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Network Planning
Introduction
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be summarised as follows :To help the operator to identify their RF design requirement Optional Discuss and agree RF design parameters, assumptions and objectives with the customer Coverage requirement Traffic requirement Various level of design (ROM to detail RF design) Comparative Analysis Site Realisation RF Design requirement RF Design Implementation RF Design Issuing of search ring Cand. assessment Site survey, design, approval Drive test (optional) Frequency plan Neighbour list RF OMC data Optimisation
Comparative Analysis
This is an optional step This is intended to :o Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network o Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement, e.g. where their network should be built For the comparative analysis, we would need to :o Identify all network that are competitors to the customer o Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of interest o Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the competitors have service
Comparative Analysis
The result of the analysis should include : For an existing operator o All problems encountered in the customers network o All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor does o Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems For a new operator o Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network o Problem encountered in the competitors network
o o
Indoor Coverage : Signal Level measured at street better than 65 dBm. Indoor coverage to be provided in commercial complexes, hotels,technology parks etc. In Car Coverage: Signal Level measured at street better than 75 dBm. In Car coverage to be provided in residential areas, highways, tourist spots etc. Outdoor Coverage : Signal level measured at street better than 85 dBm. All remaining areas to be covered with Outdoor coverage. These are general guidelines for planning , specific areas not provided.
Frequency spectrum available 6.2 MHz (31 channels). Average traffic per sub for RF design : 50 mErlang. Synthesizer frequency hopping can be used. GOS: 2% Existing network Database o Total No. of sites with configuration o Site details eg location(Lat-Long), Antenna height ,azimuth, etc.
RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the :o Capacity requirement o Coverage requirement For the RF Coverage Design
CW Drive Testing
Digitised Databases
Customer Requirements
Propagation Model
RF Coverage Design
Link Budget
CW Drive Testing
CW drive test can be used for the following purposes :o Propagation model tuning o Assessment of the suitability of candidate sites, from both coverage and interference aspect CW drive test process can be broken down to : Equipment required BTS antenna selection Channel selection Transmitter setup Receiver setup Measurement averaging Report generation
Test Preparation
Power setting Drive route planning Test site selection Drive test Transmitter dismantle
CW Transmitter Example : Gator Transmitter (BVS), LMW Series Transmitter (CHASE), TX-1500 (LCC) etc. Base Station test antenna DB806Y (Decibel-GSM900), 7640 (Jaybeam-GSM1800) etc. Accessories Including flexible coaxial cable/jumper, Power meter, extended power cord, GPS, compass, altimeter
The channels selected will need to be verified by conducting a pre-test drive It should always precede the actual CW drive test to verify the exact free frequency to be used It should cover the same route of the actual propagation test A field strength plot is generated on the collected data to confirm the channel suitability
For propagation model tuning, the maximum transmit power is used For candidate site testing, the transmit power of the test transmitter is determined using the actual BTS link budget to simulate the coverage On sites with existing antenna system, it is recommended that the transmit power to be reduced to avoid interference or intermodulation to other networks. The amount of reduction is subject to the possibility if separating the test antenna from the existing antennas
Transmitter installation
A complete set of 360 photographs of the test location (at the test height) and the antenna setup should be taken for record
HP 7475A Receiver
Propagation Model
Standard Macrocell Model for Asset o Lp (dB) = K1 + K2 log(d) + K3 Hm + K4 log(Hm) + K5 log(Heff) o + K6 log(Heff) log(d) + K7 Diffraction + Clutter factor o where Lp, Diffraction, Clutter factor are in dB o d, Hm, Heff are in m o It is based on the Okumura-Hata empirical model, with a number of additional features to enhance its flexibility o Known to be valid for frequencies from 150MHz to 2GHz o Applies in condition : Base station height : 30 - 200 m Mobile height : 1 - 10 m Distance : 1 - 20 km o An optional second intercept and slope (K1, K2) for the creation of a twopiece model with the slope changing at the specified breakpoint distance.
Morphology Class
Link Budget
Link Budget Element of a GSM Network
BTS Antenna Gain Max. Path Loss Fade Margin
LNA (optional)
Penetration Loss MS Antenna Gain, Body and Cable Loss Mobile Transmit Power Mobile Receiver Sensitivity
Feeder Loss ACE Loss BTS Transmit Power Diversity Gain BTS Receiver Sensitivity
Link Budget
BTS Transmit Power o Maximum transmit power o GSM900 and 1800 networks use radios with 46dBm maximum transmit power ACE Loss o Includes all diplexers, combiners and connectors. o Depends on the ACE configuration o The ACE configuration depends on the number of TRXs and combiners used
Link Budget
Mobile Transmit Power o GSM900 : Typical mobile class 4 (2W) o GSM1800 : Typical mobile class 1 (1W)
Mobile Receiver Sensitivity o The sensitivity of GSM900 and GSM1800 mobile = -102 dBm
Link Budget
Diversity Gain o Two common techniques used : Space Polarisation o Reduce the effect of multipath fading on the uplink o Common value of 3 to 4.5 dB being used BTS Receiver Sensitivity o Depends on the type of propagation environment model used, most commonly used TU50 model o BTS : Receiver Sensitivity for GSM900 = -107 dBm
Link Budget
Feeder Loss o Depends on the feeder type and feeder length o The selection of the feeder type would depends on the feeder length, I.e. to try to limit to feeder loss to 3 -4dB. BTS Antenna Gain o Antenna gain has a direct relationship to the cell size o The selection of the antenna type depends on : The morphology classes of the targeted area and coverage requirements Zoning and Local authority regulations/limitations o Common antenna types used : 65, 90, omni-directional antennas with different gains
Link Budget
Slow Fading Margin o To reserve extra signal power to overcome potential slow fading. o Depends on the requirement of coverage probability and the standard deviation of the fading o A design can take into consideration : both outdoor and in-building coverage, which utilises a combined standard deviation for indoor and outdoor (Default value = 9dB) Only outdoor coverage (Default value = 7dB) Pathloss slope used, 45dB/dec (Dense Urban), 42dB/dec (Urban), 38dB/dec (Suburban) and 33dB/dec (Rural)
Link Budget
Penetration Loss o Penetration loss depends on the building structure and material o Penetration loss is included for in-building link budget o Typical value used for Asia-Pacific environment (if country specific information is not available) : Dense Urban : 20 dB Urban : 18 dB Suburban : 15 dB Rural : 9 dB Body Loss o Typical value of 3dB body loss is used MS Antenna Gain o A typical mobile antenna gain of 2.2 dBi is used
Link Budget
Link Budget Example (GSM900)
Antenna
Antenna Selection o Gain o Beamwidths in horizontal and vertical radiated planes o VSWR o Frequency range o Nominal impedance o Radiated pattern (beamshape) in horizontal and vertical planes o Downtilt available (electrical, mechanical) o Polarisation o Connector types (DIN, N) o Height, weight, windload and physical dimensions
Antenna
The antenna selection process o Identify system specifications such as polarisation, impedance and bandwidth o Select the azimuth or horizontal plane pattern to obtain the needed coverage o Select the elevation or vertical plane pattern to be as narrow as possible, consistent with practical limitations of size, weight and cost o Check other parameters such as cost, power rating, size, weight, mounting capabilities, wind loading, connector types, aesthetics and reliability to ensure that they meet system requirements
Antenna
System Specification o Impedance and frequency bandwidth is normally associated with the communication system used o The polarisation would depends on if polarisation diversity is used Horizontal Plane Pattern o Three categories for the horizontal plane pattern : Omnidirectional Sectored (directional) Narrow beam (highly directional) Elevation Plane Pattern o Choosing the antenna with the smallest elevation plane beamwidth will give maximum gain. However, beamwidth and size are inversely related o Electrical down tilt o Null filling
Nominal RF Design
Link Budget Propagation model Coverage requirements Traffic requirements
Standard hexagon site layout Friendly, candidate sites Initial site survey inputs Coverage
site
Recalculate the site radius using the number of sites from the traffic requirement Repeat the nominal RF design
Traffic requirements
Nominal RF Design
Calculation of cell radius o A typical cell radius is calculated for each clutter environment o This cell radius is used as a guide for the site distance in the respective clutter environment o The actual site distance could varies due to local terrain Inputs for the cell radius calculation :o Maximum pathloss (from the link budget) o Typical site configuration (for each clutter environment) o Propagation model
Nominal RF Design
There are different level of nominal RF design :o Only using the cell radius/site distance calculated and placing ideal hexagon cell layout o Using the combination of the calculated cell radius and the existing/friendly sites from the customer
The site distance also depends on the required capacity In most mobile network, the traffic density is highest within the CBD area and major routes/intersections The cell radius would need to be reduce in this area to meet the traffic requirements
BASED ON THE SITE DISTANCE & THE COVERAGE REQUIREMENTS CELL COUNT BASED ON COVERAGE IS CALCULATED.
Nominal RF Design
Cell count based on traffic is derived based on capacity inputs: Capacity requirements GOS Spectrum availability Freq. Hopping techniques
If the total sites for the traffic requirement is more than the sites required for coverage, the nominal RF design is repeated using the number of sites from the traffic requirement o Recalculating the cell radius for the high traffic density areas o The calculation steps are : Calculate the area to be covered per site Calculate the maximum cell radius Calculate the site distance
Site Realisation
After completion of Nominal design based on cell count ( coverage & capacity requirements) , search rings for each cell site issued. Nominal design is done , with the existing network in place(existing BTS). Existing site location remain unchanged , azimuth , tilts as per the new design requirements. Based on the search ring form physical site survey is undertaken.
Site Realisation
Search Ring Form
Site ID Site Name Latitude/Longitude Project name Issue Number and date Ground height Clutter environment Preliminary configuration
o o o o
Site Realisation
Release of Search Ring Suitable Candidates?
Candidates Approved?
Arranged Caravan
Y Produce Final
RF Design
N
Problem identifying candidate
N
Next candidate
N
Caravan next candidate
Exhausted candidates
N
Y
Discuss alternative with customer Driveby, RF suggest possible alternative
Exhausted candidates
N N
Candidate approved?
Site Realisation
Candidate Assessment Report-Site Survey Forms o Site survey Forms for all suitable candidates for the search ring o For each candidates : Location (latitude/longitude) Location map showing the relative location of the candidates and also the search ring Candidate information (height, owner etc) Photographs (360 set, rooftop, access, building) Possible antenna orientations Possible base station equipment location Information for any existing antennas Planning reports/comments (restrictions, possibilities of approval etc.)
Traffic Engineering
Spectrum Available
Reuse factor
Channel loading
No of TCH available
Traffic offered
Subscriber supported
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Requirement The Erlang per subscriber Grade of Service (GoS) o GoS is expressed as the percentage of call attempts that are blocked during peak traffic o Most cellular systems are designed to a blocking rate of 1% to 5% during busy hour
Traffic Engineering
Frequency Reuse o In designing a frequency reuse plan, it is necessary to develop a regular pattern on which to assign frequencies o The hexagon is chosen because it most closely approximated the coverage produced by an omni or sector site o Common reuse factor : 4/12, 7/21
Traffic Engineering
Channel Loading o As the number of TRX increases, the control channels required increases accordingly o The following channel loading is used for conventional GSM network o For services such as cell broadcast, additional control channels might be required
Traffic Engineering
After determining the number of TCH available and the traffic requirements, the traffic offered is calculated using the Erlang B table o For example, for a 2% GoS and 3 TRX configuration, the traffic offered is 14 Erlang o If the traffic per subscriber is 50mE/subscriber, then the total subscribers supported per sector = 280 For a uniform traffic distribution network, the number of sites required for the traffic requirement is :-
Traffic Engineering
Erlang B Table
Traffic Engineering
If a traffic map is provided, the traffic engineering is done together with the coverage design After the individual sites are located, the estimated number of subscribers in each sector is calculated by :o Calculating the physical area covered by each sector o Multiply it by the average subscriber density per unit area in that region o The overlap areas between the sectors should be included in each sector because either sector is theoretically capable of serving the area The number of channels required is then determined by :o Calculating the total Erlangs by multiplying the area covered by the average load generated per subscriber during busy hour o Determine the required number of TCH and then the required number of TRXs o If the number of TRXs required exceeded the number of TRXs supported by the available spectrum, additional sites will be required
SWAP PLAN
Why do we need a swap plan? To reduce mix of different vendor BTS within a large city/ area o Reduce Inter MSC HO. o Better maintenance efficiency
Swap Strategy o No. of existing BTS sites with configuration known o No. of new sites with configuration known.
Uttaranchal
Muzaffarnagar
Bijnor
NCR
Meerut
Nepal
Ghaziabad Moradabad Rampur Bareilly Pilbhit Noida Bulandshahr
Delhi
Ericcsson BTS
Nokia BTS
Haryana
Mathura Aligarh
Budaun
Etah
Rajasthan
Agra
UP(E)
Mainpuri
Etawah
DHQ of all SSAs Meerut Agra Mathura Noida Ghaziabad Muzaffarnagar Aligarh Bulandshahar
Bijnor Bareilly Moradabad Etah Etawah Rampur Pilbhit Badaun Mainpuri Saharanpur
Muzaffarnagar
Bijnor Meerut Ghaziabad Delhi NH-02 Haryana Aligarh Etah Mathura Agra Rajasthan Mainpuri Etawah NH-03 UP(E) NH-91 NH-24
Noida
Moradabad
Nepal
69 Ericsson HW Site 56 Nokia HW Site National HW Railways
State Highway
District Border
Sl NO
SSA
TOTAL NOKIA
TOTAL ERICSSON
Highways Nokia
GRAND TOTAL
E (A+D-B)
F (C-D+B) 8 12 18 21 45 8 19
H (E+F+G)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
74 40 16 45 39 27 17
2 4 10 11 32 3 12
43 27 11 27 16 17 10
37 19 3 17 3 12 3
109 55 9 51 10 36 8
8 1 1 2 0 1 3
125 68 28 74 55 45 30
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Etawah
Ghaziabad Mainpuri Mathura Meerut Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Noida Pilbhit Rampur Saharanpur Total
29
27 22 34 68 73 48 12 11 20 31 633
21
1 17 1 5 35 10 0 6 13 18 201
16
15 12 22 30 33 17 8 6 11 16 337
4
9 2 17 26 16 13 6 2 3 9 201
12
35 7 50 89 54 51 18 7 10 22 633
33
7 27 6 9 52 14 2 10 21 25 337
0
0 0 7 11 9 3 0 5 0 5 56
45
42 34 63 109 115 68 20 22 31 52 1026
Out of 40 sites 31 have been swapped to o Bijnor 16 o Moradabad 15 Out of 40 sites 9 left as it is (No Swap) o Agra - 1 o Moradabad 1 o Saharanpur 1 o Bijnor 1 o Bulandshahr 1 o Etah 1 o Etawah 3
Parameter Planning
Parameter planning means creating a default set of BSS parameters. The most important parameters to plan for: o frequencies o BSIC o LAC o handover control parameters o adjacent cell definitions.
BSS Parameter
Relevant BSS parameter for NW planning o frequency allocation plan o transmit power o definition of neighbouring cells o definition of location areas o handover parameters o power control parameters o cell selection parameters
Handover Types
Intracell same cell, other carrier or timeslot Intercell between cells (normal case) Inter-BSC between BSC areas Inter-MSC between MSC areas Inter- PLMN e.g. between AMPS and GSM systems
intracell
intercell
inter-BSC
Handover Criteria
1. Interference, UL and DL 2. Bad C/I ratio 3. Uplink Quality 4. Downlink Quality 5. Uplink Level 6. Downlink Level 7. Distance 8. Rapid Field Drop
9. MS Speed 10. Better Cell, i.e. periodic check (Power Budget, Umbrella Handovers) 11. Good C/I ratio 12. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (DL/UL) 13. PC; Upper quality/level thresholds (DL/UL)
Location area 2
Location area 1
Network Optimisation
Improving network quality from a subscribers point of view. Improving network quality from an operators point of view.
O P E R A T O R
C U S T O M E R
NETWORK
Network Management System Network configuration BSS parameter data Network performance
Performance Feedback
Network is under permanent change o ==> detect problems and symptoms early! OM C
field tests
customer complaint s
Network Performance Evaluation with NMSthe network performance with The most reliable KPIs to evaluate
NMS are: o SDCCH and TCH congestion o Blocking percentage [%] o Drop call rate [%] o Handover failure and/or success rate o Call setup success rate o Average quality DL and UL The targets are always defined by the customer but the following figures can be considered as satisfactory results: Item limit Target Lowest acceptable Dropped calls: <2 % 4 % Handover success >98 % 96 % Good Qual samples (0..5) >98 % 95 %
Optimisation Process
There are not strict processes for optimization because the activity is driven by the network evolution.
Optimisation Process: Young Network Case is normally the coverage. In a young network the primary target
In this phase usually there is a massive use of drive test measurement o check the signal and o the performance of the competitors
GPS
NMS X
MMAC
Optimisation Process: Mature Network Case In a mature network the primary targets are quality indicators
o
drop call rate, average quality, handover failures. Important use the information from NMS o a general view of the network performance. Drive test measurements are still used o but not in a massive way o in areas where new sites are on air o where interference and similar problems are pointed out by NMS data analysis.