Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

CC BI TON CC TR HNH HC LP 8
I.TON CC TR TRONG HNH HC L G?
l nhng bi ton c dng sau: Tm gi tr nh nht hoc ln nht ca mt i lng hnh hc y ( di ca mt on thng, tng ca hai hay nhiu on thng, ln ca mt gc, chu vi ca mt hnh, din tch ca mt hnh v.v...) sao cho: y1 y y2 Trong y1, y2 l cc gi tr c nh hoc khng thay i ca y, ng thi phi ch r v tr hnh hc ca y (hoc hnh c cha y) ti y t gi tr cc tiu y = y 1 hoc cc i y = y2.

II. NG LI CHUNG GII TON CC TR HNH HC

Cn c vo u bi, ngi ta thng gii ton cc tr trong hnh hc theo ba cch sau y: Cch 1: V mt hnh c cha i lng hnh hc m ta phi tm cc tr, thay cc iu kin ca i lng bng cc iu kin tng ng (c khi phi chn mt i lng no trong hnh lm n s, da vo mi quan h gia n s vi cc i lng khc trong hnh, nhng i lng ny c th do u bi cho sn, nhng cng c th do ta lm xut hin trong qu trnh i tm li gii ca bi ton. Biu th n s theo cc i lng bit, cc i lng khng i ri bin i tng ng biu thc va tm c cui cng xc nh c gi tr ca i lng cn tm t suy ra v tr ca hnh t cc tr). Ngi ta thng dng cch ny khi u bi c cho di dng: "Tm mt hnh no tha mn cc iu kin cc tr ca bi ton" * Cc v d: B' V d 1: Trong tam gic c cng y v cng din tch, tam gic no c chu vi nh nht? Gii (h.1) Ao x A y Xt cc tam gic c chung y l BC = a v c cng din tch l S. Gi AH l ng cao tng ng vi y BC. Ta c: H 1 2S S = AH.BC AH = (khng i) C B (h.1) 2 a Vy nh A di ng trn ng thng xy // BC v cch BC mt khong bng Ta cn xc nh v tr ca A trn xy chu vi ABC c gi tr nh nht.
2S . a

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

Chu vi ABC = AB + BC + CA = AB + AC + a, v a khng i nn chu vi ABC nh nht khi v ch khi AB + AC nh nht. Gi B' l im i xng ca B qua x, y; B'C ct xy ti Ao. Xt AB'C ta c: AB' + AC B'C (1) Thay AB' = AB; AoB' = AoB vo (1) AB + AC AoB + AoC (2) (2) c du "=" khi v ch khi B', A, C thng hng. Khi A Ao. V AoB = AoB' = AoC nn AoBC cn ti Ao. Vy trong cc tam gic c cng y v cng din tch, tam gic cn c chu vi nh nht. V d 2: Cho ABC c cc gc B v C nhn, BC = a, ng cao AH = h. Xt cc hnh ch nht MNPQ ni tip trong tam gic c M AB; N AC; P, Q BC. Xc nh v tr ca hnh ch nht MNPQ n c din tch ln nht. Gii: V tr ca hnh ch nht MNPQ s c hon ton xc nh nu ta xc nh c v tr ca MN. t MQ = x; MN = y AK = h - x A AMN ABC MN AK = BC AH S

y hx a (h x ) = y= a h h
Gi S l din tch hnh ch nht MNPQ th:
a S = xy = x (h - x) h
B

M x Q

K h

(*)

(h2)

S=

a a h2 h2 (hx - x2) = (hx - x2 + ) h h 4 4 h h2 a h2 2 ( x 2 x. + ) = 2 4 h 4

h ah a a h2 h ah (x ) 2 = (x ) 2 = 2 4 h 2 4 h 4 h h du "=" xy ra khi x - = 0 x = khi K l trung im ca AH hay MN l 2 2

ng trung bnh ca ABC. ah h x = Vy max S = 4 2 Ch : Ta c th gii cch khc bng cch p dng h qu ca bt ng thc Cauchy. T (*) ta nhn thy: a, h u l cc hng s dng nn S ln nht khi v ch 2

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

khi x(h - x) ln nht. Do x > 0, x < h h - x > 0; hai s dng x v h - x c tng l h khng i nn tch x(h - x) s ln nht khi v ch khi: x = h - x x =

h . 2

Cch 2: a ra mt hnh (theo yu cu u bi) ri chng minh mi hnh khc c cha yu t (m ta phi tm cc tr) ln hn hoc b hn yu t tng ng trong hnh a ra. Ngi ta thng dng cch chng minh ny khi hnh dng ca hnh c cc tr c ni r trong u bi. V d 3: Chng minh rng trong cc tam gic c cng y v cng din tch, tam gic cn c chu vi nh nht. Gii: y l bi ton ta cp trong v d 1, nhng y u bi ni r hnh ta phi chng minh l mt tam gic cn, nn ta a ra mt tam gic cn AoBC (h.1), ri xt mt tam gic khng cn ABC c cng y BC, nh A chy trn ng thng xy // BC, ta ch vic chng minh chu vi ABC chu vi AoBC tc l AB + AC AoB + AoC nh trnh by trong cch gii ca v d 1. Cch 3: Thay vic tm cc i ca mt i lng ny bng vic tm cc tiu ca mt i lng khc hoc ngc li. V d 4: Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a. Xt cc hnh thang c 4 nh trn 4 cnh ca hnh vung v hai y song song vi mt ng cho ca hnh vung. Tm hnh thang c din tch ln nht v tnh din tch ln nht y. Gii:
A Gi EFGH l hnh thang c cc nh nm trn cc cnh hnh vung v hai y FG; EH song song vi ng cho H BD ca hnh vung. t AE = x EB = a - x CF = y FB = a - y D thy DHG = BEF(c-g-c) Cc tam gic EAH, FCG vung cn ti D G (h.4) A v C Gi S l hiu ca din tch hnh vung v din tch hnh thang EFGH th: S = SAEH + SCFG + SBEF+ SDHG= SAEH + SCFG + 2SBEF 1 1 2 x 2 y2 2 = AE + CF + BE.BF = + + (a x )(a y) 2 2 2 2 x E a-x B a-y F

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

1 x 2 + y 2 + 2xy 2a ( x + y) + 2a 2 ( x + y ) 2 2a ( x + y ) + 2a 2 = 2 2 1 (x + y a )2 + a 2 = 2 SEFGH ln nht khi v ch khi S ly gi tr nh nht. iu ny xy ra khi x + y - a = 0 x + y = a x = a - y hay AE = BF; khi cc ng cho EG v HF song song vi cc cnh ca hnh vung v din tch ln nht
=

ca hnh thang phi tm l

a2 . 2

* Ch quan trng: 1. C trng hp tm cc tr ca mt i lng A, ta chia A thnh tng ca nhiu i lng khc: A = B + C + ... ri i tm cc tr ca B v C... t suy ra cc tr ca A, ta cn chng minh: Khi B t cc tr th C cng ng thi t cc tr v ngc li. V d 5: Qua nh A ca tam gic ABC, dng ng thng d sao cho tng khong cch t cc nh B v C ti d l ln nht.
(Thi v ch ton cp II, CHLB Nga)

Gii:
A Ta xt hai trng hp: Trng hp I (h.6): d ct cnh BC ti E Gi BB' v CC' l cc khong cch t cc nh B' B v C ti d. Hai tam gic ABE v ACE c chung y AE v cc ng cao tng ng vi C y l BB' v CC'. Ta c: B E C' SABC = SABE + SACE d 2S ABC 1 1 = AE.BB' + AE.CC' BB' + CC' = (h.6) 2 2 AE Ta thy BB' + CC' nhn gi tr ln nht khi AE nhn gi tr nh nht, khi AE l ng cao k t nh A ca ABC, tc l d BC. Nu gi AH l di ng cao k t nh A th min (AE) = AH, do : 1 2( AH . BC) (1) BB' + CC ' = 2 = BC AH B' A

Trng hp II (h.7): ng thng d khng ct BC Gi M l trung im ca BC. K MM' d. T gic BB'C'C l hnh thang nhn MM' lm ng trung bnh nn: BB' + CC' = 2MM'
B
//

M'

C'

//

(h.7)

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

m MM' AM (ng vung gc v ng xin k t M ti d) do BB' + CC' ln nht khi M' A lc BB' + CC' = 2AM v d AM ti A (2) Nh vy, ng vi 2 trng hp ta c 2 kt qu (1) v (2), do ta hy so snh BC vi 2AM. 1. Nu A < 900 (h.8) Ko di AM mt on MN = MA. T gic ABNC l hnh bnh hnh v c hai ng cho giao nhau ti trung im ca mi ng, suy ra AB=CN; ACN = 180 0 A m A < 90 0 ACN > 90 0 hay ACN > CAB Xt hai tam gic BAC v NCA chng c: AB = CN, AC chung, ACN > CAB nn cnh i din vi gc CAB nh hn cnh i din vi gc ACN : BC < AN hay BC < 2AM.

(h.8)

2. Nu A = 90 0 : T gic ABNC l hnh bnh hnh c mt gc vung nn l hnh ch nht nn hai ng cho BC v AN bng nhau hay BC = 2AM. 3. Nu A > 90 0 : Chng minh tng t ta c: BC > 2AM T kt qu trn ta suy ra: - Nu tam gic ABC cho trc c A < 90 0 th ng thng d i qua A phi dng l ng thng vung gc vi trung tuyn AM ca ABC. - Nu A = 90 0 bi ton c hai li gii: Dng ng thng d qua A v vung gc vi AM hoc d' qua A v vung gc vi BC. - Nu A > 90 0 : ng thng d qua A v vung gc vi BC.

III. CCH VN DNG CC KIN THC GII TON CC TR 1. BT NG THC TAM GIC
Vi ba im bt k A, B, C ta lun c: AB + AC BC Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi A thuc on BC V d 1: Cho ng thng xy v hai im A, B thuc cng mt na mt phng c b l xy. a. Tm im M thuc xy sao cho MA + MB l nh nht 5

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

b. Tm im N thuc xy sao cho NA NB l ln nht. Gii: a. (Hnh 1). Gi A' l im i xng ca A qua xy th hon ton xc nh. Xt tng MA + MB = MA' + MB Ni A' vi B v p dng bt ng thc tam gic cho 3 im A', M, B ta c: MA' + MB A'B du "=" xy ra khi M A'B khi M Mo Vy min (MA + MB) = A'B M Mo b. (Hnh 2) Nu ly mt im N bt k trn xy th NA NB AB. Gi tr ln nht ca
A B

Mo

A'

(h.1) B

NA NB bng AB khi v ch khi B l im

No

nm gia hai im A v N. Suy ra: (h.2) . Nu AB // xy khng tm c im M tha mn iu kin . . Nu AB khng song song vi xy. Gi No = AB xy th No l im cn tm. Vy max NA NB = AB N No V d 2: Cho t gic li ABCD. Tm im M c tng khong cch ti bn nh ca t gic l nh nht. Gii: Vi ba im A, C, M bt k ta c: B A MA + MC AC du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi M on AC. Tng t: MB + MD BD du "=" xy ra M BD MA + MB + MC + MD AC + BD; du M "=" xy ra khi v ch khi M va thuc AC va thuc BD. Vy M l giao im ca hai D ng cho AC v BD (trong t gic li hai ng cho ct nhau) (h.3) C Vy min(MA + MB + MC + MD) = AC + BD M Mo
o

V d 3: Cho mt im P c nh v mt tam gic u ABC tha mn iu kin PA = 3; PB = 2. Hy xc nh di ln nht c th c ca on PC v dng tam gic u ABC nh th. Gii Gi s ta c tam gic u ABC v mt im P trong mt phng ca tam gic sao cho PA = 3; PB = 2 (h.4) Thc hin php quay tm A, gc quay 600 ngc chiu kim ng h: 6

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

A

P D B C Do : APB ADC P PB = DC Xt ba im P, D, C ta c: PC PD + DC = PA + PB = 3 + 2 = 5 Vy max PC = 5 Cch dng tam gic ABC (h.5) - Dng tam gic u PAD c cnh bng 3 - Trn tia PD dng PC = 5 - Thc hin php quay tm A gc quay 600 thun chiu kim ng h C B. Tam gic ABC l tam gic u phi dng. Do ADC = APB PB = DC = 2

C
B

(h.4)
A

P
B

(h.5)

BI TP
1. Cho hai im A, B trn cng mt na mt phng c b l ng thng xy cho trc. Tm trn mt im C sao cho chu vi tam gic ABC nh nht. 2. Trong cc hnh bnh hnh c cng din tch v mt ng cho khng i, hnh no c chu vi nh nht? 3. Cho ng trn (O) v mt im M ngoi ng trn. ng thng k t M qua tm O ct ng trn A v B (A l im nm gia hai im M v O). Chng minh rng MA l khong cch nh nht trong cc khong cch t M ti tt c cc im ca ng trn v MB l khong cch ln nht trong tt c cc khong cch . 4. Hai xm A v B cch nhau mt con sng. Tm a im bc cu qung ng i t A n B l ngn nht. Ghi ch: Hai b sng c th coi l hai ng thng song song; cu phi bc vung gc vi b sng tit kim nguyn vt liu. 5. Mt con ra b t tm O ca hnh vung ABCD i ti v tr M trn AB, ri ti v tr N trn DC, cui cng dng li B. Xc nh cc v tr M v N sao cho MN // BC v ng gp khc OMNB m ra b qua c di nh nht. Tnh di theo a = AB. 6. Cho tam gic ABC cn A v im D c nh trn y BC. Dng mt ng thng song song vi BC, ct hai cnh bn E v F sao cho DE + DF c gi tr nh nht. 7. Cho gc nhn xOy v mt im M nm trong gc sao cho M khng thuc Ox, Oy. Hy xc nh im B trn Ox, im C trn Oy sao cho OB = OC v MB + MC t gi tr nh nht.

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

8. Cho gc vung xOy; im A thuc min trong ca gc. Cc im M, N theo th t chuyn ng trn cc tia Ox, Oy sao cho MAN = 900. Xc nh v tr ca M, N MN c di nh nht.

2. NG VUNG GC V NG XIN
1. Trong cc on thng ni t mt im n mt ng thng, on vung gc vi ng thng c di ngn nht. 2. Trong hai ng xin k t mt im ti mt ng thng, ng xin no c hnh chiu ln hn th ln hn v ngc li. V d 1: Trn hai cnh BC, AC ca tam gic u ABC, ly tng ng hai im M v N sao cho BM = CN. Tm v tr ca M MN c gi tr nh nht. Gii : K MK, NH vung gc vi AB v MG NH. T gic MGHK l hnh ch nht v c ba gc vung, suy ra: MG = KH m MN MG MN KH A Cc tam gic AHN, BKM u l nhng tam gic o vung c mt gc nhn bng 60 , suy ra:
1 1 AH = AN; BK = BM 2 2
H G N K
/

Do : KH = AB - (AH + BK) = AB - ( AN + BM )
)
B

Suy ra:

1 1 2 2 1 AC AB = = AB - (AN + NC) = AB 2 2 2 AB AB MN ; min (MN) = 2 2

(h.1)

MN l ng trung bnh ca ABC V d 2: Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn. Tm im M trong tam gic sao cho MA.BC + MB.CA + MC.AB t gi tr nh nht. (Trch thi vo lp 10 trng PTTH Vit c H Ni nm hc 1991 - 1992) Gii : Xt mt im M bt k trong tam gic. AM ct BC ti D. K BE AD, CF AD. Ta c: A BE BD AM.BE AM.BD CF CD AM.CF AM.CD M BE.AM + CF.AM (BD + DC).AM Nhng BE.AM = 2SAMB E B C CF.AM = 2SAMC D BD + DC = BC F Do : 2(SAMB + SAMC) BC.AM (1)
(h.28)

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi E v F trng vi D. Khi AM BC. Tng t ta c: 2(SABM + SCBM) AC.BM (2) 2(SCBM + SACM) AB.CM (3) (1) + (2) + (3): 4(SABM + SACM + SBCM) AM.BC + BM.CA + CM.AB min(AM.BC + BM.CA + CM.AB) = 4SABC AM BC; BM AC; CM AB tc l M l trc tm ca ABC BI TP 1. Cho tam gic u ABC. Qua trng tm O ca tam gic hy dng ng thng sao cho tng khong cch t ba nh ca tam gic ti ng thng l ln nht? nh nht? 2. Cho tam gic ABC vung A, M l mt im nm trn cnh huyn BC; D; E theo th t l hnh chiu ca M trn AB, AC. Tm v tr ca M DE c di nh nht. 3. Cho tam gic ABC. Tm ng thng i qua nh A ca tam gic sao cho tng khong cch t B v C ti ng thng l nh nht. 4. Cho hnh vung ABCD. Hy ni tip trong hnh vung mt hnh vung c din tch nh nht. 5. Cho gc vung xOy, im A thuc min trong ca gc. Cc im M, N theo th t chuyn ng trn cc tia Ox, Oy sao cho MAN = 90o. Xc nh v tr ca M, N tng AM + AN c di: a. Nh nht b. Ln nht 6. Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn, M l mt im bt k nm trn cnh BC. Gi E, F theo th t l hnh chiu ca M trn AB, AC. Tm v tr ca M EF c di nh nht. 7. Cho tam gic ABC vung cn A, cnh huyn BC = 2a. Mt ng thng (d) bt k i qua A v khng ct cnh BC. Gi I l K theo th t l hnh chiu ca B v C trn (d). Gi H l trung im ca BC. Tnh din tch ln nht ca HIK.. 8. Trong cc hnh thoi c cng chu vi, hnh no c din tch ln nht?

3. DI NG GP KHC
di ng gp khc ni hai im khng nh hn di on thng ni hai im . V d 1: Cho gc nhn xOy v mt im A trong gc . Tm im B Ox; C Oy sao cho chu vi ABC nh nht. 9

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

Gii: Gi s B v C l hai im bt k trn Ox; Oy. ta phi tm v tr ca B v C sao cho AB + AC + BC nh nht. Gi A1, A2 ln lt l nh ca im A trong php A2 y i xng qua Ox, Oy; nh vy A1, A2 hon ton xc nh. Ni B vi A1, C vi A2, ta c: Co AB + BC + CA = A1B + BC + CA2 = di C ng gp khc A1BCA2 A1A2 O A B min (Chu vi ABC) = A1A2 B Bo; C Co Bo Vy ta ch cn dng A1, A2 i xng ca A qua Ox, Oy; ni A1A2 ct Ox ti Bo, Oy ti Co. Cc x A1 im Bo, Co l cc im phi tm. Ch : u bi cho xOy < 90o A OA = 2 xOy < 180o nn A1A2 chc chn ct 1 2 Ox, Oy; c ngha l ta lun lun xc nh c Bo, Co. V d 2: Cho hnh vung ABCD v mt t gic MNPQ c bn nh thuc bn cnh hnh vung (t gic MNPQ ni tip hnh vung ABCD). Tm iu kin t gic MNPQ c chu vi nh nht. Gii: Gi I, J, K ln lt l trung im ca QN, NM, PQ. p dng tnh cht trung tuyn thuc cnh huyn ca tam gic vung, ta c: MN = 2BJ; PQ = 2DK p dng tnh cht ng trung bnh ca tam gic: PN = 2IK ; MQ = 2JI Chu vi t gic MNPQ: MN + NP + PQ + MQ = 2 (BJ + JI + IK + KD) 2BD Chu vi t gic MNPQ t gi tr nh nht bng 2 ln M A B ng cho ca hnh vung khi ng gp khc trng J vi ng cho BD, lc MN // AC // PQ v MQ // BD // NP, t gic MNPQ tr thnh hnh ch nht. N T bi ton trn, ta c th rt ra kt lun sau: Mi hnh Q I ch nht ni tip c trong mt hnh vung cho u K c chu vi bng nhau v chu vi l nh nht so vi chu vi ca bt k t gic no ni tip trong hnh vung ny. C D P V d 3: Cho tam gic ABC c cc gc nh hn 120o. Tm im M nm bn trong tam gic sao cho tng MA + MB + MC c gi tr nh nht.

Gii:

10

Gio vin Tn N Bch Vn-Trng THCS Nguyn Khuyn Nng

B'

Xt mt im M nm trong tam gic ABC. Ta phi xc nh v tr ca M tng MA + MB + MC l nh nht. Ta tm cch a tng ca ba on thng ny thnh tng cc on thng ca mt ng gp khc ni hai im xc nh no . C' Thc hin php quay tm A, gc quay 60o A ngc chiu kim ng h: M' M M M' D E C C' M Nh vy AMM' l tam gic u suy ra: MA = MM' B C ACC' cng l tam gic u nn C' hon ton xc nh; M'C' = MC (php quay bo ton khong cch gia hai im). Do : MA + MB + MC = MM' + MB + M'C' = di ng gp khc BMM'C' BC' tng MA + MB + MC nh nht, ta phi tm M sao cho 4 im B, M, M', C' thng hng, ngha l M on B. Nu ta thc hin php quay tm A, gc quay 60o thun chiu kim ng h B B', cng l lun tng t, ta c: M CB' Suy ra: M Mo = BC' CB' Do cch xc nh im M nh sau: Dng ra pha ngoi ABC cc tam gic u ACC', ABB'; ly giao ca BC' v CB', l im M cn tm. Theo gi thit ABC u c cc gc nh hn 120o nn ta c:
o

o o o BAC' = BAC + CAC' < 120 + 60 = 180 BC' ct on AC ti mt im D nm gia A v C. Tng t CB' ct AB ti im E nm gia A v B, suy ra tia BD nm gia hai tia BA, BC; tia CE nm gia hai tia CB, CA; do hai tia BC' v CB' lun lun ct nhau ti mt im M o nm trong tam gic ABC. BI TP: 1. Cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Tm t gic c bn nh thuc bn cnh ca hnh ch nht sao cho chu vi t gic c gi tr nh nht. 2. Tam gic DEF gi l ni tip tam gic ABC nu ba nh ca tam gic DEF nm trn ba cnh ca tam gic ABC. Hy tm tam gic ni tip tam gic nhn ABC cho trc sao cho n c chu vi nh nht.
( thi hc sinh gii ton lp 9 ton quc nm 1975)

11