..

(). , 1997

- 1997

 512.64.

. (). , 1997.  : , 1997. 40 ., .

ISBN 5-88119-011-4
, ()
1997 .
(1953-1969 .). ,
.
, .
.. .

( )

B , 1953-1954 .
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, (. 1, 3)
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.
1961-1968 . . . , 1968-1969 .
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]). , , ,
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.

, ,
, .
u p(V )
+
= 0,
t
x
V
u

=0
t
t

,

m
m
Pn+
1 P
um+1
um
n 12
n
n
2
+
=0
4t
4x
m
m
vnm+1 vnm Un+ 21 Un 12

=0
4t
4x

m
um
n , Un+ . v
m
p(v) vnm Pn+
. , ,
.
, ,
,
.

, . . ,
p(v) =
a2 v (a2 = const > 0).
u av,
1
2

1
2

(u av)
(u av)
a
= 0.
t
x

, (
p(v) = a2v, a = const) u av. ,
. .
,
6

  .
,
.
.
:
m
m
m
m
m
m+1
m
v
vn1
u
2un + un1
un
a2 n+1
a n+1
=0

2h
2h
m
m
m
2vnm + vn1
vn+1
vnm+1 vnm um
n+1 un1

a
=0

2h
2h

un

m
m
) p(vnm )
vnm
um u m
p(vn+1
u m um
vn+1
n
n
+ a n+1
=
+ a n+1
2
2
2
2
m
u m um
v m vnm
um u m
p(vn+1
) p(vnm )
n
n
= n+1
+ a n+1
= n+1

2
2
2
2a

m
2
Pn+
1 = a
2

m
Un+
1

,
m
m
a Pn+
, Un+
, , amn+ . amn+ :
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

am
=
n+ 1

m
p 0 (vnm + vn+1
),
1q
1p
m
p 0 (vnm ) +
p 0 (vn+1
),
=
2
2
q
4
m
am
p 0 (vnm )p 0 vn+1
),
=
n+1
2

am
n+1

, ,
.
.
, amn+ . , ,
, amn+
,
.
,
, . , ,
,
1
2

1
2

u p(v, E)
+
= 0,
t
x
V
u

= 0,
 t 2  x
E + u2
(pu)
+
= 0,
t
x
7


m
m
Pn+
1 P
um
um+1
n 12
n
n
2
+
= 0,
4t
4x

m
m
vnm+1 vnm Un+ 12 Un 12

= 0,
4t
4x

(E +

u2 m+1
)
2 n

(E
4t

u2 m
)
2 n

m
m
m
m
Pn+
Pn
1U
1U
n+ 1
n 1
2

4x

=0

amn+ m
m
m
,
, Un+
umn, vnm, Enm, umn+1, vn+1
Pn+
m
En+1 .  - .
, amn+
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

( + 1)Pn+ 1 + ( 1)pn
2

vn

Pn+ . ( pv
.) ,
E = 1
- .
. . . .
, , ( ).
, ,
. 1954 . . . ,
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, ,
.
4 1954 . ,
. 1959
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, .
1
2

15

14

2.

, 1954 ., .
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) . . . -,
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. 1961 .
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2/3. , , .
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. . 50-
, (. . ,
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16

17

10

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u
u
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+u
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t
x
x

| ln |. ,
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22, 23

11

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[ ] 1957 .,
.

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,
  , ut = uxx + uyy ,
. ,
,

24

 2

const
x + y2
u(x, y, t) =
exp
.
t
4t

 .
,
4x2

4t
10
+ 4y 2

, , ,
. ,

14

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1968 
1969 ., [ ],

(, 1969).
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1969 . .
-, , , , .
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, (,
50). .
. . . . , . . ,
. . [ ], 1970 . , .
, ,
- .
, . .

5, 25, 26

27

28

16

 , .
, ,
t = const.
,
, .
, . ,
. [ ],
,
, [ ].
, 1969
., . .
, . . . . ( ), .
. . . ()
(. [
]).

, [ ].
3

29, 30

31

4.

,

, .
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( )
 .
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.
, , n + 1- .
17

, , ,
, ,
 E(V, S). . . ,
( [ ]) ES > 0 EV V ESS EV2 S > 0,
, V , S
, . , . . ,
.
,
( )
1/T dE + pdV .
dS = (1/T )(dE + pdV ). (. [ ]).
, , , ,
, .
(. .
),

. , ,
, . [ ] (. 22 [ ])
, ,
.
[ ], , ,
,

( ):
32

33

33

23

33

u
V
+
= 0,
t
x
u EV (V, S)
+
= 0,
t
x
S
=0
t

(E(V, S) +
0=
t

u2
)
2


 

uEV (V, S))
V
u
u EV (V, S)
S
+
EV (V, S)
+
+u
+
+ES
.
x
t
x
t
x
t

, , , S . , t = 0 at
V
u
+
= 0,
t
t
18

u EV
+
= 0,
t
x

:
S
EV
0=
=
t
ES

"



V
u
u u EV
1 (E +
+

+
+
t
x
ES t
x
ES
t

u2
)
2

#
(uEV )
+
.
x

:


2
dS =

EV
u
1
u
dV
du +
d E+
ES
ES
ES
2






u2
1
u2
EV
u
u2
1
EV
V +

E+
=Vd
+ ud
E+
d
d S+
ES
2ES
ES
2
ES
ES
2
ES

1
L=S
ES

u2
E+
2

q1 =


+

V EV
u2
1
+
=
[SES + V EV E],
ES
2ES
ES

EV
u
1
1
, q2 =
, q3 =
= .
ES
ES
ES
T

, Lq , t :
i

u2
Lq1 = V, Lq2 = u, Lq3 = E +
2



,

dS , dV , du, d(E + u2 )
, :
2

d(q1 Lq1 + q2 Lq2 + q3 Lq3 L) = Lq1 dq1 + Lq2 dq2 + Lq3 dq3 .

q1, q2, q3:

M =

q1 q2
q3

q2
= u,
q3
q1
Mq2 = = EV ,
q3
q 1 q2
Mq3 = 2 = uEV ,
q3
M q1 Mq1 q2 Mq2 q3 Mq3 = 0.
Mq1 =

,
Lqi Mqi
+
= 0,
t
x

i = 1, 2, 3.

, ()
(q1 Lq1 + q2 Lq2 + q3 Lq3 L) (q1 Mq1 + q2 Mq2 + q3 Mq3 M )
(q1 Lq1 + q2 Lq2 + q3 Lq3 L)

=0
t
x
t
19

 dSdt = 0.
, ,
Lqi Ljqi
+
= 0.
t
xj

, . , L = L(q1, q2, ...) ,

L qi q k

qk
qk
+ Ljqi qk
=0
t
xj

qi t.
. . c , ,
, .
, .
,
, ,
.
. , ,
,
(
) .


Lqi Mqi

qk
+
=
bik (q)
t
x
x
x

qi = qi(), = (x wt)/, , ,
qi () .
, , , ,
.
, , , . . .
,
[ ].

, , .
] . .
[
. ,
. . . c.
, ,
.
34

35, 36

20

 [ ], 1986 . -
. [
] , . . . . .

[
], . . , - (,
) . ( . . )
[ ]. [
]
.
[ ], , .
.
. ,
.
22

37, 38

39, 40, 41
42

41, 42

43

, . .
, .

, . ,
, . . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . , . .
. , ,
.
- . . , . . ,
. . -, . . , ,
. . . ,
, , .
.
. . .
, .
, .

21


[1]

. : , 1970.
[2]
// . . . . 1962. . 2, 4. . 706-708.
[3]

// . . . . 1962. . 2, 1. . 3-14.
[4]
, , . .
1974. 72.
[5]
Sur la construction des reseaux dans les domaines cotn-pliques d'une facon
automatique pour les equations aux dierences nies // Act. Congress Int. Math 1970. V. 3. P.
99-104.
[6]
// .
. . . 1961. . 1, 6. . 1020-1050.
[7]
// .
. . . 1969. . 9, 2. . 462-468.
[8]
. . //
. . . . 1968. . 8, 1. . 228-233.
[9]

. .: ( .
. . ), .: , 1970.
[10]

// . . . .
1970. . 10, 5. . 1180-1190.
[11]
. : , 1997.
[12]
.
In: Proc. Int. Congr. Math. Berkeley, California, USA, 1986, V. 2. P. 1353-1362.
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. : , 1992.
[14]
Weak solutions of nonlinear hyperbolic equations and their numerical
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[15]
// . . 1959. . 47, . 3. . 271-306.
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// . . . . 1961. . 1, 4. . 622-637.
[17]
Solutions in the large for nonlinear hyperbolic systems of equations// Comm. PureAppl.
Math. 1965. V. 18. P. 697-715.
[18]
Towards the ultimate conservative dierence scheme. V. A second order sequel to
Godunov's methods // J. . Phys. 1979. V.32. P. 101-136.
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A High resolution schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws //J . . Phys. 1983. V.
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[20]
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. ., . ., . ., . .
. ., . .

. ., . .

. ., . .

Godonov S. .

. ., . ., . .

. ., . .
. .

. ., . ., . .

. ., . .

. .
. .

. ., . ., . ., . .
Lax

P.

D.

. .

. .
Glimm J.

Van Leer B.
Harten A.

Harten A., Lax P. D.

Harten A.

22

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// . . . . 1972. . 12, 2. . 429-440.
Variational principle for 2-D regular
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. .

. ., . .
. ., . .

. ., . .

Godunov S. ., Gordienko V. ., Chumakov G. A.

Godunov S. K., Deribas A. A., Zabrodin A. V., Kozm N. S.

. ., . .

Taylor . D., Mason . S.

. .
. .

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Friedrichs . ., Lax P. D.
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Godunov S. K., Romenskii . I.

Godunov S. K., Romenskii E. I.

Godunov S. K., Romenskii E. I.

. ., . ., . .

Sever M.

23

, . . . .
. . ,
, .
TVD ,
, ,
.
. ,

.

(1)
ut + f (u)x = 0, u(0, x) = u0 (x), x R,
u0(x) - m- - f (u)  . , (1) u(t, x).

n
n
fj
), vj0 = u0 (jh), j Z,
(2)
vjn+1 = vjn n (fj+
n
n
fj+n = f(vjk+1
, . . . , vj+k
), f(u, . . . , u) = f (u) u Rm , vjn = v(tn , jh), t0 =
0, tn = 0 + 1 + + n1 , n = n /h, n - n-
tn, h  , f  . n
n nmax = zh/maxi,j |ai (vjn |, z = 0.5  , ai (u), i = 1, . . . , m,
 fu (1). a R

Z x
Z x
a
a
(3)
U (T, x) =
u(T, y)dy, Vh (T, x) =
vh (T, y)dy.
1
2

1
2

1
2

1 , . . (
. . . , ).

24

 , vh(T, x) r-
[a, x] R u(T, x),
(4)
Vha (T, x) U a (T, x) = Chr + o(hr ),
C h.
[a, x] , , . .
. ,
TVD
r , (1) .
( ) (2)
h1 = h, h2 = h/2, h3 = h/4.
(4),
(5)
Vi = |Vha Vha | = |C|(hri hri+1 ) + o(hr ),
, o(hr )
i

i+1

hr hr2
V1
= 1r
=
V2
h2 hr3

i = 1, 2.

r
1 21



= 2r ,
1 r
1 r

2
4

V1
(6)
r = log2
.
V2
(5) (6) TVD .

(2) TVD , 2
.
,

= 2




ut + f (u)x = 0,

u=

H
q

f (u) =

q2
H

q
2
+ gH2

H q  , g  ( g =
10).
. 1-4 T = 0.2


10,
x 3.5,
(7)
H(0, x) =
2 th(x 5), x > 3.5,
(8)
q(0, x) = 0, x R.
h1 = h = 0.1, h2 = h/2 = 0.05, h3 = h/4 = 0.025
. 1 h1,
 h3. -
, (7).
. 2, 3 (5) (6).
(3) a = 12. . 2, 3 , x > 6, . .
J. Comp. Phys. 1983. V. 49. P. 357-393.

25

 [a, x] , r(x) . x < 5 [a, x]

, r(x) 1, TVD (2)
(7), (8).
. 4

r0 (x) =

R(x) = log

v1 (x)
,
v2 (x)

R(x), R(x) 3,
3
R(x) > 3

vi (x) = |vvhi (T, x) vhi+1 (T, x)|,

i = 1, 2,

.
. 4,
( ) ,
. . 4
, TVD , ,
.

26

. 1.

27

. 2.

. 3.

28

. 4.

29