) Classify the reactions in these experiment as either exothermic reactions or
endothermic reactions.

Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction



(b) A student repeated Experiment I several times.

(i) State three things that must kept constant in these experiments.
1.
2.
3.

(ii) State the hypothesis for Experiment I.

(c ) Based on Experiment II:

(i) State the temperature change and give two reasons for the change.

Temperature change:

Reason 1:

Reason 2 :

(ii) State the operational definition for the reaction that takes place

(d) The reaction in Experiment III is a neutralization reaction.
Other acids can be substituted for hydrochloric acid.
These acids have the same volume and concentration as the hydrochloric acid in
Experiment III.

1. Sulphuric acid :
0
C
2. nitric acid :
0
C
3. Ethanoic acid :
0
C

(e) Diagram 1.2 shows some observation in Experiment IV.

Diagram 1.2


(i) State three observations shown in Diagram 1.2

1.
2.
3.

(ii) The following chemical equation represents the reaction in Experiment IV.

HCl
(aq)
+ NaHCO
3

(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ CO
2

(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)

Based on the chemical equation, and the answer in 1(e)(i), what inference can be
made from Experiment IV ?

(iii) Sketch a graph to show the change in the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced
against time.

MARK SCHEME SPM 2007

(a) (i) Experiment I: 28.0
o
C 36.0
o
C
Experiment II: 29.0
o
C 25.0
o
C
Experiment III: 27.0
o
C 32.0
o
C
Experiment IV: 30.0
o
C 27.0
o
C

(ii)

Experiment Initial
temperature/
o
C
Highest or lowest
temperature/
o
C
I/1 28 36
II/2 29 25
III/3 27 32
IV/4 30 27

(iii)

I
III

II
IV

(b) (i)
1. volume/mass/mole/weight of water.
(isipadu/jisim/bil. Mol/berat air).
2. polystyrene cup.
(cawan polistirena).
3. thermometer.
(termometer).
4. mass/mole/weight of sodium hydroxide.
(jisim/bil. Mol/berat natrium hidroksida.
5. size of sodium hydroxide.
(saiz natrium hidroksida).
6. size of cup.
(saiz cawan).
7. sodium hydroxide and water
(natrium hidroksida dan air).



(ii) The reaction between sodium hydroxide and water is (an exothermic reaction)/(released
heat/energy)/(an endothermic reaction)/(absorbed heat/energy).// The reaction between sodium
hydroxide and water result in increase/decrease in temperature.//When sodium hydroxide is
dissolved in water (an exothermic reaction occurs)/(heat/energy is released)/(an endothermic
reaction occurs)/(heat/energy is absorbed).
(Tindak bals antara natrium hidroksida dan air adalah( tindak balas eksotermik)/(membebaskan
haba/tenaga)/(tindak balas endotermik)/(menyerap haba/tenaga).//Tindak balas antara natrium
hidroksida dan air menghasilkan peningkatan/penurunan suhu.//Apabila natrium hidroksida larut
dalam air (tindak balas eksotermik berlaku)/(haba/tenaga dibebaskan)/(tindak balas endotermik
berlaku)/(haba/tenaga di serap)).

(iii)
1. Manipulated variable
(Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi)
Mass/moles/weighs of sodium hydroxide// volume/mass/weighs/moles of water.
(Jisim/mol/berat natrium hidroksida // Isipadu/jisim/berat/mol air).
2. Direction of the responding variable
(Arah pemboleh ubah bergerakbalas)
3. Change in temperature increases/decreases/higher/lower.
(Perubahan suhu (meningkat)/(berkurang)/(lebih tinggi/rendah).

When (mass of sodium hydroxide)/(volume of water) increases/decreases the increases/change
in temperature is increase/decreases/higher/lower.
(Apabila (jisim natrium hidroksida)/(isipadu air) bertambah/berkurang,
peningkatan/perubahan suhu(bertambah)/(berkurang)/(lebih tinggi/rendah).

(c ) (i)
1. Heat/energy is absorbed // Endothermic reaction.
(Haba/tenaga diserap) // Tindak balas endotermik.
2. The energy of the products is more than the energy of the reactants.
(Tenaga hasil tindak balas lebih tinggi daripad tenaga bahan tindak balas).
3. The heat/energy absorbed during the bond breaking is greater/(>) than the
heat/energy released during the bond making.
(Haba/tenaga diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan (lebih besar)/(>)
daripada haba/tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan.

(ii) The decrease in temperature shows that endothermic reaction happens where heat/ energy is
absorbed from the surroundings.
(Penurunan suhu menunjukkan tindak balas endotermik berlaku di mana haba/ tenaga
diserap dari persekitaran).

(d) 1. Sulfuric acid: (32 37)
2. Nitric acid: 32
3. Ethanoic acid (28 31)

(e) (i) 1. Final temperature is lower than the initial temperature // The temperature
decreases // Level of mercury decreases // termometer reading decreases.
(Suhu akhir lebih rendah daripada suhu awal // Suhu menurun // Aras raksa
menurun // bacaan termometer menurun
2. Bubbles released // effervescence.
(Gelembung // pembuakan). a: air bubbles/gelembung udara. r:buih
3. The volume of the solution is greater/more/higher/increases. //
Lavel of solution increases.
(Isipadu larutan adalah (lebih tinggi)/(bertambah) // aras larutan bertambah.



(ii) (Endothermic reaction)/(Heat/energy is absorbed) when hydrochloric acid/HCl reacts with
sodium hydrogen carbonate/NaHCO
3
to produce sodium chloride /NaCl, carbon dioxide/ CO
2

and water /H
2
O.
((Tindak balas endotermik)/(Haba/tenaga diserap) apabila asid hidroklorik /HCl bertindak
balas dengan natrium hidrogen karbonat / NaHCO
3
menghasilkan natrium klorida / NaCl,
karbon dioksida /CO
2
dan air /H
2
O.)

(iii)

Volume of
carbon dioxide
gas/cm
3
/dm
3

Time/s/min.


CHAPTER: PERIODIC TABLE and CHEMICAL BOND

SPM 2003

1 Figure 1 shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the empirical formula of
magnesium oxide.

Lid

Magnesium
ribbon
Crucible

Heat

Figure 1
Result:
Mass of crucible + lid = 24.0 g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon = 26.4 g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = 28.0 g

(a) What is meant by empirical formula?

[1 mark]

(b) Based on the above results,

(i) calculate the mass of magnesium and the mass of oxygen that have reacted.

[1 mark]

(ii) calculate the mole ratio of magnesium atoms to oxygen atoms.
[Relative Atomic Mass:O,16; Mg, 24]

[1 mark]

1 | P a g e @ P E R I O D I C & B O N D I N G M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

(iii) determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.

[1 mark]

(iv) write the chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment.

[1 mark]

(c) Why was the crucible lid opened once in a while during the experiment?

(d) Metal X is placed below hydrogen in the reactivity series. You are required to carry out
an
experiment to determine the empirical formula of the oxide of metal X. The apparatus
provided are combustion tube, glass tube, cork, Bunsen burner, and porcelain dish.

(i) Draw a labeled diagram of the set-up of the apparatus for the experiment.
[2 marks]

(ii) Describe the steps that should be taken to ensure that all the air in the combustion
tube has been expelled.

[3 marks]


2 Figure 2 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements.

Figure 2

Based on figure 2, answer the following questions.

(a) What is the element represented by the symbol Fe?

[1 mark]

(b) In Figure 2, mark X in the boxes for all the transition elements.

[1 mark]

(c) State one specific characteristic of transition elements.

[1 mark]

(d) Write the electron configuration for the Mg atom.

[1 mark]

(e) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium and oxygen gas.

[1 mark]



(ii) Briefly state the electron transfer in the bond formation between aluminium and
oxygen.

[2 marks]

(f) Based on the above informations, which gas is more suitable to be used in meteorological
balloons?

Give one reason.

[1 mark]

SPM 2004

1 Figure 1 shows the chemical symbols which represent three elements X, Y and Z.

Figure 1

(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atoms X and Y. [2 marks]

(ii) State the number of neutrons in an atom of element Z and
write the symbol for an isotope of element Z.
[2 marks]

(b) The reaction between atoms of X and Y forms an ionic compound whereas the reaction
between atoms of Y and Z forms a covalent compound.
Based on the above statement, explain how these ionic and covalent compounds are
formed.
[8 marks]

(c ) The ionic compound formed from the reaction between element X and Y is able to
conduct electricity when it is melted or dissolve in water.
Describe how you could prove that this statement is correct. [8 marks]

Helium Gas
light
not reactive
colourless
Hydrogen Gas
light
flammable
colourless

SPM 2005

1 Figure 1 shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
Q,R,T,X and Y do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.

Figure 1

(a) Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Figure 1, answer the
following questions.
You may use the Periodic Table of the Elements at the back.

(i) Choose an element that is a halogen.

[1 mark]

(ii) Which element is monoatomic?

[1 mark]

(iii) Which element forms an amphoteric oxide?

[1 mark]

(b) Arrange Q,R,T,X and Y according to the increase in size of the atoms.

[1 mark]


(c ) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of element Q.

[1 mark]

(d) Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of element Y.

[1 mark]

(e) Why are elements Q and R placed in the same period?

[1 mark]

(f) When a small piece of element T is put into water, TOH solution is formed and
hydrogen gas is released.
State one observation when red litmus paper is put into the solution.

[1 mark]

(g) State the common name of the elements between group 2 and group 13.

[1 mark]

6 (a) Isotops are used for example in medicine, industry, science and archeology.
Choose two of the above examples.
State an isotope and its purpose I ach example that you have chosen.
[4 marks]
(b) Figure 10.1 shows the electron arrangement of a molecule PQ
2
.
These letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.
[4 marks]

Figure 10.1

Based on Figure 10.1, write the electron arrangement for atoms of element P and element
Q.
Explain the position of element Q in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
[6 marks]


(c) Table 10.2 shows the electron arrangement for atoms W, X, and Y.
These letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.

Element Electron arrangement
W 2.4
X 2.8.7
Y 2.8.8.2

Table 10.2

Using the information in Table 10.2, explain how two compounds can be formed from
these elements based on their electron arrangements.
The two compounds should have different bond types.
[10 marks]

SPM 2006

1 (a) (i) What is the concept introduced by Dmitri Mendeleeve to simplify the
idea of atomic mass and the volume of gas?

[1 mark]

(ii) Based on the concept 2(a)(i), what is the chemical symbol used to
represent one water molecule?

[1 mark]

(iii) What is the name of the isotop of an element used as a standard in
determining relative atomic mass?

[1 mark]

(b) (i) Based on the concept in 2(a)(i), what is the mass of 6.0 dm
3
of
carbon dioxide gas,CO
2
, at standard temperature and pressure?
[1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm
3
at standard temperature and pressure;
Relative atomic mass for CO
2
=44]

[2 marks]

(ii) How many molecules are there in 6.0 dm
3
of carbon dioxide gas?
[Avogadros number = 6.02 X 10
23
]

[1 mark]

(iii) Explain briefly the relationship between the volume, mass and the
number of molecules of carbon dioxide in 2(b)(i) and 2(b)(ii) at standard
temperature and pressure.

[3 marks]

2 (a) (i) The electron arrangement for argon is 2.8.8.
Why is the element very stable and not reactive?

[1 mark]

(ii) Name one other element that has the same stability gas argon.

[1 mark]

(b) Atom of both sodium and chlorine are unstable.
They react to form an ionic compound which is more stable.
Diagram 3.1 shows a sodium chloride compound, NaCl, that is produced by the
formation of an ionic bond between a sodium ion, Na
+
, and a chloride ion, Cl
-
.

Diagram 3.1

(i) How are sodium ion and chloride ion formed from their respective atoms?

Sodium ion : ..

Chloride ion:.

[2 marks]


(ii) Name the force that exists between these ions in the compound.

[1 mark]

(iii) The melting point of sodium chloride, NaCl, is 801
0
C and its boiling points
is 1413
0
C. What will happen to the ions in this compound at 900
0
C ?

[1 mark]

(iii) Give one reason for your answer in 3(b)(iii).

[1 mark]

(c) (i) The electron arrangement for argon is 2.8.8.
Why is this element very stable and not reactive?

[1 mark ]

(ii) Name one other element that has the same stability as argon.

[1 mark ]


(d) Diagram 3.2 shows the proton number and nucleon number for two elements, X and Y.
The letters used do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

Diagram 3.2

Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed between elements X and Y.

[3 marks]

3 Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show the diagrams of the electron arrangement for atoms of two
elements from group 17 in the Periodic Table of Elements.

(a) Based on Diagram 8.1:

(i) Write the electron arrangement for the atom of the element and name
the element.
[2 marks]

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between this element and
sodium hydroxide.
[2 marks]

(b) Compare the attractive force between the nuclei and the valance electrons in
the atoms in Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 and relate this to their respective reactivity.
[6 marks]


(c) Another element in Group 17 is a black coloured solid.
Predict the reactivity of this element I its reaction with sodium hydroxide
compared to that of the element in Diagram 8.2.
[1 mark]

(d) Diagram 8.3 shows the set up of the apparatus to investigate the reaction of an element
from Group 17 with iron metal.

Diagram 8.3

(i) State two precautions that must be taken while carrying out the experiment.
[2 marks]

(ii) Describe and write the chemical equations for the reaction that occur in Part G
and Part H.
[6 marks]



CHAPTER 6 : ELECTROCHEMISTRY

PAPER 1 - OBJECTIVES QUESTION

1. Which of the following substances is an electrolyte?
Antara bahan berikut yang manakah elektrolit
A. Glucose
glukosa
B. Ethanol
etanol
C. Acetamide
acetamida
D. Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
SPM 2007 NO 8

2. Diagram 5 shows a type of chemical cell
Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu jenis sel kimia.

3. Which of the following is true about the chemical cell?
Antara yang berikut , yang manakah benar tentang sel kimia itu?

A. The cell is not rechargeable
Sel ini tidak boleh dicas semula
B. The electrolyte used is nitric acid
Elektrolit yang digunakan ialah asid nitrik
C. An oxidation reaction occurs at the negative terminal
Tindak balas pengoksidaan berlaku di terminal negatif
D. The lead plate that is plated with lead (IV) oxide is the negative terminal of the cell
Plat plumbum yang disalut dengan plumbum(IV) oksida ialah terminal negative sel.
SPM 2007 NO 16

1 | P a g e @ E L E C T R O C H E M I S T R Y M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2


4. Diagram 8 shows the apparatus set-up of a chemical cell used to light up a bulb
Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan alat radas bagi satu sel kimia yang digunakan untuk
menyalakan sebuah mentol.

What substance can be used as Q and S to obtained the brightest light?
Apakah bahan yang boleh digunakan sebagai Q dan S untuk mendapatkan nyalaan yang paling
terang?

Q S
A Magnesium /magnesium Magnesium chloride/Magnesium klorida
B Aluminium /aluminium Aluminium nitrate/Aluminium nitrat
C Iron /ferum Iron (II) sulphate/Ferum(II) sulfat
D Zinc/Zink Zinc chloride/zink klorida

SPM 2007 NO 27



5. Table 1 shows the results for displacement reaction to determine the Electrochemical Series.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan tindak balas penyesaran bagi menentukan Siri
Elektrokimia.

6. Which of the following is the correct position of the metals, in ascending order of the
tendency of the metals to form ions?
Antara yang berikut , yang manakah kedudukan betul dalam tertib menaik bagi logam-logam
itu dalam kecenderungannya membentuk ion?

A. W, Z,Y,X
B. W,Y,Z,X
C. X,Z,Y,W
D. X,Y,W,Z
SPM 2007 NO 28

7. A student has an iron ring. He wants to make the ring more beautiful and durable to give his
friend as a present. What is the best way to do it?
Seorang murid mempunyai sebentuk cincin besi. Dia ingin menjadikan cincin itu lebih
cantik dan tahan lama untuk dihadiahkan kepada rakannya. Apakah langkah yang paling
baik dilakukan?

A. Dip the ring in acid
Mencelup cincin dalam asid
B. Wash the ring with detergent
Mencuci cincin dengan detergen
C. Plate the ring with silver
Menyadur cincin dengan argentum
D. Brush the ring with glossy material
Memberus cincin dengan bahan pengilat
SPM 2007 NO 46



8. Diagram 15 shows an apparatus set-up for a chemical cell prepared by a teacher.
Rajah 15 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel kimia yang disediakan untuk seorang guru.

The teacher asked one student to modify the chemical cell so that the voltmeter would give a
higher reading. What modification should the student make?
Guru itu meminta seorang murid mengubahsuai sel kimia itu supaya voltmeter memberikan
bacaan yang lebih tinggi. Apakah pengubahsuaian yang perlu dilakukan oleh murid itu?

A. Reduce the distance between the two metal plates
Kurangkan jarak antara dua kepingan logam
B. Use a wider metal plates
Gunakan kepingan logam yang lebih lebar
C. Substitute the zinc with aluminium
Gantikan zink dengan aluminium
D. Use aluminium sulphate solution as the electrolyte
Gunakan larutan aluminium sulfat sebagai elektrolit
SPM 2007 NO 47

9. Which of the following is true about electrolytes?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang elektrolit?

A. Elements that conduct electricity in molten state
Unsur yang mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan leburan
B. Compounds that conduct electricity in solid state
Sebatian yang mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal
C. Elements that conduct electricity in solid or molten state
Unsur yang mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal atau leburan
D. Compounds that conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous solution
Sebatian yang mengkonduksikan arus elektrik dalam keadaan leburan atau larutan
akuas.
SPM 2006 NO 9

10. Diagram 7 shows four chemical cells using the electrode pairs P-S,P-R,Q-S, and Q-R. Find
the voltage value of cell IV?
Rajah 7 menunjukkan empat sel kimia menggunakan pasangan elektrod P-S, P-R,Q-S, dan
Q-R. Carikan nilai voltan sel IV.

A. 0.32V B. 0.71 V
C. 0.39V D. 0.90V



SPM 2006 NO 25

11. Diagram 8 shows the set up of the apparatus for the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate
solution.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi elektrolisis kuprum (II) sulfat.

The intensity of the blue colour of copper (II) sulphate is decreasing
Which of the following explains the observation?
Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum (II) sulfat didapati berkurang . Antara yang
berikut ,yang manakah menerangkan pemerhatian itu?



A. OH
-
ion is discharged at the anode
Ion OH
-
dinyahcas di anod
B. H
+
ion is discharged at the cathode
Ion H
+
dinyahcas di katod
C. SO
4
2-
ion is discharged at the anode
Ion SO
4
2-
dinyahcas di anod
D. Cu
2+
ion is discharged at the cathode
Ion Cu
2+
dinyahcas di katod
SPM 2006 NO 26

12. Diagram 13 shows the set up of the apparatus to plate an iron spoon with silver
Rajah 13 menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk menyadur sudu besi dengan argentum

After 30 minutes it was found that no plating take place on the iron spoon.
What should be done?
Selepas 30 minit didapati tiada penyaduran berlaku pada sudu besi. Apakah yang perlu
dilakukan?

A. Increase the cell voltage
Menambahkan voltan sel
B. Interchange the terminals in the cell
Saling tukar terminal pada sel
C. Rub the iron spoon with sand paper
Menggosok sudu besi dengan kertas pasir
D. Use iron(II) sulphate solution as the electrolyte
Menggunakan larutan ferum(II) sulfat sebagai elektrolit
SPM 2006 NO 39



13. Diagram 15 shows the set up of the apparatus to build a chemical cell
Rajah 15 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyadur sudu besi dengan argentum

It was found that there is no deflection on the voltmeter needle.
What should be done to make sure that the voltmeter needle deflects?
Didapati tiada pesongan pada jarum voltmeter. Apakah perlu dilakukan untuk memastikan
jarum voltmeter terpesong?

A. Add water into the glacial ethanoic acid
Tambahkan air ke dalam asid etanoik glasial
B. Add dry cells in series in the circuit
Tambahkan sel kering secara bersiri ke dalam litar
C. Substitute the zinc electrode with an aluminium electrode
Gantikan elektrod zink dengan elektrod aluminium
D. Substitute the magnesium electrode with an iron electrode
Gantikan elektrod magnesium dengan elektrod ferum
SPM 2006 NO 48

14. Which of the following is an electrolyte?
Antara berikut yang manakah elektrolit?

A. Acetamide
asetamida
B. Aluminium
aluminium
C. Ethyl propanoate
Etil propanoat
D. Lead (II) bromide
Plumbum (II) bromida
SPM 2005 NO 4



15. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus of a chemical cell
Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas satu sel kimia.

Which of the following happens in the chemical cell?
Antara berikut yang manakah berlaku dalam sel kimia itu?

A. The iron rod becomes thicker
Rod ferum menjadi lebih tebal
B. The copper rod becomes thinner
Rod kuprom menjadi lebih nipis
C. The intensity of the blue colour of copper (II) sulphate solution decreases
Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum (II) sulfat berkurang
D. The colour of the solution in the Beaker 1 changes from green to brown.
Warna larutan dalam bikar 1 berubah daripada hijau ke perang.
SPM 2005 NO 27



16. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus of a simple chemical cell.
The reading on the voltmeter is 0.3 V
Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu sel kimia ringkas. Bacaan voltmeter ialah
0.3 V.

Which of the following will increase the reading on the voltmeter?
Antara kaedah berikut yang manakah dapat menambahkan bacaan voltmeter?

I Increase the volume of iron(II) sulphate solution
Tambahkan isipadu larutan ferum(II) sulfat
II Substitute the iron plate with a silver plate
Gantikan kepingan ferum dengan kepingan argentums
III Use a more dilute iron (II) sulphate solution
Gunakan larutan ferum(II) sulfat yang lebih cair
IV Substitute the zinc plate with a magnesium plate
Gantikan kepingan zink dengan kepingan magnesium
A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
B I and III only
I dan III sahaja
C II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
D II, III and IV only
II,III dan IV sahaja
SPM 2005 NO 42



17. The diagram shows four simple chemical cells.
Rajah menunjukkan empat sel kimia ringkas

In which cell does iron act as the negative terminal?
Dalam sel yang manakah ferum bertindak sebagai terminal negative?

A Cell I
Sel I
B Cell II
Sel II
C Cell III
Sel III
D Cell IV
Sel IV
SPM 2005 NO 43

18. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for electrolysis
Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan dalam proses elektrolisis

Which of the following compounds could be used as an electrolyte?
Antara sebatian berikut yang manakah boleh digunakan sebagai elektrolit?

A Ethanol C Ethyl ethanoate
Etanol etil etanoat
B Kerosene D Ethanoic acid
Kerosin asid etanoik
SPM 2004 NO 3


19. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus used to electroplate an iron key with copper.
Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menyadur kunci besi dengan
kuprum.

What is observed at the anode and cathode after 30 minutes?
Apakah yang diperhatikan di anod dan katod selepas 30 minit?

Anode /anod Cathode /katod
A Brown deposits formed
Enapan perang terbentuk
Copper foil becomes thicker
Kepingan kuprum menjadi tebal
B Copper foil becomes
Thinner
Kepingan kuprum menjadi nipis
Brown deposits formed
C Brown deposits formed
Gas bubbles released
Gelembung gas terbentuk
D Copper foil becomes thinner
Kepingan kuprum menjadi nipis
Gas bubbles released
Gelembung gas terbentuk
SPM 2004 NO 26

20. The table shows the results of a reaction between halogen and halide solution to determine
the reactivity of the halogen
Jadual menunjukkan keputusan tindak balas antara halogen dengan larutan halide untuk
menentukan kereaktifan halogen.

Halogen
Halide solution
Chlorine /klorin Bromine /bromin Iodine /iodin
Potassium bromide
Kalium bromida
Reaction occurs
Tindak balas berlaku
No reaction
Tiada tindak balas
Potassium iodide
Kalium iodida
Reaction occurs
Reaction occurs

The reactivity series of halogens in descending order is
Susunan kereaktifan halogen mengikut tertib menurun ialah

A bromine,chlorine,iodine
bromine, klorin, iodine
B chlorine, bromine,iodine
klorin, bromine, iodine
C iodine, bromine, chlorine
iodine, bromine, klorin
D iodine, chlorine, bromine
iodine, klorin, bromine
SPM 2004 NO 29


21. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus of a simple chemical cell
Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas sel kimia ringkas

What are metals X and Y?
Apakah logam X dan Y?

Metal X
Logam X
Metal Y
Logam Y
A Aluminium Magnesium
B Lead /plumbum Aluminium /aluminium
C Aluminium /aluminium Copper /kuprum
D Lead /plumbum Zinc /zink
SPM 2004 NO 39

22. The table shows information about three simple cells.
Jadual menunjukkan maklumat mengenai tiga sel kimia ringkas

Pair of metals
Pasangan logam
Potential difference/V
Beza keupayaan/V
Metal at negative terminal
Logam di terminal negatif
X and Copper
X dan Kuprum
Y and Copper
Y dan kuprum
Z and Copper
Z dan kuprum
0.45

1.30

0.56
X

Y

Cu

What is the potential difference of the pair of metals Y and Z?
Apakah nilai beza keupayaan bagi pasangan logam Y dan logam Z ?

A 0.85
B 1.01
C 1.86
D 2.31
SPM 2004 NO 50




Diagram 7
23. Diagram 7 shows the set up of apparatus for the electrolysis of ferrum(II) sulphate
solution.
What is formed at carbon electrode X?
Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi elektrolisis larutan ferum (II) sulfat .
Apakah yang terbentuk pada elektrod X?

A Ferrum C Sulphur dioxide
ferum Sulfur dioksida
B Oxygen D Hydrogen gas
oksigen Gas hidrogen
SPM 2003 NO 25
24. Table 3 shows the result of an experiment for three chemical cells.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen bagi tiga sel kimia.

Chemical cell
Sel kimia
Metal pairs
Pasangan logam
Negative terminal
Terminal negatif
Cell voltage/V
Sel voltan/V
X

Y

Z
P and R
P dan R
R and S
R dan S
Q and R
Q dan R
R

S

R
1.9

0.8

0.3
Table 3/Jadual 3

Which of the following can be deduced from table 1
Antara yang berikut boleh disimpulkan daripada Jadual 1

I The cell voltage is 1.6V when P and Q are used as electrodes
Voltan sel ialh 1.6 V apabila P dan Q digunakan sebagi elektrod
II The cell voltage is 1.1V when P and S are used as electrodes
Voltan sel ialah 1.1 V apabila P dan S digunakan sebagi elektrod
III Electrons flow from terminal Q to terminal S in the metal pair Q and S
Electron mengalir dari terminal Q ke terminal S bagi pasagan logam Q dan S
IV P functions as a positive terminal when it is paired with Q,R,or S in a cell
P berfungsi sebagai terminal positif apabila dipasangkan dengan Q,R, dan S
dalam sel

A I and IV only
B II and III only
C I ,II and III only
D I, II, III and IV SPM 2003 N0 33

STRUCTURED QUESTION PAPER 2

Question 1:

Table 6 shows the description and observation for two experiments , I and II.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan penerangan dan pemerhatian bagi dua eksperimen I dan II.

Experiment Description /penerangan Observation /pemerhatian
I
Electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm
-3
sodium
sulphate solution using carbon
electrodes
Elektrolisis larutan natrium sulfat
1 mol dm
-3
dengan menggunakan
elektrod karbon
Gas bubbles are released at the anode and
cathode
Gelembung gas terbebas di anod dan di
katod
II
Combustion of 1.2 g magnesium
powder in excess oxygen
Pembakaran 1.2 g serbuk magnesium
dalam oksigen berlebihan
Glaring white flame is seen and white
powder is formed
Nyalaan putih berkilau dan serbuk putih
dihasilkan
Table 6

Based on Experiment I :
Berdasarkan Eksperimen I:

Draw the set up of the apparatus to carry out this experiment .
In your diagram show how the products at the anode and cathode are collected.
Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini. Dalam rajah anda
tunjukkan bagaimana hasil di katod dan di anod dikumpulkan.

[3 marks]
State how you would verify that the gas released at the cathode is hydrogen
Nyatakan bagaimana anda mengesahkan bahawa gas yang terbebas di katod adalah hydrogen.

Method Insert a lighted wooden splinter into a test tube
Observation- A pop sound is heard
[1 marks]

Explain how hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode
Terangkan bagaimana gas hydrogen dihasilkan di katod

Hydrogen ion will attracted at the cathode
And disharged to form hydrogen atom
Two hydrogen atom combine to form hydrogen molecules [3 marks]

Based on Experiment II :
Berdasarkan Eksperimen II:
The white powder formed is magnesium oxide
Serbuk putih yang dihasilkan ialah magnesium oksida.



Write the formula for Magnesium oxide. Write the chemical equation for the reaction that takes
place.
Tuliskan formula magnesium oksida. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

MgO
2Mg + O
2
2MgO
[1 mark]
State the oxidation number for each of the elements in magnesium oxide
Nyatakan nombor pengoksidaan bagi setiap unsure dalam sebatian magnesium oksida

Magnesium = +2
Oxygen = -2 [2 marks]

SPM 2005 No 6

Question 2:

Diagram 3 shows the set up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of dilute copper(II)
sulphate solution.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan kuprum (II) sulfat cair.

Diagram 3/Rajah 3

(a) (i) What is meant by cation?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kation ?

Positively charged ion
[1 mark]

(ii) What is the energy change that occurs in the electrolysis process?
Apakah perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam proses elektrolisis itu ?

Electrical to chemical
[1 mark]



(b) In the electrolysis of dilute copper (II) sulphate solution:
Didalam proses elektrolisis larutan kuprum (II) sulfat cair:

(i) State all the ions in the electrolyte?
Nyatakan semua ion didalam elektrolit itu.

Copper (II) ion, sulphate ion, hidrogen ion, hydroxide ion
[1 mark]

(ii) In the table below, write the ions in b(i) which moved to electrodes X and Y.
Dalam jadual dibawah, tuliskan ion-ion yang bergerak ke elektrod X dan
elektrod Y

Electrode X- anode
Elektrod X-anod
Electrode Y cathode
Elektrod Y -katod

Hydroxide ion
Ion hidroksida
Sulphate ion
Ion sulfat

Hydrogen ion
Ion hydrogen
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum
[1 mark]

(ii) What are the processes that occur at electrodes X and Y?
Apakah proses yang berlaku pada elektrod X dan Y?

Electrode X : OXIDATION (release electron) anode
Electrode Y : REDUCTION (receive electron) cathode
[1 mark]

(iii) What would you observe at electrode Y?
Apakah yang akan anda perhatikan di elektrod Y ?

Brown solid is deposited
[1mark]

(iv) What is the colour of the electrolyte?
Apakah perubahan warna pada elektrolit itu ?

Blue [1mark]

(c) (i) Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode X.
Namakan gas yang terkumpul di dalam tabung uji
dielektrod X.

Oxygen [1 mark]



(ii) The volume of gas collected at electrode X is 20.0 cm
3
.
Isipadu gas yang terkumpul di elektrod X ialah 20.0 cm
3

How many moles of the gas were collected?
Use the information that 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 24.0 dm3 at room
temperature and pressure.
Berapakah bilangan mol gas yang terkumpul ?
Gunakan maklumat 1 mol menempati 24. 0 dm
3
ruang pada suhu dan tekanan
bilik.

20/24000= 0.00083 mol
[1 mark]

(iii) Based on the answer in c(ii) what is the number of gas molecules collected /
Use the information that the Avogadro number is 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1

Berdasarkan jawapan pada ( c ) (ii), berapakah bilangan molekul gas yang
dikumpul ?
Gunakan maklumat nombor Avogadro 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
.

= 0.00083 x 6.02 x 10
23

= 4.99 x 10
20
molecules
[1 mark]

SPM 2004 NO 3



PAPER 3

A pupil wanted to construct the electrochemical series. He measured the potential difference of a
few pairs of metals.
The set up of the apparatus of his experiment is shown in Diagram 2.1
Seorang murid ingin membina Siri Elektrokimia.
Dia mengukur perbezaan voltan beberapa pasangan logam
Susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.1.

Diagram 2.1

Diagram 2.2 shows the results obtained from the experiment after 30 minutes.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh setelah eksperimen dijalankan
selama 30 minit
.
Diagram 2.2

Describe the change that you would see in the copper (II) sulphate solution during the experiment
Jelaskan perubahan yang anda perhatikan pada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat semasa eksperimen itu.

The blue colour of copper (II) sulphate solution fades.//the intensity of blue becomes
decreases//blue solution becomes light blue//the density of the blue colour is reduced
[3 marks]



The pupil repeated the experiment by substituting the zinc metal with iron, magnesium and lead.
Each time he used copper metal as the negative electrode and fresh copper(II) sulphate solution.
The following table shows the voltmeter readingshe obtained from the pairs of metals.
Murid itu mengulang eksperimen dengan menggantikan logam zink dengan logam ferum ,
magnesium, dan plumbum.
Pada setiap eksperimen dia menggunakan logam kuprum sebagai elektrod negative dan larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat yang baru.

The following table shows the voltmeter readingshe obtained from the pairs of metals.
Jadual berikut menunjukkan bacaan voltan yang diperoleh daripada pasangan pasangan logam
itu.

Experiment Pairs of metal/pasangan logam Reading of voltmeter/V
Eksperimen Negative electrode
Elektrod negatif
Positive electrode
Elektrod positif
Bacaan voltmeter/V
I Zinc /zink Copper /kuprum 1.10
II Iron /ferum Copper/kuprum 0.78
III Magnesium / Magnesium Copper/kuprum 2.72
IV Lead /plumbum Copper/kuprum 0.45

Based on the above information, complete the following table.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, lengkapkan jadual berikut.

Manipulated variable:
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan:

The metal as negative terminal

Method to manipulated the variable:
Cara memanipulasikan pembolehubah:

Replacing the negative terminal with different
metals

Responding variable:
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas:

Voltmeter reading//needles deflection/voltage
How the variable is responding:
Bagaimana pembolehubah ini bergerakbalas:

The voltmeter reading change/
increases/decreases/different //needles
deflection//voltage changes
Controlled variable:
Pembolehubah dimalarkan;

Copper(II) sulphate/electrolyte//positive
electrode//Volume and concentration of
copper(II) sulphate solution //copper metal
//same voltmeter
Method to maintain the controlled variable:
Cara menetapkan pembolehubah dimalarkan:

-Use copper(II) sulphate solution of the same
volume and concentration for every
experiment//
-Use the copper plate as the posive electrode//
Maintain the electrolyte

[6 marks]



State the hypothesis for this experiment
Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

The further apart the position of the pair of metals in The Electrochewmical Series,the higher
/bigger/greater/ the voltage value/the reading of voltmeter .

[3 marks]

SPM 2005 PAPER 3 NO 2

ESSAY QUESTION

PAPER 3

SPM 2007

Diagram 2 shows several electrochemical cells with different voltages.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa jenis sel elektrokimia yang mempunyai voltan yang berlainan.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

Identify the factor that influences the differences in the voltage
Plan a laboratory experiment to construct an electrochemical cell to determine one factor that
influences the differences in the voltage
Kenal pasti factor yang mempengaruhi perbezaan voltan tersebut.
Rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk membina satu sel elektrokimia bagi menentukan
satu factor yang mempengaruhi perbezaan voltan.



Your planning should include the following:
Perancangan anda hendaklah hendaklah mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut:

I. Statement of the problem
Pernyataan masalah

II. All the variables
Semua pembolehubah

III. Hypothesis
Hipotesis

IV. List of materials and apparatus
Senarai bahan dan radas

V. Procedure
Prosedur

VI. Tabulation of data
Penjadualan data
SPM 2007 PAPER 3 NO 2



MARK SCHEME

Problem statements
How does the position between two metals in the Electrochemical Series affect the voltage?

Variables:
Manipulated : pairs of metals
Responding: voltage//voltmeter reading// potential difference
Constant : electrolyte//the metal as the positive or negative terminal/concentration of the
electrolyte

Hypothesis:
The further the distance of the pair of metals in The Electrochemical Series, the voltage becomes
greater

Materials:
Aluminium,zinc,copper,copper(II) sulphate solution,
Apparatus:
voltmeter, beaker, connecting wires, sand paper

Procedure :
1. Filled Copper (II) sulphate solution into a beaker .
2. Cleaned the metals strip with sand paper
3. Dipped aluminium into the solution and connect it to the voltmeter.
4. Connect the metals to the voltmeter
5. Record the voltmeter readings.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 by substituting aluminium with zinc.

Table:
Pairs of metals Voltage (V)
Aluminium and copper
Zinc and copper



ESSAY QUESTION

SPM 2003

SECTION C NO. 3

(a) Lime juice was electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
Jus limau dielektrolisiskan dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon.

What is produced at the cathode?
Write half equation for the reaction.
Apakah yang terhasil di katod?
Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas itu.
[2marks]

(b) Diagram 6 shows two types of cell
Rajah 6 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.

Compare and contrast cell P and cell Q. Include in your answer the observation and half
equation for the reactions of the electrodes in both cells.
Banding dan bezakan sel P dan Q. Sertakan dalam jawapan anda pemerhatian setengah
persamaan bagi tindak balas pada elektrod dalam kedua-dua sel.
[8 marks]

(c) A student intends to electroplate an iron key with a suitable metal to beutify it.
Design a laboratory experiment to electroplate the iron key.
Seorang pelajar ingin menyadur elektrik kunci besi dengan satu logam yang sesuai
supaya kelihatan cantik. Reka bentuk satu eksperimen di makmal untuk menyadur
elektrik kunci besi.

Your answer should consist of the following:
Jawapan anda hendaklah mengandungi yang berikut:

Chemicals required
Bahan kimia yang diperlukan


Procedures of the experiment
Prosedur menjalankan eksperimen

Diagram showing the set up of apparatus
Rajah susunan radas yang digunakan.

Chemical equation involved in the reaction
Persamaan kimia yang terlibat dalam tindak balas

Observation
pemerhatian

[10 marks]

QUESTION 2 ANSWER:

a) the product at cathode is hydrogen gas
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

b)

Properties Cell P Cell Q
1.type of cell Electrolysis cell Voltaic cell
2. energy change Electrical to chemical Chemical to electrical
3. electrodes Anode- copper
Cathode-copper
Anode copper
Cathode - zinc
4. free ions available in
electrolyte
Cu
2+
,SO
4
2-
,H
+
, OH
-
Cu
2+
,SO
4
2-
,H
+
, OH
-

5. half equation at anode Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
6. half equation at cathode Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
7. observation at anode Copper plate becomes thicker Copper plate becomes thicker
8. observation at cathode Copper plate becomes thinner Copper plate becomes thinner

( c ) Electroplating of iron key with silver.

Materials :
Iron key, silver plate, silver nitrate solution ( 0.5 mol dm-3 ), sandpaper.
Apparatus :
Battery, connecting wires, beaker, ammeter, rheostat.
Procedure :
1. The iron key was polish with sandpaper.
2. The iron key was then connected to the negative terminal of the battery while the silver
plate was connected to the positive terminal of the battery and both are immersed into
the silver nitrate solution.
3. A 0.5 A current was flown across for 30minutes.
4. The iron key was rotated slowly when the experiment was conducted.



Half equation at anode : Ag Ag
+
+ e
Half equation at cathode : Ag
+
+ e Ag
Observations :
Anode : The silver plate becomes thinner.
Cathode : The iron key was coated with a layer of silver.


2003-2010

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY AND CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS
BAHAN BUATAN DALAM INDUSTRI DAN BAHAN KIMIA UNTUK PENGGUNA

1 | P a g e @ M A N U F A C T U R E D A N D C H E M I C A L F O R C O N S U M E R
M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

2 | P a g e @
M O D U L

1. T
B

2. D
R

W
Ap

@ M A N U F A
L E J U J 2 0
The body of th
Badan kapal te

What is all
Apakah alo

A. Pe
Pi
B. Br
Lo
C. Br
Ga
D. Du

Diagram 2 sho
Rajah 2 menu

What is the sub
pakah bahan

A
B
C
D
A C T U R E D
0 1 2
he aeroplane s
erbang yang d

loy X?
oi X ?
ewter
iuter
rass
oyang
ronze
angsa
uralumin
ows porcelain
njukkan pasu
bstance and th
dan kompon
Substance
Bahan
Glass
Kaca
Ceramic
Seramik
Polymer
Polimer
Alloy
Aloi
D A N D C H
shown in Dia
ditunjukkan d
n pots.
u porselin.

he major com
en utama unt
M
K
A
A
F
Diagram
Rajah 1
D
H E M I C A L
agram 1 is ma
dalam Rajah
mponent used
tuk membuat
Major compon
Komponen uta
Cupronicke
Kupronike
Aluminium sil
Aluminium sil
Silicon dioxi
Silikon dioks
Iron(III) oxi
Ferum(II) oks
m 1
1
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
F O R C O N
ade of alloy X
1 di bina da

in the making
pasu porselin
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ama
el
el
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likat
ide
sida
ide
sida
N S U M E R
X.
rpada aloi X
g of porcelain
n
n pots?
3. Kaolin is used to make porcelain .A substance is added to kaolin to harden it.
Kaolin digunakan untuk membuat porselin.Satu bahan ditambah kepada kaolin untuk
menambahkan kekerasannya

A. Silicone
Silikon
B. Feldspar
Feldspar
C. Sodium oxide
Natrium oksida
D. Calcium carbonate
Kalsium karbonat

4. The body of an aeroplane is made of duralumin. What is the main metal in duralumin?
Badan kapal terbang dibuat daripada duralumin. Apakah logam utama dalam duralumin?

A. Iron
Besi
B. Copper
Kuprum
C. Aluminium
Aluminium
D. Magnesium
Magnesium

5. Why is ceramic used for the wall of a nuclear ?
Mengapakah seramik digunakan sebagai dinding reaktor nuclear

A. Ceramic is very hard
Seramik sangat keras
B. Ceramic is malleable
Seramik mudah dibentuk
C. Ceramic is inert towards chemicals
Seramik lengai terhadap bahan kimia
D. Ceramic can withsatand high temperature
Seramik tahan suhu tinggi

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

6. The diagram shows the stages in the production of sulphuric acid using the Contact process.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan peringkat-peringkat dalam pembuatan asid sulfuric menggunakan
Proses Sentuh

Sulphur sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide oleum sulphuric acid
Sulfur sulfur dioksida sulphur trioksida oleum asid sulfurik

What is substance X ?
Apakah bahan X?

A. Water
ur
en
ide
Air
B. Sulph
Sulfur
C. Oxyg
Oksigen
D. Sulphur diox
Sulfur dioksida

7. he pictures show two hibiscus plants in soil with different amount of fertility.
Gambar menunjukkan dua pokok bunga raya dalam tanah yang berbeza tahap kesuburannya.

Which of the following combinations of substances can be used to increase the fertility of the soil
of plant P?
Antara kombinasi bahan berikut,yang manakah boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan kesuburan
tanan bagi pokok P?

Substance I
Bahan I
Substance II
Bahan II
Substance III
Bahan III
Substance IV
Bahan IV
A (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
NH
4
NO
3
CH
3
COONa PbCl
2
B PbSO
4
BaSO
4
CH
3
COONa PbCl
2
C CH
3
COONa PbCl
2
NaNO
3
K
2
SO
4
D (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
NH
4
NO
3
NaNO
3
K
2
SO
4

8. Which medicine can relieve a headache?
Apakah Ubat yang boleh menlegakan sakit kepala ?

A. Aspirin
B. Cortisone
C. Barbiturate
D. Streptomycin
O
2

O
2

Concentrated Sulphuric
acid
Asid sulfurik pekat
Substance X
Bahan X
9. Which of the following is true about soap or detergent ?
Antara berikut yang manakah benar tentang sabun atau detergen?

A. Detergent forms scum in hard water
Detergen membentuk kekat dengan air liat
B. Soap forms scum in soft water
Sabun membentuk kekat dengan air lembut
C. Scum decreases the effectiveness of the cleansing sction of a soap
Kekat mengurangkan keberkesanan tindakan pencucian sabun
D. The presence of magnesium ions in detergent forms scum.
Kehadiran ion magnesium dalam detergen menghasilkan kekat

10. Diagram 3 shows the effect of a weight that is dropped onto a composite substance and its
original component
Rajah 3 menunjukkan kesan satu beban yang dijatuhkan ke atas bahan komposit dan komponen
asalnya

What is the characteristics of the composite substance?
Apakah sifat yang dimiliki oleh bahan komposit itu?
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
A. Strong and hard
Kuat dan keras
B. Strong and elastic
Kuat dan kenyal
C. Hard and durable
Keras dan mulur
D. Elastic and ductile
Kenyal dan mulur

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

11. A decorative glassware maker encountered problem on his products which are fragile.He needs
another material which is transparent but not fragile to replace glass.
What is the most suitable material?

Seorang pembuat barang hiasan kaca menghadapi masalah bahan keluarannya mudah
pecah.Dia memerlukan satu bahan lain yang bersifat lusinar tetapi tidak mudah pecah untuk
menggantkan kaca.
Apakah bahan yang paling sesuai ?

A. Polyethene
Polietena
B. Polypropene
Polipropena
C. Polychloroethane
Polikloroetena
D. Polymethylmethacrylate
E. Polimetilmetakrilat

12. The joint of a students leg is swollen and painful.What medicine is suitable to be given
to the student?
Sendi kaki seorang murid bengkak dan berasa sakit.Apakah ubat yang sesuai diberikan
kepada murid itu?

A. Insulin
Insulin
B. Penicillin
Penisilin
C. Barbiturate
Barbiturat
D. Paracetamol
Parasetamol

13. Which of the following is not the function of food additives?
Antara yang berikut ,yang manakah bukan suatu fungsi bahan tambah makanan ?

A. Improving the taste
Memperbaiki rasa.
B. Adding nutritional value
Menambah nilai nutrien
C. Keeping the food fresher
Mengekalkan kesegaran makanan
D. Ensuring nutritional balance
Memastikan keseimbangan nutrient

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

14. Which composite material contains a mixture of cement and steel?
Antara bahan komposit berikut yang manakah mengandungi campuran simen dan keluli?

A. Fibre glass
Kaca gentian
B. Superconductor
Superkonduktor
C. Reinforced concrete
Konkrit diperkukuhkan
D. Photochromic glass
Kaca fotokromik

15. Diagram 4 shows the structural formula of a sunstance.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi suatu bahan

What is the substance?
Apakah bahan tersebut?

Diagram 4
Rajah 4
A. Soap
Sabun
B. Detergent
Detergen
C. Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
D. Carboxylic acid
Asid karboksilik

16. Which substance is used as a food preservative?
Bahan manakah yang digunakan sebagai pengawet makanan?
A. Sodium nitrite
Natrium nitrit
B. Azo compounds
Sebatian azo
C. Ascorbic acid
Asid askorbik
D. Monosodium glutamate
Mononatrium glutamate

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

17. Which substance is commonly used to manufacture dyes and detergents?
Bahan manakah yang lazim digunakan untuk membuat pewarna dan detergen?

A. Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
B. Phosphoric acid
Asid fosforik
C. Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
D. Ammonium chloride
Ammonium klorida

18. Material Y has the following properties.
Bahan Y mempunyai sifat-sifat berikut

Very high resistance to chemical substances
Rintangan sangat tinggi terhadap bahan kimia
Low coefficient of thermal expansion
Pekali pengembangan terma yang rendah
What is material Y?
Apakah bahan Y

A. Brass
loyang
B. Steel
Keluli
C. Borosilicate glass
Kaca borosilikat
D. Photochromic glass
Kaca fotokromik

19. Which of the following medicines is an analgesic?
Antara ubat berikut,yang manakah analgesik?

A. Insulin
Insulin
B. Penicillin
Penisilin
C. Streptomycin
Streptomaisin
D. Paracetamol
Parasetamol

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

20. Which of the following is not a function of food additives?
Antara berikut yang manakah bukan fungsi bahan tambah makanan?

A. To improve the texture of food
Memperbaiki tekstur makanan
B. To enhance the flavour of food
Meningkatkan perisa makanan
C. To decrease the rate of oxidation of food
Mengurangkan kadar pengoksidaan makanan
D. To increase the rate of digestion of food
Untuk meningkatkan kadar pencernaan makanan

21. Ammonium sulphate is used as a fertilizer.what is the percentage by mass of
nitrogen in ammonium sulphate?
[Relative atomic mass : H=1; N=14; O= 16; S=32]

Ammonium sulfat digunakan sebagai baja.
Berapakah peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam ammonium sulfat?
[Jiisim atom relatif : H=1; N=14; O= 16; S=32]

A. 10.6 %
B. 12.3 %
C. 13.3 %
D. 21.2 %

22. In order to produce a glass that is more resistant to heat and chemicals, substance
X is added to soda lime glass in the manufacturing process.
What is X?
Bagi menghasilkan kaca yang lebih tahan terhadap haba dan bahan kimia,bahan X
ditambah ke dalam kaca soda kapur dalam prose pembuatannya.
Apakah X?
A. Boron oxide
Boron oksida
B. Lead (II) oxide
Plumbum(II) oksida
C. Sodium carbonate
Natrium karbonat
D. Calcium carbonate
Kalsium karbonat

23. Which substance is a natural polymer?
Bahan manakah adalah polimer semulajadi?
A. Polythene
Polietena
B. Polypropene
Polipropena
C. Polyisoprene
Poli isoprena
D. Polyvinyl chloride
Polivinilklorida

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

10 | P a g e
M O D U L

24.
25.

26. D
R

Su
B

W
A

A
B
C
D
e @ M A N U F
L E J U J 2 0

Which sub
Bahan man
A. Alloy
B. Glass
C. Ceram
D. Fibre g

Why is so
Mengapak
A. To spe
Untuk
B. To pro
Untuk
C. To red
Untuk
D. To ma
Untuk
Diagram 5 sho
Rajah 5 menu

ubstance N h
Bahan N mem
Strong
kuat
Can withst
Tahan hak
Not an ele
Bukan kon

Which of the f
ntara yang be
. Concr
Konkr
B. Marbl
Marma
C. Ceram
Seram
D. Soda l
Kaca s
F A C T U R E D
0 1 2
stance is a co
nakah adalah
mics
glass
dium chloride
kah natrium k
eed up the rea
mempercepa
oduce soap wh
menghasilka
duce solubility
mengurangk
ake soap softe
menjadikan s
ows an electri
njukkan kabe
has the follow
mpunyai sifat b
tand weatheri
kisan
ctrical condu
nduktor elektr
following is su
erikut,yang m
rete
rit
le
ar
mic
mik
lime glass
soda kapur
D A N D C H
omposite ma
h bahan komp
e used in soap
klorida diguna
action to prod
atkan tindak b
hich foams ea
an sabun yang
y of soap
kan keterlarut
er
sabun lebih le
c cable suppo
el elektrik yan
wing propertie
berikut :
ing
ctor
rik
ubstance N?
manakah baha
H E M I C A L
aterial?
posit ?
p preparation
akan dalam p
duce soap
balas mengha
asily
g berbuih den
tan sabun
embut
orted by subst
ng disokong o

es:
an N?
Diagram
Rajah
F O R C O N
?
enyediaan sa
silkan sabun
gan mudah
tance N.
oleh bahan N
m 5
5
N S U M E R
abun?
SECTION A

1. The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory
Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate(soap) + glycerol

Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas dalam penyediaan sabun di makmal

Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida pekat natrium palmitat(sabun) + gliserol

(a) What is the name of this reaction?
Apakah nama tindak balas ini?

(b) (i) What is the homologous series of palm oil?
Apakah siri homolog bagi minyak sawit?

(ii) Complete the anion part of the soap in the space provided
Lengkapkan bahagian anion bagi zarah sabun itu dalam ruang yang disediakan

(c) A pupil wants to prepare a potassium palmitate soap
Seorang murid ingin menyediakan sabun kalium palmitat .Apakah alkali yang perlu
digunakannya?

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

12 | P a g e
M
12 | P a g e
M O D U L

(d

e @ M A N U F
L E J U J 2 0
d) Diagra
cloth
Rajah
kotora

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

F A C T U R E D
0 1 2
am 1.1 show
1.1 menunjuk
an bergris pad
State the pa
Nyatakan b
Based on d
greasy stain
Berdasarka
atas kotora
Complete D
when the w
Lengkapkan
apabila air

D A N D C H
ws part of the w
kkan sebahag
da kain
art of a deterg
bahagian zara
diagram 1.1 e
ns
an rajah 1.1 t
an bergris.
Diagram 1.2
water is stirred
n Rajah 1.2 u
r dikocak.

D
H E M I C A L
washing actio
gian daripada
gent particle th
ah detergen y
explain the wa
terangkan tind
to show the c
d .
untuk menunju
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1
Rajah 1.2
F O R C O N
on of detergen
a pencucian o
hat is soluble
ang larut dal
ashing action
dakan pencuc
condition of g
ukkan keadaa

1.2
2
N S U M E R
nt particles on
oleh zarah det

e in grease.
lam gris.
of detergent p
cian oleh zara
grease and de
an gris dan za
n a grease sta
tergen ke ata
particles on
ah detergen k
etergent partic
arah detergen
ined
as
ke
cles
n
13 | P a g e
M O D U L

2. D
R

(a
(

e @ M A N U F
L E J U J 2 0
Diagram 2.1 sh
Rajah 2.1 men

a) (i)

(ii)

(iii)

b) Table
Jadual
Preven
Mengh
Killed
Memb
Chang
Mengu

F A C T U R E D
0 1 2
hows a ginger
nunjukkan sat
Which of th
Mark (/) fo
Antara bah
ubat?Tanda
Rajah 2.1.
What illnes
Apakah pen

How is ging
Bagaimana
2.1 shows the
l 2.1 menunju
nts pain
halang rasa s
d or prevent th
bunuh atau me
ges the emotio
ubah perasaa
D A N D C H
r plan. Ging
tu pokok halia
he parts P,Q,R
r your answer
hagian P,Q,R
akan (/) untu
ss can be cure
nyakit yang b

ger used to tr
akah cara hal
e function of
ukkan fungsi t
Function
Fungsi
sakit
he reproductio
enghalang pe
ons and behav
an dan kelaku
Dia
R
Tab
Jad
H E M I C A L
ger can be use
a.Halia boleh

R or S is used
r in the box p
R dan S yang
uk jawapan
ed by using gi
oleh diubati

reat the illnes
lia digunakan
three types of
tiga jenis uba
on of bacteria
embiakan bac
vior of the pa
uan pesakit
agram 2.1
Rajah 2.1
ble 2.1
dual 2.1
F O R C O N
ed as a traditio
h digunakan s
d as the main
provided in D
manakah dig
anda dalam
inger?
menggunaka

ss in 1(a)(ii)?
n untuk meraw
f medicine.
at moden.
X :
a
cteria
Y :
atient
Z :
N S U M E R
onal medicine
sebagai ubat t

source of me
iagram 2.1
gunakan seba
kotak yang
n halia?
[1 mark]
wat penyakit d
Type of
Jeni
:
:

e
tradisional.
dicine?
agai sumber u
disediakan d
di 1(a)(ii)?
f medicine
is ubat
utama
dalam
(i) Complete Table 2.1 to show which medicines have the functions given in the
table
Lengkapkan Jadual 2.1 untuk menunjukkan ubat yang mempunyai fungsi yang
dinyatakan dalam jadual itu.

(ii) What is the side effect of medicine of type X if it is used by a child of less than
2 years old?
Apakah kesan sampingan ubat jenis X sekiranya digunakan oleh kanak-kanak
yang berusia kurang 2 tahun?
[1 mark]

(iii) A patient treated by medicine of type Y must be complete all the supply give by
the doctor in order to make sure all the bacteria are killed.
What will happen if not all the bacteria are killed.
Seorang pesakit yang dirawat menggunakan ubat jenis y perlu menghabiskan
semua bekalan ubat yang diberi oleh doktor untuk memastikan semua bacteria
telah dibunuh.
Apakah akan berlaku sekiranya tidak semua bacteria dibunuh?

[1mark]

(iv) Tranquilizer is an example of medicine of type Z.
Give one change that might happen to a patients emotions when treated using
this medicine.
Transkuiliser adalah contoh ubat daripada jenis Z.
Beri satu perubahan pesakit yang dirawat menggunakan ubat ini.

[1 mark]

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

15 | P a g e
M O D U L

3. D

(a

(b
(c

(d

e @ M A N U F
L E J U J 2 0
Diagram 3 sho

a) Proces
What a
Proses
Apaka
b) What a
Apaka

1. __
2. __
3. __

c) (i)

(ii)

d) State o
Nyatak
F A C T U R E D
0 1 2
ows how amm
ss X at proces
are the names
s X dan Y ada
ah nama setiap
are the three
ah tiga bahan
____________
____________
____________
Write a bal
Tulis persa
Use the an
ammonia u
Guna jaw
bilangan m
sulfat

sulphuric a
ammonia
one use of am
kan satu kegu
D A N D C H
monium sulph
ss Y are indus
s of each of th
alah proses da
p proses ini?
raw materials
mentah yang
___________
___________
___________
anced chemic
amaan kimia y
nswer in 2(c)(
used to produc
apan di 2(c)
mol ammonia
acid /asid sulf

mmonium sulp
unaan ammon
Diag
Raj
H E M I C A L
hate is produce
strial processe
hese processe
alam industry
s needed for p
g diperlukan d
___________
___________
___________
cal equation f
yang seimban
(i) moles of
ce 1 mol of a
)(i) untuk m
yang diguna
furik : ___
: __
phate.
nium sulfat
gram 3
jah 3
F O R C O N
ed
es.
es?
y.
process X?
dalam proses
____________
____________
____________
for reaction P
ng bagi tinda
sulphuric aci
ammonium su
menentukan b
akan untuk m
___________
____________
N S U M E R
X?
______
______
______
.
k balas P.
id and the nu
ulphate.
bilangan mol
menghasilkan
____________
___________

umber of mol
asid sulfurik
1 mol ammo
________ mo
________ mo
les of
k dan
onium
ol
ol
16 | P a g e
M O D U L

4. D
R

(a

(b

(c

(d

e @ M A N U F
L E J U J 2 0
Diagram 4 sho
Rajah 4 menu
a) What i
Apak
b) State t
Nyata
c) (i)

(ii)

d) A was
Expla
Suatu
Teran
sekita
F A C T U R E D
0 1 2
ows the manu
njukkan pemb
is the name o
kah nama pro
the name of ca
akan nama m
State the na
Nyatakan n
Substance Y
sulphuric a
Write the c
Bahan Y ter
sulfurik pe
Tulis persa
te gas is prod
ain briefly ho
u gas buanga
ngkan secara
ar
D A N D C H
ufacture of su
buatan asid s
f this process
ses ini?
atalyst X
mangkin X.
ame of substa
nama bahan Y
Y is formed w
acid.
chemical equa
rbentuk apab
ekat.
amaan kimia
duced during t
ow this gas ca
n terhasil sem
a ringkas baga
Diagram
Rajah 4
H E M I C A L
ulphuric acid
sulfurik.
s?
ance Y
Y.
when sulphur
ation for this
bila sulfur trio
untuk tindak
the manufactu
an cause envir
masa pembua
aimana gas in
, 4
4
F O R C O N
trioxide reac
reaction.
oksida bertind
balas ini.
ure of sulphu
ronmental pol
tan asid sulfu
ni boleh meny
N S U M E R
ts with conce
dak balas den
uric acid.
llution.
uric.
yebabkan pen

entrated
ngan asid
ncemaran alam
17 | P a g e
M O D U L

(e

5. D
R

(a
(b
(c
e @ M A N U F
L E J U J 2 0
e) The su
Asid
(i)

(ii)

Diagram 5 sho
Rajah 5 menun

a) State t
Nyatak

b) State t
Nyatak

c) State t
Nyatak

F A C T U R E D
0 1 2
ulphuric acid p
sulfurik yang
Name one f
Namakan s
State anoth
Nyatakan k
ows the arrang
njukkan susun
the meaning o
kan maksud a
the name of al
kan nama ba
the name of at
kan nama bag
D A N D C H
produced can
g terhasil bole
fertiliser man
satu baja yang
her use of sulp
kegunaan lain
gement of ato
nan atom dala
of alloy
aloi.
lloy X
agi aloi X.
tom M
gi atom M.
Dia
Ra
H E M I C A L
n be used to m
eh digunakan
nufactured fro
g diperbuat d
phuric acid
n asid sulfurik
oms in two typ
am dua jenis
agram 5
ajah 5
F O R C O N
manufacture fe
untuk membu
om sulphuric a
daripada asid
k
pes of copper
aloi bagi kup
N S U M E R
ertilisers
uat baja.
acid
sulfurik.
r alloy
prum

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

(d) (i) What is the difference in terms of hardeness between bronze and pure copper
Apakah perbezaan daripada segi kekerasan antara gangsa dengan kuprum tulen

(ii) Complete Table 5.1 to show the difference s in terms of size and arrangement of
atoms in bronze and pure copper.
Lengkapkan jadual 5.1 untuk menunjukkan perbezaan dari segi saiz dan susunan
atom dalam gangsa dengan kuprum tulen.

Difference
Perbezaan
Bronze
Gangsa
Pure copper
Kuprum tulen
Size of atoms
Saiz atom

Arrangement of atoms
Susuna om

n at

ii) Describe what happens to the a force is applied to a bronze and pure
copper
Huraikan apa yang berlaku kepada atom-atom apabila satu daya dikenakan

m tulen:
[ 2 marks]

(e) ewter is also an example of alloy.State one use of pewter
.

Table 5.1
Jadual 5.1

(i atoms when
kepada gangsa dan kuprum tulen

Bronze /Gangsa:

Pure copper/kupru

P
Piuter juga adalah satu contoh bagi aloi.Nyatakan satu kegunaan piuter

M O D U L E J U J 2 0 1 2

SECTION B

1. Food additives have been used by mankind for gram 6 shows part of the labels on
three food containers.

aditionally from natural
centuries .Dia
Bahan tambah makanan telah digunakan beberapa abad oleh manusia .Rajah 6 menunjukkan
sebahagian daripada label pada tiga bekas makanan

Pineapple in Syrup
Sweet and made
tr
source
Ingredients:
Fresh pineapple slices
Food additive P

Nanas dalam Sirap
a
c

M nis dan dihasilkan
ara tradisional se
daripada sumber asli

Kandungan :
epingan nanas segar K

ng
r
dditive Q

edap dan tahan lama
Bahan tambah
makanan P
Tomato Sauce

Tasty and last lo

Ingredients:
omato T
Sugar
Salt
lou Corn f
a Food

Sos Tomato
S

Kandungan:
omato T
Gula
Garam
g j Tepun agung
tiruan

Pewarna
Bahan tambah
makanan Q

Vanilla Ice Cream
Tasty and smooth

Ingredients :
ilk M
Vanilla
Sugar
Artificia
d
l colour
ditive R
lla
edap dan lembut
Food a

Ais krim vani
S

Kandungan:
usu S
Vanilla
Gula
Pewarna
t
tiruan
ambah Bahan
makanan R

(i) P,Q and R are food a e label of the food containers in
diagram 6
h
p k han tambah makanan secara berlebihan dalam

Diagram 6/Rajah 6
dditives.Based on th
State the name of food additives P,Q and R
ermine the types of food additives and their function respectively Det

P,Q and R adalah bahan tambah makanan..Berdasarkan label pada bekas
a a dalam Rajah 6: mak n n
Nyatakan nama bahan tambah makanan P,Q dan R
Kenalpasti jenis bahan makanan Q secara berlebihan dalam tempo
masa yang panjang?

(ii) What is the effect of taking food additive for a long period of time?
A a ah esan pengambilan ba k
tempoh masa yang panjang?
MANUFACTUREDSUB BSTANCEININNDUSTRYANNDCHEMICAALSFORCONSSUMERS
PERATUURAN PEMA ARKAHAN
KERTASS 1
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
KERTAS
1. (a
(b

(c
(d

hy
lo
(iii) =
==================

S 2
a) saponifica
b) (i) ester
(ii) COO
-
c) concentra
d) (i) hydrop
(ii) the hy
ydrophilic en
owered.The
=========================
JAWAPAN
D
B
A
C
D
A
D
A
C
A
D
D
D
ation
ated potassi
hobic end
drophobic e
nd remain in
agitation act
========================
N
um hydroxid
nd of the so
n the water.In
tion of the w

NO
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
JAWAPA
C
B
A
A
C
D
D
D
A
C
D
C
C
AN
de
oap are attac
n this way th
washing proc
ched to the g
he surface te
cess pulls ou
greasy stain
ension of the
ut the grease
and the
e water is
e stain.
=
2. (a) (i) R
(ii) gastric pain due to wind in the stomach
(iii) drink the juice that is extracted from the rhizome

(b)(i) X : analgesic
Y : antibiotic
Z : psychotherapeutic medicine
(ii) bleeding can occur
(iii) the bacteria may become immune to the given medicine
(iv) the patients anxiety will be lessened or cured
3. (a) X: Contact process
Y: Haber process
(b) sulphur,oxygen,water
(c)(i) H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NH
3
(aq) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq)
(ii) sulphuric acid =1 mol
Ammonia = 2 mol
(d) fertiliser

4. (a) Contact process
(b) vanadium(V) oxide
(c)(i) oleum
(ii) SO
3
(g) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) H
2
S
2
O
7
(l)
(d) sulphur dioxide is produced.It is acidic and poisonous.It dissolved in rain water to
form sulphurous acid.This causes acid rain which affects marine life ,forest ecology
and corrode building and metallic structures.
(e) (i) ammonium sulphate/potassium sulphate/calcium hydrogen sulphate
(ii) to manufacture detergent/used as electrolyte in accumulator
5. (a) An alloy is mixture of two or more elements certain fixed composition in which the
major component is a metals
(b) brass
(c) tin
(d)(i) bronze is harder than pure copper
(ii)
Difference
Perbezaan
Bronze
Gangsa
Purecopper
Kuprumtulen
Sizeofatoms
Saizatom
l ==L= S=l=-`= =L=

Arrangementofatoms
Susunanatom
Il-=i_=Li=i=
l_=i i-=l=
-l =l=-l=-=
=
Si_=Li=i=l_=
i i-=-l =l=li=
-=
=
Table5.1
Jadual5.1


(iii)bronze : the layers of atoms in bronze cannot slide on another easily.The presence of
atoms of other elements disturbs the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure
copper.
Pure copper :the layers of atom in pure copper can slide on one another easily
(e) pewter is used to make decorative item and gifts

Section B
P Q R
Name sugar Sodium
benzoate/benzoic
acid
Lecithin/gelatin
Type Preservative Preservative Stabilizers
Function Prevent the
growth of
microorganism
Prevent the growth
of microorganism
Improve the texture
of food

Module JUJ 2012 Page 1

SPM 2003
Paper 3 1 hour 30 minutes

Answer all questions.

1. An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction. 50 cm
3

of sodium thiosulphate solution 0.05 mol dm
-3
at 30
o
C was put into 250 cm
3
conical flask. Then,
the conical flask was placed on an X sign on a piece of white paper.
10 cm
3
-3
was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution and
X sign was no longer visible.
The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium thiosulphate solution which was
heated to 35
o
C, 40
o
C and 50
o
C.

Figure 1

(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in figure 1.


(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time and 1/time for this experiment.

(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against 1/time on the graph paper o page 3.

(ii) Based on the graph in (c)(i), state the relationship between the rate of reaction and
temperature.

(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign X to be no longer visible if this experiment is
repeated at 55
o
C.

Manipulated variable :..
Responding variable : .
Constant variable : .

(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping other variables
constant.


(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between temperature and the
rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in our daily life, for example, keeping
food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.
Using your knowledge in chemistry, state the relationship between temperature and the
rate at which food turns bad.



Graph of temperature against 1/time


2. A student has carried out an experiment to construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II)
iodide. The experiment was carried out according to the following steps:

Step I : 5.0 cm
3
of potassium iodide solution 1.0 mol dm
-3
was poured into each test tube
labeled P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V.

Step II : 0.5 cm
3
of lead(II) nitrate solution 1.0 mol dm
-3
was added into test tube P.

Step III : Step II was repeated for test tubes Q, R, S, T, U and V using the volume in table 1

Step IV : All the test tubes were put in the rack to allow lead(II) iodide to precipitate

Test Tube P Q R S T U V
Volume of lead(II) nitrate solution
1.0 mol dm
-3
/cm
3

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Height of lead(II) iodide
precipitate / cm

Table 1

(a) Figure 2 on page 5 shows seven test tubes for above experiment. Using the ruler given on
page 5, measure the height of lead(II) iodide precipitate in test tube P, Q, R, S, T, U and V
in figure 2. Record the height of the precipitate in table 1.

(b) Based on table 1, draw a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of
lead(II) nitrate solution on the graph paper on page 6.

(c) On the graph that you have drawn in (b)
(i) mark and write the minimum volume of lead(II) nitrate solution needed for
complete reaction with 5.0 cm
3
of potassium iodide solution 1.0 mol dm
-3

(ii) using the volume obtained in (c)(i), show the calculation for obtaining the number
of moles of Pb
2+
ions and I
-
ions that are required for the formation of lead(II)
iodide. Then calculate the number of moles of I
-
ions that has reacted with 1 mole
of Pb
2+
ions.




Graph of the height of the precipitate against volume



(iii) write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide

(d) What can you observe about the height of the precipitate in figure 2?

(e) What is your inference based o your answer in (d)?

(f) Categories the ions found in the lead(II) nitrate solution and the potassium iodide solution
used in this experiment into positive and negative ions.


3.

Referring to the above situation, design a laboratory experiment to compare iron and steel
based on one of the following properties:

or

In designing your experiment it must include the following items:

(i) Problem statement
(ii) Hypothesis
(iii) Lists of substance and apparatus
(iv) Procedure
(v) Tabulation of data

If the body of a car is made of iron, it would easily rust. This is because the
iron surface is exposed to air and water. It is also easily dented in accident.
Thus, to reduce these problems the body of the car is made of steel.
Hardness Rust resistance
SPM 2004
Paper 3 1 hours 30 minutes

Answer all questions
The time suggested to complete Question 1 and Question 2 is 45 minutes.

1. A student carried out an experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
The steps and set-up of apparatus of the experiment are shown in figure 1.

Figure 1
1
2
(a) Complete the following table by stating the observations and related inferences in the
experiment.

Observations Inferences

i) __________________________________
__________________________________
ii) __________________________________
__________________________________

i) ___________________________________
___________________________________
ii) ___________________________________
___________________________________

[6 marks]

(b) Record the reading to two decimal places for :

The mass of crucible and lid : . g
The mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon : .. g
The mass of crucible, lid and magnesium oxide when cooled : g
[3 marks]

(c) (i) What is the mass of magnesium that has been used?

(ii) What is the mass of oxygen which reacted with magnesium?

(iii) Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
[relative atomic mass, Mg = 24, O = 16]

[3 marks]

(d) Based on your answer in (c)(iii), how many moles of magnesium and oxygen atoms
have reacted?

[3 marks]
2.
Metals are arranged in the Reactivity Series based on the
reactivity of metal with oxygen

Figure 2.1 shows the set up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the order of metals in the
Reactivity Series.Potassium manganate(VII) is heated to release oxygen gas to react with
metal powder.

Figure 2.1

The experiment is carried out using metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead reacted
with oxygen respectively.
Observations on the metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead in the experiments are
shown in figure 2.2

3
(a) Look at the flame or glow in each diagram I figure 2.2.
Complete figure 2.2 by stating the observations for the reaction of metal powders
with oxygen.
[3 marks]

Figure 2.2

4
5

(a) Look at the flame or glow in each diagram I figure 2.2.
Complete figure 2.2 by stating the observations for the reaction of metal powders
with oxygen.
[3 marks]
(b) Complete table 2.3 based on the experiment.

Name of variables Action to be taken

i) Manipulated variable :
_______________________________
_______________________________

ii) Responding variable :
_______________________________
_______________________________

iii) Controlled variable
_______________________________
_______________________________

i) The way to manipulate variable :
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

ii) What to observe in the responding variable :
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

iii) The way to maintain the controlled variable :
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Table 2.3
[3 marks]

(c) State one hypothesis for the experiment.

[3 marks]


(d) (i) Based on the observations in Figure 2.2, arrange copper, zinc, magnesium
and lead in descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.

Descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.
[3 marks]

(ii) The experiment is repeated by using aluminium powder to react with oxygen.
The result of the experiment is shown in figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4

Predict the position of aluminium in the Reactivity Series of metals in (d)(i).
Draw an arrow () in (d)(i) to show the position of aluminium in this reactivity
series.
[3 marks]

6
(e) Figure 2.5 shows the set up of apparatus to study the reaction of a metal oxide with carbon.

Figure 2.5

Based on the observations in figure 2.5, classify metals into two groups, those which are more
reactive than carbon and those which are less reactive then carbon.
Put your answer in a suitable table.
[3 marks]

7
3. The fruits in figure 3.1 produce natural esters which have various tastes and scents.

Pineapple Banana Apple Orange

Figure 3.1

Esters can be produced in the laboratory when
an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.

Table 3.2 shows types of alcohol and carboxylic acid used to produce various esters.
These esters have similar scents to the esters in fruits.

Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester Fruit
Ethanol Butanoic acid Ethyl butanoate Pineapple
Methanol Butanoic acid Methyl butanoate Apple
Octanol Ethanoic acid Octyl ethanoate Orange
Pentanol Ethanoic acid Pentyl etahnoate Banana
Table 3.2

You are required to prepare two different types of ester using the same carboxylic acid with
different alcohol. The two esters must be chosen from those shown in table 3.2

Use information in table 3.2 to plan a laboratory experiment to prepare the esters and
describe their scents.

Your explanation should include all the followings:

Aim of the experiment
Statement of hypothesis
List of substances and apparatus
Procedures of the experiment
Tabulation of data
[17 marks]
8
MODULE JUJ 2012 Page 1

SPM 2005


1. An experiment is carried out to determine the freezing point of naphthalene.

Solid naphthalene is heated in a water bath until it melts completely.
The initial temperature is recorded
Then molten naphthalene is left to cool
The reading of the temperature is recorded every 30 seconds.

Figure 1 shows the recorded thermometer readings at 30 seconds interval.

Figure 1

(a) Record the temperature in the spaces provided in figure 1. [3 marks]

(b) On the graph paper provided on page 3, draw the graph of temperature against time
for the cooling of Naphthalene
[3 marks]

(c) (i) Use the graph I (b) to determine the freezing point of naphthalene.
Show on the graph how you would determine this freezing point.
[3 marks]
(ii) How does the graph in (b) show freezing point of naphthalene?

[3 marks]

(d) The temperature of naphthalene did not change from the 90
th
second until the 150
th

second during cooling process.
Explain why.

[3 marks]

(e) On the graph paper provided on page 4, sketch the curve you would expect if the molten
naphthalene is cooled quickly.
[3 marks]

(f) Naphthalene is an example of a covalent compound and sodium chloride is an example of
ionic compound.
Classify the following into covalent or ionic compounds.

[3 marks
Glucose, potassium iodide, copper(II) sulphate,
aluminium oxide, tetrachloromethane, ethanol

Graph of the cooling of naphthalene


Graph for question (e)


2. A pupil wanted to construct the electrochemical series.
He measured the potential difference of a few pairs of metals.
The set up of the apparatus of his experiment is shown in figure 2.1

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2 shows the results obtained from the experiment after 30 minutes.

Figure 2.2

(a) Describe the change that you would see in the copper(II) sulphate solution during the
experiment

[3 marks]


(b) The pupil repeated the experiment by substituting the zinc metal with iron, magnesium
and lead. Each time he used copper metal as the positive electrode and fresh

The following table shows the voltmeter readings he obtained from the pairs of metals.

Experiment Pairs of metal Reading of
voltmeter/V Positive electrode Negative electrode
I Zinc Copper 1.10
II Iron Copper 0.78
III Magnesium Copper 2.72
IV Lead Copper 0.45

Based on the above information complete the following table:

Name of variables Action to be taken

(i) Manipulated variable :

(ii) Responding variable :

(iii) Controlled variable

(i) Method to manipulate variable :

(ii) How the variable is responding :

(iii) Method to maintain the controlled
variable :

[6 marks]
(c) State the hypothesis for this experiment

[3 marks]

3. Choose ONE of the following tasks :

TASK I :

The copper wire in an electric cable can be easily bent by hand. A one-cent coin made
of an alloy of copper with tin and zinc cannot be bent easily.

Referring to the situation above, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect
of alloy formation on the hardness of a metal.

TASK II :

Buildings in industrial areas are more corroded than those in housing areas. This is
because the concentration of acid in rain water is higher in industrial areas.

Referring to the situation above, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect
of concentration on the rate of reaction between a named acid and a named metal.

Your planning must include the following items:

Statement of the problem
All the variables
Lists of substances and apparatus
Procedure
Tabulation of data

[17 marks]
SPM 2006


1. Diagram 1.1 shows two experiment to determine the heat of neutralization.

Experiment I
Reaction between 25 cm
3
of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm
-3
and 25 cm
3

Of ethanoic acid, CH
3
COOH, 2.0 mol dm
-3
.

Initial temperature of the mixture :
0
C
Highest temperature of the mixture :
0
C
Change in temperature :
0
C

Experiment II
Reaction between 25 cm
3
of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm
-3
and 25 cm
3

of hydrochloric acid, H, 2.0 mol dm
-3
.

Initial temperature of the mixture : T
1

0
C
Highest temperature of the mixture : T
2

0
C
Change in temperature : T
3

0
C

Diagram 1.1



(a) Write the initial and the highest temperature of the mixture and change in temperature for
the experiment I in diagram 1.1
[3 marks]

(b) Construct a table that can be used to record the data from both experiments.

[3 marks]

(c) State one hypothesis for both experiments.

[3 marks]

(d) Based on the temperature in experiment I, predict the change in temperature I
experiment II

[3 marks]

(e) Why must the initial temperature and highest temperature be recorded in this experiment?

[3 marks]

(f) How can the value of the change in temperature be obtained?

[3 marks]

(g) State three observations that you could obtain in Experiment I other than the change in
temperature.

1. ..
2. ..
3.
[3 marks]

(h) State three constant variables in this experiment
1
2
3
[3 marks]

(i) Diagram 1.2 shows the calculation to determine the heat of neutralization for
the reaction in Experiment I and Experiment II.

Experiment I:

Heat released
= mc
= 50 g x 4.2 J g
-1

o
C
-1
x ___________
o
C
= x J

Heat of neutralization

= x kJ
Number of mole of water produced

Experiment II:

Heat released
= mc
= 50 g x 4.2 J g
-1

o
C
-1
x T
3

o
C
= y J

Heat of neutralization

= y kJ
Number of mole of water produced

Diagram 1.2

Based on Diagram 1.2 :

(i) Give the operational definition for the heat of neutralization.

[3 marks]
(ii) It was found that the value of y is greater than the value of x.
Explain why

[3 marks]


(j) The experiment is repeated using the methanoic acid.
The values of the heat of neutralization of these action are give in table below
Complete the table by classifying the acids as strong or weak acid

Name of acid Heat of neutralization
/ kJ mol
-1

Type of acid
Ethanoic acid -50.3
Hydrochloric acid -57.2
Methanoic acid -50.5
[3 marks]

2. Diagram 2 shows the stretching phases of a vulcanized rubber and an unvulcanized rubber strands.

Streching phases Length of vulcanized rubber Length of unvulcanized rubber

Before

45 mm

45 mm

During

59 mm

60 mm

After

45 mm

50 mm
Diagram 2


Plan an experiment to compare one characteristic shown in diagram 2 for both types of rubber:

Your planning should include the following aspects:

Aim of the experiment
All the variables
Statement of the hypothesis
List of substances and apparatus
Procedure of the experiment
Tabulation of data
[17 marks]

PERATURAN PEMARKAHAN KERTAS 3 SPM 2006

No
Soalan
Rubrik Skor
1a Suhu awal campuran= 28
o
C
Suhu tertinggi = 40
o
C
Perubahan suhu = 12
o
C

* ecf Jika ada bacaan yang salah tetapi perubahan suhu
dikira dengan betul
cth : 26
o
C
40
o
C
14
o
C
3
Mana-mana dua bacaan betul 2
Mana-mana satu bacaan betul1 1
Tiada jawapan atau jawapan salah 0

No
soalan
Rubrik Skor
1b Dapat membina jadual yang mengandungi ketoga-tiga perkara berikut untuk
kedua-dua eksperimen
Cth jawapan :
Eksperimen Suhu awal
o
C Suhu tertinggi
o
C
I
II

*No. Eksp// Nama asid(no 1,2 @ I, II @ formula)
** Suhu awal dengan unit betul( oC ditulis pada ruang tajuk)

3
unit ditulis dalam data
jika tulis suhu akhir
Eksperimen Suhu awal
o
C Suhu akhir
o
C
I
II

2

Dapat idea membina jadual yang mengandungi 2 lajur 2 baris

1


No
soalan
Rubrik Skor
1c Dapat memberikan hiptesis dengan tepat

-pembolehubah dimanipulasikan
Asid etanoik,asid hidroklorik// jenis asid//asid kuat,asid lemah(formula
diterima) *
-kesan yang berhubung dengan pembolehubah
haba peneutralan// perubahan suhu/kenaikan suhu **
-Arah kesan
Lebih tinggi/rendah

Cth jawapan :
1. HCl /asid kuat menghasilkan haba peneutralan/(perubahan
suhu/kenaikan suhu) yang > tinggi/rendah daripada asid etanoik/asid
lemah// terbalik
2. jenis asid yang berlainan /berbeza menghasilkan( haba
peneutralan/perubahan suhu/kenaikan suhu ) yang berbeza/berlainan
3
Dapat memberikan hiptesis kurang tepat
TIADA PERBANDINGAN
Cth jawapan:
1.** dulu * kemudian
2. Haba peneutralan asid hidroklorik dengan natrium
hidroksida adalah tinggi daripada haba peneutralan asid
etanoik dengan natrium hidroksida
3. jenis asid mempengaruhi haba peneutralan /perubahan suhu/kenaikan
suhu
4. kenaikan suhu asid hidroklorik adalah lebih tinggi daripada kenaikan
suhu asid etanoik//haba peneutralan asid HCl adalah lebih tinggi (tiada
perbandingan)
5. semakin kuat asid yang bertindak balas semakin tinggi haba peneutralan
6. haba peneutralan / perubahan suhu HCl > tinggi
7. HCl menghasilkan haba peneutralan yang berbeza daripada asid
etanoik(tiada aras kesan)
2
Dapat memberikan idea hipotesis dengan betul
ASID/PERUBAHAN SUHU
Cth jawapan :
1. haba peneutralan dipengaruhi oleh jenis asid
2. asid/kepekatan ion H
+
menghasilkan haba peneutralan
3. semakin tinggi perubahan suhu(bergerakbalas) semakin tinggi haba
peneutralan(bergerakbalas)
4. haba peneutralan eksperimen II > tinggi dp eksperimen I / terbalik
5. Semakin pekat asid semakin tinggi haba peneutralan
6. Kenaikan suhu asid HCl adalah tinggi
7. kenaikan suhu mempengaruhi haba peneutralan

1


No.
soalan

Rubrik

Skor

1d

Unit
tidak
perlu
tulis
(abaikan)
Dapat meramalkan suhu dengan betul dalam julat
12< 15
o
C
Nilai sebenar 13.5
o
C
3
Dapat meramal suhu dalam julat
> 12 // 15 < 20
Cth jawapan :
1. perubahan /kenaikan suhu > daripada 12 @ > eksp I
2. 15
o
C - 18
o
C
3. perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen II > tinggi /besar daripada
perubahan suhu eksperimen I
4. tulis unit tapi salah
2
Dapat meramal suhu sebagai nilai (Kalau tidak ada perbandingan)
> 20 // < 12
Cth jawapan ;
1. > besar ( sebab tidak rujuk mana-mana)
2. perubahan suhu eksperimen II > besar
3. suhu meningkat
1

No.
soalan
Rubrik Skor
1e Dapat menyatakan kegunaan langsung dengan tepat mengapa suhu awal dan
suhu tertinggi perlu direkodkan
Cth jawapan :
1. untuk (mendapatkan/menghitung/mencatat )perubahan suhu/kenaikan
suhu/perbezaan suhu
3
Dapat menyatakan kegunaan dengan betul mengana suhu awal dan suhu
tertinggi perlu direkodkan
Cth jawapan :
1. untuk mendapatkan/menghitung ( perubahan bacaan/ kenaikan bacaan)
2
Dapat menyatakan idea kegunaan secara tak langsung dengan betul mengapa
suhu awal dan suhu tertinggi perlu direkodkan
Cth jawapan:
1. untuk mendapatkan nilai haba (peneutralan)
2. untuk menentukan haba (yang diserap)

1
Tiada jawapan/jawapan salah 0


No
soalan
Rubrik Skor
1f Dapat memberikan kaedah memperoleh prubahan suhu
Cth jawapan :
1. menolak suhu tertinggi dengan suhu awal
2. suhu tertinggi suhu awal
3. suhu akhir suhu awal

3
Dapat memberikan kaedah memperoleh suhu kurang tepat
Cth jawapan :
1. membandingkan /membezakan suhu awal dengan suhu tertinggi
2. suhu awal suhu akhir
2
Dapat memberikan idea kaedah memperoleh perubahan suhu
Cth jawapan
1. bacaan suhu awal dan suhu tertinggi
2. 40 28 = 12
3. T
2
- T
1
= T
3

1

No
soalan
Rubrik skor
1g Dapat menyatakan mana-mana dua pemerhatian dengan betul
Jawapan
1. cawan polistirena menjadi panas
2. bacaan thermometer meningkat // aras mekuri meningkat
3. tiada perubahan warna larutan // larutan (tanpa warna /tidak berwarna)
4. bau asid etanoik hilang / bau cuka / sengit
3
Dapat menyatakan mana-mana satu pemerhatian di atas dengan tepat 2
Dapat menyatakan idea satu pemerhatian di atas
Jawapan
1. kertas litmus biru kekal berwarna biru //kertas litmus merah kekal
berwarna merah
2. nilai pH yang diperoleh adalah 7 // air dan garam terhasil
3. bikar/bekas panas
4. larutan/bahan menjadi panas
5. cecair tidak berwarna
6. suhu meningkat
1
Tiada jawapan/jawapan salah
-perubahan warna
0


No
soalan
Rubrik skor
1h Dapat memberikan mana-mana tiga pembolehubah yang dimalarkan dengan tepat
1. kepekatan bahan tindak balas/(asid & alkali)
2. isipadu bahan( tindak balas/ larutan) (asid dan alkali)
3. bekas // cawan polistirena / bikar
4. suhu persekitaran yang sama
5. larutan NaOH / alkali a : pasangan kepekatan dan isipadu asid/lcali
nama kedua-dua asid (HCl dan CH
3
COOH)
6. isipadu larutan kepekatan larutan
7. kepekatan dan isipadu asid
8. kepekatan dan isipadu alkali
9. isipadu asid etanoik & isipadu asid hidroklorik
10. kemolaran alkali + kemolaran asid
11. isipadu asid + isipadu alkali
12. kepekatan NaOH & asid
13. isipadu NaOH & asid
3
Dapat memberikan mana-mana dua pembolehubah yang dimalarkan daripada
senarai di atas
2
Dapat memberikan mana-mana satu pembolehubah yang dimalarkan daripada
senarai di atas
1
Tiada jawapan/jawapan salah
-perubahan warna
0


No
soalan
Rubrik Skor
1 i (i) Dapat memberikan definisi secara operasi dengan tepat
Jawapan
1. haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air dihasilkan
2. haba yang dibebaskan per mol air yang dihasilkan
3. haba yang dibebaskan dibahagi dengan 1 mol air yang dihasilkan
4. haba yang dibebaskan dibahagi dengan bil mol air
5. haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol ion H
+
bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion
OH
untuk menghasilkan 1 ol air pada keadaan piawai

a : H
2

3
Dapat memberikan definisi secara umum dengan betul
Jawapan :
1. perubahan haba apabila 1 mol air di hasilkan
2. perubahan haba apabila 1 mol H bertindak balas dengan 1 mol OH untuk
menghasilkan 1 mol air
3. haba dibebaskan
mol air yang di hasilkan
2
Dapat memberikan idea yang betul tentang operasi
Jawapan
1. haba yang terbebas/perubahan haba apabila suatu asid bertindak balas dengan
suatu alkali untuk menghasilkan garam dan air ( kalau ada 1 mol air -skor 2)
2. perubahan haba/perubahan suhu apabila asid bertindak balas dengan alkali/(tb
peneutralan)
3. perubahan haba/perubahan suhu apabila air dihasilkan
4. mc / x kJ
mol air / mol air

1


No.soalan rubrik skor
1i (ii) Dapat menyatakan sebab yang tepat mengapa nilai y lebih tinggi daripada nilai x

Jawapan
1. perubahan suhu eksperimen II > tinggi / perubahan suhu eksperimen I > rendah
2. eksprimen 2 menggunalkan asid kuat , eksperimen 1 menggunakan asid lemah
3. HCl adalah asid kuat, asid etanoik adalah asid lemah
4. kadar pengionan HCl > tinggi dari asid etanoik

3
Dapat menyatakan sebab yang betul mengana nilai y lebih tinggi daripada nilai x

Jawapan
1. kerana suhu tertinggi/suhu akhir eksperimen II lebih tinggi
2. eksperimen 2 menggunakan asid kyat/eksperimen 1 menggunakan asid lemah
3. HCl asid kuat // asid etanoik asid lemah
4. perubahan suhu > tinggi daripada x

2
Dapat menyatakan idea yang betul mengapa nilai y lebih tinggi daripada nilai x
Jawapan
1. haba dibebaskan > banyak
2. asid kuat / asid lemah digunakan
3. asid HCl > reaktif
4. (perubahan) suhu eksperimen II > rendah

1
Jawapan salah / tiada jawapan 0

No soalan Rubric skor
1f Dapat membuat pengelasan ketiga-tiga asid dengan tepat

Nama asid

Jenis asid
Asid etanoik (Asid) lemah
Asid hidroklorik (Asid)Kuat
Asid metanoik (Asid)lemah
3
Dapat membuat pengelasan mana-mana dua asid dengan tepat

2
Dapat membuat pengelasan mana-mana satu asid dengan tepat 1
Jawapan salah/tiada jawapan 0

SPM 2007


1 Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for Experiments I, II, III and IV. The
magnification of the thermometers shows the readings of the initial temperature and the
highest or lowest temperatures in each experiment.

(a) (i) Record the temperature readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.1.
[3 marks]



(ii) Construct a table to show all the data in each of these experiments.

[3 marks]

ii) her
exothermic reactions or endothermic reactions.

Exothermic Reaction Endotherm reaction

(i Classify the reactions in these experiments as eit
ic

[3 marks]
(b) A student repeated Experiment I several times.

) State three things that must be kept constant in these experiments.
1).
2).
3).

[3 marks]
(ii) State the hypothesis for Experiment I.

[3 marks]

(i


(c) Based on Experiment II:

(i) State the temperature change and give two reasons for the change.

Temperature change:

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

marks]
(ii) State the operational definition for the reaction that takes place.

marks]

(d) The reaction in Experiment III is a neutralisation reaction.

e same volume and concentration as the hydrochloric acid
Predict the temperature in the neutralisation reactions of these acids.

3) Ethanoic acid :C
[3 marks]

) Diagram 1.2 shows some observations in Experiment IV.

[3

[3
Other acids can be substituted for hydrochloric acid.
These acids have th
in Experiment III.

1) Sulphuric acid :C
2) Nitric acid :C
(e


(i) State three observations shown in Diagram 1.2.

1

2

3
marks]
equation represents the reaction in
Experiment IV.
HCl(aq) + NaHCO
3
(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)

er in 1(e)(i), what
inference can be made from Experiment IV?

[3 marks]
in the volume of carbon dioxide
gas produced against time.

[3 marks]
.
[3

(ii) The following chemical

Based on the chemical equation, and the answ

(iii) Sketch a graph to show the change

2 Diagram 2 shows several electrochemical cells with different voltages.

Identify the factor that influences the differences in the voltage.
Plan a laboratory experiment to construct an electrochemical cell to determine one
factor that influences the differences in the voltage.

Your planning should include the following:

(i) Statement of the problem
(ii) All the variables
(iii) Hypothesis
(iv) List of materials and apparatus
(v) Procedure
(vi) Tabulation of data

[17 marks]

PERATURAN PEMARKAHAN KERTAS 3 SPM 2007

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
1(a) (i) Able to record all readings accurately to one decimal point with
unit

Sample answer :
Expt.I / 1 28.0

0
C 36.0
0
C
Expt II / 2 29.0
0
C 25.0
0
C
Expt III / 3 27.0
0
C 32.0
0
C
Expt IV /4 30.0
0
C 27.0
0
C
3
Able to record all readings correctly without decimal point/
or
Able to record all readings correctly without unit

* if able to record minimum 6 to 7 readings accurately to one
decimal point with unit
2
Able to record at least four t seven readings correctly without
decimal point and without unit

Sample answer:
Expt I 28 35
II 28 25
III 27 32
IV 31 28
a : all readings from bottom of the meniscus with unit and
correct one decimal point/without decimal point
Expt I 27 35
II 28 24
III 26 31
IV 29 26

r : no decimal and unit
1
No response or wrong response 0

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
1(a) (iii)

Ecf from (a)
(i)
Able to construct a table that contains the following
information.
1. Headings in the table : Experiment,Initial temperature,
highest/lowest temperature
2. Transfer all temperature readings from (a)(i) correctly
3. With unit at the heading

If use highest/lowest/minimum/maximum
reading sc.2
a: tajuk sepadan dengan pengisian lajur pertama e.g mix of
rxn

sample answer :
Experiment Initial
temperature
(
o
C )
Highest/lowest
temperature
(
0
C )
I / 1 /NaOH + H
2
O 28 36
II / 2 / NH
4
Cl + H
2
O 29 25
III / 3 / HCl + NaOH 27 32
IV / 4 / HCl + NaHCO
3
30 27

3
information.
1. Headings in the table : Experiment,initial temperature,
highest/lowest temperature/final
2. Transfer all temperature readings from (a ) (i) correctly
3. without unit
4. with unit in the data section

sample answer :
Experiment

Initial
temperature

Highest or lowest
temperature/min./max./final
I 28 36
II 29 25
III 27 32
Iv 30 27
a : 1 defect in data taransfer - sc 2
heading tak masuk jadual sc 2
If transfer of data is different from (a) (i) sc-1

2


Initial Highest/lowest
temperature
Expt I 28 36
Expt II 29 25
Expt III 27 32
Expt IV 30 27
information
1. Headings in the table : suitable heading

a : 2 column with heading without data
2 column only

Sample answer :
Initial temperature Highest/lowest/final
temperature

r : two tables separately score 1
1



QUESTIO
N NO
RUBRIC SCORE
1 (c ) (i)

Able to make correct classification for the four experiments
a : if write reactant according to question

Sample answer :
I II
III IV
If use 1,2,3,4 -score 2

3
Able to make correct classification for any three experiments or
1 wrong

Sample answer
Exothermic
reaction
Endothermic
reaction
I IV
II
III
2

Able to make correct classification for any one experiment
* If no classification or blank in one column

Sample answer :

Experiment 1

1


QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
1 (b) (i) Able to give any three things correctly that must be kept
constant

Sample answer :
1. Volume of water
2. mass or water
3. polystyrene cups
4. thermometer
5. mass of sodium hydroxide
6. size of NaOH
7. size of cups
8. type of cups
9. NaOH and H
2
O(reactants) r : reactants only
* if use identical or same polystyrene cups give point 2 and
7/8

3
Able to give any two things correctly that must be kept constant

a : if point 9 is mentioned in different number can combine but
cannot combine if it doesnt related to reactant only

2
Able to give one thing correctly that must be kept constant

1
No response or wrong response
r : amount of water
Amount of NaOH
Quantity of water
Quantity of NaOH

0


QUESTIO
N NO
RUBRIC SCORE
1 (b) (ii) Able to state the hypothesis accurately
-mesti ada idea bertb

A. Sample answer:
1. the rxn between NaOH and H
2
O is an
exothermic/endothermic rxn
2. The rxn between NaOH and NaOH is result pof
decrease/increase in temperature.
3. When NaOH dissolve /added to water,it
increase/decrease in temperature/release heat/absorbed
heat
r : put/mix - score 2

B. Samp;e answer:
(When mass of NaOH) /( volume of water)
increases/decreases the increases/change in temperature is
higher/lower/increase/decrease
*score 2 if stated opposite
r : more/banyak - score2

3
Able to state the hypothesis correctly

A. Sample answer:
The rxn between NaOH and water causes the change in
temperature/dissolveput/mix/dissociate
-general statement-
B. Sample answer :
When ( amount of sodium hydroxide ) / (amount of water)
increases/decreases the temperature increases / change

* terbalik turun score

2
Able to state the idea of hypothesis
A. Sample answer :
1 .(Experiment I)/ (The rxn) isa an exothermic/
endothermic rxn
2. Experiment I /the rxn causes the change in temperature

B. sample answer
1. when (amount of sodium hydroxide) / (amount of
water) changes the temperature changes
2. heat of rxn
nashkah contoh pg 13

1

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
( c ) (i) Able to state
Dropped/decreased by 4
0
C // 4 // -4
0
C // 29-25
0
C

Able to state two correct reasons.

Sample answer :
1. Heat/ energy is absorbed // endothermic rxn
2. the energy of the products is more than the energy of the
reactants
3. the heat absorbed during the bond breaking is greater
than the heat released during the bond making
4. The heat absorbed is more than heat released
if point 3 is given 2 points is scored

3
Able to state any two of the scores above 2
Able to state any one of the scores above 1

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
( c) (ii) Able to give the operational definition accurately by stating the
following three information.
- the temperature decreases // the temperature goes down
// drop
- endothermic reaction
- heat/energy is absorbed

Sample answer :
The decrease in temperature shows that endothermic
reaction happens where heat / energy is absorbed from the
surroundings
3
Able to give the operational definition correctly by stating any
one of the information above

Sample answer :
The temperature change shows that an endothermic reaction
happens
adp : avoid double penalty

endo & exo mentioned together - score 0
2
1

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
d Able to predict the three temperature readings correctly

Sample answer :
1. sulphuric acid 32
0
C - 37
0
C
2. Nitric acid 32
0
C
3. Ethanoic acid 28 31
0
C
3
Able to predict any two of the temperature readings correctly 2
Able to predict any one of the temperature readings correctly 1

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
( e ) (i) Able to state three correct observation

Sample answer :
1. Final temperature is lower than the initial temperature
2. the temperature decreases
3. level of mercury decreases
4. thermometer reading decreases
5. bubbles are released // effervescence
6. the volume of the solution is greater/increased
7. level of solution increase

a : air bubbles
r : volume increase, volume of water increase

3
Able to state any two correct observations

2
Able to state any one correct observation 1

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
( e ) (ii)

* endo
Reactant
product
Able to make an accurate inference based on the chemical
equation

Sample answer:
(Endothermic rxn // heat/energy is absorbed) happens when HCl
reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate/NaHCO
3
to produce
sodium chloride / NaCl, carbon dioxide / CO
2
and water / H
2
O

3

Endo +
reactant

Endo +
product
Able to make a correct inference based on the chemical equation
Sample answer :
1. Endothermic rxn // heat /energy is absorbed when HCl
reacts with NaHCO
3

2. Endothermic rxn happens when (carbon dioxide) gas /
CO
2
is produced

* hasil X lengkap

2
Able to make a correct inference based on sample answer

Sample answer :
The rxn is an endothermic rxn // the rxn produces CO // the rxn
absorbed heat / energy

1

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
(e) (ii) Able to sketch the graph of the change of the volume of CO
2
gas
against time by showing the following three information.

1. the axes are labeled correctly with arrow
2. correct unit
3. curve on the graph shows the increase of volume

Sample answer

a : the axes label is opposite score 2

3
Volume of carbon dioxide gas/cm
3
Time/minute/sec
Able to sketch the graph of the graph of the change of the
volume of CO gas against time by showing the following
information
1. the axes are labeled correctly
2. curve on the graph shows the increase of volume

Sample answer :

- no unit
- a : volume

Slight curve
a : volume/cm
3

2

time
time
Volume
of CO
2

gas /cm
3
Voume of
CO
2

gas/cm
3
Able to sketch the graph of the change of the volume of CO gas
against time by showing the following two information
1. the axes
2. curve on the graph/straight lines

Sample answer :

1

No slight curve

Axes betul
Unit betul
Salah satu
axes not
labelled

QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
2(i) Able to give the statement of the problem accurately relating
three information. Response is in the question form.
a. pairs of metals
b. electrochemical series
c. voltage//potential difference/voltmeter reading
Sample answer :
1.(How does/does )the position /distance between two metals in
the electrochemical Series?
2.(How does/ Does) the position /distance between pairs of
metals in ES affect the voltage?
a: no question mark symbol
a: ECS/ES
* kalau guna ion instead of metal score 1 (in 2(i))
adp in
- variable
- hypothesis
- table app
- procedure
* kalau guna siri kereaktifan instead of SEK score 1
adp in hypothesis and variables - score 3
* kalau guna berbeza keelektropositifan - score 1
*kalau guna element/electrode- score 2

3
Able to give the statement of the problem correctly .Response
is in question form
Sample answer :
Does the position of metals/electrode/elements affect the
voltage?// Does a pair of metals in the ES affect the voltage?

2
Able to give an idea of statement of the problem correctly
Sample answer:
1.How to construct an electrochemical cell to determine one
factor that influence the voltage
2. metal produce voltage
3. What is the factor that influence in the voltmeter-mesti dlm
btk soalan
4. logam menghasilkan voltan
5. adakah kedudukan antara dua logam dalam siri kereaktifan
mempengaruhi bacaan voltan
6. apakah factor yang mempengaruhi voltan
7. adakah kedudukan dua ion dalam siri SCS mempengaruhi
voltan
8.adakah kedudukan dalam ECS mempengaruhi voltan-
general(ked. apa)
e.g kedudukan material

1
QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
2(ii) Able to state the three variables correctly

Sample answer :
Manipulated variables : pairs of metals/ two metals
r : type of metals// different metals
Responding variables : voltage//voltmeter reading//
potential difference
Constant variables : Electrolyte//the metal as the
positive/negative
terminal//concentration of the
electrolyte

r : volume of electrolyte
a : name of acid e.g HCl/H
2
SO
4
// CuSO
4
//Cu as
positive/negative terminal
a : symbols/words
3
2
1


QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
2(iii) Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable
and the responding variable and state the direction

Sample answer :
1.The further/nearer/closer/position the distance of the pair of
metals in the electrochemical series,the voltage/voltmeter
reading becomes greater/smaller

If opposite - score 2

3
Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable
and the responding variable

Sample answer :
1. the distance between metals in the electrochemical
series influences the voltage/voltmeter reading
* if opposite score 1

2
Able to state the idea of hypothesis correctly

Sample answer :
Different metal gives different voltage

* if use baterry to replace ECS score 1

1


QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
2(iv) Able to give adequate list of materials and apparatus that
involves the three variables

Sample answer:
1.at least 3 metals below Ca in ECS
* Kalau ada potassium/sodium score 1

2.voltmeter
3. suitable electrolyte
4.beaker/u-tube
5.wire
6.sandpaper
7.connecting wires

a : any acid as electrolyte
r : if state ( concentrated) / ( bench) / molarity greater than 1 mol
dm
-3
acid
e.g : conc. H
2
SO
4
, bench solution , HCl 2.0 mol dm
-3
- sc.1

3
Able to give a list of materials and apparatus that involves the
following three things

1. 2 metals below Ca in ECS
2. voltmeter
3. suitable electrolyte
4. container

2
Able to give list of materials and apparatus that involves the
following two things
1. 2 metals
2. electrolyte(names)

*if use galvanometer - score 1
A : only 2 listed apparatus and materials can be deduced from
labeled diagram / procedure

1



QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
2(v) Able to state the following six steps
1. pour electrolyte(copper sulphate solution) in a
beaker/container
2. clean the metal with sanpaper
3. dip/immerse both metals( aluminium and zinc) into the
electrolyte
4. connect the metal to the voltmeter//complete the circuit
5. record the voltmeter reading
6. repeat steps 1-5 substituting one metal with another
Steps 2 & 3 tidak boleh terbalik
a : galvanometer
r : procedure cannot be deduced from diagram

3
Able to give :
Steps 1/3, 4,5,6
2
Able to give :
Steps1/ 3
1


QUESTION
NO
RUBRIC SCORE
2(vi) Able to exhibit the tabulation of data that includes the following
four information
1 heading for the manipulated variable
2.examples of two pair of metals
3. heading for the responding variable wit unit
4. 2 x3 or 3x2 tables

Sample answer:
Pair of metals/electrodes

Voltage(V)
1.Aluminium and copper
2.zinc and copper

3
Able to exhibit the tabulation of data that includes the following
4 information

1. heading for manipulated variables
2. heading for responding variables without unit
3. 2x3 /3x3 table
4. 1 pair of metal
Type of( metal/metals/electrode) voltage
1. aluminium and copper
( 1 pair only)

a : metal as heading
* if the other metal in the constant variables in 2(ii) / 2(v)

2

Able to exhibit the tabulation of data that includes the following
information
1. heading for manipulated/responding variables without
unit
2. 2 x 2 table

Sample answer:
Pair of metals voltage

* galvanometer score 1

1



Pahang JUJ 2012 SPM Chemistry

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1 The equation below shows a reaction to produce hydrogen gas.

Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas bagi menghasilkan gas hydrogen.

(ii) What is happen to the reactant at time x?

l ==L= S=l=-`= =L=

untuk menghasilkan 1 ol air pada keadaan piawai

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