a bghUshjhu

nkiy Kjyh ML

2003-04 faho btlgl

ghllgo, ghl nkghL FG
gJiuzf jjhf jahfglJ

lhik xU ghtbra
lhik xU bgUFw
lhik kjjikaw bra

jehL
ghl fHf
f rhiy, brid-600 006.

 jehL muR

Kjg-2007

FGjiyt
Kidt f. n#h tPhd

iz nguha
bghUa Jiw
brid gfiyfHf
brid-600 005.

nkyhthsf
Kidt v.Kjh{ ngf

U. .mnrhf

iz nguhia, bghUaJiw

iz nguha, bghUaJiw

nyo nlh f,
kJiu - 625 002.

ahfuhr f,
kJiu - 625 009.

yhaf
v.M.nfhgh
jiyikaha,
muR nkiyg,
Gthf, brid-600 091.

v.fh
cj jiyikahia,
khy bgf nkiyg,
vG, brid-600 008.

.uh#nrfu
KJfiy Ma, (bghUa)
J nkiyg,
Utnf, brid-600 005.

v.uhnru
KJiy iuahs,
Ma f Muh kW
g aff, frhiy,
brid-600 006.

.yht
KJfiy Mia, (bghUa)
muR kh nkiyg,
irjhngil, brid-600 015.

v.M.bfdo
KJfiy Ma, (bghUa)
.v.I. bfy nkiyg,
Utnf, brid-600 005.

iy %.
ghlf jah: jehL muRfhf g f aff jehL.
ii

Kfiu
2004-2005 MoUJ mKfgLjgl nkiy g
ghl jffis uikf ntL vw nfhifia bgnwhf,
tYef, Maf, f Jiw Mt cs Clff jHf
mul K itjJ. f ts vW jftd brYJ
khF Kjt fiyP mtf cldoahf ghljffis
uikgjF khylFG Jiz jiyt mtf jiyik
xU tYe FGit mikjh.
ghljffis gWF Maf, f gfiy
fHf nguhaf, ghl l FG jiytf Mnahl ghl
l, ghl jf ga fUJf bgwgld. thwhf bgwgl
fUJfis M brJ ghllf vjj khWjiy
brahk ghljffis nkgLJtjF gJiufis FG
muF mjJ.
Fghf bghUshjhu ghl jffis jhf vGj
ntL vw nfhifia VW, mDgt thj eyhafis
bfhL jf jhf vGjgLsJ.
KaF cWJizahfUJ CFj jHf Kjt
fiyP mtfSF, khF g f mikr U. jf
bjduR, g fJiw bray, g f aFe
MnahUF vf eid bjJ bfhnwh.
g bgw miktjF gntW tif, gntW iyf
cj j gfiy fHf, f Maf, ghljf FG
jiytf, kW M brj tYef, khy l FG kW g
f Jiwia rhj mYtyf midtUF vfsJ
eid bjJbfhnwh.
a ghl jfij khztf eW gW, wj Kiw
nj bt bgw vdJ thid bjnw.

nguha

K. ehfehj

jiyt, ghl nkghL FG

jehL muR
iii

KDiu
11-M tF khztfhd ghllidbaho `a
bghUshjhu, khztf Rik vikahf fF bghUL,
mogil fUJf f eilKiwF Vwtif,
vaKiw bfhLgjF jf thyhf Ka
nkbfhsgLsJ.
FGjiyt, nkyhthsf kW yhaf, khy
lFG Jiz jiyt kW ghljf nkghL FG
jiytUkhd nguha Kidt K.ehfehj mtfSF jf
eia bjJ bfhwd. fiyl kW
ghll thd rKjha fnzhlgh mtUila
MHf yDzfhf tUfhy jiyKiwd f
flgLsd.
Kidt M.thr, KGneu cWd, khy lFG
mtf ilawhj MtdhY, CfdhY, kW
gaDila fUJfshY ghljf vGJg wghf
eilbgwikfhf mtUF FG jdJ eajiy bjJ
bfhwJ.
khF U.jf bjduR, mtf, jHf g f
Jiw mikr, U.v.Fwhf .M.g. mtf, bray, g
fJiw, U. M.fz mtf, aFe, g
fJiw, U. uh. gHrh mtf, mnghija g
fJiw iz aFe, U..mbth mtf, g
fJiw iz aFe kW ca midtF FG jdJ
kdkhj eajiy bjJ bfhwJ.
Kidt .nyhfehj, mtf, nguha (X),
bghUaJiw, ahfuha f, brid-600 021. kW
FGjiyt 12-M tF `bghUa nfhghL ghl mtf
kdKtj cjF, iy Fj neu btl
cjajF mtUF FG jdJ eajiy cjhFwJ.
iv

bkhbganghJ cjahUj U. m.tst

mtfSF, eKiw mR to bttUtjF
cjj U. e.ghyRju, khy lFG mtfSF FG
jdJ eajiy bjJbfhwJ.
ghl gkidF gyjf cjj
U.v.gukt, yf, khy lFG mtfSF FG
jdJ kdkhj eia bjJ bfhwJ.
ghl nkyhthsf, yhaf Mnah f
wj xJiHF, KGikahd, Jzl Toa
FGgF ghl FGjiyt jdJ eia
bjJ bfhwh. ftdFiwth Vgl iHfis
bghUjUSkhW nfL bfhnwh.
jf nkghofhd gJiuf tuntfgLwd.
FG jiyt
nkyhthsf kW
yhaf

bghUslf
ghl
v.

gf
v.

1.

bghUshjhu ts KndwK

01

2.

kfbjhif

16

3.

tWik kW ntiyik

35

4.

ehL tUkhd

49

5.

bghUshjhu lLj

64

6.

ntshik

80

7.

bjhJiw

103

8.

ta

123

9.

gdhL thf

142

vi

bghUslf
ghl
v.

gf
v.

10.

kjts nkghL

172

11.

a M,

188

ikangh msitfS
12.

khWghL msitf

vii

218

ghl 1
bghUshjhu ts KndwK
KDiu
ghl bghUshjhu jidf, bghUshjhu ts,
Kndw Mat jik, bghU g, tsJ tU
ehLf mogil af g, bghUshjhu Kndw
mu gF g, nuhnlh (Rostow) bghUshjhu ts
iyf g fhngh.
bghUshjhu jidf njhw
bghUshjhu fUJf njhw, ts, mt
ilnaahd bjhlf g bghUshjhu jidf tuyhW
twJ. gHfhy thj %, af, nuff,
nuhkhaf kW ilfhy mPf gilf
bghUa fUJf fhzgLwd.
2500 MLfSF K bghUa mPfsh L
brygl ghugank bghUshjhu jidahF. kj m
midJ iyfis j _y vjhf ma Ko vW
nguha bg ( P r o f . B e l l ) TWwh. gHfhy bghUa
jidfis gojh, bghUa nfhghLf kW
Wtdf njhwij tsia vjhf mJbfhs
Ko.
% bghUa jidf
cynyna fgHikahd ehffij bfhltf %.
tfSila fhy 2500 B.C. F KglJ. tf bghUa
uridf g jJ ghfiy.
kjF,
xGfbefSFnk tf f KDik bfhLjhf.
ntshikF tf KaJt bfhLjhf. to, iy,
brhJik kW KWik Matiw ga bjthd
fUJfis bfhoUjd.
1

rnfhju %fSF toF gzij fl bfhLgij

Vfiy. Mdh btkjfSF fl bfhLJ to bgwyh
vw fUij bfhoUjd. mfhy ViH kf Effhf
fl bgwjh mf to tNgJ beawJ vW fUdhf.
to ga % jidfS, gHfhy a kf to
ga jidfS xnwahF. jtwhd vilf, fygl
nghwtF vuhf iwa rlfis bfhoUjd.
ahghf rahd iyiana tNf ntL vW
Udhf. nkY yhgF crtuig zUjhf.
ciH kig % mUjd. % ehff
ntshikia rhj Cuf dia rhjJ. cH
bjhiy brgt ifahd czit bgWth vgJ tfsJ
gHbkhahF. VHhtJ tUl yij rhFgo brakhlhf.
mtf jR ykhf LLt. y brGikia s
bgwntL vgnj j nehfkhF.
#] tUl vgJ U jidf wj fUJ
MF. #] tUl vgJ 50-tJ tUlkhF. 50 MLfSF
wF yij thatf y brhjfhuUnf bfhLJl
ntL vgJ #] tUl fUjhF. % fhy
gz gagLjglJ. gytif gzf ga Ff giHa
ntjf fhzgLwJ.
nrg (The Sabbath)
`nrg vgJ thuhu LKiw, X kW k iwj
ehshF. thu W eh vgJ r_f fLoghF. jF
izahdJ nuf, nuhkha, gila gghLf
ehfffTl fhzgliy vW bgr Tsh.
RUfkhf kj, mw, rl, bghUa, jJt a Ma
midJ izJ Ltij fhzyh. gila %f
bghUshjhu fUJf ed bghUa mPf
fUJfnshL xLbghGJ gHikahf njhdhY, kjf
kd (profound influence) Mj lij oJsJ vgij
kd bfhs ntL.
2

nuhkha rlK, jt kjK, Inuhaf gghil

mogilahf bfhLsjhf nuff vdhf.
gila af thif, ntiy iy, jidf
cik thifia mogilahf bfhlJ. w cyf
(gjfis) giw mogilahf bfhljy. #tAyh neU
TWgo, kfl cUt tghL fhzgliy.
flfSF nfhf iy.
tfsJ thif c iyahd thikna
CLWUgJ wghf fUjgLwJ. gHfhy rKjha #h
mik Kakhdjhf fUjglJ. #h bjhiy mogilahf
bfhoUjJ. wig mogilahf bfhlJ my. fhy
#h mik fLikahf gwgL gy FiwghLfSF
ttFjJ.
TLFLg Kiw gHfhy a mik Kakhdjhf
fUjglJ. ntshik tfsJ Kakhd bjhyhF. cH
bjh f cathf fUjglJ. Koahjh tfsJ fbgw
murhF. fhy ngh mfhuf gutyhfglJ. c. uhk
grhaJ KG mfhu bgw mikghf braglJ. to j
KiwgLjglJ. ms, vil Mait xGFgLjglJ.
gHfhy, mua, r_f bghUshjhu, uhQt mik Matiw
g bfsoa `mj rhu bjthf TWwJ. mwbe
yhd UtSt UFw mw, bghU, g Matiw
g TWwJ. tSt UFw ulhtJ gFahd
bghUgh bghUa fUjhd brtij g TWwJ.
bfsoa mjrhu Ts midJ fUJfS
bghUgh fhzgLwJ.
gUJ LjiybgWtnj cikahd Rju vW
tSt TWwh. ujiy ( begging ) mt btWwh. bjhiy
cikahd brt vW, ciHig caj ts vW
fUJwh. t fUJgo ntshikna f Ka mogil
bjhyhF. cGgtnd, y Rju kjdhth, mtid
g brgtf midtU moikfshf fUjgLgt. (Fw
1032 )
3

ey befns! caj bghUayhF vW tSt

TWwh.
ilfhy bghUshjhu jidf
nuh muR ailj fhyUJ ( 476 AD) JUaf
fhlho - nehiy ifga (1453 AD) fhy tiu
ilfhykhf fUjglJ. ilfhy rKjha y giz Kiw
(Feudal System) ia rhjJ. ilfhy kf aifl
izJ thjd. kf a jiw bgw FGfshf
thjd. njthya, ntj (Bible) kW mlho
ilfhy kf thifahY jidY Mf
brYd.
tfthj (Mercantilism)
15 - whoUJ 18- whLtiu Inuha murh

gwgl bghUshjhu fUJfS bfhiffS tf thj

vdglJ. thg _y eho brtij cajKo vW
ed. mf brtij bgw jf, bt Mat
ifUig caj ntL vW Ud.
ygiz Kiw KoF tj wF yhJ, uhR,
b#k, bg Ma ehLf tYthd muR njhaJ.
xbthU ehL kw ehLfis mjDila Mw thj
nghoahsuhf fUaJ. tikahd mfhuf (Powerful and
St r o n g ) muir cUthf eho bghUa eltoiffis
tfthjd xGFgLdhf. tfthj vgJ
bghUa _y tYthd muir cUthFtnjahF.
xU ehL Ruffis bgUjh jfij, btia
bgw Ko. iyba thg _ykhf kLnk jfij,
btia bgw Ko. ma ehL thg rhjfkhd
(favourable balance) iyia Ud. mjhtJ VWk,
wFkia l mfkhf Uf ntL. mby[hl nu
TWgo, tfthjd mogil bfhifahdJ
VWkia mfjY, wFkia FiwjY MF.
4

tfthjd TWgo, thgnk f Kakhd

bjhyhF. bjh, cg Jiwf ulhtJ KaJt
thjjhf fUjgLwJ. ntshik f Fiwj KaJt
thjjhf fUjglJ.
tfthj mu gF f KakhdjhF. gy
bghUa bfhiff _y VWkia CfgL, wFk
FiwjJ. tf thjd, brt, gz uLFilna cs
bjhl FHgkiljd. mf gz, thgij tila
br vw mtfsJ fUij R ghuhodh. xbthU ehL
mfkhf VWkia kLnk Udh, wFk brtJ ah?
vjhf TWtjhdh, tfthj vgJ mfhu
bfhifahF.
aifthj (Physiocrates)
18 who uhR eho cUthfgl bghUshjhu
nfhghoF aifthj vW bga. bghUa jijahd
Ml R aif thjduh bgJ ftuglh. aifthj
vwh aif vW bghU. aifthj vgJ
tfthjF vuhd uhR kfsh Vgl uahF.
aifthjd aif aia cUthd. aif a
vgJ flsh bfhLfgl ya bfhif (Ideal Order) vW
fUd. j kj Ug rKjha UgnjhL xUgjhf fUd.
jiylh bfhifia tf Mjjd.
mjdj t Ll (Let things alone)
xbthUtU mtf U tna bryyh vW
bghU. bfhifgo, mu gF f FiwntahF.
kf thif, Rju, brhJfis ghJfhgnj mu
Ka gahF. ntshikiana cgia br bjhyhf
fUd. J kLnk fu cgia cUthF. kw bjhf
midJ zhzitna vW fUdhf.
rKjha

brt,

ciHF
5

(trh),

Kjyh; gadw (tff, L ntiyfhuf)

tfilna vthW RH milwJ vW jkJ bghUa
goa (Tableau Economique) Fne (Quesnay) aifthj
g Kjik uahd ssh.
jkj brhJik aif thjd mf eif
itUjd. mtf jilyh thgij Mjjd.
bjhik bghUshjhu mPf fUJ
Ml R, nl fhnlh, uhg khj, J.S. Mnah,
bjhik bghUa mPf Kjikahdtfshthf.
aif thjdiu nghnw jiyaha bfhif eif
bfhoUjd. rij bghUshjhu, jilyh thgij
rhnj aFwJ.
ehLf brtK, mt af g Ml R
mfiu bfhoUjh. mtiu Kj bghUshjhu Kndw mP
vW miHnwh. nl fhnlh, bghUshjhu go
uridf Mt bfhoUjh. kf-bjhif nfhghil
cUtha khj, y ehLf xU neu brGikahf, kW
neu tWikY Uf fhuz vd? vgij mt
Mt bfhoUjh. ehLf brGik g tWik g
mt Mt bfhoUjh. J . S . , jjikY,
rkjkY eif bfhoUjh. t bghUshjhu go
r_f Ujij Mjjh. Vbd g nfhghL cg
nfhghoUJ ntWglJ MF.
tuyhWfhy mPf
19- who W tuyhW mPf Mf
b#k FUjJ. bjhik bghUa mPfSF
vuhf cUthd u JthF. bjhik bghUa mPf,
bghUa f vyhtF bghJthdjhF vW fUd.
Mdh tuyhW mPf bghUa f xWbfhW
bjhlilaJ vW fUd. Mdh, bjhik bghUayhsf
6

jilyh thfij, tuyhwhsf fh t_y a

bjhfis ghJfhf mWd.
kha bfhif (Karl Marx)
fh kh (1818 - 1883) ma rkjkij njhWjh.
KjyhJtij Fiw Tatf t Kjikahdt.
KjyhJt Rul gfis cilaJ. KjyhJt
rkjkF ttFF vW Kd brjh. tf
nghuhlnk tuyhW MF vW fh kh fUJwh.
uZahY, dhY, rkjk muR cUthf kh miufns
fhuzkhF. lLj xUizj nrha uZah cyFF
mj ebfhilahF. J rkjk jJtij mogilahf
bfhlJ.
W u (The Marginal Revolution)
J 19- who W fhy njhaJ. u
k nfhghoF KaJt thjJ.
kj tsnkghL g bghGJ eh ngRnwh. kj
ika fUthf Mfglh. xU gf brtij g kWgf
f Kakhf kjid g bghUa MuhwJ vW
Mu kh Tsh.
Wtdf (The Institutional School)
J 20- who fUjhF. fUJ mbkfh
njhajhF. bghUa thif Wtdf gFg J
TWwJ. Wtdf vgJ tHff, r_f gHftHff,
f, thG tKiwf, jidf tf Matiw
cslaJ. (c) moik (Slavery) vgJ xU Wtd MF. y
ehfis goif ehfshf bfhlhLnwh. mJ xU
WtdkhF. bghUa thif vgJ khwK KndwK
bfhl xW vW J.A. Rl (1883-1993) fUJwh.
bghUshjhu Kndw, jhfij id bjh
Kidnth Ka gF tFgjhf fUJwh.
7

 u (The Keynesian Revolution)

J.M. R a bghUshjhu jijahf fUjgLwh.
1920 kW 1930 MLf Vgl bghUshjhu bgUkjjh

KjyhJt ehLf ghfgld. rhjfkw thgY

ntiyyh lhljhY bgUkj njhajhF.
beUfo UJ s, mu gF mfkhf UfntL
vW, Jfukhd bfhiffis gw ntL vW
vLJ Tdh. mbkfh a bfhif bfhif
mogilnyna njhajhF. 1950 UJ bghU jidf
ts kW Kndwij ikakhf bfhlikjJ.
bghUshjhu ts, KndwK
(Economic growth and Development)

bghUshjhu tsia Mj vgt kf

bjhif jyh cg ts vW tiuaWwh.
bghUshjhu ts vgJ ehL tUkhd j eguJ gF
mfgnjahF. jDila fUbghUshdJ tsna ju,
g my. (v.f.) yh Vgl bjh u nghJ,
meho bghUshjhu ts VglJ. Mdh ciHghf
thif ju vj KndwK Vgliy. fhuz mtf
RulgL, Fiwj Ca mf k neu ciHFgo
tWjgld.
nguha Mj vgtuJ fUJgo bghUshjhu
tsahdJ _W jkhd fhufdh fLgLjgL.
mit :
1. bghUshjhu eltoif
2. m w ts
3. _yjd ts
ntWtifahf T, _W fhufS ciH, bjh
8

Eg ts kW _yjdij FF. jndhL y myJ

tsfis nrJ bfhsyh.
20 who tsF, KndwF mfkhd

ftd brYjglJ. xU bghUshjhu midJ JiwfY

rkkhd ts fhzglntL. ntshJiw, bjhJiw kW
gJiwf uhf tsuntL. jkhd ts midJ
Jiw rhj kfSF ey gaF. mnjhL kLkyhk
bghUshjhu ts cg msit kL TLtjhf ,
cg fhufSilna thu, T, to, kW yhg
vthwhf gjfgLwJ vgij FF.
flj fhyf ts, KndwK xnu bghU
bfhlitahf fUjglJ. (v.fh.) jyh tUkhd ts j
(m) eho bkhj cg jyh tUkhd gid
bghUshjhu Kndw Fplhf fUjglJ. nkY mtf
jyh tUkhd, kf bjhif ts jij l TLjyhf
tsJsjh vd fzL ghjd. nkY kf
eyththdJ cik jyh bkhj ehL cgia rhjJ.
cik jyh j ehL cg (Real Per Capita Group) vgJ bkhj
ehL cg gz kUJ gzf jij ff
ilgnjahF.
bghJthf T, Vik iy, ntiyyh uid, Vw
jhf nghwtiw Fiwgjh kLnk xU ehlhdJ Kndw
miltjhf fUjgL. iy v, jyh tUkhd uL klF
mfjhY bghUshjhu tsjJ vd TwKoahJ.
Mfnt ts vgJ thif ju ca rhjjhF.
mjhtJ kf mf tUkhd, ey f Mnuhakhd thif,
rJs cz, tWikaw iy, rkth iy Matiw
bgUf ntL. iknf P . njhlnuh kW O~g. C.
vngh thFgo Kndw vgJ gy gkhz Kiwf
VgL bgU khwf rKjha mikfY kfsJ kW ehL
Wtdf af VgL khwf, bghUshjhu ts
ntf, Vwjh kW tWik x Matiw FF.
9

ja ehLf waf
(Characteristics of Under Developed Countries)

ts Fa, Fiwthd ts milj, ja,

Vikahd kW tsJ tU vw brhf bghJthf Fiwj
tUkhd <L ehLfis FF. vj ehLf jyh tUkhd
Fiwthf Ugjh thif ju Fiwthf Uwnjh mj
ehLf ts Fiwj ehLf vdgL.
jyh tUkhd mogil ehLf tsj ehLf vW
ts Fiwj ehLf vW tifgLjgLwd. (v.fh.)
1949 cyf kf bjhif 18 GfhL bfhl mf
tUkhdKila ehLf cyf tUkhd 67 GfhL bgUjd.
Mdh cyf kf bjhif 67 Gfhil bfhl Fiwj
tUkhdKila ehLf cyf tUkhd 15 Gfhil
bgUjd.
Ia ehLf, fdlh, nkF Inuhgh kW Mnua
nghw ehLf gzfhu ehLfshF. ViH ehLf gutyhf Ma
Mfh, bj HF Inuhgh kW ymbkfh nghw
ehLf mikJsd. cyf tUkhd 18 % bgW eLju
tUkhd <L ehLf, 15% rjj kf bjhifia
bfhLsd.
v.fh. m#Odh, bjF Mfh, nu kW Kja
nrha uZah nghwit - ViH ehLfis xLbkhjkhf _wh
cyf (Third World) vd FlgLwd.
1973 MoY, j _wh cyf 77 % kf bjhifia,
cyf tUkhd 22 % ij bfhnl iHo tJsJ. j

f brhg tUkhdK Tl jifa ehLf Kiwahf

gjfglhk, bgUj kf bjhifia thd
tWikF thwd. nka kW ghL mtf
thFgo, ts Fa ehLf fhQ 6 tifahd mogil
gf fhzgLwd. mit tUkhW 1. Kjik Jiw
cg 2. kf bjhif ml/mGj 3. aif tsf rahf
10

gagLjhik 4. bghUshjhu ja kf bjhif 5.

_yjd w Fiw 6. ma ehL thgij rhj iy.
1. Kjik Jiw cg
tsFiwj ehLf bghJthf, frh bghUfS,
cz bghUfS cg brwd. bgUghyhd kf
ntshikia jf Ka bjhyhf bfhLsd. y ViH
ehLf trhaij rhuhj Kjik Jiwiana rhJsJ (v.fh.
jhJ bghUfsha, o, br, mYka, kW bgnuha).
nkY trha cg w f Fiwthf csJ. jdh
uhkw tUkhd Fiwthf csJ. y J kf bjhif
mGj mfkhfnt csJ.
2. kfbjhif mGj
bghJthf, bgUghyhd ViH ehLf kf bjhif mGj
bgU fhzgLwJ. kfbjhif mGjkhdJ gy totfis
vLwJ. (v.fh.) uhkwf Fiwj ntiy thf csd.
mitf y neuf kiwKf ntiyik vd FlgLwJ.
njitF mfkhd kf trha, ntiyf
mkjgLthf. tf W iy cg wdhdJ
{akhf mik. ulhtjhf, mf w jdh,
rhUF FHijf vif mfkhdjhf cUthF.
filahf w j FiwdhY w j mfdhY,
kfbjhif bgUks mfF.
3. aif tsf rahf gagLjhik
ViHehLf
aif
tsf
Fiwthf
gagLjgLwJ.
ehLf
aif
tsf
gagLjglhknyh, Fiwthf gagLnah, jtwhd Kiw
gagLnah mof TL.
4. bghUshjhu ja kf
ViH ehLf thG kf, ja bghUshjhu
iyahdJ ciH Fiwj iy, cg fhuf
11

lbgauhik bjh Kidnth mw iy, bghUshjhu

mahik, nghw wt ugF. mkf ghuga
gHftHfdh murhsgLwhf. kfSF ngha
bghUshjhu Cf mfgliy. t Kiw, t
tNg wdw iy t VfS fhzgLwJ.
jifa ehLf muR, ethdjhf, wik mwjhf nkY
CH iwjjhf fhzgLwJ.
5. _yjd u Fiw
Fiwthd _yjd w ViHehLf fhzgLw xU
Kakhd gghF. _yjd Mf (m) KjL ehLf f
Fiwthf csJ. jifa ehLf nguha, uhd ef
vgt j Fiwthd _yjd Mfnk tWikF mogilahd
fhuz vwh. Fiwthd _yjd Mf cg FiwF
ttFwJ.
Fiwj cg, Fiwthd tUkhdF, Fiwthd
tUkhd Fiwj nrF, Fiwthd nr Fiwj
KjLF t tFwJ. f _y tWik bfhL RH
(Vicious Circle of Poverty) VgLwJ.
j tWik bfhL RHiy tiugl _y sfyh.

Fiwj tUkhd

Fiwj nr

Fiwthd
cg w

Fiwj _yjd
Mf

12

6. maehL thgij rhj iy

y ViHehLf maehL thgij bgUks
rhJsd. (v.fh.) 1952 vJ eho 90 % ma brythdJ
gU _y iljJ. j maehL thg cs lghL
ahbj wFk br ehonyh (m) e h L f n y h u
bghUshjhu f Vglh xW myJ uL glf
VWkia e UF. ehLf bghUshjhu iyahdJ f
ghfgL. ts bjhlf iy jifa ehLf
wFkiana rhUjd.
ah xU ts Fiwj ehL
ts Fiwj ehLf midJ jkhd gfS,
ah fhzgLwd. 65-70% rjj kf trhaijna
rhJsd. jdh trha cg w f Fiwthfnt
csJ. nf kf bjhif mGj fhzgLwJ. nf
aif tsf Fiwthf gagLjgLjY bghUshjhu
ja iy ywJ. rgfhy tiu _yjd gwhFiw
UJ tjJ. j fhuzkhf ahit btehLfUJ,
cyf t, maehL Wtdfsha gdhL Wtd
nghwtUJ bgU ms _yjdij fldhf bgw
ntosJ. Mfnt ahit xU ts Fiwj ehoF
vLJ fhlhf Twyh. Mdh iwa ehf ahit
xU tsJ tU ehL vd miHwhf.
bghUshjhu Kndw mu gF
(Role of the State in Economic Development)

xU murhdJ, xU eho bghUshjhu ts wghd

gF MWwJ. 1870F #ghD, Kjyh cyf nghUF
nrha ehL wj cjhuzkhF. Mdh yh bghUshjhu
ts, mbkfh bghUshjhu ts mfho
bghUshjhu mik Kiw kW jiylh bfhif
mogildhY Kndw miljJ. ts Fiwj
ehLfSF j mua fLghlw thf nfhghL (Laissez13

F a i r e P o l i c y ) xU Ugjf bghUshF. ts

Fiwj
ehLf, xU murhf, bjh Kidnthuhf bragl
ntosJ. jfhyf jifa ehLf cs muRf
lfis eilKiwgL, bghUshjhu Kndwij mila
bgW gF tf ntL. jifa ViH ehLf murhdJ xU
cg fhuahf fUjgLwJ. (c..) ah xU fy
bghUshjhu. bghJ Jiw kW jah Jiw a
tUwJ.
rg fhyf bghJ JiwahdJ bghUshjhu l
bgW gF twJ.
IjhL lf _ykhf muR jdJ bghUshjhu ts
nehffis iw brt Kaf nkbfhwd. nkY
mfgoahd
bghUshjhu
tsia,
ntfkhd
bjhkakhFjiy, ntiy thfis thf, brt
kW tUkhd Vw jhfis Fiwf IjhL lfis
muR gagLJwJ.
r_f nritfsha f, cl ey Mat muR f
Ka gF twJ. f, kW cl eyfhd _yjd,
gUbghU _yjdij nghW KaJt thjJ. J kj
_yjd Mfij mfwJ. f, Rfhjhu tr
ciH cg wid mfwJ.
iwa ehf, cyf kakhj, jhuskakhj kW jah
kakhF ehfshF. eh btehL _yjdij bgUks
tuntnwh. Mdh mtfSF ey mogil flik
trfshd wj nghFtuJ, jgh kW bjhiy bjhlf,
rhu trf kW Fo trf nghwit bgUks
njitgLwJ. tfhd bryf midJ r_f nk
_yjdkhf (Social overhead capital) fUjgL. muR bgUks
Kjil tfhf brylntL. J kLkyhJ bjh
Kidnthf ehLf Fiwthf Ugjh muR bjh
Kidnthfis CFf ntL.

14

ts Fiwj ehLf ma bryht f Fiwthf

csJ. Mfnt murhf jf eltoiff vLJ VWkfis
Kndw, KjL bra btehltiu ftf jf
a fUfis ifbfhs ntL.
bghUshjhu Kndwij mfho rfl Llh
mF tlhu rkiy ts VglhJ. vdnt muR rkiy tlhu
tsfhd bfhiffis, lfis tFf t tif
brantL. nkY tuRf KWikahsfis rgL,
fLghLF itJ bfhs ntL. thW bghUshjhu
KndwF muR bgU gF MwntL.
nuhnlh 5 fl iyf (Rostows 5 Stages)
W.W. nuhnlh vgt mbkfhit nrj xU bghUa

kW tuyhW mP Mth. xbthU ehL Kndw Fiwj

iyUJ bghUshjhu ts iyF Kndw 5 tifahd
flfis ssh. midJ ehLfS j IJ flfis
fljhf ntL. mitahtd :
1. gHikahd rKjha mik Kiw
2. khW iy cs rKjha
3. bghUshjhu nkbyG iy
4. bghUshjhu Kfhd braf
5. bghJ kf ngus Ef fhy
gHikahd rKjha mik KiwahdJ ghuga kW gHf
tHffdh flglJ. F bghUshjhu ja iy
y. Vikahd ehLf jF wj cjhuz MF. RUf
T bghUshjhu tsF rkjkhd mtakhd bghUshjhu
fhuf jifa ehLf fhzglhk UwJ.
khW iy cs rKjha mik bghUshjhu nkbyG
iy cUthfgL. iy ghuga gHftHff
rf FiwJ brY. Mdh bghUshjhu CF UF.
15

r_f flikfY, cUtfY mogil trfY

Kndw VgL. j nkbyG iy miljl, iyahd Ra
ts rKjha VgL.
rKjha nkbyG iy vgJ xU rKjha ntshikia
jiyaha bjhyhf Ugij LL mjF khwhf bjhfis
jiyaha ntiy thghf kh bfhSjiy FF.
xU bghUshjhukhdJ jifa rKjha nkbyGiy mila
jdJ Ra nrUJ 20 Kj 25 rjj bkhj cehL cg
(GDP)F rkkhd Kjil bra ntL. jifa nkbyG
iyia y ehLf unt Jiw kW ghJfh Jiwf
thyhf bgW bfhsglJ.
j nkbyGiyF bghUshjhukhdJ j iw
milJ KG ts iyia vLwJ. j iy muR y
mogil khdfis vLf ntosJ. cg tsf
iwthf, bghUf cg mfkhf Ugjdh
m e h L m u R , e h o i d t Y g L j ( m ) ghJfhf mtiw
gagLJtjh (m) kf eyfis caj gagLJtjh vd
KobtLf ntL.
fil iyahdJ, kf bgU ms Ef iy
vdgL. iy bghJkf midJ tif bghUfis,
Fghf mah glfshd fh nghw tr glfis
Mlgu glfis bgU ms Efu bjhlFthf.
nuhnlh ts flf midJ bghJgilahd
cik iyahf csJ. Mdh midJ ehLfS iyf
tahf ts iyia mila iy.

16

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.

(nrg) thuu LKiw (Week end) I mKfgLat

2.

m. %

M. nuff

. nuhkhaf

<. af

mjrhuij vGat
m. UtSt

M. bfsoa

. goj #tfyh neU

3.

4.

5.

<. kfhkh fh

tfthf mf KaJt bfhLjJ

m. ntshik

M. cg bjh

. tf

<. wFk

aifthf cg bjh vW fUaJ

m. cg bjh

M. ntshik

. nritJiw

<. gil uf

a bghUshjhu jij vwiHfgLgt

m. Mj

M. khr

. fhu kh

<. J.M. R

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

UtSt bghUshjhu jidf UFw ............

mfhu fhzyh.

7.

tfthf mf .........., Fiwj wFkY eif

bfhoUjd.

8.

aifthf ..........I rhUjd.

9.

bjhik bghUayPf ............ bfhif eif

bfhoUjd.
17

10.

.............. vgt bghUshjhu ts iy nfhghil tFj

Ma Mth.

III.

bghUJf.

11. tuyhWg

m. fhu kh

12. ma rkjk

M.mbkf IaehLf

13. Wtdg

. b#k

14. _yjdu Fiw

<. knfhghL

15. TLj / Wiyg

c. ts Fiwj ehL

IV.

xU thijf ilaf.

16. Inuha fyhrhu mogil vd?

17. tfthjd vWkiaah myJ wFkiaah vij
Mjjd?
18. bghUa goa Ma ah?
19. fhnlh Mt fhoaJ cg g uridfyh? myJ
git g uridfyh?
20. xU bghUshjhu nkbyGiyF MLF vts KjL bra
ntL?
gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

ilaf.

21. aifthf ntshikF mf KaJt bfhLjJ

V?
22. kf bjhif mGj tiff ahit?
23. `bghUshjhu ts vwh vd?
24. `bghUshjhu nkbyGiy (Take off) vwh vd?
25. `tWik bfhL NH vwh vd?
18

gF-
VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. %f bghUshjhu jidf ahJ?

27. fu cg vwh vd?
28. R a bghUshjhu jij vwiHfgLtJ V?
29. Ka bjhik bghUayPf fUJf ahit?
30. ah tsJ tU ehL vwiHfgLtnj?
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. tfthf jidfis thf.
32. aifthf Ka fUJf ahit?
33. bghUshjhu ts mu gFjid tf.
34. ja ehLf waf ahit?
35. nuhnlh ts iyfis thf.

19

ghl - 2
kfbjhif
(POPULATION)
kjts aikahikia g mJ bfhSjny
bghUshjhu eykhF. kj d, cg
fUahf
khukyhk, mitfSFns Kotilwjhf csJ. mt
gwhFiwF xU Ka. Mfnt, kf bjhifia g
mJ bfhSj f mtakhdJ. J bghUshjhu
Kndwij khF xU Ka fhuahF.
kfbjhif - sf (Meaning)
kfbjhif vgJ, xU eho (m) xU gF thG
xLbkhj kf vifahF.
kfbjhifia khF fhuf
kfbjhifia khF. mogil fhufshtd
1. w j (Birth Rate)
2. w j (Death Rate)
3. lbga (Migration)
lbga UtifgL mitahtd
a. bteho FonaWj (btFobga)
b. e eho FoFj (cFobga)
w j (Birth Rate)
kfbjhif bgUf w j xU neuoahd khWjiy
cL gQ. w j mfgh, kfbjhifY mfkhd
bgUfijna fhzKo.
20

w j fhQ fhufSl bjhl bfhLsJ.

1.

Ukz taJ

2.

FHij w mf

3.

r_f gHff kW eiff

4.

gogik kW w fLghL Kiwf g

mahik

s taJ Ukz, mfkhd FHij wf, giHa r_f

gHf tHff, eiff, gutyhf y gog yh iy
mf kW w fLghL Kiwf mahik mf,
Mat _ykhf w j caJ, kf bjhifahdJ
bgUksF mfwJ.
r_f z kW kfilna gu fhzgL f
mthdJ, Ukz taij mff cjwJ. FLg fLghLf
ga m bgUf, FLg eyfhf w j Fiw kW
FHij w mf Fiw, nghwit _ykhf w j
FiwwJ.
wj (Death Rate)
kfbjhif bgUfF kbwhU fhuz Fiwthd w
jnkahF. g, go, rJs cz ilfhik, bjhW neh,
ngha kUJt, Rfhjhu tr Fiw nghw fhuzfsh w
j mfwJ. kWwkhf nehFnghJ, rJs cz, a
Fo, nkgl kUJt trf, Ju trf, bjhW neh
x nghwt thfjh w jkhdJ FiwtilwJ.
Fobga (Migration)
bt Fo bgaahdJ kf bjhif bgUfij
FiwwJ. c Fo bgaahdJ kfbjhif bgUfij
mfwJ.
21

Fobga, kfbjhif tsF Ka fhuzkhf

miktiy. Vbd btntW ehLf, Foik lbga
gyj fLghLfis Jsd. vdnt kfbjhif khw
mila uL Ka fhuf w j kW w jnk
MF.
kfbjhif bghUshjhu ts
kfbjhif tsahdJ, bghUshjhu tsF
sLjyhf, xU jilahf UfTL.
bghUshjhu tsF, kfbjhif xU Lj
1.

ja bghUshjhu, kfbjhif ts ciH

mig mfwJ. j isthf eho kthd
ciH ilwJ. xU Fl ms bjh EgJl,
ilF Kjil bfhL, mfUF ciHig
gagL cgia mff TL.

2.

kfbjhif mfdh glfSfhd njit

mfwJ. njit mf eho cgia, ntiy
thig kW tUkhdij mffbrwJ. j
isthf bghUshjhu ts mil.

3.

kfbjhif bgUfdh, glf kW gf m

mfF. m ms mfdh, cgahdJ
mfF. jdh w nj mil. jifa w
njdh bjhEg Kndw mil.

4.

cg njit kW m mfFnghJ, tsf

gwhFiw VgL. itf bjhEg tsia
VgLJ.

kfbjhif bto (Population Explosion)

kfbjhif btoghdJ, mRWjToa, mntfkhd
kfbjhif ts jijna FF.
22

btofhd fhuzf
1. mf w j
mf w jkhdJ kfbjhif bgUfF
fKakhd bghWs fhuzkhF. ah 1891-1900- 1000
ngUF 45.8 jK kW 2001- 1000 ngUF 25.8 rjjKkhf
FiwUjhY D kfbjhif mfnj fhzgLwJ.
itf_y w j Fiwaiy vgijna fhLwJ.
FLg ey ga sguf, FLgy eyth lf,
kfbjhif ga fUjuFf _ynk w jij Fiwf
Ko.
2. Fiwthd w j
rg fhyf, w j Fiw kfbjhif tsid
bgUFtjF Ka fhuzkh csJ. 2001- ah w
jkhdJ 1000 ngUF 8.5 rjjkhf UjJ. kUJt Jiw Vgl
KndwK, Mbfh nehfsha, mik, ns, ilghL Ma
lfhy nehf xJl iyY kfbjhif bgUf
fhuzfshF. Rj, Rfhjhu trf, FHij wF K, FHij
wF cs guhkf, FHijf w jij
FiwwJ.
3. staJ Ukz
ah s tanyna Ukz brJ bfhtJ tHfkhf
UJ tUwJ. a bgf Ukz taJ 18 Mf csJ. J
w ehLfnshL xLnghJ f Fiwthdnj. kw ehLf Ukz
tajhdJ 23 Kj 25 MF. jdh kfngW fhy mfwJ.
wF FHijf vif mfwJ.
4. rKjha kW rka fhuzf
ah xbthU j kjD flha Ukz brJ
bfhsntL. Vbd mJ xU aikahj r_f flikahF.
TL FLg jeg bghWf czugliy khwhf
23

bkhj egf rkiyahd EfF KaJt jugLsJ.

mnef kf ``xU FLgF xU M FHij vw
vghdh FLg msthdJ mfJ brwJ.
5. tWik
tWik, kfbjhif bgUfF xU fhuzkhf csJ.
FHijf, xbthU FLgY, tUkhd <lToa
bgnwhfSfhf ntiyfSF brW cj bra ntosJ.
gF brY ta ntiyF brW bghU <Ltjh
FHijf FLg brhjhf fUjgLwhf. TLjyhf
ww xbthU FHijfS tUkhd <L cWdfsht.
J mtf FLg tUkhdF Jiz .
6. thifju
kf thif ju FiwthdJ, mf FHijf wf
ttFwJ. Vbd FLg xU TLj FHij bgU
brhjhf fUjgLwnja, mJ xU bgU bghW vw
vz iy. kf bjhif bgUghyhndh f m
mwtfshf Ugjdh FLg fLgho mtaij mtf
Jbfhs ayiy. a msthd FLg ey thif
juij
mDgf
cjwJ
vgJ
mtfSF
bjahjbjhwhF.
7. faik
a kfbjhif (60 % ) bgUghyhndh fa
mwtfshf (m) Fiwf bgwtfshf csd. jdh
mtf Fiwthd ntiyia VWbfhL, jhfis jhfns
MjJ bfhs ayhj iy thwd. ntiyik,
Fiwntiycilik tWikF ttFwJ. faik
mf j y tUtjh, kf ngus mahik
UJbfhL _l r_f, gHf tHffY kW sta
Ukz, M FHijfis bgWbfhs ntL vw
nkhffdh iwJshf. j isthf kf bjhif
bgUf caj j UwJ.
24

kfbjhif bto vthW bghUshjhu tsia jil

brwJ
ah kfbjhif btoJ, bgU fhzgLwJ.
bghUshjhu tsF ciH m mfkhf njitglhY
ekJ kfbjhif bjhlJ tstjh bghUshjhu ts
ghFshwJ. fl tf kfbjhif bgUf
bghUshjhu tsia ghwJ.
1. cz gwhFiw
a kf bjhif mfJ bfhnl Ugjh,
mjnfw trha cg rkj ts iyba
fLikahd cz gwhFiw uidia rf nto neL.
2. cg brahj Efnth Rik
kfbjhif vts mfwnjh, FHijfS,
Knah vif mtsthf cawJ. FHijfS
KnahU cg xU gid tfhk, bghUfis
kL Efwhf. thwhf FHijf kW Knah
vif mfFnghJ rJz, kUJtr, bghJ Rfhjhu
kW f nghw mogil njitf ftd brYjglhknyna
bgUks lwd.
3. jyh tUkhd kW ehL tUkhd Fiwj
mfntfkhf tsU kfbjhif jyh tUkhd kW ehL
tUkhd ruhr ts jij jil brwJ. ehL
tUkhd Vgl mfig iyahf tsJ tU
kfbjhif EfJLwJ.
4. nr KjL Fiwj
mntf kfbjhif ts nrig kW Kjo
wid FiwwJ vgJ f Mgjhd isthF. ehL
tUkhd kW jyh tUkhd ah Fiwthf cs
25

iy nrF vW gzij xJf thiy. j

isthf cW njit FiwJ, kf thF r
FiwwJ. j kf bjhif thd ts, cr cg
wid, eho tUkhdij khF fhuahd nr
ts jij ghwJ.
5. _yjd Mf Fiw
eho bghUshjhu tsF aikahjJ _yjd
Mf MF. mY ah nghw tsJ tU ehLfSF
_yjd Mf f f Ka. _yjd Mf, nr kW
Kjil rhJsJ. mfntf kf bjhif ts
UFnghJ, _yjd Mf Vgl thiy. j isthf
ntiyik, Fiwntiyth mfwJ. thwhf
mntf kf bjhif ts meho _yjd Mfij f
nkhrkhd ghFshFwJ.
6. ntiyik (kW) Fiwntiylik
tsU kfbjhif ntiyyh lhlij nkY mfwJ.
kfbjhif tsUnghJ, ciH mfwJ. j mfF ciH
ria y gwh Fiwahd ntiy thf KGikahf <J
bfhs ayiy. j isthf iwa kf ntiy
mkjglhkY, Fiwthd ntiy mkjgL Uwhf.
7. kf ciH zhj
mofo FHij bgUtjh, l fhy, cg
eltoiff bgUks kfuh ntiy bra ayiy.
jdh kjts zhwJ. nkY bghUshjhu ts
FWwJ.
8. ciH cgw Fiw
kfbjhif bgUfkhdJ ehLtUkhd kW j eg
tUkhdij bgUks ghwJ. j fhuzkhf kf
thif jukhdJ FiwwJ. J cg wid Fiwa brwJ.
jilf bghUshjhu tsia ghgila brwJ,
26

9. r_f ey l J mf bry
kfbjhif mfghdJ, FHijf vifia
mfwJ. j fhuzkhf kUJt guhk, bghJ Rfhjhu,
FLg ey, f, Ltr nghw r_f bryf njitahdJ
mfwJ.
10. ntshik ja iy
ah kfbjhif tsahdJ, fdkw Kiwaha
y kW Lf JL JLfshf fgLw iyia
cUthFwJ. yf f a msthdjhf Ugjh
aukakhfgl cH Kiwia ifahs ayiy. IjhL
lf _ykhf ntshik gy btfukhd Kndwfis
brUjhY trha cgahdJ, kfbjhif tsnahL
xLnghJ f Fiwthd iynyna UJ tUwJ.
11. tsaw bjhiyf
kfbjhif ts ntf, bjh Jiw tsia mfkhf
ghwJ. j fhuzkhf Foir kW WbjhfS nkY
bgU bjhfS nghJkhd ms ts milaiy. bgU
kW a bjhrhiyfSF njitahd _yjd bgUks
njitgL nghJ a _yjd Mf jnkh f Fiwthf
csJ. e eho bjh Jiw tsF xJL bra bghJ
KjL nghJkhdjhf iy.
12. muR J Rik
mntf kfbjhif mf, Rikahf muRF
mikwJ. r_f ey lfSfhf, tWikia mfWtjfhf
tsfis uo tWikia mfWtjF ahf bra
ntosJ. ikahd Fo tHFtjF, FoU tr
VgL jUtjF ey Rfhjhu Niyia cUthFtjF,
kUJt tr brJjUtjF kf thif juij caj
bgU bghU bryit muR nkbfhs ntosJ. kf bjhif
fLghoF bfhL tuglh muR mf cg
27

nehffSfhf bry bra TL. j thyhf ehL kW jyh

tUkhd cau, thif ju cau th VgLwJ.
nkFlgl fhuf sff ah
kfbjhif bgUfij fLgLjgl ntoa mtaij
tWJwJ. kf bjhif mntf ts j,
bghUshjhu Kndwij f nkhrkhd ms ghwJ.
vdnt xnu l gjF eh Xobfhnl Uf
ntosJ vW y neuf brhygLwJ.
kfbjhif tsia fLgLJ tf
1. jgf ghJfh j (Couple Protection Rate-CPR)
j jij mfgdh, FLg fLghL Kiwfis
ifahS jgf j mff ntL.
2. FHijf w j (Infant Mortality Rate-IMR)
j nkY Fiwfgl ntL. Vbd FHijf
Fiwj vif wFnghJ, bghJ kf W FLg
beid gw CfkF.
3. ehL bjhkakhj
yij rhUF kfbjhif mGjij Fiwf
ntL. uhk wf Foir kW W bjhfis, mfgr
kfSF ntiy thggjfhf, tsu brj ntL. j
thyhf kf thif ju caUnghJ mJ kf bjhifia
fLgLJ.
4. bgf vGj j kW fia mfj
f fw kfSF jfSila FLg msid g mf
bghW thj fnzhlij bgWsd. mtf W
FLg eikfis g, FLg fLghL Kiwfis
gagLJt thyhf FLg msid Fiwf Ko vw
fUJfis J bfhL bragLthf. J w jij
FiwF.
28

5. fhy jh Ukz brj

fhy jh Ukz brtjF Cfkf ntL. mnj
neu KTona Ukz brtij flha fLgLj
ntL. Fiwjgr Mf Ukz taJ 21 kW bgf
taJ 18 vw taJ tuig thif gw ntL.
6. rlahd eltoif
FHij Ukzij xnu rka, xUt gy bgfis
Ukz brJ bfhSjiy (polygamy) jilbra rlfis
a mtiw mKYFbfhL tuntL.
7. FLg ey lf (Family Planning)
kf bjhif mntf tsia fLgLj J xU
Kakhd tKiwahF. FLgeylLj vgJ FLg
msit fLgLjyhF. l xU nja afkhf
cUbtLfntL. FLg eylij ga fia
midtU bgw brj ntL. wig fLgLJ, btntW
tKiwfis bghJkf ma brj ntL.
kfbjhif ga nfhghLf
khj kfbjhif nfhghL
bghUa, khj kf bjhif nfhghL vgJ
midtU mj xwhF. bghUayP khjR mtf, kf
bjhif ts bgUf, cz cg bgUfijl jho
bry TL vwh. jifa mntf bgUf
bghUshjhu tsia jilbrJ f nkhrkhd ghig
VgLJ vd Ro fhLwh.
nfhghil fhQ _W TWf sfyh
1.

kfbjhif ts jkhdJ, th mogil

njitahd cz ilgsth fLgLjgLwJ. cz
cg mfF nghJ kf bjhif mfF.

2.

kfbjhif bgUf, cz cgia l mntf ts

j, mfwJ. ntW tifahf Tw nghdh,
29

kfbjhif bgUf jY, cz cg `Tl

jY mfwJ.
3.

ilF cz bghUf msnfg, aif jilf

kW braif jilf Ma U Kiwf _y kf bjhifia
iygLjyh.

kfbjhif ms, cz cg ilgsth

khfgLwJ vgij Kj TW FLwJ. mjhtJ
bgUks cz cgah mf kf bjhifia guhkf aY.
kfbjhif ts ntfF rkkhf cz cg
mffho mJ VikF ttFF. czikah kf
wJLt. czfhd njit, wig VgL kfbjhifia
jhdhf iybgw br. cz cg mfFnghJ, kf
jf FLg mf cWdfis Vwbfhs KgLt. j
isthf czF mf njit VgL. vdnt j kjDF
ilF cz ms Fiw. thif ju Fiwtil.
ulhtJ TWgo kfbjhif 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 vw bgUf
jY cz bghU cg 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 vw Tl jY
mfwd. kf bjhif mf y J Rikia
mfwJ. y ms tiuaWfgoUgjh FiwJ br
is bragL. jdh cg ms Fiw. j kjDF
ilF cz ms Fiw. kf bjhif tsF cz
bghU cgF ilna fhzgL ntWghlh c thH
njitahd msF kLnk cz ilF. kf tWikY,
VikY mtgl neL.
rkdw iyia rbra 1) aif jilf 2. braif
jilf vd U jilf csd.
braif jilf
kfbjhifia Fiwf kj nkbfhS. Kaf
braif jilf vdgL. fhy jha Ukz, thif
fLghLl Uj, nj nghw w FLg msit
fLgLJ kf ifahS t Kiwf braif jilfS
mlF.
30

aif jilf
jilf, w jij mfJ kfbjhif tsia
ghwJ. aif jilf gy csd. kj thehis
FiwF jfhj brafS, tWik aif jilfS mlF.
bghJthd ahf, ns nghw bfhoa nehf, nghf,
grf, kj cliy tUJ if ciH, KGikaw
bjhf, jgbtg iyfSF wj iy, fLikahd
Vikiy, jtwhd FHij ts Kiwf nghwit aif
jilfSF y vLJfhLfshF.
kj d, tWik bfhLikia mfw, khjR
braif jilfis gJiuwh. iyna aif jilf
jhkhf braglJtF. jdh kfbjhifF cz
cgFilna xU rkiy VgL vwh.
khj kfbjhif nfhghil fhQkhW sfyh.

khj kfbjhif nfhghL

czbghU
Tl j mfwJ.
(2,3,4,6,8,10)

kfbjhif bgUf
j tswJ.
(2,4,8,16,32)

kfbjhifF
cz cgF ilna rkdw iy

rkdw iyia rbr tKiwf

braif jilf

aif jilf
bfhoa tWik, ahf nghf
(bfhoa
w.))
yeLff, btsf nghw w.

31

(jUj, fhyjha
Ukz, xGF
Kiw fLghL nghw w.)

cjk msnfhghL
kfbjhif VgL khwfSF mj isthf
jyhtUkhd VgL khwfSF ilna cs bjhlid
cjk
ms
nfhghL
btgLJwJ.
ed
bghUayPfshd , nfd, lhl kW uhR
nghwtf nfhghil Mjjhf. aif tsf,
_yjd bghUf U, kW bjhEg iy
Matnfw wj kf bjhifna cjk ms kfbjhif
vdyh. j kfbjhif ms jyh cg (myJ cikahd
jyh tUkhd) cr UF. ntW tifahf Tdh jyh
cg cr UF iy cs kf bjhifna cjk
ms kfbjhif vdyh. c j k m s i t l k f b j h i f
Fiwthf U mJ kfbjhif Fiwthf cs ehL vd,
mfkhf Ujh, mJ if kf bjhif bfhl ehL vd
miHfyh.
sf
xU eho aif tsfS, _yjd fUfS, bjhEg
iy Mait khwhk iyahf Ugjhf bfhnth.
tsfnshL xl kfbjhif ajhf UF vngh.
kfbjhif mfFkhdh, eho bjhyhsfS mfg.
nkTa iyahd tsfSl TLjyhd bjhyhsf nru jyh
cg mfF. Mug fl, w nj fhuzkhf,
aif tsfis brikahf gagLJtjhY jyh cg
ntfkhf mfF. bjhlJ kfbjhif mfjh, midJ
tsfS KGikahf gagLjgl xU iy cUthF.
mbghGJ jyh tUkhd cr UF. j msidna
cjk ms kf bjhif vnwh.
ijl mfkhf kfbjhif mfjh mehL if
kf bjhif bfhl ehlhf fUjgL. nkY jyh cg
Fiwa bjhlF. tsfnshL xl mf bjhyhsf UgJ
bj. bfhLfgl tsf kW _yjd bghUf mf
bjhyhsfilna gJ bfhS nghJ jbahUtUF
32

ilF _ybghU ms Fiw. Mfnt ruhr cg

Fiw. jyh cg ms FiwbghGJ, jyh tUkhd,
kf thif ju Kjad Fiw. if
kfbjhifahdJ, Fiwthd thif ju, kiwKf
ntiyik, cz gwhFiw MatF t tFF.
Fiwthf kf bjhif, if kfbjhif uLnk
FiwghLfis bfhljhF. jyh cg cr iy cs
cjk ms kfbjhifna xU ehoF f wj
kfbjhifahF. gl 2.1 J sfgLsJ.
gl 2.1

jyh cg

kfbjhif cjk ms nfhghL

kf bjhif

tiugl X m kfbjhif, Y m jyh cg

FfgLsJ. kfbjhif mff jyh cg OM tiu
mfF. OP ms kfbjhif jyh cg cr
UF. kfbjhif OM Il mfjh jyh cg Fiw.
vdnt OM vgJ cjk ms kf bjhifahF.
kfbjhifahdJ OMI l Fiwthf Ujh, mehL
Fiwkf bjhif cilaJ vW, OMIl kfbjhif mfkhf
Ujh mehL if kf bjhif cilaJ vW TwgL.
kf bjhifahdJ cjk ms cilajh iyah vgij
fl thgho _y mslyh.
33

M=

A-O
O

,
M=

cgas rrkkwiy (Mal-adjustment in level of output)

A=

cikahd kfbjhif

O=

cjk ms kfbjhif

M-

{akhf Ujh, bkhj kfbjhif cjk ms

kfbjhifF rkkhf UF.

M-

ne kiwahf Ujh, bkhj kfbjhif cjk ms

kf bjhifial mfkhf UF.

M-

vkiwahf Ujh, bkhj kfbjhif cjk ms

kf bjhifial Fiwthf UF.

kf bjhif ts fl nfhghL
nfhghL w jF, w jF cs cwit
sFwJ. w j vgJ xU tUl 1000 egfSF
vjid FHijf wwd vgij FF. w j
vgJ xU tUl 1000 egf vjid ng wwhf
vgij FF. bghUshjhu Kndw isthf U
jfY khwf VgLwd vW nfhghL TWwJ.
kfbjhif ts _W iyf csjhf nfhghL
TWwJ.
Kj iy
caj w jK w jK
Kj iy, ehL Kndw FiwJ, ja iy
UF. ntshik kf Ka bjhyhF. f
gHikahd cg Kiwfns gagLjgL. kf thif
34

ju FiwJ fhzgL. j iy w, w jf cathf

UF. ryh cz, Rfhjhu trik, ngha kUJt
trf yhik Maitna mf w jF
fhuzfshF.
fa ik, FLg ey lf ga mahik,
staJ Ukz, rKjha eiff, rlFf Mait w j
mfkhf Ugjfhd fhuzfshF. j fl, mf w
j, mf w jij rfLtjh, kf bjhif ts
mfkhf iy. njfKW fhzgLwJ.
ulh iy
caj w jK, Fiwj w jK
ehL KndW nghJ, bjh eltoiff mfJ, mf
ntiy thf cUthwd. jdh ehL tUkhdK, jyh
tUkhdK mfJ, kf thif ju cawJ. ehlhdJ,
caj w jK, Fiwj w jK bfhl ulh
iyia milwJ. caj ma bjhEg ts fhuzkhf
ngha kUJt trf ilfbgWwd.
bjhW nehf, c bfh nehf Kjad
xfgLwd. ey Rfhjhu trf bgUFwd. mjdh
neh gu ntf FiwJ, w jK FiwwJ. khwfhd
jaf fhuzkhf, l ehisa gHf tHffshY, w
j canj fhzgLwJ. vdnt caj w j, Fiwj
w jilna ntWghL njhWwJ. Jnt kfbjhif
ts j mfkhf fhuzkhwJ.
_wh iy
Fiwj w jK, Fiwj w jK
bghUshjhu Kndw fhuzkhf rKjha mik khw
VgLwJ. ntshik rhj ehL bjh kakht Kid
VgLwJ. bjhEg ts fhuzkhf kf Cuf
gFUJ efwF l bgaUwhf.
35

kf kdghik khwkilwJ. fa fhuzkhf,

caj thif juF, W FLgnk cfjJ vW
czUwhf. vdnt w j frkhf FiwwJ. wj
kUJt trf, bjhW nehfis fLgLJj, ey Rfhjhu
trf Matiw bragLJtjh w j FiwwJ.
iy w, w jf Fiwthf Ugjh, kfbjhif
ts iyahf UF. cyf ehLf midJ _W
iyfis flf ntL vgJ kughF. kfbjhif
ts _W flfS nH cs gl 2.2.
fhlgLsJ.
gl 2.2

w w j

kf bjhif ts fl

fhy

kfbjhif fzbfL
xU Fl fhy xU ehoYs myJ tiuaWf gl
xU gFYs midJ kf bghUshjhu, r_f, kW kua
bjhlghd tufis uLtJ kfbjhif fzbfL
vdgL. ulgl tuf bjhFfgL. mit gFjh
bragL kL bragL. ah kfbjhif, 1872 ML
fzbfLfglJ. mj d 1881 fzbfLfglJ.
mnghJ Kj gJ MLfSF xU Kiw kfbjhif
fzbfLfgL tUwJ. mik kfbjhif fzbfL
36

2001 eljglJ. kf ts jij, gF thahf

kfbjhif gut fhzgL khwij ma. kf bjhif
fzbfL mtakhwJ. bghUshjhu lLjYF, r_f ey
lfis bragLJtjF kf bjhif fzbfL
gagLwJ.
kfbjhif fzbfL gaf
kfbjhif fzbfLgh, a kf aid
ma Ko. kf bjhif fzbfLdh fhQ
tufis maKowJ.
1. bkhj kfbjhif
2. M - bg j
3. Cuf, efw kfbjhif
4. taJ ghFghL
5. kfbjhif ml
6. fa iy
7. ef kakhj
8. bjh rh tiff
a kfbjhif af
cyf bkhj ygu 2.4 rjj gugs kLnk ah
bfhLsJ. Mdh cyf kf bjhif 16.84 rjjij thH
itf ntosJ. a kf bjhifahdJ 1901 238.5
adhf UjJ 2001 1027 adhf mfJsJ. xU
who a kfbjhifahdJ 788.5 adhf
mfJsJ. ciknyna j mf ah xLbkhj
Kndwij mRWJtjhf csJ.
37

mltiz 2.1 a kfbjhif af

kfbjhif 2001
(a)
\V>D g^

1027

531

495

ghd j
kfbjhif
MfSF 2001 ml
bgf j)
( 1 r..)

fa iy
(2001)

(1000

1991

927

2001

1991

933

267

2001 \V>D g^

324

65.38

75.85

54.16

a kfbjhif ts
a kfbjhif tsia fl mltiz _y
mayh.
Ugjh who a kfbjhif ts
jij ehF iyahf fyh. mit ahtd :

kfbjhif
fzbfL
tUlf

ts
rjj
MLF

ts jik

1901 - 1921

0.19

kfbjhif njfiy

1921 - 1951

1.22

uhd ts

1951 - 1981

2.14

iuthd ca ts

1981 - 2001

1.80

Fiwtjfhd mFf

1921 tiu kfbjhif tsahdJ Fiwthd j

UjJ. Mdh mjwF kfbjhif f ntfkhf mff
bjhlaJ. vdnt jh 1921 ML `bgUid ML
vdgLwJ. 1921 MoF wF ah, kf bjhif ts
fl vyh iyfis btfukhf flJ, jnghJ ``f
Fiwthd brGikfhykhf fUjgL IjhtJ iy csJ.

38

kf bjhif ts jkhdJ. w, j, w j Ma U
fhufis bghUJ mik. a kfbjhif mf w
kW w jfSilnad ntWghil bghUjJ.
ah 1901 MuJF 49.2 Mf Uj wj 2001
25.8 Mf FiwJsJ. mnj fhyfl, MuJF 42.6 Mf
Uj w j 8.5 Mf FiwJsJ. aghd ts
jkhdJ (Fl fhy w j - w j) 1901 - 1911
6.6 Mf UjJ.
1991-2001

17.3 Mf mfJsJ. w j
VgLs FiwthdJ w j VgL Fiwitl mfkhf
csjhf aghd ts j sFwJ. kUJt trf
VgLs Kndw, bjhW nehf kW bfhis nehf
fLgLjglJ w j Fiwjjfhd fhuzkhF. J
Kndwfhd xU ey mFahF. FLg ey lf
uhkwij ey Kiw brW mila ntL. mbghGJ jh
w j D Fiw vW kfbjhif fzbfL w
j fhLwJ.
cWahd Kndw kW RWNH ghJfh
Matiw bfhl xU iyahd kfbjhifia 2045F
miltijna lfhy nehfkhf bfhL rg a murh
nja kfbjhif (National Population Policy) bfhif (2000)
eilKiwgLjglJ.
kfbjhif bfhif
tsU ehLfS, kf bjhif bfhifia bragLa
Kj ehL ahthF. nkY J 1952 ehL jGa ms FLg
ey lij, mKfgLaJ. w, w jf
Fiw xU Fl jf ntWghL Uj ntL vgnj
kf bjhif bfhif Ka nehfkhF. vj xU muR
kf bjhif mik khwij, fLgLJtjFa
Kafis nkbfhs ntL vW kf bjhif bfhif
TWwJ.

39

nja kfbjhif bfhif (2000)

njitahd fUjil rhjdf tH, Rfhjhu flik
trf, Rfhjhu gahsf kW xUizfgl gf
_y FHij guhkig nkgLJjny nja kfbjhif
bfhif (2000) cldo nehfkhF.
nkY J, bkhj brGik fhyij 2010F kh
mikg Ka ftd brYaJ. bkhj brGik fhy 2.1
vgJ brGikfhyij kh mikj vgjhF.
2045 MoF kfbjhifia iygLJjny
bfhif lfhy nehfkhF.

nja kf bjhif FGthdJ, ujk k, vyh khyf

Kjyikrf, kW cWdfsh jiyik jh bjhlfgL,
kWgyid braglJ.
nja kf bjhif FG nghW, khy msyhd FG, khy
Kjyikrfsh jiyik jh JtfgL mnj nehffis
eilKiwgLaJ.
kf bjhifia iygLJtjfhd Kiwf
xU iyahd kf bjhifia 2045F mila fl
Kiwfis nja kfbjhif bfhif TWwJ :
1.

FHijf w jij 1,00,000 FHijfSF 30F

Fiwj.

2.

kfngW fhy wF (maternal mortality rate)

jhkhf jij 1,00,000 FHijfSF 100F
(jhkhf) bfhL tUj.

3.

cyf ms neh jL Kiw.

4.

80 rjj kfngwhdJ, Kiwahd kUjf, kUJtkid

kW kUJt Wtdf Kiwahd gila
gahsf _y eilbgw brj.
40

ghl - 3
tWik kW ntiyik
(Poverty and Unemployment)
KDiu
cy tsJtU ehLf rF UbgU uridf,
bfhoa tWik, bgUks ntiyik. itf
xnwhblhW bjhlilad. kfSF ntiyik
fhuzdh, tUkhd <l Koahk Vik iynyna
thJtUwd. ntWy ntiy brJ Vik iynyna
csd. gy whLfshf ah tWikiy y
tUwJ. IjhL lfhyf tWik Fiw Kakhd
yFfS xwhf UJ tUwJ. j ViH, va
kfisg, mtfsJ r_f kW bghUshjhu Niyfis
g eh mUj ntL. mbghGJjh muR wikahd
tWik x bfhiffis nkbfhs Ko.
tiuaiw
tWikahdJ gy tf tiuaWfgLwJ. 1990- Mo
cyf tahdJ tWikia flthW tiuaiu brwJ
tWik vgJ Fiwjgr thif juij mila Koahj,
wdw iyia FwJ. nguha lnlf vgt
TWgo (1981) vgoahD tWik vgJ nghJkhd tUkhd
njitnaahF thwhf, thif f Fiwjgr mogil
bghUfTl thfToa ngha tUkhd yhj iy
tWik yfzf Ka TwhF.
tWik tiff
1. KG tWik
2. xL tWik-vd tWik UtifgL.
45

1. KGtWik
kfSF nghJkhd cz, cil, ciwl yhj iyia
KGtWik iy vnwh.
2. xL tWik
`xL tWik vgJ kf gntW FGfilna
(caju, eLju, Fiwthd tUkhd bgWgtf) fhzgL
ntWghLfisnah (m) xnu FGdilna fhzgL
ntWghLfisnah (m) gy ehLf thG kfilna fhzgL
ntWghLfis FgjhF. kf bjhifia gntW duhf
Jghif, mjhtJ, catUkhd bgW 20 rjjdiu
Fiwthd tUkhd bgW 20 rjjdnuhL x nehFjiy
`xL tWikia eh gonwh vd bfhsyh.
3. jfhf tWik (m) Ka tWik (Temporary or Chronic
Poverty)

ah nghw ehLf gUtkiH FiwnghJ, trha

bghJ, mjdh cHtf jfhfkhd Vikiy
cHwhf. mnj iy mtf lfhykhf thGnghJ
miyia Ka tWik (m) mik rhj tWik vd
miHfgLwJ. (v.fh.) gy ViHehLf cHtf gUt
kiHiana rhJ UgjhY - Fiwj cg w
trha fhzgLtjhY cHtf Ka tWik iy
thJ tUwd vd fUJnwh.
4. Kjiy tWik kW ulh iy tWik
uo Rowntree (1901) vgt Kj iy kW ulh
iy tWikfSF ilna cs ntWikfis sFwh.
mtuJ TWgo Kjiy tWik vgJ FLgf thif
elj bkhj rghafis bfhL Fiwjgr, mahta,
bghUfis Tl thfKoahj, gwhFiwahd iyia FF.
ulh iy tWik vgJ FLgf rgha,
46

thif elj nghJkhdjhf UF. Mdh mj xU

gFahdJ cgnahfkhd (m) cgnahfkw bryfSfhf
<fgL. Fghf kJ mUJj, Njhl, kW wikaw
FLg thf nghwitf zhz bryfS ythF.
uo Rowntree mtf fUJgo Kjyh iy tWikia
ulh iy tWikahdJ gy kfis jfsJ kj njit
msid miltij jil brwJ. j iy tUkhd
gwhFiwahf cs Kjiy tWikia fhoY f
nkhrkhd iy vd FLwh.
5. uhkw Vik kW efw Vik
uhkf thG bgUghikahd ViH kf yfis
brhjkhf bgwhk, trha d Tfshfnt ntiy
brwhf. mtf T f Fiwnt, Mo xU y
khjfns mtf ntiy thig bgWwhf. Mdh
efwf thG ViH kf l neu ciHJ, f Fiwthd
tUkhdijna bgWwhf. bgUghyhndh, mfhu bgwhj
kW xGFKiwgo mikahj Jiwfnyna ntiyF
mkjgL Uwhf. tf cg/Jiz ntiyahf
(subemployed) vdgLt. cgntiyahf vdgLgtf _W
it nrjtf.
1. KGneu ntiy bra Ug UJ, gF
ntiyiana brgtf.

neu

2. FLg jiyt, KG neu ntiy brJ, tWik nfhoF

nk jfSila FLgij bfhLtU msF nghJkhd
tUkhd <liy.
3. nrhw gahf, ntiy njo bryhjtf.
tWik wnfhzf
tUkhd mogilahY, bghUshjhu ahY
sfgL tWikF, ntWw gkhzfS csd.
47

vLJfhlhf, xUt, Ltr Vikahf, Rfhjhutr

Vikahf, f Vikahf, Ugjf cl kW kd
a gf bfhoUj Vikahf UfTL.
it Vik gy jugl gkhzfshf Uwd.
ViH Fojdf gf
(Characteristics of Poor Households)

bghJthf Fiwj jyh tUkhd <L FLgf, mnef

FHijfis bgW bga FLgkhf, UgJl tf
bghUshjhu kwtfisna rhJsd.
xU Fl Mo, jfsJ tUkhd midij ViH,
va kf Effhfnt bryLwd. ghms
czthF.
bghJthf ViH FLgf bgisfisl
MisfSF f KjL brwd. ViHkf
mua Fiwthfnt gnfwd. xUtif, tfSF
XLik kWfgLsJ. iy y jfS cL.
gy ehLf tWikahdJ, rh kW d tnahL (race)
bjhlilaJ. ah Muhl kW gHFodU,
mbkf Ia ehLf fUdjtfS wj
cjhuzfshF.
Fwf, cl eyFiw, ViH kfnshL bfhLs
bjhlik Mait tWiknahLTl bjhlilaitahF.
xU eho Vikiy uL fhufis bghWjJ
1. ehL tUkhd ruhriy
2. ehL tUkhd g cs Vwjh ms / iy
tWik nfhL (Poverty Line)
tWik nfhL vgJ Fiwj gr tUkhd, Ef myJ
48

bghJthf, glf kW gid xU jeg bgW tid

FF. tWik jF ViHfSFS, tWik
iyahdJ ntWgLwJ vgJ FljfJ.
vdnt muR bfhiffis cUthF bghGJ VikY,
Vik cstfisnk fU bfhs ntL.
rJz mogilahd tWik nfhL mnef ehLf
gagLjgLwJ.
ah tWik
jnlf kW uh mtf fzogo eh mwhl
Fiwj ms 2250 fnyh ms cz Efj ntL. lFG,
eg xUtUF khj xWF %.20/- vgjhf jid
tiuaWJsJ. (mjhtJ MLF %.240/- MF) jnlf kW
uh tf gJiugo 1960-61 iyfgo uhkw
kfSF Fiwj ms %.180 j eg ML tUkhdK efw
kfSF Fiwj ms j eg ML tUkhd %.270 /- vd
gJiu brJsd.
1968-69 iyf Jnt uhkw kfSF %.324/vgjhf, efw kfSF %.486/vgjhF. j mogil
uhkwf 40 rjjdU efwf 50 rjjdU
tWik nfhoF Ugjhf fzLnsh.
x#h (P.D. Ojha) vw tYe fUJgo tWik
nfhoF cHgtf 1960-61 iyf 52 rjjkhf UjJ
1967-68 iyf 70 rjjkhf cajJ.
P.D.

B.S. fh vgt fUJgo jeg ML Ef bry

Fiwjgr %.240/- vdfzlh. jgo 1968
uhkwf VwjhH 50 rjjd (50.6 rjj) tWik
nfhoF nH thJ tJsd.

guj mtf Mgo 1960-61 tWik nfho

38% Uj uhkw kf 1968-69 54 % cajJ.
P.K.

49

khbl mFthah (1977) uhkw Vikia thW

sFwh. 1950 50 rjjkhf Uj uhkw Vik 1960-61
40 rjjkhf FiwJ d 1967-68 56.5 rjjkhf cajJ.
ntshik brGikahf UjnghJ uhkw Vik FiwJ,
ntshik brgw iy Vik caJ fhzglJ!
U. mFthah bry msit fz bfhL
Vikia fzlh. 1960-61 iyf uhkwfSF %.15/
- vd efwfSF %.20/- vd ij fzlh. J
f f Fiwthd ms vd mFthah xJbfhlh.
VHhtJ FG ofgl ViknfL (Agumented Poverty
vD a fUij gagLaJ. jah Ef
bryl, 1. cl ey kW FLg ey 2. Fo kW Rfhjhu
3. f 4. fhtJiw, iwJiw, Jiw Matiw tj
5. rhiy nghFtuJ kW 6. r_fey Mat jhd
jeg bghJ bry fz vLJ bfhsglJ.

Line)

VHhtJ FG kogo 52 rjj kf tWik

nfhoF csd. nkY J uhkw kW efw (52%)
kfSF bghJthf bghUJtjhF.
jeg khj bry uhkwfSF %.49.1 Mf
efwfSF %.56.6 vd fzL tWik nfhoid
lFG tiuaiw brJsJ. 1988 cyf tahdJ 39.6 rjj
kfbjhif tWik nfhoF csd vd fzLsJ.
Jnt uhkwfSF 41.7 rjjkhf efwfSF 39.6
rjjkhf csjhf fzLsJ.
my a ms tWik myJ Vik, 1973-74 54.9
rjjkhf UjJ 1987-88 39.3 rjjkhf ailjJ vd
lFG fzLsJ. mnj MLfSF uhkw Vik 56.4
rjjUJ 39.1 rjjkhf efw Vik 49.2
rjjUJ 40.1 rjjkhf ailjJ.

50

mltiz 1 ah Vik cstf

GfhL kW vif

ML

Vik cstf
GfhL

Vik
cstf
vif

1973-74

54.9

321

1987-88

38.9

307

1993-94

36.0

320

1999-2000

26.1

260

Mjhu lFG, a muR

a muR jbghGJ Vik myJ tWiknfhL vgij
efwfSF %. 296 /- Mf uhkwfSF %.276 /- Mf
tiuaWJsJ. ehbshWF %. 10F Fiwthf Ca bgW
kf midtU tWiknfhoF cstfshf
fUjgLwhf. a mu Tgo kUJt ahf
bjhifahdJ ehbshWF 2200 fnyhf msF cz
bghUf thFtjF nghJkhdjhF. ah nghw ViH
ehLfSF ts Ca bgWtJ Tl bgW rthyhf csJ.
tsY, xU fbgU Jau vdbt ah 260
a kf D ehbshWF %.10 /- Tl Ca bgwhj
iy csd.
ah Vik myJ tWikfhz fhuzf
ah uhkw Vikfhd fhuzf tUkhW
1. ntiyik ntiy Fiw: ey kiH y MLf
UjhY Tl trha bjhyhsf ML KGtJ ntiy
bgWtiy.
2. kf bjhif mGj : kfbjhif mGj
51

fhuzkhf Ca <L xbthU egUF mtiu rhJ gy

Ugjh mF kiwKf ntiyik uid ywJ. xU
giz ehF egUF kLnk ntiy UF. Mdh,
mgiz MW myJ VG egf ntiy brthf. F
TLj ntiyahf W iy cgw VwjhH {a
MF.
3. a ntshik cg w ff Fiwnt
MF. vdnt ntshikia rhJnsh bgUghyhdtf
Vik iynyna cywd.
4. uhkw kf bgUghyhdtf ngha ms
brhJfis bgUfiy, Fghf y. jF Ka
fhuz y xU y FLgf trnk csJ vdyh.
Vik iy tlhu ntWghLfS mf ms
fhzgLwJ. vLJfhlhf 1987-88 ah ViH kf
58 rjjd 5 khyf tJ tjd. mitahtd
cuunjr, fh, khfuhZouh, nkF tfhs kW
kaunjr.
efwf ntiy br gy cg-ntiy thdh
myYWwd. mtf (cgntiy iy cstf) Vik
cs ntiyahf kW uhkwfUJ efwfSF
FobgaU kfS Mthf. J efwf Vik
ytfhuzkhf UwJ.
tWik X lf (Poverty Alleviation Programme)
Fiwj iy ntiyth cg wid mfgJ,
ntiythig mgJ tWik x l Ka
uridahF. e ehL tWikia xJfl muR fhQ
eltoifia nkbfhLsJ.
1. y Ujf
khy muRf yUj rlfis aWtj _ykhf
52

ykw trhf bghUshjhu iyikfis nkgl bra

ttFjd. (c.) #jhKiw xfgldh, Rul
Kiwf rKjhaij L fgld. gy khyf Fjif
rlf awgld. j _y Fjifjhuf eyf
ghJfhfgld. nkY mtf g brj yfis, mtfns
cikah bfhs rl cjaJ. nkY xbthU
khyfY mtakhd rl awgL, y cilik tuf
za bragld. j thyhf xU eg cilikah
bfhsToa cr ms y rltkhf khfglJ.
rl thyhf bgwgl cg yfis yknwhUF,
W trhfSF gjfglJ.
2. #tf uh ntiythl
(Jawahar Grama Sannidhi Yojana - JGSY)

l 1999 ML Vu khj mKfgLjglJ.

lfhF bryid ka kW khyfisilna
75:25 vw Kiw J bfhsglJ.
3. ehL r_f cj l
(National Social Assistance Programme-NSAP)

l MfL 15 eh 1995- ML JtfglJ. W

rjj lij ika munr VW elJ, l _ykhf
ViH FLgd, taJ Knjh, tUkhd <L FLg
jiytid Hj FLgd kW kfngUfhy cj bgWnth,
mf eyf bgWt.
4. ntiyth cWl
(Employment Assurance Scheme-EAS)

l 1993, mnlhg 2 Kj eilKiwF bfhL

tuglJ. ehoYs tsah ghfgl gHFod
thHToa ghiytdf, gHFoUf kW kiy
gFfsha
1778
gl
bjhFf
l
bragLjglJ. lkhdJ thfgL 5488 uhkw
53

bjhFf gadiljd. ntiyyh uhkw kfSF

Tntiyia VgL jjJ. a ruz uhk ntiyth
lJl, ntiyth cWl kW #tf uhk
ntiyth lK brlg 2001 izfglJ.
5. ujk ntiythl
(Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana-PMGY)

lkhdJ 2000-2001 iy mifnghJ,

mKfgLjglJ. j %.5000 nfho gz xJL
braglJ. l Rfhjhu, mogil f, Fo, L
tr, kW uhkwf rhiy mikj Mat ftd
brYaJ.
6. bghHh ML Cuf j ntiy th l
(Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana-SJSRY)

efw Rantiythig, kW efw T ntiy Ma

uL w lfshF. 1997- ML org khj
efw tWik x l bragLtj Kija
lfis lkhdJ kh mikjJ. ka-khy muRfS
75:25 vw j lF njitahd bryit nk
bfhwd.lfhd bry %.45.5 nfhoahF. 20012002- %.39.21 nfho, kW 2002-03 xJlhdJ %.105 nfhoahf
xJL braglJ. (Euromil Survey, 2002-03, P.217)
7. uhk xUizj ts l
(Integrated Rural Development Programme-IRDP)
1976-77-

Mo ka mu iy mif
l Kj Kjyhf KbkhaglJ. l uhk
kfSF cj bra, bghUshjhu ts eyfis, uhkw
gFf bgW gadiltijna nehfkhf bfhlJ. 1978-79
lkhdJ khaikfgL mj ms thfglJ.
Jtf 2,300 bjhFf m 2000 bjhFf SFDA,
DPAP kW CADP lf bragld. 1979-80 TLjyhf
54

300 bjhFf lfSl izf gld. 1980 mnlhg

2- eho vyh bjhFfSF l thfglJ. a
kW viyiy trhf kLyhk l Fghf
trha bjhyhs kW ykw ciHghsf tfnshLTl
uhkw ifidPfis csl csJ. J j egiu
fhoY, FLg eynf KaJt mwJ.
ntiyik
bghU : ntiyik vgJ, bjhyhsf ntiy br
jF UgK UJ, ntiy ilfhk UgJ MF.
ntiyik msLf
xU eg xU ehisF 8 k neuf nghW xU tUlF
73 ehfSF ntiy akd bragLtijna FgJ MF.
vvv- 27tJ Rgo, ntiyik msLfis _W
tiffshf fyh.
1. bghJthd Kjik iy ntiyik : tUl
ghehfSF nk mfkhd egf ntiyyhj iy
Ugijna J FF. jFF Vg bjhl ntiyia
njLgtUF J bghUJ. (v.fh.) gojtf, bjh tYdf
rhjhud ntiyia VWbfhsh. jF btgilahd
ntiyik vW bghU.
2. thuhu iy ntiyik : thuF xU k neuTl
mfkhd egfSF ntiy ilfhikia FF.
3. dK ntiyik iy : thu xU eh, y ehf
mfkhd egfSF ntiyyhikia FF.
ntiyikfhd fhuzf
1. mf kfbjhif ts
flj tUlf eKila kf bjhif mfkhd ms
55

caJ csjh, ntiyikFa ffis nkY mfJ

csJ. eKila eho kfbjhif bgUf mfkhtjh,
ntiyik ms mfkh fLikahd isfis rf
neL.
2. nghJkhd bghUshjhu ts j ik
ah xU tsJ tU ehlhf UjnghJ, bghUshjhu
ts j f Fiwthfnt csJ. fhuz bkhj ciH
tikfS gaglh iyna fhuz. ah ntiythf
nghJkhd ms iy. jdh TLjyhd ciH rfis
gagLjgliy. jF fhuz kf bjhif tsna
MF.
3. ntshik ju wJiwf ntiy th Fiw
ah trha Jiw kLnk nghJkhd ntiyth
cL. kw Jiwf nghJkhd msF ntiyth trf
FiwJ fhzgLwJ. jdh y mGj f mfkhf
csjdh 2/3 gF ciH rf trha Jiwnyna
gagLjgLwd. ykhdJ mfkhd kf thtjF
gagLtjh f mfkhd kf rahdJ ntiyyh
iynyna csd. jF kiwKfntiyik vW bga.
4. gUtfhy ntiy th
ah trha gUtfhy ntiyik ywJ.
gUtfhy yhj neu trha bjhyhsf ntiyyh
iy fhzgLwd.
5. TL FLg mik
ah TLFLg Kiw Ugjh kiwKf
ntiyik mfKsJ. FLg cs midtU jfSila
FLg bjh <Lgld. njitF mfkhf bjhyhsf
jfSila FLg bjh mkjgLwhf.
56

6. a gfiyfHUJ bgUtU khztf

flj gjhLfshf a gfiy fHfUJ
cUthfgL bgUthahd gljhf TLjyhf Ugjh
gojtfSF ntiyik mfJ bfhLsJ. a f
Kiw mfkhf bgha kW bjhEg ghlfSF,
fiyJiw rhj ghlfis fhoY mf KaJt
bfhLfglJ. MdhY bjhJiw gljhfSF ilna
ntiyik ywJ. nkY ekJ eho bjh f f
ja iynyna csJ.
7. Fiwthd bjh ts
ekJ eho bjhJiw nghJkhd ms tsailaiy.
bjhfY, bjhyhsf ntiyth f Fiwnt.
ntshJiw cgahf cs bjhyhsfis, bjhJiwf
ntiyF vLJbfhsiy. jdh trha kiwKf
ntiyik VgLwJ.
ah ntiyik uridfSF
xbthU IjhL lfY ntiythgig bgUFtnj
bghUshjhu ts Ka Fnfhshf bfhLsJ. IjhL
lf elJ bfhoUFnghJTl ntiyik njf
mfJ bfhnlsJ. jF fhuz, xbthU lY
jhd ciH rfis gagLjhikna MF.
fhQ tKiwf _y ntiyik uridfis
fhz Ko.
1. KjL Kiwf khw brj
Mug fhy fl l braKiwgo mf KjL ciH
j Ka gid twJ. Mfnt Ef glfis
cg br bjh rhiyfis mfFnghJ ntiyyh
bjhyhsfis mfgoahf ntiyF mkJj rhakhF.
Ef glf m mfgjdh glf
57

iynawkhdJ fLgLjgLwJ. jdh kf

bghUshjhu eydhdJ
mfwJ. J nguhaf
ukhzjh kW t mtf T - glf khf
ts nfhgho mogil mikjjhF.
2. bga WtdfSF vuhf a Wtdfis
CFj
bga bjh Wtdfis fhoY a WtdfSF
neuoahd mf KjL bragLnghJ ntiyth nehfK,
cg nehfK iw bragL. jnghJ murhfkhdJ
ts gfis gjFnghJ W bjh
WtdfSF mf KaJt bfhLf ntosJ. jdh
mbjhfSF mf fl tr, ck, Kiwahd frh
bghUf g, kW ju bfhiff tHfgLtj_y
ntiyth kW cg frkhd ms xnu uhf
mffTL.
3. bjhEg Kiwf fhzgL uridfis
njbjLj
eLjukhd bjh EgKiwfis njbjLgj _y,
bjh kakhFj ngh jhf tU ciH rfis
KGikahf gagL bfhsKo. ciH rfis mfkhf
gagLJ fhy, bjhEgfis njbjLj _y
ntiyth nehfij KGikahf bragLj Ko. a
bghUshjhu NHYF eLjukhd bjhEg Kiwna
VwjhF.
4. Wefuf kW uhkwf a ts ikafis
CFj
xbthU lf mDgtK, mf kf bjhif cs
khefu ikaf mfkhd KjLfis bgWwd vgijna
fhLwJ. Mfnt Wefuf tsahdJ, a ts
ikafis tUfhy tsl cj. a bjhf
Tlik, WtgLtj _y ntiy th kW bghUshjhu
be jikia mL.
58

5. ntiy thf mogil rYiff

mu rYiff kW Cfbjhif lfshdJ a
kW bga bjhfSF crkhd cgasit mff
cjwJ. nkY J _yjd tsfis mf ms
gagLJtjF cjwJ. jkhd mu rYif
Kiwf khwf njit. mfkhd ntiythfis
cUthFtjF mu rYiff kW mu Cf bjhiffns
mogil fhuzfshf csd. mu bkhj mikfY
VgL khwfshdJ ngus cgUJ a ms cg
xU khw VgLsJ. j _y ntiy thfis cUthF
nehffSl rkJt kW r_f iy miltjF cjwJ.
6. f bfhif jhf
e eho fKiw bjhf gl bgWtJ kLnk
fbga Fiwahf csJ. gojtfilna ntiyik
mfkhf Ugjh f Kiw jhf brtJ f
mtakhd njitahf fUjgLwJ. mgo brtj_y
mfgoahd ntiythfis cUthfKo. ekJ eho f
bfhif Kiw khw njitgLwJ. khwf FWa
fhy thif f gia mfgLJtj _y cehL
ntiyth njitia br. jukhd f
tsahdJ eho bghUshjhu tsF njitahdjhf
csJ. it ntiyik _y fhzgL uridfis
fhgjF. cjwJ. Mfnt mu bryf f
ts gfSF mf KaJt juglntL.
7. uhkwf Fiw ntiylik
v.v.v. tufgo ah Fiw ntiylik rW
mfkhfnt csJ. ah 2 nfhoFnk Fiwntiylik
kf Uwhf. mtf TLjyhf ntiybra jahuhf
csd. uhkw ntiy th lf cUthFtJ mu
flikahf csJ. jifa uhkw ntiyth lfis
cUthflh, uhkw kfSF mf KaJt bfhLgjF
59

thiy. j _y ykw bjhyhsf a kW filiy

trhf ntiythig Hf neL mahtakhd
eltoiff vLjhjh uhk wf ntiythfis
mff Ko. jdh uhkwf ntiyth _y
tUkhd mfF. nkY tWik ms Fiwa th csJ.

g
gF - m
I.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

rahd ilia njbjLf.

mogil njitfshd cz, cil, Ul njitf jid
rhjJ
m. bghU rhjJ
M. r_f
. csa
<. gghL
thtjF ntoa Fiwjgr trfSF nH xUt thG
Vik iyia thW Twyh.
m. KGikahd
M. rhj
. RUf
<. VJ iy
eh tiu mKgLjgl midJ tWik x
lfS ga nghdjF fhuz
m. ntiyik
M. TL FLg Kiw
. Vwjh
<. yr
a lFG Vikia j mogil
tiuaWJsJ.
m. tUkhd
M. Ef
. cz bghU _y bgW fnyh <. ntiyth
ntshik _y ilF ntiy th
m. RHY jik
M. mik jik
. gUt fhy rhjJ
<. bjh rhjJ
60

nfhol lfis uf.

Vikia ............ tiffshf fyh.
ah jnghJ btgilahf kiwKfkhf fhzgL
ntiyik bga .......... MF.
8. ekJ l ........... mogilahf bfhL xUnghJ
Ujiy.
9. efwfYs bjhyhsf ....... mtgLwhf.
10. ah y TL FLg Kiw ........... CFwJ.
II.
6.
7.

III.
11.
12.
13.
14.

bghUJf.
ntiy cj l
kiwKf ntiyik
#tf uhkw ntiy thl
a f Kiw

m. Vu 1999
M. bgha go
. uhkw ntiyl
<. Fiwj cg w
ntiy th
c. 1993

ntiy Fiw
xU thijf ilaf
lLj f Ka nehf vd?
uhkwf tWik nfhoid lFG vthW
tiuaWJsJ.
18. ah Vikfhd f Ka fhuz ahJ?
19. xU ehL tsaila Ka mogil njit vd?
20. ah ntiy Fiwdh ghfgL egf vts
ng?
15.
IV.
16.
17.

gF-M
V. tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf
ila.
21
fwtfilna ntiyik mfgJ V?
22. ah Vik cs 58 GfhL kf thG IJ
khyf vit?
61

23. Vikid tiuaWf.

24. Vik nfhL vwh vd?
25. ntiyik vgij tf.

VI.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

gF-
tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.
uhkw ntiyik kW efw ntiyikia
ntWgLJf.
ntiyik kL vbdd?
ah Vikfhd fhuzf ahit?
ntiyikfhd fhuzf ahit?
ah Vik iyia Muhf.

gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. ntiyyh uidia f ah vLfgLs
eltoiffis t.
32. Vikia nghf vLfgLs lf myJ
eltoiffis siuf.

62

ghl - 4

ehL tUkhd
(National Income)
cyf y ehLf brtj ehLfshf, y ViH
ehLfshf, gy ehLf eLjukhf csd. eho bghUshjhu
braghLfis vthW msLtJ? eho braghLf cg
msnthL bjhlilaJ myJ bkhj bghUshjhu eltoiffnshL
bjhlilaJ. eho bkhj cg kig fzLtjF ehL
tUkhd kW cg Kiwf ms nfhshf
gagLjgLwJ. ehL tUkhdij cgia msL bra
bkhj ehL cg (GNP), bkhj cehL cg (GDP), bkhj
ehL tUkhd (GNI), fu ehL cg (NNP), fu ehL tUkhd
(NNI) Matiw gagLJnwh. ka a mik,
ah, ehL tUkhdij fzLwJ.
cfSila f Kndw kw khztfnshL
cfsJ kbgf xL fzlgLwJ. mnj nghy
ehoDila bghUa braghLf eho tUkhdij
msnfhyhf bfhL fzlgLwJ. gntW fhuzfSfhf
ehL tUkhdij fzLj f mtakhF. eho
vfhyij g ma, muRF njitahd bghUjkhd
Kndw bfhiffis cUthf. glfSfhd vfhy
njitia Wtdf mJ bfhs, cyf ehLfSl xl
gagLwJ.
kf thif juij mJ bfhs jyh tUkhd myJ
j eg tUkhd xU ms nfhshf gagLwJ. bghUshjhu
Kndw rhj mPf GNP ia kf eyij msL
fUahf gagLJt gy FiwghLf csjhf fUJwhf.
mtf TWgo, kj ey ehL tUkhdij kL rhjJ my.
ehL tUkhdij msLt GNP, tWik, f, bghJey, ghd
rkghL, kj ey ga gy uidf Matiw jJlJ.
mtf eyij kjL bra ntW gy fUfshd kj ts
63

FpLfis gagLJwd. brtj ehLf, ehL tUkhd

caJ, kj ts nkgho jhJ fhzgLwJ. mnj nghy ViH
ehLf kj ts nkgho caJ ehL tUkhd jhJ
fhzgLwhf. ah (GDP) ntfkhf tsailjhY
kj ts Fpil bghWjtiu, kw ehLfis l Fiwthf
fhzgLwJ.
ehL tUkhd yfz
ehL tUkhd vgJ xU eho X Mo cg
bragl glf kW gf bkhj kghF. J
cgUJ ilF bkhj tUkhd myJ cgfhf
bragL bkhj bryit FF.
Mu kh
xU eho ciH KjY meho tsfSl To,
XuhL fhy cg bragL glf kW midJ
tifahd gf Mat bkhj fu k... J eho fu
ML tUkhd myJ eho tUth myJ ehL tUkhd <
vdgLwJ.
Z
glfUnjh myJ RWw NHUnjh fil
EfnthUF ilF gf ehL tUkhd < myJ ehL
tUkhd vdgL.
a ehL tUkhd fzL FG
ehL tUkhd vgJ kWKiw fz vLJ bfhsglhk
xU Fl fhy eho cg bragl glf kW
gf bkhj gz kghF.
gh A. rhKntr
bkhj ehL cg (GNP) vgJ xU eho bkhjkhf
64

cg bragl glf kW gf xU bjthd

fzL ms vdyh. jid Ef, bkhj KjL, muR thF
glf kW gf ms fu VWk Mat lhy
k (gz) TL bjhif vdyh.
nkfl yfzf gy ntWghLf fhzgoD,
mogil ehL tUkhd vgJ xLbkhj eho
tUkhdkhF vgJ bjthf csJ.
mogil fUJf (Basic Concepts)
bkhj ehL cg (GNP)
bkhj ehL cg vgJ mehL kfsh xU tUl
(<oa tUkhd) cg bragl btpL f (glf +
gf) kig FF. btehL KjL _y <oa yhgK
mlF.
bkhj cehL cg (GDP)
xU Mo eho viyF cs cg fhufsh
cg bragl btpL (glf + gf)f bkhj
kig FF. (cg fhuf mehL FokfDnfh
myJ maehLfhuUnfh brhjkhf Ufyh.)
bkhj cehL cg = bkhj ehL cg btehoUJ <lgl fu tUkhd.
bkhj cehL cg, cg fhuf ahUF brhj
vgijl vUJ tUkhd <lglJ vgij FF.
fu ehL cg (NNP)
bkhj ehL cgUJ njkhd (Depreciation) nghw
ytiw a ilF gz k fu ehL cgahF.
bkhj ehL cg vgJ mehL kfsh xU tUl <oa
tUkhd kW cg bragl glf kW gf
65

kig FF. xU tUl fhy cg mik (Plant) kW

auf (Kj) gGJgoUF. thW Fiwgl _yjd
brhJf (Capital depreciation) kig _yjd njkhd
vnwh. vdnt bkhj ehL cgUJ _yjd
njkhdij fg_y fu ehL cg ilF.
fu ehL cg NNP = bkhj ehL cg njkhd
MF.
fu cehL cg (NDP)
bkhj cehL cgUJ njkhd nghw ytiw
a ilF gzk fu cehL cgahF bkhj
cehL cgUJ njkhdij fJ ilgJ fu
cehL cgahF.
fu cehL cg = bkhj cehL cg - njkhd
jyh tUkhd myJ j eg bkhj cehL cg
(GDP per head)

jyh tUkhd vgJ kf thif juij czJ

xU fUahF. cikahd jyh tUkhd cajh kf
bghJthd thif ju cajjhf fUjgL. bkhj cehL
cg ytiw rbrtj _y J bgwgLwJ. jyh
tUkhd vgJ bkhj cehL cgia bkhj kf
bjhifah tFf ilgjhF.
jyh tUkhd =

bkhj cehL cg
eho bkhj kf bjhif

bkhj cehL cg - bkhj ehL cg

bk h j c eh L cg x U eh o c g wid
FgjhF. bkhj ehL cg kf thif juij Ro
fhL bkhj cehL cgF bkhj ehL cgF
66

ilna cs Kakhd ntWghL meho aig bghWJ

mik. (c) xU ehL maeho thG kf tUkhd, kW
Fljf ms gdhL Wtdf cgia
bgU (wfhufsh VgL cg) meho bkhj
ehL cg, bkhj cehL cgia l mfkhf UF.
thW iyba, uLF cs ntWghL KaJt
bgwhJ.
gy ehLf btehL Wtdfis bfhLsJ.
ah brid cs mbkf nghL nkhlh
bjhrhiy tUkhd, ah bkhj cehL
cgnahL fzlgLnk myhk mbkfh bkhj
cehL cgnahL my. Mdh mWtd yhg,
mbkfhF mDggL, mbkfh bkhj ehL
cgnahL fzlgL. mnj ngh maehoUJ <lgL
fu fhu tUkhdij eKila bkhj cehL cgnahL
nrJ bkhj ehL cg fzlgLwJ.
fhu cLf ahF brhjkhdit. mjhtJ
btehL th af tUkhd ekJ bkhj cehL
cgnahL nrJ (GDP), bkhj ehL cg (GNP)
fzlgLwJ.
mwhl iy kW iyahd iy ehL tUkhd
ehL tUkhdij mwhl iyY iyahd iyY
fzlyh. mwhl iy ehL tUkhd vgJ, btpL
glf kig miwa mfho iy fzlgLtjhF.
mwhl iyahdJ cik kigl, t, gzf (myJ
iy ca) nghwtwh cathf Uf thf cL.
Mfnt mwhl iy fzlgL ehL tUkhd gz
f, tf nghwt jhf mfkhf UF.
vyh rKjhaY gz f xU bghJthd aghf
fhzgLtjh, mj jhfUJ cg kW tUkhd
cait fJ ehL tUkhdij fzLj mtakhwJ. vdnt
67

iyahd iy ehL tUkhdij fzLj _y y

njitahd khwfis brJ gzf jhfij fyh.
iyahd iy ehL tUkhd, tUkhd thF
r mogil fzlgLtjh J cikahd ehL
tUkhd vdgLwJ.
X ML fhy xU eho cgahF glf kW
gf kig mogil Mo ya iyia bfhL
fzL brjh ilf bgW k, iyahd iy
fzlgl ehL tUkhd vdgL. iyahd iy vgJ
njbjLfgl mogil Mo y iyahF.
ehL tUkhdij gog mta
ehL tUkhd fzL rKjha cg, thg, Ef,
bfhifia cUthFj nghw gy fhuzfSF mtakhwJ.
1.

bghUshjhu iyia msl, eho bghUshjhu

braghLfis fzl ehL tUkhd gagLwJ.

2.

gy ehLf, kW gy fhyf bghUshjhu ts

ntf kW nghif msl ehL tUkhd mtakhwJ.

3.

ms (Structure), bghUshjhu cg mik Kiwfis,

Jiw thahd gf g mJ bfhs ehL
tUkhd gagLwJ.

4.

bghUshjhu Kndw vfhy nghif mJ bfhs

gagLwJ.

5.

ts jij mff jFj bghUshjhu lfis

bfhiffis tFf muRF cjwJ.

6.

gy Jiwf K braghLfis bghWJ Kndw

yFfis zf gagLwJ.

7.

glf vfhy njitia K Tona mJ bfhs

WtdfSF cjwJ.

8.

kf thif juij kw ehLfnshL xL mJ

bfhs gagLwJ.
68

tUkhd xl (Flow of Income)

ehL tUkhd fzil MuhtjF K tUkhd
xlij g mtJ f mtakhd xwhF. tUkhd Xlij
f va Kiw, Wtd myJ cgahs kW yf
myJ Efnth _y sfyh. cg rhjdfis (y,
ciH, _yjd, bjh mik) kf bgUwhf.
glfis gfis cg bra cgahsf cg
fhufis gagLJwhf. mglfS gfS kfsh
thfgLwd.

gl 4.1
U gFfSfhd tUkhd RH Xl
fhu gfSfhd brydf
(thu, T, to, yhg)
cg fhuf m
(y, ciH, _yjd kW bjh mik)

Wtdf

FoUf

glf m
(glf kW gf)
glfSfhd brydf
(glf iy)
69

kf cg fhufis bgUwhf. mij

cgahsfSF mwhf. g fhufis
gagL Wtdf glfis kW gfis cg
brwd. mthW cg bragl glfS kW
gfS Efnthuh (kf) thfgLwd. cg
fhuf gfis gagLajfhf kf fhu
tUkhdij thu (y), T (ciH) kW to (Kj) vw
tot bgWwhf. j tUkhd L cgahsfSF
Ef bry _ykhf ngh nrUwJ. (thW tUkhd
cgahslUJ kfSF, kflUJ cgahsUF
brW bfhnl UgjF tUkhd Xl vW bga.)
tUkhd Xl, gz tUkhd Xl kW cik tUkhd
Xl vw U gFfis bfhlJ.
gl 1 fhlgLs c NH Xl cLf (fhuf)
kW btpLfis (glf kW gf) Fgjh cik
tUkhd Xl vW miHfgLwJ.
kf fhu tUkhdij gzkhf bgWwhf.
mtUkhd cgahsfSF Ef bry _ykhf brwJ.
ij bt Xl fhLwJ. tUkhd bgWtJ, bry brtJ
gz _ykhf eilbgWtij Xl fhLwJ. jF gz
bghUshjhumyJ gz Xl vd bga. ehL tUkhdij
fzLt ftf ntoa Ka fUJ, kf bgW
tUkhd (Y) mtf br Ef bryF (C) rkkhf UF.
Y=C

j va tUkhd Xl, ehL tUkhd TWfshd

nr (S), KjL (I). mu bry (G), fu wFk jhd bry
(X-M)
Matiw
nrfhk
sfgLsJ.
itfsidij nrjh Y=C vgJ Y = C + I + G + (X - M)
vwhF.
ehL tUkhd vgJ, Efnth (C) Kjlhs (I) muR (G)
kW maehL thg (X-M) VWk - (X) - wFk -(M) Ma
70

ehF TWf tUkhdf myJ brydf TL

bjhifahF.
ehL tUkhd fzL Kiwf
ehL tUkhdij _W tf fzlyh. mit ahtd
1. cg Kiw
2. tUkhd Kiw
3. bryd Kiw
GDP vgJ eho bkhj cgahF. eho bkhj
bry myJ bkhj tUkhd Matiw msF msthF.

gl 4.1 kfsh bgwgL fhu tUkhdkhdJ

glfis gfis thFtjfhf mtf nkbfhS
brydfis bjthf fhLwJ. vdnt tUkhd bryF
rk. brythdJ bkhj cg bragl glf kF
rk.
tUkhd
Y

bry
=

cg
=

n k T a t U k h d X l k h d J e h L t U k h d kw
TWfshd KjL ( I ) , muR ( G ), maehL thg ( X - M )
Matiw nrgj _y thfgLsJ. thW
thfgl XlUJ kf nr, tf, wFk
jhd brYJif Kjatiw ff ntL. vdnt it
tUkhd Xl VgL ffshF. mnjnghy KjL bry,
muR bry, thg jhd fu bry Matiw tUkhd
Xl nrf ntL. itf `cbrYJif vd
miHfgLwd. xU tUl vD xU Mo midJ
ffis (leakages) kw cbrYJiffis nrjh
ilF bghUshjhu bkhj tUkhd TWf TL
bjhifahdJ, bkhj bry myJ bkhj cgF rkkhF.
Mfnt _W KiwfS xnu khahd Koit jU.
71

cg Kiw (Output or Product Method)

XuhL fhyj midJ bjh WtdfS cg
brj btpLf (glf kW gf) bkhj k
TL bjhifna, bkhj cehL cgahF. UKiw
fzLj Kiw cs fbga fyhF.
gy Wtdf btpL gl, y WtdfSF
cL glkhwJ. (c..) la bjhrhiy btpL
glkha la Urfu thfd bjhrhiyF cL glkhF.
U Wtdf bkhj cgia fzL bghGJ, la
k UKiw fzlgLwJ. cg xbthU iyY
glf Tlgl kig bjhFgj _ykhf fiy
jfyh. myJ Wgl (KGikailj) kig
TLtj _ykhf ehL tUkhdij bgwyh.
tUkhd Kiw (Income Method)
cg <LgLs cg fhuf bgW tUkhdij
TLtj _ykhf bkhj cehL cg (GDP)
fzlgLwJ.
1. T, kW rgs.
2. Ra bjh nth tUkhd
3. bjhJiwf yhg kW < (Profit & Dividend)
4. to
5. thu
6. muR Wtdf tUkhd
7. maehL thg _y <oa fu tUkhd
Ma tUkhdf TL bjhifna bkhj ehL tUkhdkhF.
it midJ fhu tUkhd vdgL. y cg Jiwf
cLfshf gagLjgL btpLfis bgwikfhf bfhLfgL
tUkhd fhu tUkhdkhF.
72

bryd Kiw (Expenditure Method)

bryd Kiw eho nkbfhsgL midJ
bryf TL bjhifna bkhj cehL cgahf (GDP)
fzlgLwJ. eho Ka bryf TWf tUkhW
C - Ef bry
I - cehL KjL
G - muR bryf
X - VWk bragl glf kW gf
M - wFk bragl glf kW gf
NR - btehLf cs brhJf fu tUkhd.
nkfl xLbkhj bryf TL bjhifna ehL
tUkhd MF.
GDP = E = C + I + G + (X-M)
E vgJ xLbkhj bryf.
nkTa _W KiwfS xnu khahd Koitna jUwJ.
eilKiw, au iy (Inventory Level) VgL khw,
fhy iy VgL khwfdhY W ntWghLf njhW.
ehL tUkhd y fUJf tUkhW
(Net National Product) NNP = GNP (Net National Income) NNI = NNP -

njkhd

kiwKftf

W itfgl fu tUkhd, Wtdf

t, bghJflDF brYjgL to.
PI = NNI

PDI = PI -

j t
73

F GNP - vgJ bkhj ehL cg

NNP
NNI
PI

fu ehL cg

fuehL tUkhd

j kj tUkhd

PDI

bryl jFahd jkj tUkhd

ehL tUkhdij fzLtjh VgL uridf

ehL tUkhdij fzLt gy uridf csd.
UKiw fzLj xU Kakhd uridahF. ehL
tUkhdij fzl a Kiwf gy UD, UKiw
fzLjiy jj fodkhdJ. uridf ytiw
F fhngh.
fU gz (Black Money)
rlF wghd eltoiff, bjhf, yr yhta
nghwit mfkhf fhzgL ehLf fU gz Hf
iz bghUshjhu vW TW msF tilJsJ.
fUgz MfkhdJ, mfhu tkhd bghUshjhuF
izahf csJ. fUgz fz tuhjjh, bkhj cehL
cg j iz bghUshjhuij fz vLJ
bfhsiy. ah fU gzkhdJ vyh iyfY
CLW Ugjh rKjhaij kLkyhJ kf mwhl
thif iyia ghwJ. bkhj cehL cg fW
gzkhdJ 1950ilna 3 rjjkhf UjJ. 1995-96 40
rjjkhf tsJlJ.
uhk gFf bgUghyhd gkhwf KiwaW
elgjh mbghUshjhu gz rhuh bghUshjhu (Non-monetized
economy) vW miHfgLwJ. tsJ tU ehLf fhzgL
74

jifa bghUshjhu cehL cg msit jDila

cik iyial Fiwthf fhLwJ.
tsU gf Jiw (Growing Service Sectors)
jfhy gf JiwahdJ, ntshik kW bjh
Jiwial ntfkhf tsJ tUwJ. gy a gfshd
btw eltoiff (Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
ntfkhf tsJ tUwJ. rl Mnyhrid, kUJtg,
cj, tf gf kW gJiwf TLj k
KGtJkhf Jakhf fzlglhjjh ehL tUkhd FiwJ
klgLwJ.
_>E[ ^
L ntiyf, il guhkj, r_f gf kig
ehL tUkhd fz vLJ bfhsiy. ehL tUkhd
ko e ehL bgf o br k f gfis
kgw gfshf fUjgLwJ.
r_f gf
jhnd K tJ brgtf gf kW Cayhj
r_f gf kig wfJlJ.
gyhufzfhd ViHf, Mjutnwhf, mdhijf,
nehahf MnahfSF mid bjurh g, kfJ.
Mdh mJ bkhj cehL cg fzo (GDP) nrJ
bfhsgliy.
RWNH k (Environmental Cost)
ehL tUkhd fzL, RWNHiy ghF
bjhrhiyf vW, RWNHiy ghfhj bjhf vW
ntWgLjiy. RWNHiy khRgLJ bjhrhiyf
bryd (Cost) ehL tUkhd fzo vLJ
bfhsgliy.
75

ah ehL tUkhd tuf

(National Income Statistics in India)

ehL LjiyF wF, Kiwahd ehL tUkhd fzL

mik 1960-f VgLjglJ. a, ehL tUkhd fzL
a (NAS) mbkfh ehL tUkhd fzL mikig
(1968) gaJ. ehL tUkhd fzL FG gJiugo
(1954) ka a mik, tuf juij caj,
bjhlJ gy Kafis nkbfhlJ. mogil Mil mikfhy
tirF khaJ mj Kaf xwhF. ka a
mik, 1970-71F mogil Mil kh ehL tUkhd fzil
nkbfhlJ.
nkY, cajgl tuf kW thf _y CSO mogil Mil 1980-81F nkY 1993-94 khaikjJ.
jnghJ, MW tUlF mogil Mil 1999-2000F
khaikjJ.
ehL tUkhd nghF
ehL tUkhd vgJ eho bghUshjhu tsia
mj braghLfis msF xU fUahF. ah
bghUshjhu Kndwij ehL tUkhd ms, ts, kw
Jiwf gf _y bjJ bfhs Ko. goa 4.1
bkhj cehL cg nghif 1950UJ 2 0 0 5 tiu
fhlgLsJ. j fhy fl iyahd iy
mogil ehL tUkhd 15 % , caJsJ. ehL tUkhd
ts, j 1950-80 3.5 rjjUJ, 1980-2005 5.6
rjjkhf caJsJ.
goa 4.1
ah ehLtUkhd ts (rjj)
Jiw

1950-1980

1980-2005

GDP bkhj

3.5

5.6

GDP jyh tUkhd

1.4

3.6

Mjhu : ka a mik
76

jyh tUkhd nghF

gl 4.1 jyhtUkhd nghF bjthf fhlgLsJ.
iyahd iy mogil fzlgl jyh tUkhd, 1950
to 2005F 5 klF mfJsJ. jyhtUkhd ts
jkhdJ mnj fhy fl 1.4 rjjUJ 3.6
rjjkhf caJsJ. jyh tUkhd, kf thif
juij Jakhf msL fUay. kf cikahd
tUkhd jyh tUkhdijl mfkhfnth myJ Fiwthfnth
Ufyh. tWik, tUkhd Vwjhfis F eltoiff
eho cikahd tUkhd git mJ bfhs cjwJ.
Jiw thahd ehL tUkhd
ehL tUkhd gy Jiwf _y bgwgLwJ. bghJthf
tiw _W Ka Jiwfshf, Kjik Jiw (ntshik) 2.
ulh Jiw (bjh) 3. gf (m) rhJiw vW fyh.
bghUshjhu Kndw bjhlf fhy ehL tUkhd
Kjik Jiw gf mf. bghUshjhu Kndw
mila Mujl ntshik gF FiwjJ. bjh
rhiyf gF mff MujJ. bghUshjhu mf ms
Kndwkilj wF, gf Jiw gf ehL
tUkhd cajJ.
goa 4.2
ehL tUkhd Jiw thahd gf (rjj)
tUl

Kjik
Jiw

ulh
Jiw

1950-51

59

13

28

100

1980-81

42

22

36

100

2002-03

24

24

52

100

Mjhu : ka a mik
77

rh
Jiw

bkhj
GDP

goa 4.3
a ehLtUkhd Jiw thahd ts j
(rjj)
Jiwf

1950 - 80

1980 - 05

KjikJiw

2.2

2.9

ulhJiw

5.3

6.1

rhJiw

4.5

7.1

Mjhu : ka a mik
mltiz 4.2 ehL tUkhd Jiw thahd gf
fhlgLsJ. Kjik Jiw gF ehL tUkhd 195051 59 rjjUJ 2002-03 24 rjjkhf FiwJlJ.
UD bjhJiwUJ ilF gF vghj msF
cauiy. rh Jiw gF ehL tUkhd 52 rjjkhf
caJsJ. _W Jiwf ts j mltiz 4.3
fhlgLsJ.
a ehL tUkhd - cyf ehLfSl xU xL
ah RjukiljUJ W tiu ah bra
wid eh xL brJnsh. cyf ehLfSl xL
brbghGJ ah braw vthW csJ?
ah jyh tUkhd njbjLfgl y ehLfSl
xL mltiz 4.4 fhlgLsJ. 2001- ah jyh
tUkhd caj kW eLju tUkhdKs ehLfSl xL
nH fhlgLsJ. ah jyh tUkhd 460 lhy MF.
J kw ViH ehLf ruhr jyh tUkhdijl (430 lhy)
J cathf csJ.

78

mltiz 4.4
ehL tUkhd cyf ehLfSl xL (2001)
ehLf

jyh tUkhd (lhy)

caj tUkhd ehLf

26,710

eLju tUkhd cila ehLf

1850

Fiwj tUkhd cila ehLf

430

ah

460

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

1.

xU eho bghUshjhu ts iy thW FlgLwJ

2.

m. bghJthd iy Vw

M. ehL tUkhd mfj

. nr mfj

<. KjL mfj

jyh tUkhd thW fzlgLwJ.

m. bkhj cehL cgia (GDP) kf bjhif tFj
M. bkhj ehL cgia (GNP) kf bjhif tFj
. bkhj ehL cgia (GNP) kf bjhif bgUFtJ
<. bkhj ehL cgia (GNP) ntiyF brnth
vif bgU tUwJ.
79

3.

njkhd jJ Kow (W) glf kW gf

bkhj k
m. fu cehL cg (NDP)

M. bkhj cehL
cg (GDP)

. fu ehL cg (NNP)

<. bkhj ehL cg

(GNP)

4.

fu ehL cgF (NNP) fu cehL cgF ilna

cs ntWghlhdJ
m. njkhd
M. cy w gFfUJ el khw
. kiwKf t
<. btehLfUJ tU fu fhu tUth

5.

vyhuhY JbfhsToa ehL tUkhd vgJ

m. bkhj ehL cg (GNP)

M. fu ehL cg (NNP)

. bkhj cehL cg (GDP)

<. fu cehL cg
(NDP)

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

ehL tUkhdij fzLnghJ fu kig To

fzL Kiwia ........... vW miHnwh.

7.

iyahd _yjd Efjid GNP UJ .................. fu

ehL tUth (NNP) ilF.

8.

iyahd iy ehL tUkhdij fzLnghJ

............ Mil mogil Mlhf bfhL ah
fzlgLwJ.

9.

ah ........... FpL (specification) D Kowhk

UwJ.

10. .............. ehL tUkhd ifgLjgl fzoid

fhL.
80

III.

bghUJf.

11. bkhj cehL cg (GDP)

m. 1993-94

12. fu tUkhd

M. X - M

13. bkhj ehL cg (GNP) - njkhd . jtUkhd jt

14. CSOs rga nrit
tUkhd

<. (NNP) fu ehL

cg

15. bryl jFahd j (PDI)

tUkhd

c. maehL kj
thg fglJ

IV.

xU thijf ilaf.

16. ehL tUkhdij bkhj kf bjhifah tFjh ilgJ

vd?
17. g tahf klgL ehL tUkhdij vthW
miHfyh?
18. ehL tUkhdij vjid tf fzlyh?
19. _W bghUshjhuij ehF bghUshjhukhf
khWtjF vij nrf ntL?
20. jyh tUkhd fzl thghL (formula) vd?
gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

ilaf.

21. ehL tUkhd vgij tiuaWf.

22. xU eho bghUshjhu tsfhd FpLf ahit?
23. iyahd iy ehL tUkhdij fzLtJ vgJ
vjid czJwJ?
24. ah ehL tUkhd bjhlf bgafis FLf.
25. UKiw fzL (Double Counting) vgij g W F
tiuf.
81

gF-
VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. ehL tUkhd mogil fUJfis tf.

27. iyahd kW el iy ehL tUkhdid
ntWgLJf.
28. ehL tUkhdij eh gof ntoaj mta ahJ?
29. 1950 Kj 2005 tiu ehL tUkhd nghid t.
30. ehL tUkhd thahd mikid t.
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
32. ehL tUkhdij fzLnghJ VgL uidfis
t.

82

ghl - 5

bghUshjhu lLj
(Economic Planning)
lLj bghU sf kW lLj mta
Ugjh whL xU lLj rfhjkhF.
VwFiwa, xbthU ehL Vnjh xU tifahd lLjiy
bfhoUjd. rkjk bghUshjhu lLj rnwuFiwa
xU rkaij nghwJ. KjyhJt ehLfsha mbkf Ia
ehLf kW yhJ nghw ehLf gF rhj lLjiy
bgWsd. 19 who murhdJ, fLghlw thf
nfhghL murhf (Laissez-faire) UjJ. bghUshjhu
eltoiff, jiylh bfhifia gaJ. Mdh ed
muRf, ey muRfshf ( We l f a r e St a t e ) csd. uL cyf
nghfS, 1930 MLf bgUkj kW nrha uZah
lLj bt, lLj aikahikia
nfhoL fhLwJ. nrha uZah lLj cyfF
xU grhF. ehls, uZahnt bghUshjhu lLjiy
KjKiwahf bragLaJ.
yad uh mtf midJ bghUa th
lLjiy cgLanj vW FLwh. lLtJ vgJ
xU Fl nehfnjhL elJ bfhtJ, bj brtjhF.
bj brjny bghUshjhu eltoif rhuhrkhF.
ghguh Cl mtf thijf bghJ Uthfd
bghUshjhu KDikfis bjthf l tlkhf
njbjLgij ll vdyh vW TWwh.
Fl nehfij mila xU xGfikfgl, czs
kW mogilah Uw khWfS bj bra
vLJbfhS xU bjhlahd Kana lLj vW gy
bghUayPf xj fUij bjwhf. lLjyhdJ,
gwhFiwah cs tsfis fdgLJ jiy g
cslsJ.
83

cy, Rkh IgJ kW mWgJ MLfSF Kjh gy

Fiwj tsailj ehLf Rju bgwd. mrka mit
Vik iynyna Ujd. vdnt jhf njha ehLf
jiyaha bjh, jkJ kfSF cz, cil kW ciwlij
mf ntoa iy VglJ. ij bra, Kjyhtjhf, it
ehL tUkhdij mff ntoajhW. mtW gy ehLf
trha ehLfshf Ujikah, y ntshik nkghL
lfis tFf ntoa mta VglJ. mJ kL jkJ
bghUshjhuij bjhkakh midtUF ntiy thig
cL gz nto UjJ. vijahY brJ ntiy thig
thf nto UjJ.
nkY, bgUghyhd ehLf Vnjh xU tifahd
nrharnjhL izgoUjjh, mitf brhJ kW
tUkhdYs Vwjhfis Fiwf ntoa iy VglJ.
ViH ehLf bghUshjhu lf thyhfnt nkTa
midJ eltoiffis nkbfhs Kajd.
jiylh bfhif vgJ ed muRfSF xU
MlgukhF. vdnt mitf bghUshjhu lfis
bfhLsd. cy tsj ehLf mitf bghUshjhu
iyghofhf lld. Mdh ts Fiwj ehLf
bghUshjhu ts kW Kndwfhf lLwd.
ts Fiwj ehLf bghUshjhu lf tsUtjfhd
fhuz mfho aF brayik l (market mechanism)
njhna MF. KjyhJt bghUshjhu mogilnyna xU
mfho bghUshjhu. kW iy afkidJ mfho mikng
elLwJ. iy mikng KjyhJt mogil
WtdkhF (Institution). tsf xJL kW btFkia
gLjY iyaik thyhfnt eilbgwd. tjf
khdfS, cHt, bjhygf nghnwh midtU yhg
nehfJlndna eljgld. mfho mik iwthd
nghoilajhf Ujh iy mik wjjhF. Mdh KWik
kW iwFiw ngho mfho ydh iy mik njhW
nghF. njh, mu jiypil bghUshjhu l
thyhf T miHF.
84

bghUshjhu lF jiylh bfhifFilna

y rru wikia Fnj MF. jiylh bfhifF
nuhjkhd fhuzf fhQ mogilyikJsd.
1. bfhif tUkhd ahakhd Kiw
gugliy. j isthf, Kayhj mtrukw
bghUfis brtjUfhf cg brtnjhL, ViH kf
mogil glfis f, Rfey, L tr, ey cz kW
mogil tr bghUf cg yhk nghLwJ.
Niy, muR bghUshjhu eltoiffis bghUshjhu
lf thyhf fLgL, brt kW tUkhd
Vwjhfis Fiwf t brayh.
2. mfho bghUshjhu, thg NH gna MF.
thg NH br, kjK kh kh VgL fhyfl
VgLwJ. kj yik VgL nghJ thg ghfgL. iy
wf fhzgL. ngus-ntiythik iy y. vdnt
mjifa iy muR jiylntoUF. nrha uZah
braglJ nghy, Kiwahd lfis o thg NHiy
flgLjyh.
nrha uZah kW nkF Inuha ehLfnshL, 20
who gF, lLj gy ts Fiwj
ehLfilna ugykhf guaJ. jdh, ehLf KGikahf
ika lLj eif bfhoUjd vd bghUglhJ.
lLj ika thj ahbj - lLj Ufyhkh Tlhjh
vgjy Mdh lLj vj to lglntL vgnj.
thj ika ahbj - mu braghLf - iy
mik _ykhfth myJ iy mikig L Xtjh vgnj
MF.
ja ehLf lLj uridf
tsj ehLfisl, ja ehLf lLj
mahtakhdJ kL lij eilKiwgLJj vgJ
f f fodkhdjhF. vyhtWS KjikahdJ.
85

lLjYF xU tikf, jFthj kW CHyw M

brj mahtakhdJ vW Mj R FLwh.
Mdh bgUghyhd, bghUshjhu ja ehLf tYtw,
jFaw kW CHiwj M braiyna bgWsd. nkY
mitf kfsh lfis bfhLsd. vdnt, nrha
uZah eilbgwJ nghW vj xU fhaij iu
ehLfsh bra ayiy.
mitf
bkJthf
bryntL.
mitf
ntshiknyna cHwd. nkY, ntshik rakw aif
fhufisna rhUjyh, mtfsJ trha ff
Vuhskhd rakw iy fhzgLwJ. kf bjhif F,
Fiwj KjyhfK ntW Ka uridfshf (lLjYF)
ehLf mikJsd.
bghUshjhu lLj af
ll bghUshjhu, vij vts cg brtJ,
vbghGJ, vF cg brtJ, cgia ahUfhf gL brtJ
nghwit muR nghw ka thfjh l FG _ykhf
Ka
bghUshjhu
khdf
iwntwgLwd.
mkhdfis it midJ brKiwgLJtJ mu
flikahF. lij tiutjF K, ilfToa midJ
tsfsha, gUbghUts, ts, kjts Mat
KGikahd Mid nkbfhs ntL. (v.fh.) nrha uZah,
1917-M Mo uZa uF 1918 Kj 1921-M MLtiu
fr ngh eljJ. mj 1921 Kj 1924 tiu a bghUshjhu
bfhif el UjJ. 1924- Kj muR ilf Toa tsfis
ga xU thd Mid nkbfhL 1928- ML jdJ Kjyh
IjhL lij eilKiwgLaJ. tsf MF wF
lfhy nehffS xW v~F, yf kW rhu nghw
cg Kd cs cyf KjyhJt ehLfsha
mbkfh Ia ehLf nghw ehLfnshL izahd iyia
nrha uZah voof ntL vw lfhy nehfij
uZah lFG khd brjJ. IjhL l nehffis
kd bfhL gUbghU yFfis za bragL. mj
86

 tsfis uLtjfhd tKiwf fLofgL.

lfshdJ, mt gafis ahakhd Kiw
gjgjfhd tufis bgUF.
lLj jikahdJ, mitfis eilKiwgLJ
bghUshjhu mik tiffsha KjyhJt, rkJt kW
fy bghUshjhu nghw mikfis bghWjJ.
KjyhJt bghUshjhu (v.L.fh. yhJ) gF
rhj lLj (Partial Planning) fhzgL. rkJt
bghUshjhu KGikahd ll bghUshjhu mik
UF (v.L.fh. nrha uZah) ah nghw fy
bghUshjhu bghJJiw kW jah Jiw uLnk f
Ka gid, bghUshjhu lLj tF.
rhjhuzkhf, xU l fhy ms IJ MLfshF.
lid KTona tiul ntL. ah ij
lFG brJ tUwJ. xU lkhdJ xU Fl
msilajhf, mikJ yid lfhf FJ, nkY
lfhd tsfis uLtjfhd t Kiwfis
FoUF.
lLj Kj go, Fl lfhy, xU
bghUshjhu ts yif khjyhF. mjwF
lLnth, bghUshjhuij, ntshik bjhJiw kW
gJiw vd gy Jiwfshf JLt. xbthU Jiw
gUbghU yid za brt. vts Kjoid
vbjj JiwfSF yFfis mila xJL brantL
vgij g khg. mj, KjL brtjfhd
rahd KjL lij, cg Egij tFghf.
ts Fiwj ehLf ViH ehLfshf Ugjh, ciH - br
Kiwia ifahL ntiy thid thfyh. Mdh y
fduf bjhfshd U nghwit _yjd br Kiwiana
ifahsKo. l bt njh bjbrjiyna
rhjjhF.
87

lf tiff (Types of Planning)

1. ika l ( Centralised Planning)
xU rkJt bghUshjhu (v.fh. Kija nrha uZah)
ikall UjJ. J MizlkhF (m) flis
lkhf Ufyh. rkclik rKjha midJ cg
fhufS muRF
brhjkhdJ midJ mogil
khdfsha bjhkakhtjF KDik mgjh? (myJ)
ntshik tsF KDik mgjh? bjh kakhfYF
KaJt bfhLgjhf Ujh mogil kW fduf
bjhfSF KaJt mgjh? myJ Ef bghU
bjhrhiyfSF KaJt bfhLgjh? vw bghUshjhu
Kofis ka l thf khF.
2. L l (Planning by Inducement)
FoahKiw lLj Lj _ykhf eilbgWwJ.
(v.fh.) fy bghUshjhukha ekJ eho bghJJiw, jah
Jiw bragLwJ. murhf jah bjh Jiwfis l
nehffis iwntW tz y t rYiff, kW w
Cff mJ jah Jiwia ol ntL.
3. Ro fhL l (Indicative Planning)
jifa l Kj muR bjhUgfis, bjh
rhiy ufis Kdjhfnt fyjhnyhf tuntW el
l jh vbdd bra csJ jdJ KDikf kW
nehffis FL fyjhnyhF.
btntW ehlfisila zfSl thd
fyjhnyhrid ela l lgL. jF wj
(vLJfhL) uhR eho RofhL lkhF. 1991 -
Mojhuskakhj kW jah kakhF bfhiff
gwgl a lLjY Tl xUtif RofhL
lkhfnt khaJ.
88

bghUshjhu lLjiy 3 fshf fyh. mit 1.

eLgUt l (midterm plan) 2 . FWa fhyl ( Short term plan)
3. bjhiy nehF l (perspective plan). e eho IjhL
lf eLgUt lfshf, FWa fhy lfshf,
XuhL lfshf UJtUwd. lfis iwntW
fhy IjhL lf XuhL lfshf gFfgL
bragld. bjhiy nehF lf, lfhy lfshF.
lfhd fhy ms 20 Kj 25 MLfshF. IjhL
lf vyh bjhiy nehF lf nehf
mogil totikfgLsd.
RH l (Rolling Plan)
zfgl yFfis bfhl IjhL lf
nghy yhk, RH lkhdJ, xbthU Mo KoY
yFfis khJ kbwhU Mil lnjhL nrJ
bfhSjyhF. mjhtJ midJ IjhLfSF Flgl
yFf yhk, el Mo l bra wid
b g h W J , k b w h U M o F y i z kh f TL.
thwhf l bjhlU Jnt RH l ika
fUjhF.
ika lLj (Centralised Planning) fbga
eikahbj lfis f ntfkhf eilKiw gL,
nehffis yFfis milJ bfhsyh. (v.fh.)
nrha uZah lLj tahf ntshikia Kjik
bjhyhf bfhoUj bghUshjhuij khaikJ 12
MLfSFnsna bjh kakhd ehlhf kh bfhlJ. j
ka kakhfgl lLj ikahbj muR xU Fl
ahd KWikia mDgJ nghoikah muRF
brhjkhd cg my, cg wid gnrhf fodkhd
iyia cUthFwJ. lgl l (inducement plan)
(kfsh lLj) bghJ kfSF jf fUij btgLj
thgjhY muR gW kfsh Kiw vHToa thf
fhy jhkjfshY, ghuhSkw kfsh Kiw Vuhskhd fhy
jhkjfshY, lfis eilKiwgLJjY, bghUshjhu
ts f ntfkw iy csJ.
89

ah lLj njhw kW nehf

(Evolution and objectives of planning in India)
1950- ML nja lFG ah WtglJ.
l FG f Ka gahbj ehLtsfis a
gaDs kW rkkhf gagLj lfis Ljny MF.
lFG Kj IjhL lij (1951-1956) tFjJ. mJ
Kj eh xgJ IjhL lfis KoJ, gjhtJ IjhL
l (2002-07) k eh Unwh.
a lLj nehff
a lLj ika nehf kf thif juij
caJjyhF. ekJ IjhL lf, cgia mfgijna
nehfkhf bfhLsd. nj neu, tUkhd, brt Vw
jhfis Fiwgij kW midtUF rkkhf thfis
VgLJtij nehfkhf bfhLsd. tsnahL Toa xU
rk cilik rKjhaij cUthFj a lf mogil
nehffshF.
a ts lLj jiyaha nehffis
flthW tirgLjyh.
1.

ehL tUkhdij caJj. J ts nehf vdgL.

2.

Fl fhyF, Fl iy Kjil
caJj.

3.

tUkhd kW brt g cs Vw jhfis

FiwgnjhL bghUshjhu r tsf J Fjiy
fLgLj.

4.

ntiy thfis thFj.

5.

ntshik, cg bjhrhiy (Fghf _yjd

bghUf) kW thg brYJ rkiy Mat
ts jilfis mfWj.
ntshik Jiw Kjikahd nehf ahbj
90

cg wid mfJ jiwit jha cz tif

miltnj MF. bjh Jiw mogil kW fduf
bjhfSF KaJt mfglJ. maehL thg
Jiw rhjfkhd maehL brYJ rkiyF KaJt
bfhLfglJ. a lLj filofgl Kiw
nguha kAyeh Kiw vd FlgLwJ.
mntf bjh kakhjYF, mY mogil kW fduf
bjhfSF KDik mfglJ.
ekJ
lf
tlhu
rkiy
miltij
FoUjhY, eh D tlhu rkiy ik
iyia Fiwg btailaiy. ntsh Jiw cz
jhaf cg cg cg br khyf csd.
gwhFiwahd khyfS csd. cg bjh tsj
tlhuf kW ja tlhufS cL. mJkLkyhJ,
bjh tsahdJ Kgh, bfhfjh kW bridnyna
brJsJ.
ekJ IjhL lf, tWik kW ntiyik
uridfSF ftd brYsd. ruhr a, cy f
ViHfS xUtdhf csh vdnt ekJ lf, tWikia
xJ, bgUghyhd ViH va ej duha - jhjgl
tFdiu (SC) gHFodiu (ST) kW w gLjgl
tFdiu
kW
bgfis
FHijfis
Kndwkila bra iHjd. thif ju, jeg
Efit j eg Ef jyh tU khdij bghWJsJ. J
D ntiy thig rhJsJ. vdnt ekJ lf ntiy
thid, Vik x l Kakhd gFahf fQwJ.
DTl, Cuf Jiw, Fl xU yilna yf
FfgLsd. y Ujf VgLjgl nghY,
VwFiwa 50 rjj cH yfis, 10 rjj kfns brhjkhf
bgWsd. nkY gRik u bga yRthjhufSnf
eik gajJ.
bjhbrh

cikTl
91

brtilj

iy

fhzgLwJ. ah Vik iy mogil fhuz

Fiwj cg wD, bgUF kfbjhif tsna vgJ
rakhdJ. J Fiwthd nrY kiwKf ntiyikY
KotilwJ.
Foir kW WbjhfSF muR Mju eajh, Cuf
ntiyik kW Fiwntiy uridfis g, mf
bt fhziy.
a l, efwfSF, xUrh iy UJ
tUwJ. flj fhy ntshik JiwF ngha j
mfgliy. Mdh lLnth ntshikia
wfjd vd TwKoahJ.
ah IgJ MLfSF Kng ll bghUshjhu
ts nghF JtaJ. Kjyh IjhL l (1951-56)
kf thif juij caJtnjhL gy a thfis
wjJ mj thyhf gyjugl thif tr _ykhf
a kfis brtjfshf khW ts ngh Jtfnk,
a lLj nehf vd FlJ. ulhtJ IjhL
l (1956-61) Jjkhd bjhkakhjiy nehfkhf bfhL
Fghf mogil kW fduf bjh ts ehl fhoaJ.
ulh lfhy muR kfsh rkJt nehfij jG
tjJ. _wh IjhL l (1961-66) bghUshjhuij
jrhilajhf Rakhf aF bghUshjhukhf khw
vnehaJ. _wh lF wF l LKiw
mfglJ. ehfhtJ l cldoahf Jtfgliy.
ehfhtJ lF _W - ML lf (1966-69),
iwntwgld. ehfhtJ IjhL l (1969-74) uL
nehffis cilajhf UjJ. 1. tsl Toa iyjik
2. jrh Kndw rhjid milj.
IjhtJ IjhL l (1974-79) ts kW rKjha
ftd brYaJ. fhy (Garibi Hatao) `f
Alhnth mjhtJ tWik x vgnj jhuf kukhf UjJ.
Mfnt j IjhL l uL Ka nehff, 1.
92

tWik x 2. jrh miljYkhF. eLt Ma #djh f

M UFnghJ MwhtJ l cUthfglJ. (1978-83)
Mdh fhu MF tj d mlij iflJ.
khwhf abjhU MwhtJ IjhL lij (1980-85)
cUthaJ. bghUshjhuij thF iyfis cUth
mj_y tWikia nghFtij nehfkhf bfhlJ.
VHh IjhL l (1985-90) cz, jhacg
tsia ntshJiw mntf gLJtj _y
ntiythid mfJ midJ JiwfY cg wid
caj KaJt mjJ.
vlhtJ IjhL l(1992-97) W g
cUthfgLnghJ, eho bghUshjhu bfhif bgUj
khwfsha wikkakhj, jahkakhj, kW cyfkakhj
nghw bgUj khwf Vgld. j vlhtJ l tif
khwfis ugJ bghUshjhu tsia mntfgLj.
bghJ kj thif juij Kndw ttFjJ.
lf rhjidf
a lLj jiyaha nehffis ehF tifahf
fyh. 1. ts 2. edkakhFj 3. jrh 4. r_f
I. ts ((Growth)
lLj Kj 30 MLf ehL tUkhd ts
j nghF 3.5 rjjkhf UjJ. u bgw bghUa
mP nguha uh{UZzh mtf jid J tsj
(Hindu Rate of Growth) vd miHwh. ntshik cg xU
ruhr jkha 2.7 rjjkhf mfjJ. bjh cg 6.1
rjjkhf mfjJ kW jyh tUkhd 1.3 rjjkhf tsjJ.
jf Fiwthf fhzglhY Mnya M fhykha
VwFiwa 100 MLf a bghUshjhu njf iynyna
UJ tjij eh fU bfhsntL (v.fh.) fglhj
ah 1901-Kj 1946 tiu e ehL tUkhd ts j 1.2
rjjkhfnt UJ tjJ.
93

vdnt a bghUshjhu lLj rhjid

vdbt njf iyia jho, bkJthd Mdh iyahd
bghUshjhu ts VgLsJ.
btntW lfhy bghUshjhu ts
wid mltiz 5.1- fhzyh.

bra

mltiz 5.1
ehL tUkhd ts j (rjj)

t.v

I jhL l

yF

bgwgl ts

1.

Kj l

2.1

3.6

2.

ulh l

4.5

4.0

3.

_wh l

5.6

2.2

4.

ehfh l

5.7

3.3

5.

IjhtJ l

4.4

5.2

6.

MwhtJ l

5.2

5.2

7.

VHhtJ l

5.0

5.8

8.

vlhtJ l

5.6

6.7

9.

xgjhtJ l

6.5

5.4

10.

gjhtJ l

8.0

Mjhu : btntW IjhL lf kW gjhtJ

l (2002-2007) Mtzf.
94

mltiz 5.1UJ KjIjhL l jJ Kija

lf ts ehLf gy FiwghLfSl UjJ. xgjh
l bkhj cehL cg 6.5 rjjbkdgl ntoaJ,
5.4 rjjkhfnt UjJ.
edkakhj
bghUshjhu VgLjgl ntoa flik khwfis
edkakhj vd Flyh. lLj , a
bghUshjhu, fhy bghUshjhukhf Uj iyUJ,
Ljiy milJ ed bghUshjhukhf khaJ. ehL tUkhd
bjhF khwf VglJ. (v.fh.) ehL tUkhd
ntshik gF FiwJ, gJiw gF mfjJ.
ntshik bjh uF trha khWjf
Vgld.
jrhlik
ekJ lLj Kija fhy fl cz, bjhEg
kW ma bryth nghw gy fhafSF ma cjiana
rhUnjh. Ijh lKj jrhlik vgJ lLj
jiyaha nehffS xwhaJ.
r_f
midtUF rkth mjiyna r_f vW
FlgLwJ. j bghU ahbj ew Vik Fj
d thif juij KndWtY tUkhd kW
brt Vwjhfis FiwgJkhF.
xgjhtJ IjhL l (1997-2002)
xgjhtJ IjhL l 1997-2002 tiuyhd fhyij
cslaJ. J tsnahL Toa rKjha , kW
rkJtij ikakhf bfhL cUthfglJ. ka lFG
lij kf eylkhf, bgUghyhd kfis mY
Fghf ViH kf gnfig tWj UaJ.
95

lij cUthFnghJ kf jukhd thifia

cg iwj ntiythig cUthFjiy, tlhurkiy
kW jrhlikia fUbfhL cUthfglJ.
xgjhtJ l jiyaha nehff
(Main Objectives of Ninth Plan)

1.

ntshik kW Cuf tsF KDik mgj

thyhf nghJkhd cg ntiy thid cUthFjY
tWik x.

2.

iyahd iyl Toa ts

3.

rakhf midtUF cztj, mY ghfgl

dUF cztj.

4.

Fiwjgr mogil gfsha ghJfhghd Fo tr,

Mug Rfhjhu tr, ghJfh, midtUF Mug f,
Ltr Matiw mj.

5.

kfbjhif ts jij fLgLj.

6.

bghUshjhu ts eltoiff bghJkf gnff

th mgj thyhf RWw Niy iwjik
cWgLJj.

7.

bgf kW r_f dil cs kf kW

jhjgltf, gHFod kW gLjglt,
Wghikd mf MwYstfshf khWj r_f kW
bghUshjhu ts khwfis VgLjToa uaha
tfis Mw cstfshf khWtJ.

8.

Cuhkw, TLw, RanjitFG nghw kf

mikfis Knd tsw brj.

9.

jrhig miltjfhf Kafis tikgLJj.

96

xgjhtJ l (1) Fokf thifju (2) cg

thfis bgUFj (3) tlhu rkiy Mat murhdJ
jiyLtjfhd w KaJt mfglJ.
xgjhtJ lfhy ruhr ts jkhdJ 6.5
rjjkhdJ eho cshL cgia (GDP) mila ntL
vw mogil nehfij bfhlJ (J mfho iyia
rhJ UF). l fhy 28.2 rjj eho cshL
cgia (GDP) Kjlhf UfntL vw nehfij
bfhLsJ.
mltiz 5.2
bkhj cehL cg vghfgl
Kjo rjj
jah xizj Jiw

9.1%

yJiw

9.7%

bghJ Jiw

9.4%

bkhj

28.2%

lfhy ``gwhFiw ahfkhdJ tsfis

uL tKiwfS xW vgij fU bfhsiy vgJ
FljfJ.
xgjhtJ l braw
(Appraisal of the Ninth Plan)

1.

bkhj cehL cg vghj 6.5 rjj ts

jFkhwhf 5.35 rjj tsna bgwglJ.

2.

l _yjd yid milaiy. _yjd yF 28.2

rjjkhf K FfglhY 24.2 rjjK KjL
braglJ.
97

3.

bghJJiw ms 18 rjjkhf FiwfglJ.

4.

l fhy ka kW khy muRf ahf

gwhFiw mfjJ.

5.

btehL tjfKiw l njh miljJ.

VWk yF 11.8 rjjkhf zfglJ. Mdh
5.6 rjjnk cajJ. wFk viyahdJ 10.8
rjjkhf cauntL vw khwhf wFk msthdJ
4.1 rjjkhf kLnk cajJ.

6.

xgjhtJ ljh, 50 a kfSF ntiy thig

cUthf ayiy.

gjhtJ IjhL l (2002-2007)

gjhtJ IjhL l rkJt kW r_f ia ga
uridfis btgilahf mQFtij nehfkhf bfhlJ.
l 8 rjj ts jij bkhj ehL cg
miltij J yfhf zjJ. l Ka
Fnfhf tUkhW
1.

tWikia 5 rjjkhf 2007- Fiwfgl ntL 15

rjjkhf 2012- FiwfglntL.

2.

l fhy yhgfukhd ntiythid TLjyhf

VgLJj.

3.

midtUF
ilfbrj.

4.

2001-2011

5.

2007 fabgnwh vifia 75 Gfhlhf

caJj.

6.

2007- F

bjhlffahdJ

2007-F

Ma 10 ML kf bjhif ts jij 16.2

Gfhlhf Fiwj.

FHijf wj 100 ngUF 45-Mf

Fiwj.
7.

2007-

kfngW fhy jhkhf w jkhdJ 1000

ngUF 2 rjjkhf 2012- 1000 ngUF 1 rjjkhf
Fiwj.
98

8.

2007 - fhL kW kufis 25 rjj ghJfh, 2012 - 33

rjj ghJfh mfj.

9.

midJ CuffY Fo tria 2012-F VgLJj.

10. 2007 -F midJ khR milj ef kW MWfis Rj

brj.
fljfhy mDgt Ffgl yFfsha bkhj ehL
cg ts jij 8 rjjkhf caJj kW ntiy
th yif milj - itfis milt f rnjfkhfnt
csJ. ntshik kW Wbjhf D Fiwj
KDik iynyna csd. lkhdJ mfkhf jah
Jiwiana KYkhf esJ.
Koiu (Conclusion)
Jtiu xgJ IjhL lf iwntwgLsd.
jnghJ J gjhtJ l fil MlhF. tsl
Toa iyjik, murhfF kfSF rahd xU
rthyhf mikJsJ. D ntiyyh urid jghL
iy. XusF tWik FiwfgoUD gF
eilbgwntoaitf f Vuhskhf csd. IjhtJ
IjhL lUnj ntiyth lkhdJ tWik x
lnjhL xUizf gLsjdh J xU crhfgLJ
lkhfnt UjJ. kfbjhifid fLgLjhlh a
bghUshjhu lLj yFfis miltJ f
fodkhdbjhwhF. nr, KjL, VWk Kjatiw
cajntL. vyhtWF nkyhf l thf tYtila
ntL jFthjjhf UfntL. nkY CHyUjh
ekJ bghUshjhu lLj xU bga btia mila Ko.
1991-Kj a bghUshjhu Ujf mKfgLjgljh
ekJ lLj ey jukhd khwf VgLsd. ehsil
l xU RofhL lkhf mik.

99

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.

IjhL lij Kj mKfgLa ehL

m. yhJ
. Kija nrha uZah

2.

M. mbkfh
<. uhR

ah lLj vgJ
m. ika l
. gF rhj l

3.

M. kfsh
<. Ro fhL l

bjhiynehF lfhd fhy ms

m. 5 MLf
. 20 Kj 25 MLf

4.

M. 10 MLf
<. 15 MLf

ah Kjyh IjhL l eilKiw gLjgl

ML
m. 1947
. 1956

5.

M. 1951
<. 1961

ah l LKiw mfgl fhyfl

m. 1966-69
. 1980 - 84

M. 1961-63
<. 2002-2004

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

nrha uZah............................................. l yaJ.

7.

mfho bghUshjhu......................................... gna MF.

8.

a lLj ....................................... vW
FlgLwJ.

9.

Kija nrha uZah jdJ Kj IjhL lij

mKfgLa .............................. M ML.
100

10. ulh lfhy a kfsh ..........................

nehfij jG tjJ.
III.

bghUJf.

11.

yh bjh ts

m. a IjhL
lf

12. mfF thif ju

M. jiylh bfhif

13. ulh IjhL l

. tWikia xngh

14. Ijh IjhL l

<. rkJt kW r_f

15. gjh IjhL l

c. iuthd bjh kakhj

IV.

xU thijf ilaf.

16. Kjyh IjhL l eilKiwgLjgl nghJ

ah ujk kahf Ujt ah?
17. 19 who gwgl bfhif ahJ?
18. ah IjhL lfis tiu mik vJ?
19. 10 IjhL l fhy vd?
20. ``J ts j vW bgalt ah?
gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

ilaf.

21. lLj yfz ahJ?

22. ja ehLf lLj Ka urid ahJ?
23. `RH l vwh vd?
24. Ro fhL l fUij sFf,
25. kfyndh Kiw vgJ ahJ?

101

gF-
VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. ja ehLf lLj Ka uridfis t?

27. a lLj jiyaha nehffis tirgLJf.
28. gjh IjhL l Ka Fnfhf ahit?
29. jiylh bfhif khWgl fUJfis Muhf?
30. lLj mtaij t.
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. ja ehLf lLj VgL uridfis
sf.
32. bghUshjhu lLj afis t.
33. lLj gntW tiffis sFf.
34. a lLj nehff kW rhjidfis Muhf.
35. xgjh IjhL l nehff kW rhjidfis
t.

102

ghl - 6
ntshik
(Agriculture)
bghUshjhu Kndw ntshik gF
e eho bghUshjhu th, ntshik f Ka gF
tFwJ. ekJ bghUshjhu mikF Jnt KJbfYghF.
a bghUa ntshikna iHL Kjikahd
mogil MjhukhF. ah xU trha ehlhfnt bjhW bjhL
stUwJ. W eho vfhy ntsh cg
nghif bghWnj mik. eho bghUshjhu
ntshik gid g fhQkhW sfyh.
1. ehL tUkhd ntshik gf
iwa ehfYTl ehL tUkhd ntshik
bgU gfwJ. 1950 Kj 1951 kW 1979-80 MLf,
gntW ntshik glf fheil ts (guhk) mJl
bjhlila Jiz braghLf thyhf ehL tUkhdF 40
rjjF mfkhd tUkhd iljJ. Igjh MLf,
cik brhynghdh ehL cg btpo gh
gFid ntshik kW ntshik Jiw rhj
_ykhfnt cg braglJ. vgJ kW bjhwh
MLf j j nkY VglJ. 2002-03
Mo J 25 rjjkhf UjJ.
2. thifF xU mogil Mjhu
thifF iHL Mjhukhf ntshik fwJ. gJ
egf xbthU Mwh egU ntshikia rhnj thGwd.
bjh tsj ehLfsha yhJ, mbkf Ia ehLf
nghwitf, a ehLl xLnghJ ntshikia rhj
kf vif f Fiwthf csJ. 1921-2001 Ma MLf
103

ntshikia rhj ciH r msthdJ UklF

mfkhlJ. Jiwid Fiwntiy th, kiwKf
ntiyik, kW Fiw cg ntiy th Ma ikf g
oJ bgU bjhiyFgLsJ.
3. ntiythgj
ntshik a kfSF bgUks Vuhskhf ntiy
thgJsJ. uhkwf, ntshikia mjid
rhj bjhfis 70 rjj kf rhJsd. W
Fghf, 1995 M Mo 97 a kf vifUJ
235 adhf yij rhj bjh <LgL (trhf kW
cHtf) nth vif mfjJ.
4. bjhJiw Kndw
ntshik bjhrhiyfSF njitahd frh
bghUfis tHFwJ. gU kW rz bjhrhiyf,
rfiu Miyf, tdg njh tiff nghwit trhaij
rhj bjhfshF. nkY gy Wbjhf kW ifj,
gU Miyfshd berthiyf, be (m) c F Miyf,
eh, kW fh bjhf jf frh bghUfSF
ntshikia rhJsd. kiwKfkhf, Vida w bjhfS
trhaij rhJsd.
5. gdhL thg
gdhL thg ntshik f Ka gF
twJ. VWk njiy, vbz zhF, f kW
fhf tiff, thrid bghUf, ifiy, gU, fh,
rfiu, gjglhj fg kW jhtu vbz nghwit
Fljfit MF. VWk_y eybjhU gif bgW
jUtnjhL wFk xU Ka thf J csJ.
ntsh JiwahdJ fu btehL bryhtia <ojJ,
_yjd MfF, trha rhuhj w bjhYfhd
wFkF J bgJ cjwJ.
104

6. KjL MfK KjL

eho Kjyhf, cg brhjhdJ trha
brhJfsha, y, ghrd trf, ouhlf, cH fUf,
V myJ fyig, MFHh zWf kW ruF ghJfh
trf nghw totf csJ. ehL tUkhd 25
rjjij ntshik <ojUtjh Jiwna nrF
bghUshjhu KjyhfF mogil _yhjhukhf
sFwJ.
7. cz kW itnfh (td)
ah, ntshikna midJ kf cz
njitia brwJ. gynfho fheilia guhkf itnfh
kW tdfis ntshik mwJ.
8. bghUshjhu l
a bghUshjhuF ntshikna KJbfYghF.
ntshik br eho brig FF. ehL
bghUshjhu ntshik gid gy cikf FpL
RofhLwd. vLJfhlhf rhiynghFtuJ kW u
nghFtuJ bjhyhdJ bgUks trha bghUfis
XlW kbwhU lF bfhL brt mlFwJ.
ntshbghUf btehL thg bgUgF twd.
ntsh - ts, tWik-x l xU neil ghig
VgLjToaJ.
9. gdhL - jugLj l bgWj
cyf ms, a ntshJiw y Fl glf
ey ju l bgWsd. yfliy cg cyf ms
ah Kj lij, m cg ulh lij
ifiy cg _wh lij oJsJ.
ehL bghUshjhu KndwF trha Kndw f
f mahtakhdJ vW FLnghJjh ah
105

KaJt vGwJ. mP nud e vgt TWgo,

cg (mf) kfis ntshikUJ bjLJ mtfis
jhf MuF bjhrhiyfY uhk wf bragL
bghJ gfY ntiyfkJj ntL. thwhf brt
thyhf trha cgwid xUw mfgnjhL kWw
a cg ciHghsfSfhf a a bjhyikfis
mikJbfhsyh. a ntshik f bga kW
Kakhd Jiw kL fja iyY csJ.
KGbghUshjhuK ts mila trha ts f f
KakhdjhF.
bghUshjhu ts ntshik gF
xL bkhj bghUshjhu tsF ntshik mF
ehF tifahd gFfis irk Fe mtf fhQkhW
sFwh.
1.

bghUf gf (cz kW frh bghUfis

ilf brj)

2.

mfho gf (trha rhuh cg Jiw

cgahs bghUfSF Ef bghUfSF
mfhoia VgL bfhLj.

3.

cg fhuf gf (ntsh rhuh JiwF

ciHig Kjiy ilf brj)

4.

maehL thgF gf

ntsh rhj kW ntsh rhuh JiwfSFilna cs

bjhl
xU ehL tsail ghij brY nghJ,
ntshikF kW bjhrhiyfSFilna cs
xnwhblhW - rhj iy fl bjhlfsh
tYgLjgLwJ. mit (linkage)
106

1. cg bjhl
2. njit bjhl
3. nr kW KjL bjhl
m. cg bjhl
bjhl,
ntshik
bjhY
cg
LbghUfSfhf xiw xW rhUgjh VgLwJ.
mjhtJ, gU, rz, fU nghw ntsh bghUfis
ntshik rhj bjhfSF mgj thyhf urhad
cuf, auf kW rhu nghw bjh cgia
ntshik JiwF mgjhY flj 50 MLf
bjhl tYthwJ. nkY J ntshikJiw
edkhFjiy ugwJ.
M. njit bjhl
j uL JiwfSilna btFtYthd njit
bjhl csJ. tUkhd kW bjhkakhFj isthdJ,
cz kW trha frhbghUf njitia ghwJ
vgJ bghJthf czugLsJ.
. nr kW Kjo bjhl
uhk tUkhd, bjhrhiy Ef bghUfsha
Milf, fhf, rfiu, rika vbz, bjhiyfh
bgof, J - JitF auf, Frhjd bgof
kW nkhlh thfdf nghwt VgLJ ghf
izahf FljfJ. rg fhy ela M, uhkw
filf EfthdJ efw mfhoia jhoLwJ vW
Ko brwJ.
ntshik ts TWf
ntsh cg bgUfkhdJ uL jf
mf VglTL.
107

1. trha braToa ygu mf (ilkl

/ thf)
2. ntshik cg w mf (brFJ /
thf)
cg w uL TWfis cilaJ. mit y
cgw kW ciH cgw vgdthF.
a ntshik cg w
ah trha ehlhf UD mJ gy uridfis
rf ntosJ. urid eLikakhf cg Fiw
cg w Fiw mikJsJ. kw ehLfis (ahF
xghfs aif Niyf) xL ghFnghJ
ah cgw f Fiwthfnt csJ. iwa
ehf y Kndwf VglhY gy iyikf mfkhf
khwkilaiy. vdnt ntshik ja iy
Ugjfhd fhuzfis fhQkhW tifgLjyh.
1. kfbjhif ga fhuzf
2. bghJthd fhuzf
3. Wtdrhj fhuzf kW
4. bjhEg fhuzf
1. kfbjhif ga fhuzf
ntshik Fiwj isrYfhd f Ka fhuz,
y J kfbjhifdh VgLw msffkhd beUf
(m) ghuRik mfF, TLj ciHghwiy bjhJiw
jlkhf <Jbfhs ntL. Mdh bjhJiw ts
jkhdJ njitia l f Fiwthf csJ. j isthf
mfF kfbjhif iHfhf yijna rhUf
ntosJ. jdh gy ikf VgLwd. y cilikf
108

W JLfshfgL j nghwd. Kndwfhd g

kW gf m njitF Fiwthfnt UwJ. jdh
Fiwj kW kiwKf ntiyik VgLwJ. jifa
ikf midJ xW nrJ ntshik cg wid
FiwwJ.
2. bghJthd fhuzf
m. ntshik mfgoahd bjhyhsf
f Fiwj cg wDfhd f Ka fhuz kf
mf vif ntsh bjh Fj MF. kfbjhif
mfFnghJ, y jhd mGjK mfwJ. j
aifahd mfig bjh Jiwah <J bfhs
ayiy.
M. Cfkw uhkw Niy
j cHtf bghJthf ViHfshf, mahik
iwjtfshf,
_leif
bfhltfshf
gHikthfshf,
fatwtfshf, gHikahd
gHftHffshY, rhghFghL KiwfshY, TL FLg
izfsh flgltfshf UJ tUwd. gHik
mtf bfhLs eiff f bga rhgkhf mikJ,
mtf jfsJ gHfhy cH Kiwfnyna kdiw
milgoahf foitJsJ. a bjhEg cg Kiwf
ntfkhf filoF xU y cHtf jJ bgUghyhd
mfgr cHtf bghUshjhu Kndwfis g mJ
bfhs, gw CfkW fhzgLwd.
. ntsh Jiw rhgw gf Fiw
tr kW mfho trf nghw ntshik rhgw
gf ngha ms ilf bgwhik Fiwthd cg
wDF kWbkhW fhuzkhF. trf ah f
Fiwthf csJ. mfho trahdJ mf FiwghLf
iwjjhf, mf bryf bfhljhf fhzgLwJ. ed
109

glfrhiyf e ehL ghnyna mikfgL, mitf

nghJkhdjhf iy. jhaf nrJ itF KiwahdJ
Fiwf iwjjhf, mf bryf bfhljhf
fhzgLwJ.
cHtfSfhd
fltrf
D
tsailahkny csJ. cHtf KGf KGf Wtd rhuhj
jah fl tHFnthfisna mtf mwhl njitfSF
esd.
3. Wtd mik fhuzf
m. y cilik ms
ah ruhr y clik msthdJ f Fiwthd
ms csJ. 80 rjj ms yilik 2 VfUF Fiwthfnt
csJ. Jl yf W, W JLfshf fgL mit
gutyhf lwd. eho xU y gFf y ms btF
ajhf Fiwfgljh (m) Jlhlgljh rhjhuz fyig (m)
V Tl mF gagLj Koahk csJ. nkY ruhr y cilikf
f ajhf cs fhuzjh ma ahd rhFgo Kiwfisnah,
nkgl fUfisnah jukhd ijfisnah gagLj Koahj
iysJ. a msthd yf gyj bgUks elij
iswJ. fhy, ciH, fheil r, ghrd trfis rahd
Kiw gagLJtjfhd jilf, cHtfSilna ril
rruf, kw tHFf, kW rahd nt mikf
yhikah g tiff zhFj nghw lghLf VgLwd.
M. Fjif mik Kiw FiwghLf
ah fhzgL Fjifmik f Cfkw
iy fhzgLwJ. FjifKiwf jkFnsna
njfiy VgLjToa jik thjjhf csJ. j
Kaa il juff jiypL, y cilikahsf
Rul nghF, JLf Mfgl yf, bjhlJ mfF
kf bjhif mGj MadthF.
110

4. bjhEg fhuzf
m. Vikahd LbghU fS, KiwfS
rhFgo Kiwf gHikahdjhf, wikawjhf csd.
kut gL Kiwfns gwgLwd. jdh Rfbry,
Fiwj cgwD VgLwJ. gyhL fhykhf cg
Kiw vj nkghL khwK nkbfhsgliy.
ntshik KjLfsha aif cuf kW urhad
cuf, a ijf, ghrd trf, fUf kW w
brhJfshdJ f Fiwthd iy csJ.
M. gwhFiwahd ghrd trf
a ntshik eF Ka fhuz ehL
KGtY cs cHt bgW kf kiHiana e Uwd.
mfhnf xU y kL braif ghrd trfis
gagLjTL.
. cHtf fl _a iy

``a cHtf fl wJ, fl thJ, fl wJ,

fl Lnghf wbgLJsh vW TwgLwJ. mtfsJ
uhj flDfhd fhuzf jiyKiw jiyKiwahd flf,
kw tHFfsh VgL flf tUkhdij <Lbra VgL
flf kW zhd r_f bryf MF.
<. nghJkhd Muhik
Muh kW nkghL Kiwf eikf ga ngha
sff D mnef cHtfis brwilaiy. mitfis
cHtf trha ifahs iy. thf xU yUF
kLnk vd FfglJ. Mfnt uhkwf ed
cHKiwf ntL tsuntL.
2. Fiw F tKiwf (Remedial Measure)
nkny sfgl ntshik Fiwj cg
wDfhd fhuzf fhQ tKiwfis RofhLwJ.
111

a ntshik gntW FiwghLfis flthW

fhzyh.
1. ehlsyhd TLw TL trhaKiw Jtfgl
ntL.
2. kfbjhif tsia fLgLJj
3. jukhd cutiff ilf brj
4. caju ijfis gagLJj
5. ghrd trfSF khW Kiwf mikj
6. trha fl tria mfj
7. wnghF kW nkr yfis nkgila brj
8. y cilikfis xUizj
9. a fUfis gagLJj
10. k ghJfh kW ukhd rhFgo
11. mfho mik Kndw
12. trha MuhF, g ghJfhF Cf mj
ah jifa Kndw Kiwfis eKila wikF
jfthW brantL. uhk kf vfhy, cz
uridfSfhd f kW e eho bjhts
trhaijna rhJsd.
ntshik gfS, g tiffS
bghUshjhu ll, 1950-51 mKfgLjgl ,
1965 gRikuF , rhFgoF cs y ms
kW xU bAnl y ruhr cg bjhlJ
112

mfjJ. mj isthf, midJ ntshik gf

cg VWKfkhf UwJ.
ah Kjikahd cz gf - m, nfhJik,
nrhs, jhaf kW gU tiff KjadthF. fU, rz,
gU, njiy, fh, yfliy kW kw vbz Jf
Kjad Ka gzgfshF. gRik uF Kija fhy,
mjhtJ 1949-65 tiu, cz jhaf cgahdJ 55 a
lUJ 89 a ldhf cajJ. J ML ts
j 3.2% MF. gRik uF ija fhy, mjhtJ 19652001 tiu cz jhaf cg 89 a lUJ 195.9
a ldhf cajJ. Mdh, ML ts j J 2.2%
kLnk MF.
ah g tiff (Cropping Pattern in India)
xU Fl fhy fl, gntW tif gf cs
y ms gLj ghF vdgL. ntW tif Tdh,
xU Fl fhy rhFgo cs gntW tifahd
gf j gLj ghF vdgL. gLj gh
VgL khw gntW gf glgL ygu j
VgL khwij FF.
mltiz 6.1 gtiff g (1951UJ)

g tiff
a. midJ

tif
gf

b. cz jhaf

cz jhaf
myhj gf
(m)
gz gf

c.

1950-51

1980-81

2000-01

100

100

100

74

80

75

26

20

25

113

glgl bkhj ygu gytifahd gf gif nkny

cs mltiz fhLwJ.
gLj tifia ghF fhuf
aif fhuf
y jik, kts, jgbtg iy, kiHas, kW
ruhr btgiy Matiw cslanj aif fhuf
MF. ntshik kj gifl aif gF
KaJt thjjhf csjh nkflit g tiffis
ghF Ka fhuf MF.
y cilik ms
y cilik ms ajhf Ujh cHtf cz
jhaf gLtij Ut. y ms Fljf ms
mfkhf Ujh, cHtf gzgfisna gLt.
ntsh glf iy
cHtf jfSF mf yhg jU gfisna gl
Ut.
ntsh cLf ilgs
cHtf mf ju thj cLfis (L bghUf)
bgUjh gzgfisna mtf gLt. jF, cuf,
urhad bghUf, ca isriy jU ijf kW
ghrd trf Mad njitgLwd.
r_f fhuf
r_f gHf tHff, a bjh Eg Kndw
cHtf kdghik Kjad gLj tiffis
khF. a bjhEg Kndwij cHtf
VWbfhlh, gzgfis gLtjF mtf KtUt.
114

mu bfhif
y Fl gfSF muR tHF cj bjhiff Tl
g tiffis khF.
g tiff ga m
g tiff kW gLj ghF ga bjthd m
cHtfSF UFkhdh mtf jf g tiff khl
iHt.
g fh l
gghJfh l eho gtiffis ghJfhf
cjwJ. lghLf cila gfis gl g ghJfh
l cj brwJ.
mu Kaf
fl tKiwfis gWtj _y g tiffis
ghJfhf muR cjwJ. 1. c isr jU ijfis mu
Kftf_y gjj, 2. urhad cuf rYif iy
ilFgo brj, 3. ntsh bghUfis U itf,
Xl UJ kbwhU lF vLJ bry. nghJkhd
trfis tHFj, 4. ntsh bghUfSfhd mfho mikig
wgl bragl brj _y cHtfSF jf glfSF
ey iy ilf brj.
ycilik
ycilikna ntsh cg ms, ju, mik
Matiw khF Ka fhuahF. ycilik vgJ
xU cHtDF brhjkhd kW gL y msit FF.
ij uL mogil Twyh.
1. cik mogil, ycilik vgJ, xU cHtDF
brhjkhd y ms 2. gLj (rhFgo brj) mogil.
115

y cilik vgJ xU Fl fhy rhFgo bragL

y msit FwF.
y Ujf
yUj vgJ y cikahs, Fjifjhu, kW y
nkyhik Mat VgL bfhif khwij FF.
ah y Uj nehff
ah, y Uj lf Cuf KndwF
f Kakhd bfhifahF. j Ka nehff
tUkhW :
1.

rkcilik rKjha mikig mila ntsh mikig kh

mikj

2.

ycilik RuLjiy jj

3.

cHtDnf y brhj vw bfhifia cWgLJj

4.

mogil y msit (Land base) gLJj _y

uhkw ViH trhf r_f - bghUshjhu iyia
caJj.

5.

ntshcg kW cg wid mff brj.

6.

y mikig uhkw ViHfSF VJthf brj.

7.

cq Wtdf nkghil rkgLJj.

ah yUj Kiwf
ah, yUj fl _W tf
ifahsgLwJ.
1.

muR rYiffshd, TLw giz kW yfis

xUizj _y jhdhf KtJ VW bfhSj.
116

2.

yfis xUizj nghy rl Ujf _yK, jhnk

K tJ y Uj Kiwfis VW bfhSj.

3.

il juffis xj, Fjifjhuf Uj, y

cr tu Ma gy tifahd rlf _y
flhagLJj.

ntsh mfho
ntshbghUfis gkhw bra gagL bghUshjhu
braghoF ntsh mfho vW bghU. J ntsh
bghUf kig gzjh khwJ. nkY J glfis
fil EfnthUF tHFwJ.
ntsh mfho KaJt
mfho xU Fljf gFna ntsh mfhoahF.
J ntsh bghUf bjhlghdjhF. eho bgUghyhd
bghUa eltoiffSF J xU mogilahF. J
gidFa cgia gidfhf mfhoF bfhL tUwJ.
cHtf jf cg xU gFia brhj Effhf
kW fheilfSfhf itJ bfhL va gFia
gidF bfhL tUwd. gidFa cg VgL
mf bghUshjhu Kndw caid VgLJ.
ntsh mfho KaJt tUkhW
1.

bjhrhiyfSF
tHFwJ.

njitahd

2.

kfSF njitahd cz jhafis, kW

fheilfSF njitahd ia tHFwJ.

3.

eho cehL mfho tiltjF njitahd

mogil mikig tHFwJ.

4.

cehL njitial gidFa cg mfkhf

UFbghGJ, gdhL mfho tiltjF, frkhd
ms ma bryhtia <l cjwJ.
117

frhbghUfis

mik fhyf, cHtf jf cg glfis,

uhkw mfhof, fhf, kof, TLw rff
t gid brwd. nkY muR neuoahf
cHtflUJ ntsh glfis thFwJ.
gidFa cg
giz njitfSF, brhj EfF nghf
vUF cgna gidFa cg vdgL. J gidF
vUF gFia FF. gidFa cg vgJ
fglnjh, braifahdnjh my, Ef nghf jhdhf
vaJ. J ntshik KndwF kLkyhJ, eho
xL bkhj bghUshjhu KndwF t tFwJ. J
ntshik Jiw cg bragl cik cgahF. ij
flthW fzlyh.
(giHa U + el cg) - (Ef + nrjhu + mLj
gUtfhyfhd ijf)
gidFa cg vgJ ntshik bkhj cgahF.
gid bragl cg vgJ ntshik fu cgahF.
gidFa cgia khF fhuf
gidFa cgia khF gytifahd
fhufshtd : 1. y cilik ms, 2. g cg 3. FLg
ms 4. w JiwfUJ ilF tUkhd. J ju,
gidFa cgahdJ, wikahd mfho mikig bghUJ
mik.
gidFa cg KaJt
gidFa cgia mfj vgJ cik cg MF. J
cik tUkhd, cik nr, cik _yjd u, cik KjL
Matiw khF. nkY J gzfkw bghUshjhu eyid
caJ. cik gidFa cg VgL r, Fiwj
tsila ehLf, cz glf iyia kLkyhJ, T
118

glf iyia caJ. nkY ciHghsf cik

thifju Fiw.
ah cz urid
cz, cil, Ul Kjad xU kj mogil
njitahF. tW cz jh Kj KaJt thjJ.
nghJkhd cz yhk xUtU thH KoahJ. eho cs midJ
kfSF njitahd czit tHFtJ mu Ka flikahF.
j ehL kfSF nghJkhd kW rjhd czit tHf
jtlh mJ bghUshjhu r_f, kW mua ahf
njhailjjhF. vdnt, ehL kf midtUF njitahd
czit tHf ntL. cz bghU cg, njitia rkhF
ms nghJkhdjhf Uf ntL. njitia l cg Fiwthf,
U, muR cz bghUfis wFk bra ntL. J
thg rkiyY, thg brYJ rkiyY ffis
cUthF.
ah, cz urid xU uhj uridahF. 1937 gkh ahUJ fglJ
1947, Vgl
ntiyik uridia nkY fyhaJ.
ah cz urid jik
cy, kfbjhif ms ah ulhtJ lij
twJ. mjdh, cz bghUf njit ehSF eh
mfJ tUwJ. ah, cz cg ga urid
fl ehF TWfis bfhlsJ.
1. ms rhjit
Kiw cz uridahdJ, cz jhaf
njit, mig rhjjhF. l fhykhf, cz jhaf
cgahdJ, njitia l FiwthF. flj y MLfshf,
cz jhaf cehL cg frkhd ms
caUjhY, eh mf msnyna cz jhafis
wFk bra nto csJ.
119

2. ju rhjit
Kiw, cz uridahdJ, czYs r
jikia (fnyhfis) (nutritive element) mogilahf bfhlJ.
itlf, duf, fhnghiAnuLf nghwit rj
cz mls _yTWf MF. Mdh _yTWf
nghJkhd ms bgUghyhd a kfSF ilgiy.
tYdf fUJgo xU kjDF xU ehi s F 30 0 0
fnyhf njitgLwJ. Mdh, ruhrahf a kfSF
2100 fnyhfns ilwJ. ah y tWikna jF
Ka fhuzkhF.
3. g rhjit
Kiw, cz uridahdJ. ntsh bghUf
mfho mikig rhjjhF. gYs FiwghLf fhuzkhf,
bgUthahd kfSF, nghJkhd ms cz jhaf
Fl neu, aha iy ilgiy. r_f nuhj
rf, mfho, cz glfSF braif gwhFiwia
VgL, ahakw iyF wd.
4. bghUshjhu rhjit
Kiw cz urid vgJ kf thF
ria rhjjhF. ah ehL tUkhdK, jyh
tUkhdK Fiwthf csJ. j fhuzkhf, a kfsh,
rjhd cz jhafis nghJkhd ms, jFj iy
bfhLJ thfKotiy.
cz uridfhd fhuzf
ah, cz uridfhd Ka fhuzf
tUkhW : (i) ntfkhd kfbjhif ts (ii) Fiwthd
ntsh cg w (iii) aif wf (iv) gz gf
ts (v) Ef jik VgLs khwf, (vi) czfhd
tUkhd njit VgLs ca (vii) bghUshjhu KndwK,
efkakhjY, (viii) gJf kW fs rij.
120

a mu cz bfhif
ehL LjiyFwF, cz jha gwhFiw
uridia muR ukhf MuhjJ uridia f muR
gy Kiwfis nkbfhlJ mKiwf tUkhW :
cz jha cgia mfj
vyh IjhL lfY ntshik KndwF
KDik tHfglJ. ntshcg kW cg wid
mff, MH cGj, gy g rhFgo l, ca isr jU
ijf, cufis mf ms gagLJj Kja lf
nkbfhsgld. Kaf isthf cz jha
cgahdJ 1950-51 50.8 a ldhf UjJ. 1997-98
192.4 a ldhf cajJ.
cz jhaf wFk
cz gwhFiwia f mtbghGJ muR cz
jhafis wFk brjJ. 1951 48 yr l cz
jhaf wFk braglJ. 1966 J 103 yr ldhf
cajJ. 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996 Ma ehF tUlf cz
jhaf vJ wFk bragliy.
cz jhafis bfhKj brj
muR, cz jhafis bfhKj br Kiwia
eilKiwgLaJ. jgo, muR xbthU tUlK
mfhoUJ, cz jhafis bfhKj brjJ.
nehffhf, xbthU tUlK Kakhd midJ cz
jhafSF bfhKj iy myJ Fiwj ms Mju
iyia muR mjJ. nkY, iynyna muR cz
jhafis thaJ. J juff kW tff
Kiwnflhd brafUJ cHtfis fhghw cjwJ.
121

cz glf bghJ gL Kiw

cz bghUfis fLgLjgl iy ahakhd
gL ilf muR bghJ gL Kiwia bragLaJ.
Kiw go ahaiy filf wfgld. jif filf
xbthW 2000 kfSF gahWgo mikfgld. 1998 kh
31 tiu 4.50 yr aha iy filf ehblF csd.
filf m, nfhJik, rfiu, rika vbz kW
kbzbz Matiw Fl ms, fLgLjgl
iy kfSF tHFwd.
jhU l (Buffer Stock Scheme)
ML KGtJ Kakhd cz jhaf m
(tHf) uhf Ugij cWbra muR xU lij
bjhlaJ. vbghGbjyh mt iy cawnjh
mbghGbjyh iyia iyWJtjfhf muR cz
jhafis jhUUJ btLwJ. a mu
cz bfhifgo, jhU l eltoiff
tHfkhd xwhf ehf fhzgLwJ.
Fljf Wtdf VgLJj
ntsh cg kW cg wid caJtjF,
Kiwahd mig cWgLJtjF, cz jhaf
ahakhd goF muR, Fljf gy Wtdfis
VgLaJ. nja ij fHf, ntsh bjhfHf, ntsh
iy FG, a cz fHf, a cu fHf Kjad y
Fljf WtdfshF.
ntshik Muh kW Kndw
ntshik Jiw Muh kW Kndwij
CfgLj muR gy Kafis nkbfhlJ. Muh
122

eltoiffis nkbfhs gy ntshik gfiyfHffS,

a ntshik Muh tha (ICAR) Matiw muR
VgLaJ.
bghJ gL Jiw (PDS)
mtakhd cz glfis uhd kW fLgLjgl
Kiw kfSF g brtnj bghJ gL Kiw vdgL.
Kiwgo mtakhd Ef bghUfis Fl iy
mu Kftf _y kfSF tHfgLwJ.
bghJ gL Kiw Ka nehff
aha iy filf
(Fair Price Shops (FPS) or Ration Shops)

ehL KGtJ cs aha iy filf _y mogil

njit glf mig bghJ gL Kiw
cWgLJwJ. jnghJ ah 4.50 yr aha iy
filf csd. mtW 3.60 yr filf uhk w
bragLwd. 0.90 yr filf efw bragLwd.
xbthU ahaiy fil 2000 kfSF gwd.
Efnth TLw rff
jukhd bghUf, ahakhd iy bghJ kfSF
ilFgo brt Efnth TLw rff bgU
gfhWwJ. _W iyahd flik bfhl Efnth
TLw rff ah csd. mitfshtd mogil
Efnth TLw rff, ika Efnth TLw rff,
khy msyhd Efnth fHff MF. Cuf gF Ef
glfis gL bra 50,000F nkgl uhkw msyhd
rff csd.
123

fLgLjgl k iy J filf
(Shops selling cloth at controlled prices)

filf k iy Jfis EfnthUF mtfsJ

gL milf _y tHFwJ. ehL KGtJ 66,000F
nkgl filf tifahd Jia gid brwd.
w mfho
mwhl njitfhd bghUfis fLgLjgl iy
tHF mfhoF w mfho vW bga. EfnthUF
njitahd midJ bghUfis xnu l bgw
tfhof cjwd. ah Kakhd efuf
tif mfhof aFwd.
kbzbz yiw gidahsf
y khyf, kbzbz aha iy filf _y
tHfgLwJ. kw khyf nehfF ck bgw y
yiw gidahsf csd.
glf g
nfhJik, m, rfiu, wFk bragl rika
vbzf, kbzbz kW bkikf Kja MW
tifahd aikah glf bghJ gL Kiw thyhf
tHfgLwd. J ju, kw aikah glfis
Kiw nrJ bfhs khy muRF mfhu csJ.
glfis tHFt bghW
gntW tifahd WtdfSF, bfhKj brj,
xJL brj, g brj KjatF ntntW bghWf
flthW tHfgLsJ. (i) nfhJik, m kW Vida
cz jhafSF a cz fHfK (ii) a vbz
fHf kW bgnuha mikrf kbzbzF (iii)
bkik ffhd a yf bl (iv) nja ber
bjh fHf, (v) rika vbzfhd khy thg fHf.
124

ntshik iy bfhif
ntshik bghUf iyia, zj, xGFgLJj,
kW fLgLJj Ma bfhifF ntsh iy bfhif vW
bga. ntsh iy bfhif Ka nehffshtd. (1) ntsh
glfSfhd iyia zj, xGFgLJj, kW
fLgLJj (2) iyYs Vw jhfis jj (3) ntsh
glfSfhd aha iy, cHtfSF ilFgo brj (4) ey
jukhd glfis VWbfhs jf iy kfSF tHFj
(5) cz jhaf kW cz jhaf myhj bghUf
iyfSilna ey bjhlig iygLJj (6) btntW
khyfSilna iyfis xUizj.
mu iy bfhiff
1. Fiwj Mju iyf
ijF gUtfhy, bjhlf xbthU Ka
ntsh glfSF Fiwj Mju iyia muR mF.
ntsh glf iyahdJ xU Fl msF
(wfhJ) FiwahJ vw cWia cHtfSF J tHfFwJ.
cgia bjhlJ bra, gLj iyahdJ
cHtfSF cWia, Cfij tHF. cHtf jfsh
Md KG Kafis bfhL crfl cgia mila Kat.
ntsh glf iyahdJ. Fiwj Mju iyial
Fiwkhdh, mfho cg midij bfhKj iy munr
thF.
2. bfhKj iy
J g mWtil fhy, muR mF iyahF.
iy jh muR ntsh glfis cHtflUJ
bgU iyahdJ uL Ka nehffis bfhlJ. (1)
Fljf msF iy FiwahJ vw cWia J
cHtfSF tHFwJ. mfho iyahdJ. bfhKj
iyF Fiwkhdh jf glfis muRF
Wlyh.
125

(2) bghJ gL KiwF, ``jhUF (buffer stock)

njitahd glfis bfhKj bra muRF J cjwJ.
ntsh bry kW iyf FG (Commission for Agricultural
Cost and Prices -CACP) gJiugo murh iy
mfgLwJ. nfhJik kW mia bfhKj bra
iyia bgUthahf muR gagLJwJ. bghJthf Fiwj
Mju iyial bfhKj iy cathf UF.

3. tHf iy (Issue Price)

khy kW a unjrfSF cz jhaf m
kW xJofhf a cz fHfj mfgL iy
tHf iyahF. iy bghJgL Kiwfhd njitia
brwJ. ahaiy filf _y tHfgL
bghUf iyahdJ tHf iyia rhUF. tHf
iyahdJ, mfho iyial Fiwthf, bfhKj
iyial mfkhf UF.
4. yiu iy
aha iy filf _ykhf bghJ gL Kiw
bragLwJ. murh zfgl iy, mogil Ef
glfis aha iyfilf kfSF tHF. iyF
yiu iy vW bga. iy tHf iyial mfkhf
UF. mbghGJjh bghJ gL Kiw brydfis
rfl, ck bgwtf js yhgij milaKo.
5. jhU eltoiff
jhU eltofif vgJ murh cz Uig
thFj kW gid brtij FgjhF. j eltoiff
U Ka nehffis bfhlJ. 1. Fljf ms iy
Vw jhfis xGFgLJjY, fLgLJjY. 2. muR cz
jhafis bfhKj bra cjwJ. vdnt cz jhaf
U ehL KGtJ, ML KGtJ xnu uhf ugij cW
126

brwJ. eltoiff a cz fHfjh (FCI)

nkbfhsgLwJ. vnghbjyh cz jha U iy
ailwnjh, mbghGJ a cz fHf bfhKj
iy mtiw thFwJ. nkY vbghGbjyh iy
cawnjh mbghGJ a cz fHf mtiw gid bra
KgLwJ. thW jhU eltoiff ntsh bghUf
iyia iygLJt Ka gfhWwJ.
ntshik cg
ntshik cg vgJ ntshik cLfSF kW
btpLfSF ilna cs jij FF. wDs
tif cLf vthW gagLjgLwd vgij
FgjhF. nkY bfhLfgl cLfUJ vts cg
bgwgLwJ vgij FgjhF. tUkhW jid
fzlyh.
bkhj cg
ntshik cg =

ntiyF mkjgl cLf ms

bkhj cg
y cg w =
y gugs
bkhj cg
ciH cg w =

ntiyF mkjgl
Mf vif
bkhj cg

_yjd cg w =

bkhj KjL ms
127

ah ntshik cg nghF
1. y cg w : w ehLf ruhr y
cg wid xLnghJ ah y cg f
Fiwthf csJ. J tU uL mltidf _y bjthf
bja tUwJ.
m l tiz 6. 2
bAnl xWF Ka gtiff isr
(1 bAnlUF - .uh)
g tif

1950-51

1970-71

1990-91 2003-04

cz jha

522

872

380

1731

jhaf

542

949

1571

1987

gU tiff

441

524

578

637

668

4423

740

2077

nfhJik

663

1307

2281

2713

vbz Jf

481

579

771

1067

Mjhu : bghUshjhu M 2005-2006

mltiz 6.3 _y y cgw nkgL,
Ugij Fghf l fhy J uoghf UD jid
eh Ufukhf UwJ vd fUj ayhJ. w ehLf, y
cg wid fhQnghJ ah f dil csij
eh fhnwh. ah bAnl xF ruhr cg cyf
ehLf midJ g tiff ruhr cgial f
Fiwthf csJ. ntsh isyf y cg w
128

ah tsj kW tsU ehLf y cg widl

f jsJ.
mltiz 6.3
Fl glf isr rtnjr ehLfSl xU
xL.
(1 bAnlUF - .uh)

gl
m

nfhJik

yfliy

ehLf

bAnlUF .

jhyhJ

2597

ah

2915

vJ

9135

.v.V.

7372

tfsnjr

2164

ah

2770

dh

3885

Ia muR

8043

dh

2986

mb#odh

2329

nu

2043

ah

794

xU bjhshs cg w
bjh kW ju JiwfnshL xLnghJ ntshik
cs xU bjhyhs cg w f Fiwthf csJ.
129

fzogo ngus bjh cg cstnuhL xLnghJ

ntshik cs cg bjhyhs cg wdhdJ
_ xU gnf MF. mnj neu Wbjh cstnuhL
xLnghJ uo xU gF MF. j bjhlghf, eh id
bfhs ntoaJ vdbt kjr kW _yjd gF
aifial f KakhdjhF. ulhtjhf ntshik, xU
bjhyhF bragL KjL bjh bragL Kjill
f FiwthF.

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.

ah VwjhH 64% ciHghsf jid rhJsd.

2.

m ntshik
M. bjhJiw
. gf Jiw
<. maehL thg
ntshik cgia msL Kiw
m. cu Efts
M. ghrd tr
. y kW ciH cg w <. vukakhj

3.

g bragL gFf VwjhH 20% jdh ghrd

bgWwJ.
m. MFHhzW
. twhj fhthf

4.

M. mizfL ghrd
<. Fsf

bkhj cehL cgF ntshik gF FiwJs ms

m. 29.7%
. 27.9%

5.

M. 56.1%
<. 26%

gRik uah Fghf tif cz cg bgUf

VglJ.
m. m kW fU
. nfhJik kW fU

M. m kW nfhJik
<. nftuF kW m
130

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

............. ah thG kfSF xU bgU ththjhukhF.

7.

ntshik bjh, bjhJiwF ........... mwJ.

8.

Fl neu y xU Fl msit gntW tif

g brtjfhf gagLJtij ........ vnwh.

9.

Fl neu cHtf yij bgW gagLJtij

.............. Kiw vnwh.

10. .............. vdgLtJ ntsh is bghUf gkhwij

FgjhF.

III.

bghUJf :

11.

yf fgLjY,
bfhif
JlhlgLjY

m. a ntshik iy

12.

xU Vf y cg
ObuW mfj

M. TLFLg Kiw

13.

#jh Kiw

. gRiku

14.

kiwKf ntiyik

<. Mnya M fhy

15.

1986

c. ntshik

IV.

xU thijf ilaf :

16. xU bAnl is isriy vthW miHfyh?

17. ntshik cgwid vthW mslyh?
18. _yjd Mf j ntshik Fiwthdjh?
19. ntshik isriy ghfToa aif mr vJ?
20. g ghJfh fhL Kiw cHtfSF mtakhdjh?
131

gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

ilaf.

21. bghUshjhu KndwF ntshik gF vd?

22. ntshik ts tiff ahit?
23. ntshik dilfhd fhufis goaLf.
24. ntsh g tiffis sFf.
25

y cilik Kiw vwh vd?

gF-

VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. ntshik F ju F ilna cs

bjhlid sFf.
27. a ntshik cs lghLfisfisa
vLfgLs eltoiffis Muhf.
28. g tif Kiwfis ghF fhufis t.
29. ah y Uj Kiw nehffis
eltoiffis t.
30. ntsh is bghU rij KaJt ahJ?
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. bghUshjhu tsF ntshik gid tukhf
vLJiuf.
32. ntshik dilfhd
vLJiuf.

fhufis

tukhf

33. ntsh g tif Kiwid ghF fhufis tukhf

vLJiuf.
132

ghl - 7
bjhJiw
(Industrial Sector)
bjh kakhf njit
(Need for Industrialisation)

bjhJiw njit kW g, cyf KGtJ ts

jidila midJ ehLfshY czugLsJ.
bjhJiwahdJ, ju JiwfSldhd jdJ Kndw kW
dil bjhlfdh, iuthd bghUshjhu ts kW
nkghoF Ka gF twJ. jdJ bjhudh
jfhy brtj ehLf eF tsw bjhJiwia
bgWsJ.
bjh kakhFj vgJ mf ms cg br
bjhJiw gutyhf, mf egfis ntiyF mkJj,
gdhL rijia CFj, j w nkghL, ma,
bjhEg, cgia nkgLj mQ rhjdf, f
bjhEg nghwt braghLf mff brjd.
thwhd Kidghd bjh kakhFj yhikahnyna gy
ehLf dil bgW Vik iy csd. vdnt, ed
ts iyf iuthd tsia bghUshjhu
nkghil bgWtjF bjh Jiw KaJt
czjgLwJ. tUgit bjh Jiw mtaij
czJwJ.
ehL tUkhdij caJj
bjh kakhFj _y ehL tUkhd catjh
bghUshjhu uilwJ. bjh Jiw Knda ehLf
ehL tUkhd bgUgF bjhJiwlUJ tUwJ.
133

ntiythf
(Employment Opportunities)

tsU iyF cgahd ciH (mfkfbjhif)

ntiyik (unemployment) xU bgU rthyhF (Challenge)
bjhkakhj,
eho
cg
tsfis
eF
gagLbfhtjh, ntiy th bgUwJ. jdh kf
tUkhd caJ thif juK nkgLwJ.
cathd thif ju ( Higher Living Standard)
bjh kakhj _y ehL tUkhd catjh bjh
bghUf J kfSF ehl VgLwJ. jdh, kf
jyh tUkhd catilwJ. vdnt thifju nkgLwJ.
J ll ts ghij _ynk rhakhF.
VWkia CFj (Promoting Exports)
bjhts Knda ehLf, mf VWkia
brtjdh mfgoahd ma bryhtia <lKowJ.
bjh bghUf tUkhd be; mogil glfis
fhoY, f mfkhf csJ. vdnt, Knda bjh
bghUfis cg brtj _y, VWk CFfgl
nghJkhd ms ma bryhtia <lKowJ.
_yjd Mf (Capital Formation)
ntiythfis bgUFj, iuthd bjh
kakhFjdh VgL tUkhd bgUf Mad
bghUshjhu nr kW _yjd Mfij bgUFwJ.
nkY, jdh VgL mf Kjodh bjh Jiwf gy
tiffY KndWwJ.
bjhEg ts ( Technological Progress)
ts kW thfjh bjhJiw, bjhEg
134

tsid CFwJ. j bjhEg ts, mj

af ahd bghUslfK, eho xLbkhj bghUshjhuij
gygLJwJ.
bjh Kndw tiff
(Patterns of Industrial development)

LjiyF Kd, ah ja iynyna UjJ.

F Kiwahd bjhJiw VJ iy. ulh cyf ngh,
bjh ts xU W Kndwij VgLaJ. UD,
ehL tUkhd bjhJiw gF f Fiwthfnt
UjJ. Ljiybgw ah, IjhL lf
mKgLjgl bjh Jiw Fljf khw
VglJ. jfhy ah, lLgtfsh, iuthd
bghUshjhu ts, xLbkhj ts, bjh kakhj
_ynk Ko vgJ czuglJ.
iuthd ts kW Kndw ju, bghUshjhu
ehLilikahj <fgl ts l a iyghlhdJ,
bghJ Jiw befhLjYl jiw bgw UaJ. nkY,
j tna bgw bghUshjhu tsia midt thif juij
caj gagL bfhlJ. mf ms cg kW ntiy th,
bghUshjhu rkJt milj, Mait Kj IjhL l
lfhy nehffshF. j bfhiff, ts kW, gkhd
(distributive justice) Matiw nehffshf bfhlJ. vdnt,
bjhrhiyf thd Kndw kW gJiw bgUf
tsF mogil njit vd khfglJ.
flj 40 MLf munr gnfw ts l
_ykhf eh bgw mDgt a bjh kW flik
ts fbga Kakhd rhjidfis bfhL tJsJ
rKjha }nl ts (Growth with Social Justice) vgJ 1951
VgLjgl lLj Ka nehfkhf bjhlJ
tJbfhL csJ. rKjha bgUthahd kf gabgW
tif tsghij khaikfglnjhL, nghJkhd ntiy
thig bgU, tUkhd gid brJ, iuthd bjh
135

ts_y midt eyD ghJfhfglJ. fy

bghUshjhu tnaahd `a bjh bfhif eho
bjhf bghJJiw fbga gid tgjh tsia
KLLj, ntiy thig bgUFj, tlhu Vwjhfis
Fiwj, bghUshjhu r Fid nrhjid brj, jrhid
milj Matiw nehffshfbfhL bghJJiw
bjhf Kndw VglJ.
bghJJiw KaJt
bjhJiw ts tifahdJ jah kW
bghJJiwfilna y rgjgl gid bghWjJ.
bghJJiw vgJ bghUshjhu xU gid munr
tJ bfhtjhF. jah Jiw, j egnuh myJ
Wtdfnsh brhjkhf VW elJtjhF. mJ f Kakhd
gy
gfis
M
tUwJ.
cg
tsfis
ntiyfkbfhL bghJ Jiwf bghJkfSF ntoa
gy trfshd Mug f, bghJ Rfhjhu, Fo, r_f gf,
FHij rJz, bgf kW bjhyhs ey, r_f
ghJfh, cley, tWik x, rhiy nghFtuJ, ghJfh
nghwtiw mJ tUwJ.
nkTa midJ bghUshjhu xLbkhj
tsF, kf thif ju caF ttif br.
bghJJiw bghWl bghJkfSF glfis
tHFtij nghy jah mikfnsh myJ Wtdfnsh
brayhWtiy. thW jahJiw, bghJ Jiw
nrJ bragL fy bghUshjhu mnef jfhy ehLf fil
oF tKiwahF. LjiyF d bghUshjhuij
xGFKiw gL ey lfSF ttif brJ a
muR khbgW gfhaJ. jifa njitfis iwntw a
murhdJ bghJJiwF KaJt bfhLJ cgia
cUth VwjhH 45 MLfshf ts lF
monfhaJ.
136

gy tsj kW tsJ tU ehLfSF cehL

cg (GDP) mf gid bghJJiw Wtdf
Fljf ms jJ tUwJ. tsU cyf mnef ehLf
1950f, jdJ bjhJiwia JJ bfhtY, jrh
kW `bghUshjhu ehLilikahj bfhif Ma uil
Fnfhshf bfhL bragld. ts l tnaahd
bghJJiw nkghL vgJ mogil tsfis cjk ms
gagL bfhtJ rkkhf gLtJ MF. mua rhrd
flikahd rKjha bghUrh tsf midJ bghJ
eyid mogilahf bfhL gL brj ntL vgij
a ehL czJ bghJJiw Wtdfis mf ms
thf brjJ.
LjiybgwJ Kj 50, 60, 70 MLf bghJJiw
Wtdf eho iyahd tsF Kjikahd aF rahf
Ka gF tjJ. bghJJiw Wtdf ehL tUkhdF
mj gf 1950-51 7.5% MF. Mdh 1982-83 Jnt 24%
Mf cajJ. bghUshjhu Kndw mogil, fduf bjh, kW
nghw rhj bjhf thyhf bghJ Jiw gf
Fljf ms cajJ. bghJ Jiw bjh, ntshik
kW cflik, kW midJ jah Jiwf tsF
bghJiw gF kW gf Fljf ms UjJ. bjh
Jiw bghJJiw KjL, tYthd gy iy bjh Mjhuij
cUthaJ. J bghUshjhuF gy tf cjjJ.
dil (Backward) kW Kndw (forward) bjhl (linkages)
fhuzkhf Wbjhf kW, Jiz bjhf tswd. J
ntsh mogilyhd bjhfis tsw brjnjhL, ntsh
bjhYF mtakhd LbghUf, urhad cuf, rhu
nghwtiw mJ ntshbjh rhj bjhfis tsjd.
jdh, cflik nkgL jahJiwF cjaJ. bghJJiw
mf ntiy thgjj _y kf ey khbgU mfiu
bfhLsJ.
vD, 1990 rij bghUshjhu kW jah Jiw ga
jidahsf nkfhQ tsia Fiw Td. UD
bghJJiw mnef Ka gF VW gah tUwJ.
137

bjh ts tiff
(Pattern of Industrial Growth)

Fl tifahd bjh ts, gaghL mogil

tifgLjgl bjhfis bghWJ fhzgL.
bjhf ehF f Ka fis bfhLsJ.
1. mogil glf : bk, urhad bghUf,
cu nghwit.
2. _yjd glf : auf, au jsthlf,
bgha glf.
3. Ef glf : to, bjhiyfhbgo,
Frhjdbgo, Urfu thfd, kJ, cz glf,
F ghdf.
4. ilid glf : bg, is, ig kW
FHhf, Jiz bghUf nghwit.
mltiz 7.1
bjh ts tiff
ML ruhr ts jf
1980-91

1992-2000

2001-05

mogil glf

7.4

5.9

4.6

_yjd glf

9.4

5.4

8.6

Ef glf

6.0

6.5

8.0

ilid glf

4.9

8.6

4.5

138

mltiz 7.1 midJ ehF fY ML ruhr

ts j nghif fhLwJ. bjh ts vgJ
Ef glfis cg br bjhf bjhlJ
KndWwJ
vgij
fhLwJ.
J
1980-81
6 Gfhlhf csJ. 2001-05 8 Gfhlhf caJsJ.
_yjd glf cg br bjhf ts 1980-91
9.4 G fhoUJ 1992-2000 5.4 rjjkhf ailjJ.
Mdh rg 8.6 GfhL bgW L tswJ.
mogil glf cg bjhyhdJ 1980 Kj bjhlJ
rJ bfhnl tUwJ.
U v~F bjh (Steel Industry)
U v~F bjhf kw vyh bjhfSF
wnfhyhf csJ. cg, Ruf bjh, fLkhd,
rhu, nghFtuJ kW ju cflik kW
gf midF U v~F clhf gagLwJ.
vdnt, v~F ts bghUshjhu midJ JiwfSF
KL iria VgLJwJ. vdnt U v~F bjh jh
bjh vW miHfgLwJ.
bjhkakhj, ehL tUkhd, mf ntiythig
cUthFj MatWF U v~F bjh mf ms jdJ
gid M tUwJ. vD, mf Cakw iyf
(unremunerative prices), fbga bghJJiw U v~F
Wtdf fhzgL wikaw nkyhik, bjh
Egthfis l mfhf Mf Mait U v~F
bjh y fbga uidf MF.
a U v~Fbjh Wtd (SAIL) 70 tJf
ilfhy
WtbgwJ.
j
Ka
gf
_ybghUfis (raw materials) bgw cj brtJ kW mnef
U v~F bjhf tsF xUiz ghsuhf
bragLtJ MF. 1992 M ML iy kW gkhd
fLghil Wtd (SAIL) mfaJ xU fbga bfhif
Uj vdyh.
139

Ljiy bgwJ Kj U v~F bjh cg VwjhH

57 klF catilJsJ. 1951 M ML MblhWF 7
a l Mf Uj U v~F bjh cg 2004-05
MLf 40 a l Mf caJsJ.
ber bjh (Textiles)
ah berbjh f bgaJkhd kW gHik
thjJkhd bjhyhF. bjh eho midJ gFfY
gusJ. bjh ciHig ntiyfk bfhtY
btpoid (out-put)
ahghukhFtY
ewhf
xGFgLjgLsJ.
bkhj bjhJiw cg 20 GfhL berbjh
_y ilwJ. 20 a kfbjhif j_y ntiy
bgWwd. Kj IjhL lfhy 4775 a rJu
l J cg bragLsJ. mJKj bjh f
bga khw VglJ. 2004-05 MLf 45378 a rJu
l J cg bragLsJ. J Ljiy bgwJ Kj
ber cgia fzL nghJ VwjhH 10 klF caid
FwJ.
nghJkhdms _ybghU ilfhik, cL
bghUf iyVw, W Miyf Fiwthd yhg,
edkhFj VgL mf bry Mait ber bjh
rF f Ka uidf MF.
rg MLf, iy mif mfgL rYiff,
wFk t cs gLKiw, bjhEg nkghL
l mu cj Mait berbjhYF Wiy
gFbjhifia mf bjhlsJ.
bkL Miybjh (Cement)
mf ts thf cs xU fbga bjh bkL
bjh MF. jnghJ cs eho ts ghij fLkhd
bjh f Ka gah tUtjh jF bk bgU frh
140

bghUshf mikwJ. bjh frh bghU, auf,

bjhEg kW bgUtU cq njit Mat
jiwit bgWsJ.
nkfhQ midJ eikf isthf cy bk
cg 6 GfhL gid ah bgWsJ. flj 20
MLf MblhWF 8.4 GfhL tsid
bgWsJ. bk bjhrhiy 140.53 a bk l
Wtd wid bgWsJ. jD 365 W bjhrhiyfS, 120
bga bjhrhiyfS mlF. bga bjhrhiyf w
gaghL 80 rjj msF mf cajJ.
jfhy bfhif Ujf bkL bjhrhiyf
w gaghoid nkY caJtjhf csJ. mf cL
bryfS kW VWkfhd cflik ik bjh
(bk) rF uidf MF. 10M IjhL l
203 a bk l cg yF zJ; 2002-07
MLf 17600 nfho Kjoid zJsJ.
rfiu
rfiu bjh ntshikia rhj xU Ka bjh MF.
bghUshjhuF j gf gytifahF. ntiyth _y
tUkhdij bgUFj, nghFtuJ kW bjhiy bjhl trfis
bgUFtj_y rfiu bjh uhkw tsF ngUjahf
UJ tUwJ. Jl Tl rfiu Miy bjh w bjhfSF
cLfis (inputs) mwJ. VWk thyhf maehLfUJ
ma bryhtia bjh <ojUwJ.
cynyna mf ms rfiu cg br ehlhf ah
sFwJ. cyf rfiu cg 15 Gfhoid ah
bgWsJ. vD, gdhL thg ah rfiu
bjh gF f Fiwnt. mjhtJ 0.05 GfhL rfiu
Miy bjh vnehF y uidf, Miyf wid
KGikahf gagLjhik, fU cgahsfSF Fiwthd
iy za brj, bjh e, bjhrhiyfis _Lj
MadthF.
141

mu Mju, t kW Wtdf thuz _y

etilj rfiu Miyfis cf brj. 10M
IjhL l (2002-2007) MLf %.1300 nfho
Kjoiz yfhf bfhLsJ.
bjh bfhiff
LjiyF Kd bjhJiw f ajhf UjJ.
eho, Fljf ms bjhbfhif VJ iy. Mdh,
LjiyF d 1948 M ML khfgl
bjhbfhif KjKj bjhkakhfYF mfgl
Cfbkdyh.
vD, 1951 M ML bjhlfbgw Kjyh IjhL
l thd, Fljf kW cikahd bjh
kakhFj bfhif cUthaJ. bjh kakhFj xU fbga
khw vgJ 1951 M ML bfhLtugl (ts kW
xGFgLJj) rl MF. rl_y f Ka kW
mogil bjhrhiyfis muR j tr bfhL tjJ. nja
KaJt thj tU bjhf mu fLghoF
bfhLtu gld. mitahtd, mDr, nghjsthlf,
khd nghFtuJ, fg fLj, bjhiy bjhl, U v~F
bjh, yf, ftsf nghwit MF.
ulh IjhLl, bjhbfhif kW eho
ts fbga khwij VgLaJ. iuthd bjh
ts_y bghUshjhu tsia KL Ljny ulh
IjhL l Ka FnfhshF.
M ML bfhLtugl muayikigbaho 1956
MML cUthfgl bjhbfhif khdgo
iuthd
bjhkakhj
mogil
lLjY,
begLJjY cUthfglJ. 1956 M ML khd
eho nehf rkjk bghUshjhuij VWbfhSj
vgjhF. jgo midJ bjhfS (mogil kW ngh
bjhf) myJ r_f gaghL jikila mogil
1950

142

KaJt thj bjhf bghJJiw bghWUJ

eyKiw lL iuthd ts mila bra ntL.
thW, muR vfhy bjhrhiyf tsF neuo
bghWngf nelJ.
1956 M ML khd kWbkhU gkhz vdbt,

mogil kW fduf bjhf, _yjd bghUfis cUthF

bjhf, jrh bgW tif Ka Jiwf gnff
brj MF. Ef glfis cg br bjhiyl,
_yjd glfis cg br bjhfis xU Fl fhy
msF iuthd ts bgw aY vgij czaJ.
l vfhy bghUshjhu tsF mojslJ. nkY
l ntshik, Cuf W bjhfSF, mogil
flikfSF ngUj jJ.
bghJ Jiwia khaikj
(Public Sector Restructuring)

M ML Kj bjhlfbgw nga bghUshjhu

Ujf, bghJJiw Wtdfis Fljf msF
uikjJ. LjiyF d bjhlugl a bghUshjhu
bfhiff, a bghUshjhu Uj bfhiff_y KY
khwglJ. eho bghUshjhu, mu jiypLfUJ y
rijia rhjjhf khaJ. nga bghUshjhu iyjik
ghij; eho ll bghUshjhuij rij t nghoL
bghUshjhukhf MaJ. jid bghUshjhu bfhif
Uj vW miHnwh.
1991

j tKiw, jhuhskakhFj, jahkakhFj kW

cyf kakhFj Matiw cslaJ. a bfhiff
bghJJiw bgUgid (dominant role) FiwjJ. jF
(bghJJiw gF FiwF) fhuz, 1991 a bjh
bfhif, gF yf ( disinvestment) jah kW maehL
_yjdij CFj nghwit MF. nkTa midJ
bfhif LjfS bghJJiw Wtdfis kh
mikjJ. bghJJiw Wtdf ntiythig bgUFj
143

kW tUkhd g brj vw iyUJ kh cr

yhgij nehfkhf bfhL bragl bjhlaJ. bghJ
Jiw braghLf yhg nehfij bfhL bragLtij
gy Fiw Td. ey mogilyhd `iy bfhif
wdhFglJ.
1991 M Mo a bjh bfhif
#]iy 1991 M ML Kj mKgLjgl a bjh
bfhif f Ka nehf bjh Jiw nghoia
CFj _y jah Wtdfis mf ms cg
<Lgl brjny MF. flj MLf bjh mik
ts VgoUj `cUijit rbr jY, Kja
yhgij nrJ <L bghUL bjhJiw bragl
JtaJ. nkY Jiw ntiy th kW cg
gdhL ms nghoL KndW nehfij
bfhoUjJ.
bghJ Wtdfis kWuikj w Ujf
tUkhW
(i)

bghUshjhu jah Jiw gnfig CFj.

bghJ Jiwbfd bjhJiw xJfgl gFf
17UJ 8Mf Fljf ms FiwfglJ. Fghf
bjhiy bjhl, rhu, khd nghFtuJ, bgnuha
nghw Jiwf jahUF wJlgld.

(ii)

gFyf (disinvestment of share) bfhif _y

bghJJiw tsfis bgUFtJl; bghJJiw
Wtdf jah gnfig CFj.

(iii) ej bjh WtdfSF (sick industries), kWth

bfhLf, kWuikf bjh kW kWflik
FGF (Board of Industrial Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) )
gJiu brj.
(iv) wbgw bghJJiw Wtdfis (PSU) kL JJ
a rllf_y mj braghLfis kL
brj.
144

(v)

ML iy mif _y etilj bghJJiw

WtdfSF mfgL Mjuit gogoahf y
bfhSj.

(vi) ewhf braglToa bghJJiw Wtdfis (Public

S e c t o r U n d e r ta k i n g P S U ) kLnk itJbfhL kw
Wtdfis _oLtJ MF.
1998-99 M ML nkY uL bghJJiw Wtdf
mfwglJ. _W Jiwf kLnk bghJJiwF xJfgL
kw midJ jah kW btehL KjoF xJfglJ.
thW 1991 M Mo bjh bfhif bjh fLghoid
jsaJ. vdnt Fljf ms bghJJiw Wtdf
uikfglnjhL jahJiw ts CFfglJ.
bghJ Wtdf gFyf
(Disinvestment of Public Enterprises)

1991 M Mo a bjh bfhifdh bjh

kWuik bjhljJ. a bfhif gF yf mf
ms (Ceiling) vij zfhk bghJJiw Wtdf gF
yf brJ bfhs gJiu brjJ. beUfo fhuzkhf
bghJ Jiw Wtdf bgUks gF yf bfhifia
brayhf thd Kaf nkbfhsgld. J jah
kakhFj ju ntbwhW iy. _W khf csd.
mit ahtd. bghJ btpL (Public Offer) ms (Strategic
Scale) kW FWF clik (cross holding), 1998 M ML
muR 51 GfhLF nk ms gjF Ko brjJ.
jhf 74 Kj 100 % zjJ.
gFyf nehf Ka gFfshd r_f JiwfSF
mf ms KjL br bghUL ntW y JiwfUJ gF
yfiy nkbfhL tsfis uLj MF. thW uoa
tsfis Ug X bgwtfSF (VRS) bjhif tHFj,
bjhyhs gfF gagLJj, bjhrhiyfSF
145

ntiyfkjgnlh (redeployment) nghwtfSF tHFj.

jah Jiwia tsw brj, wid nghoia nkgl
brj Mad gF yf ntW y nehffshf UjJ. 199192 M ML %.30 aDFnk bghJ Jiw gF yf_y
vGgglJ. 1992-93 ML %.35 a yF zfgL %.18.6
a vGgglJ. 2002-2003 M ML tiu %.300 a gF
yf _y vGgglJ. lJ rh ffS, bjhrffS gF
yf bfhifia FiwTa nghY murhdJ bjhlJ gF
yf bfhifia bghJJiw kW yhgL JiwfY
bragL tUwJ.
jhuhskakhfY kW jahkakhfY
(Liberalisation and Privatisation)

jhuskakhFj vgJ rij Kiw myJ KjyhJt

bghUshjhu nghoia jah Jiwia KY rhUj
MF. J jilyh thg, ngjkw Rf t kW KG gnfid
Vw Matiw bfhoUjJ. jhuhskakhFj bfhif
jah Jiwia CFF bghUL mu gid bghUshjhu
eltoiff f Fiwthd msnt bragLJj MF. nkY
btUJ _yjdij tuntw, _yjd Mfij bgUFj,
VWk tUkhdij mfj, _yjd gagho wid
mfj j_y VWk bghUf ju nkghL cW
bragLj Mad MF. ah jhuhskakhf Mug
rijfLghoid myJ rij xGik _y jah
kakhFtij FF.
jhuhskakhf xU gFahfnt jahkakhf VW
bfhsglJ. jah kakhf vgJ bjhrhiyfis
bghJiwUJ jahUF cik khwij FLtjhF. J
(Transfer of Ownership). eho bghUshjhu eltoiff mu
gid FiwF xU tKiwahF. mfkhd tsia
bgWtjfhf, jah Jiw tsfis KGikahf gagLJj
_y ts cW bragLwJ. 1991 M ML Kj jah
kakhFj CFfglJ. Kiw nkbfhsglj
146

tiff Kiwna gFyf Kiw, bghJiwia jahUF

bfhLj, bghJJiw jah Jiwia jhuhskhf (deregulation
and delicencing) EiHa brj, nkyhikia bghJJiwUJ
jahJiwF bfhLj, bghJ Kjil jLJ WJj
nghwitahF. bghJJiwia kWuikj vgJ jnghJs
bghJJiw WtdfSF gFyf myJ jah
kakhjiy (Denationalisation) FF. jhuhskakhj kW
jahkakhjiy tuKiw kW ck kWj thyhf
bghJJiw gid fLgLjiy FF.
1 9 9 2 - 9 7 M Mo vlhtJ IjhL l a
bghUshjhu bfhif _y bghJJiw a yFfis
mila kWuik njit vgij tWJwJ. a nehf
ahbj, ``bghJJiw Wtdf f Ka gF tfnto
csJ. vthbw jirnahL, ngho kdghiknahL
wikahd thfnjhL fHntoa Jiw, mahta
cflik glf kW aif ts nkghLfis
rhj gFfis mfntL.

fhQ f vlh IjhL l bghJJiw

UjfshF
1.

kWuik, <Lgl brj, edkhFj, gFj

braghLf, cg fyit khw, jik btnaw
(Selective Exit) kW jahkakhj.

2.

VHh IjhL l bfhLtugl Jz

xgj _y (MOU) thf mikRg kW ka
bghJJiw Wtdf jf jir braghLfis
mfJ iugLaJ.

3.

Fl Wtd ms wnkghL, wikahd jiyik,

ts kW jhf thyhf nkyhikia khaikj.

4.

bghJJiw bga khwij bfhLtu khy muRf

Kajd.
147

5.

Muh kW ts (R & D) thyhf bjhEg

wFk, bjhEg nkghL.

6.

jhuhskakhFj kW btrij Kiwia g muR kW

mikrffSF ngha jhf g mj.

RWNH khrila fhuzf

(Environmental Hazards)

kj dF RWNH khrilj fbga ftiy

mfToajhf csJ. nkiy rKjha Efjik
(consumerism) vD gghodh mf cgia KLlJ.
jifa nkiy ehL braghL iH ehLfY gagLJ
kW vJL (use & through) vD cg glfis
bgUks bgUfbrjJ.
ah nghw tsU ehLf ts njitfis
iwntw RWNH khwij rf nejJ.
brtjehLf, RWNHYF ngha ms nrj VgLa wF,
tsU ehLf bjh tsF mf jilfis f
idwJ. mnj neu tsj ehLf jfsJ RWNH
ghJfhF tKiwfis tsU ehLfnshL gJbfhs
kWwJ.
LjiyF d ah fduf bjhfis
bjhlaj _y a bjhf cUthd, Vfdnt Uj
bjhf edgLjgld kW nkgLjgld. bjh
kakhFj RWNHYF fhf mikjJ. gRik u
RWNHiy bgUks nrjkila brjJ. nkY fhLfis mj
gizf nghwit RWNHiy f nrjkila brjJ,
ka, khy muRf RWNHiy ghJfhf, nkgLj gy
rlfis asd. uidfis nghf khRfLghL
tha cUthfglJ. tUgit ah khRfLgho
_y RWNHiy ghJfhf vLfgl eltoiff MF.
1. eho RWNH bfhif xiw VgLJj.
148

2. ahnlh (Kyoto Protocol) Kiwia g nja Rj

rhj ts fU (Clean Development Mechanism-CDM)
mfhuFG xiw VgLJj.
3. kWbgha RWNH RjKiwia nkbfhs
4. flnyhu fLghL gFia (Coastal Regulation Zone -CRZ)
Uaikj
5. eho nja urhad thf mik xiw tsw
brj.
thwhd Kaf gy UJ khRgLJ bjhrhiyf
Fghf gy ngus bjhf, ts, md rhu kW
mQrhu Wtdf nghwit fhW, , y Matiw
bgUks khRgLJwd. cyfs, bga efuf, J
eljgL jhFjf, vbz zWf, ehLfilna
bjhlahd nghf (v.fh. mbkfh, <uhFl
bjhLJsngh) ehLf mofo elJ mQFL nrhjidf
nghwit RW NHiy mf ms nrjgL ehff
rKjhaf uikjiy g mfiu bfhtiy.
bjh (Industrial Finance)
, bjh tsF KJbfYghF. bjhrhiyf
njit vgJ FWa fhy ms eilKiw _yjd.
(Working Capital) njitia FgjhF (m) l fhy ms
uju _yjd (Fixed Capital) njitia FgjhF. thwhd
njitia iwntw bjhrhiyf gy tf ia
vGwJ. ah, gy ehLf csJnghnw bjh
ahdJ UbgU tf ilwJ mitahtd (1) btt
(2) ct.
ct (Internal Source)
bjh fhd ct vgJ Wbjhfis bghWjtiu
jhnd uobfhl MF. ngus bjhiy bghWjtiu
gF_yjd, rjhbjhif nghwt_y brYjgl
149

_yjdij FgjhF. bjhrhiyf brhjkhd cgia

itia J FF.
bt t (External Source)
bt tahf bgwgl bjh vgJ bghJ
kflUJ bgwgl it, rk _yjd, flgu,
tf tflUJ ju WtdflUJ bgwgl
fl nghwit MF.
Wtdf
FWa fhy njitfis bghJit gF _yjd kW
tf tf fl nghwt _y iwnt
bfhsyh. vD lfhy njitfSF bjhrhiyf w
thj Wtdfisna mQf ntosJ. tsU ehLf
Wtdf ts tf vW miHfgLwd.
j bghU Wtdf g tsia nehfkhf
bfhljhf Uf ntL thW, Wtdf, jf
bfhiff kW lf _y ts nghif
Lgitfshf csd.
ehL ms (At National Level)
1. a bjh fHf (IFCI)
2. a bjh Kndw t (IDBI)
3. a bjh fl KjL fHf (ICICI)
4. a bjh KjL t (IIBI)
5. nja Wbjh fHf (NSIC)
khy ms (At State Level)
1. jehL bjh KjL fHf (TIIC) (1949 Kj)
150

2. khy fHf (SFC)

3. khy bjh ts fHf (SIDC)
iliyas (At the Intermediate Level)
1. ou M~ ah (UTI)
2. a M fhL fHf (LIC)
3. a bghJ Ru fHf (GIC).
bghUshjhu ts Wbjh Wtdf gF
xU eho bghUshjhu KndwF W bjhf
jiyaha gF twd. cg, ntiyth bgUf,
VWk gF, tUkhdij gjj MatF
Wbjhf gF Fljf ms csJ. Wbjhfis
Utiffshf fyh. 1. bjhik thj uhk kW
FoirbjhfS mjhtJ, fj uhk bjh, ifid
bjh, ifj ber, gL G tsj, fW bjhf
nghwit wj vLJfhLf MF. 2. ed W bjh
Wtdf. bjhikthj uhk kW Foir bjhfS
bgUthahf uhkwfY, efiu xoa gFfY fhzgL.
bjhf rhjhuzkhf rhudh aF aufis
gagLjkhlhf. nkY Fiwthd KjL kW bjh Egij
gagLna cg <LgLthf. Mdh, it rKjha mf
ms Vik iy cstfSF gF neu ntiy thig bgW
jUwd. nkY it mahta glfis cg brJ
jUtJl VWkF t tFwJ.
jfhy W bjhf, Kjo msit bghWJ,
ciH ria bghWJ tiuaWfgLwd. bjhf
(ts kW xGFKiw gLJj) rl 1951 Wbjhfis
(SSI) izl bragL Wbjh rhiyf 50
egfSlD, rhu cj bragL W bjhfSF 100
egf tiu ntiy brayh vd tiuaiw brJsJ.
151

mirah brhJf %.35 yrF Fiwthf (1981go)

Uj ntL. 1991 j tiuaiw %.60-75 yrJF
cajglJ. 9 M IjhL lgo j cr tu
%.100 yrkhf cajglJ. 10 M IjhL lgo
j cr tu cabjh Eg (Hi-tech )fis gagLJ W
bjhfSF %.50 nfho Mf cajglJ.
Wbjh tsF (SSI) muR gy j eltoiffis
vLJ tUwJ. ah xJL (Reservation) vD j
w thj rhjd 1970 M ML Kj W bjhfis fhJ
tUwJ. jgo bgUbjhfSF cg kW tsia
rl ahf jLf y jilfS, Wbjh cgF
t s F gh J fh m J ca tila b r wJ. 9 M
IjhL l Wbjhf VwjhH 8000 bghUfis
cg brwJ. jD 812 bghUf (15 GfhL) W
bjhfSF ghJfh mF bghUL xJfgLsJ.
jDl Tl, cflikF Jizj, bjhEgij
nkgLJj, fl bgWtjF KaJt mj, bfhif
ahf W bjhfSF cj j Ma tiff mu
bfhiff Wbjhfis CFJ cj J tUwJ.
bghUshjhu ts Wbjhf gF
(Role of SSI in Economic Development)
tUgtiw brJ cj tj_y Wbjh
KaJt bgWwJ. mf ms ntiy thfis
VgLJwJ, mnef bghUfis mwJ, VWkF mf
ms gf brwJ. tUkhdij rkkhf gL brtjF tr
thig VgLJwJ. btw gj bgWtjF
(Outsourcing Designation) t tFwJ. jdh flj 50
MLf Wbjh Jiw f Ka lij bgW
sFwJ.
xLbkhj bjh Jiw bgw tsial TLjyhf xW
Kj uL GfhL tiu tsia Wbjhf (SSI)
152

bgWsd. 2002 kh fzbfLgo ah 3.4 a

Wbjh myFf csd. it cg Jiw 40
GfhoF mfkhf bkhj kid bgWsJ. nkY
bkhj VWkF 35 GfhL jdJ gfig brYsJ.
tUgit (SSI) Wbjhf f Ka gF MF.
1.

cg Jiw kW bkhj cehL cg (GDP)

xLbkhjF Wbjhf gF Fljf ms
csJ.

2.

l fhyF ntiy thig cUthfToa Jiwahf,

WbjhJiw sFwJ.

3.

thg brYJ rkiy cs rkiyikia

nghFtjF
Wbjhf
jdJ
VWkia
CFgj_y cj wJ.

4.

ngus bjhf tUkhd Vw jhfis, brt

FF ttFF iy, Wbjhf, brt kW
rkkhd tUkhd gtjF cj wJ.

5.

ej, thig Hj, wikahd bjh KanthfSF

mf thfis Wbjhf tHFwd.

6.

ngha _yjdij cg gaghoF bfhLJ

cjwJ.

7.

Wbjhf a bryF Vw bjh Egij

gagLJtjh, cgF Vw eikf VgLwd.

8.

Wbjhf tsfis KGikahf gagL bfhS.

mf f (Wastage) Uf thiy. Wbjhf
mf xJL wid bgWsd.

9.

Wbjhf lghLf Fiw. vdnt, mf tsfis

bgUksyh d ciH rf (Huge Labour Force)
gagL bfhsKo.
153

Wbjhf fhzgL uidf

(Problems of Small Scale Industries)

Wbjhf mnef uidfis rwd. tUgit

mtW f Kakhdit MF. mit ahtd
1. cLf gwhFiw
2. _yjd gwhFiw
3. rijgLJj
4. wfis KGikahf gagLjhik
5. f mfkhd cg bry
WbjhfS, mu bfhif
(Government Policy on SSI)

1.

a bghUshjhu W bjhf mtaij

czjikah, Ljiy bgw eh Kj muR W bjh
Wtdfis ghJfhf gntW bfhif Kofis bfhL
tJsJ.

2.

1955 M ML lFG Wbjh nkghL

tKiwfis fla afgl fhnt FG jF
bga UKidahf mikjJ.

3.

ulh IjhL lnghJ a Wbjhfis

(SSI) Muhj Igh tYe FG bjh ngilfis
(Industrial Estate) bgUks gJiu brjJ Wbjh
tsF bgUks cjaJ.

4.

1967 M Mo cg bghUf xJL bfhif

W bjhYbfd cUthfglJ. J 1984 ML
rltkhd tia bgwJ.

154

M Mo bjh bfhif
nkghoF tsF bgJ cjaJ.

5.

1991

6.

S.P.

Wbjh

Fjh, gjh IjhL l xU bfhif tot

WbjhfSF tU rYiffis mjJ.
(m) cg t yF cajglJ.
(M) fl tiuaiw cajglJ (Loan limit)
() fl trf.
(<) Kjls cajglJ.

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

1.

xU eho cgw j ts _y bja tUwJ.

2.

3.

4.

m. ntshik

M. ju cflik

. wFk

<. bjhf

xU eho tik j_y ugwJ

m. ntshik ts

M. VWk

. nghFtuJ

<. bjh ts

bjh kakhFj jF f KakhdJ MF.

m. ntiythig bgUFj

M. _yjdijLj

. bghUshjhu tsia milj

<. jyh tUkhdij

caJj

a bjh bfhif btlgl ML

m. 1980

M. 1984

. 1991

<. 2001
155

5.

fhgdtW f Kakhd ntshikia mogilahf

bfhl bjh
m. U v~F
M. bk
. rfiu
<. rz

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

............ ah f gHikahdJ, f bga msyhd

bjhyhF.

7.

........... Ka nehf iuthd bjhkakhFj _y

eho tsia KL Lj MF.

8.

............ vgj bghU mfho myJ KjyhJt

bghUshjhu bgUthahf jah Jiw nghoia
rhjjhF.

9.

........... vgJ bghJ Jiwia jah tr xgilj MF.

10. ........... bghUshjhu ts bgUgF twJ.

III.

bghUJf :

11.

gF yf

ku bjhf

12. Foir bjh

jah kakhFj

13. ck kWj (Delicencing)

bjh br

14. Wbjh myFf

iliy glf

15. bkL

1991 bjh bfhif

IV.

fhQ dhfSF xU thijf

ilaf.

16. fy bghUshjhuij gW ehL vJ?

17. ngus bjhYF x vLJfhL jUf.
18. rfiu Miy bjh ntshikia mogilahf bfhl
bjhyh?
19. L.P.G. thf jUf.
20. ulh IjhL l Ka Fnfh vd?
156

gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

ilaf.

21. bjhkakhFjYF sf jUf.

22. fy bghUshjhu vwh vd?
23. jahkakhjh vgj sf jUf.
24. ga mogilyhd bjhfis tifgLJf.
25. jhuhskakhj sf jUf.
gF-
VI.

fhQ dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. bghJJiw KaJtij tf.

27. LjiyF KdU dU bjhf iyfis t?
28. vbdd Wtdf bjhtsF cj mwJ
vd goaLf.
29. bghJ Wtdf gF yfiy g FbgGJf.
30. vlh IjhL l bghJ Wtdfis kWuik
bra vLfgl xUizj fis t.
gF-<
VII. fhQ dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. gntW tif ngus bjhrhiyfis mitf
braghLfis tf.
32. bjhf mtaij Muhf.
33. bghUshjhu ts W bjh Wtdf gif t.
34. 1991 M Mo a bj bfhifia thf thf.
35. RWNH khrila fhuzf, isf tiw fLgLj
muR nkbfhl eltoiffis t.
157

ghl - 8
ta
(Banking)
ta tuyhW
bghJthf t vgJ tf tfisna FF. t
vw brh b#kha bkhahd `gh (Bank) UJ cUthaJ,
t vgjF TL gF (Joint Stock Fund) myJ Fa
(Heap) vdgL. buR bkh brhyhd ghnf (Bangue) kW
jha bkh brhyhd ghfh (Banco) MatUJ
njhUfyh. jha bkh ghfh vdgLtJ
Uifia FF. mUJ gz khWgt myJ
iljuff gz xUtifia kbwhU tifahf kh
jUtj _y t thg brjd. thW, gHfhy ta
Kiw gzkhW thgJl bjhl bfhoUjJ.
11 5 7 , K j b g h J t W t d k h d b t t
njhWfglJ. ghnyhdh t kW b#ndhth t
Kiwna 1401 kW 1407 ML njhWfgld. itna ed
tf tf KndhoahF. 1609 M ML njhWfgl
Mlh t kW 1690 khg (Mamburg Bank) tfSF
d gtjid t Kiw tswJ.

yhJ eho ed tKiwia njhWjj bgUik

jhia nrj ygho jfisna rhU. tf
jhUJ Inuha ehLf kW yhJF
Fobgajd. ygho jf yh gzij toF
bfhLF thg eld. 1694 M ML yhJ t
bjhlfbgwJ. 1833 TL gF tf tKiw (Joint Stock
Commercial Banking). bjhlfbgwJ. ed tKiw 19-M
whonyna tswJ vdyh. ah tfhs 1806
M ML tfhs t KjKj njhWfglJ.
158

tKiw ts
bjhuF Kd ahghu ms f f ajhf
UjJ. y MLfSF wF ahghu my ms
mfjJ. vdnt, TL thg Kiwfshd mik ahghu
mikf Wt bgwd. jifa thgKiw KjL
brgtfis tila brjd. vdnt Fiwthd KjLf
cstfTl bga bjh Wtdf gFjhuf Mdhf.
vD, xU y, lghLfis VW Wtdf KjL
brtij Ugiy. vdnt, kfsh VWbfhs Toa
tif ia uLtjfhf xU Wtd njhWfglJ.
thW ehofhf Kjoid uL xU Wtdnk t
vdglJ. vdnt, t vgJ gz ifahf bfhoUgt
fis gz njitgLgtfis izF xU WtdkhF.
jDlTl t jlUJ gz fldhf bgWgtf
jtidjt (default) brYJjdh VgL lghLfis
VW bfhwJ.
tf gHfhy iyf _W tifahd Wtdfis
cslaJ
1.

tf t (Merchant Banker): tf vgt mogil

xU ahgh Mth. Efnth gzij bgWbfhL
mjid jfsJ ghJfh itJ bfhth.

2.

gzij toF bfhLgt (The Money Lender): t

jl c mfgoahd gzij njitgLgtfSF
fldhf bfhLJ mjFlhd toia bgWbfhth.

3.

bghbfhy ( G o l d s m i t h ) vgt tho if a hs f ,

kf bghUfshd jf kW itu Matiw jdJ
brhj ghJfh itJbfhth. thoifahsfSF
njitgLnghJ mjid U bfhLJ mjfhd
toia bgW bfht.

jfhy tf nkfhQ _W tif mrfis bgW

sFwJ. rKjha Kndw, bghUa jidf,
159

jjik thfgl rij isthf bjhu VgL

mj fhuzkhf, jfhy tf tf tswd. tf
gahdJ nr kW ffis (Discounts) kLnk br
Wtdkhf yhk eho ia, mwflis kW
bghJkf cg Ufis ghJfhF ghJfhtydhf
bragLwJ. jfhy tf tf bjh kW tf
braghLfSF f aikahjjhf Uwd.
ta yfz (Definition of Banking)
tf gntW eltoiffis bghUa tYef
t myJ taiy tUkhW tiuaiw brJsd.
t vgJ rhjhuz tf iy fhnrhiyfis
thoifahsflUJ bgW mjid VWbfhL
gzij mtutuJ elfz (Current Accounts) fzF
itgjhF vd lhl v. bAg kW v. Ah t
yfzij TWwd.
(Cheques)

nrg Ugjh whL mfhuh (Dictionary)

TWgo, t vgJ gzij jdfnj itJ bfhtjF,
fl bfhLgjF kW gtjid nghwtiw br
WtdkhF.
bghUayhs busj TWgo tahsf
gahtJ gtjid _y gzij bgW mjid fldhf
bfhLgjhF
nguha bf (Kent) t gid thW
FLwh. bghJ kfl cs gzij nrfJ (accumulation
through deposit) mgzij njitgLgtfSF Kgzkhf
(Advance) bfhLgij jdJ Ka gahf bfhoUF xU
Wtdnk tahF.
nkfl tiuyfzfgo t vgJ bghJ
kflUJ it ia (Deposits) bgW mjid fldhf
Kgzkhf kfSnf tHFtjhF.
160

bghUshjhu ts tf gF
xbthU eho bghUshjhu tsY tf f
gaDs kW Kakhd gid twd. mit
HfYs gz bgUgFia jf fLghLF
itJsd. nkY tf vjbthU ehoY cg
aig l tyd.
bghUshjhu tf
KaJtij ma tf bghJthd kW Ka
gfis gyid bra ntL.
1. _yjd MfYs gwhFiwia nghFj
vj xU bghUshjhuY _yjd Mf iyba
bghUshjhu ts VglhJ. rKjha Fiwthf nrgjh _yjd
Mf gwhFiw VgLwJ. tsU ehLf _yjd
gwhFiw Ugjh xU gahSfhd _yjd rhjd
Fiwthf, mw g ma Kndw
nghwt Fiw VgLwJ. iy tf f
gaDs gahWwd. gwhFiwia nghf tf
nrig Kjil Lwd. wj tKiw
rKjha W nrig uo, cg WtdfSF mtiw
Kjlhf jUwJ.
t Ka braghLf
m.

tf ftfukhd toaJ mf it ia
uLtnjhL, j _y bgw nrig bra KjL (active
capital) Mf khWwd. iyba, bjhif
gaglhk UUF.

M.

tf nrfis cg WtdfSF fldhf

tH, ehL tsF cjwJ.

tf rKjha tsfis cjk ms gagLj

cj wd.
161

2.

mgjF fl bfhLgjF ttif brwJ

(Provision of finance & credit)

bjh kW tjfF tf mgjF, fl

bfhLgjF f Ka Mjhukhf bragLwJ. thf kW
tjfF tf cuh vbz (lubricant) ngh
bragLwJ. vdnt tf tjf braghLf
KJbfYghf bragLwJ vdyh. vdnt tf tikahd
braghLfdh thgK tjfK brF.
maehL thfij tf nkbfhLsd.
maehL gtjid bjhfis fbga tf
nkbfhLsd. cehL bjh WtdfSF maehL
WtdfSF ilna jFj VghL brJ cehL
WtdfSF njitahd auf kW ju rhjdfis
btehoUJ wFk brtjF flDj mJ (vfhy
brYJif _y) cj brwJ.
3. mfho ms thf
(Extension of the size of market)

ntWtY tf tf bjh kW thfF

cjwd. tf wj eltoiffsh bjh kW
tf tilwJ. thFnthUF kW nghUF ilna
iljufuhf tf tf bragLwd. tf
cjuthj
ng
(Bank
Guarantee)
glf,
tHfgLwd, bjhf kW thf tiltJ
kLkyhk, mj bghUSF njitahd cehL rijF
ttFwJ. jfhf tf lghLfis VWbfhwJ.
tf lghLfis jirahf LF nghJ,
bjhJiwahdJ ngus rijia vneh braglyh.
4. xU tlhu rkiy tsF aukhf (Engine)
tf bragLwd
xU eho gntW gFfSF njitnfg xJL
brJ tf tf cj brwJ. tf yhg nehnyna
162

bragLwd. tf jf ia cgfhf mf ms
fl tHFnghJ yhg mf ms UF. tf gntW
gFfis njbjLJ isfis mikj rhakhwJ.
ts th mfKs gF, tf tf ia
mf ms <wJ. Mdh, rg MLf, is tf
tlhu ts khw VgL bfhoUwJ. bghUshjhu
tsfhd cflik (Infrastructure) nkghoF tf
cj wd. vdnt xU tlhu rkiy tsF cg
aukhf tf bragLwd.
5. ntshik kW ju braghLfSF cj brj
tf tf cHtfSF flDj brtj _y ntsh
tsF JizwJ. isy nkghofhf,
ghrdfhf, ntshikia edgLJtjfhf,
aukakhFtjfhf, jf cgia cUthFtjF
cHtfSF fl tr njitgLwJ.
tf tf jf cjia fheil guhk,
ghts, ML ts, nfh ts, njhlfiy nghw
JiwfSF thf brJsd.
6. kf thif juij caj cjwJ
Ef Kiwia bghUnj kf thifju
mslgLwJ. Efnth mah glf, mirah brhJf
Matiw thFtjF tf flDj brJ, mj_y
mtf thif ju cau cjwd.
kj KjL Mfij o, gzbfhif mikig
VJth, bjhKidnthiu CFJ eho bghUshjhu
tsF tf tf bgU gahWwJ.
tf tf
yhgfhf bragL xU Wtdnk tf tahF.
163

tf tf bjhik gfshtJ, bghJkf it

fis VWbfhtJ, gntW JiwfSF flDj mgJ Mait
MF. vD, ed tf vGahY, ta Kiw tsJ
tUtJ bghUshjhu ts xU iz braghlf csjhY
tf tf ts Fljf tif khw VglJ.
tf tf EfnthUF thW gytif t gfis bra
bjhlaJ. tf tf mogil af khwhknyna UjJ.
Kfhy tf tf TL Wtdfshfnt (Joint Stock Companies)
yhg nehFlndna bragld. mit FWafhy kW eLjufhy
flfis, tffSF, bjh mgfSF flDj brJ
mtf njitia brjJ. ed fhy tf lfhy
flfis ahghfSF, bjhygfSF tHFwJ.
tf tf gf
tf tf gntW gfis tUkhW fhngh
1. it ia VWbfhSj (myJ) <j
kf nrig uo `it ia cUthFwJ. j
it _tifgL.
m) nr it
J kfSF rhjhuz gzfhd ghJfh bglf
MF. it nr fz itfgLwJ. it bjhifF
bgausF to mfgLwJ, nkY gz njitgLnghJ
itjhuUF gz tHfgLwJ. tH Fl fhyF
Fl ms gz, Fl vif kL gz Ug
bgwyh (withdrawal) vd csJ. fhnrhiy trfS
itjhufSF tHfgLwJ.
M) njit it
J el fz itfgLwJ. njitgLnghJ
itjhu gzij bgwyh. Mdh fzF itUgt vts
bjhif kW vjid Kiw tlUJ gzij Ug
164

bgWsh vgij, gz bgW vif (Number of

withdrawals) FlntL. tif fzF J tf to
VJ mfhJ. khwhf, tif fzFfis itUgtfSF
nrit flz wJ.
) uju it
jid fhy it vW miHfyh. xgj fhyF
K it ia bgw ayhJ. jifa it bjhifF mf
to tHfgLwJ.
2) fl tHFj
tf fl kW Kgz tHFtjF gy tKiwfis
ifahSwJ. braghLf gytifahF.
m) buhf fl
j egUnfh, WtdfSnfh izagufis bgW
(collateral security) tf fl bfhLJjwJ. fl
thFgt fz fl bjhif brYjgLtjh fl
thFgt jdF njitgLnghJ mjid bgW bfhsyh.
flbjhif cr ms fl thFgt brYJ iyia
bghUJ t khwJ. fl thFnth jdJ flid mj
msFnsh myJ mjFslnah bgWbfhsyh. fl
bgWgt bgw flDF kLnk toaj nghJkhdJ.
M) ifgW tr (Overdraft)
eifF, kahijFa thoifahs rYifia
bgWwd. thoifahs jkJ t fz gz
iybawhY jdJ njitF Vg fhnrhiyia tH
ifgwhf gzij bgwyh.
) khW Lfis f brj
rhjhuz _W khjfSF, tf gufisnah, cW
165

guijnah (Promisory Notes) kW khW Lfis kWf

brnjh braghL tf tfsh nkbfhsgLwJ.
coaf Kfknfg to kW nrf flzij
(collection charges) jJ nghf j cs bjhifia
thoifahslnk mJLwJ. khWL coa
KWnghJ thoifahslUJ gz bgwgLwJ.
3. fl cUthf (Creation of credit)
tahsuh tHfgL fl xU itbjhifia
cUthFwJ. Vbd t flid tHFnghJ thoifahs
bga xU fzF bjhlf bgWwJ, flbjhif mt fz
brYjgLwJ. fl that jdJ njitnfg mjid
tUJ vLJbfhsyh. tif itbjhif
gzUig mfJ mj_y gz RHahdJ a
gzHfij VgLJ.
4. ju gf
tf tf MW ju Ka gfis ghngh.
m) ia khWj
ed fhy tjf kW thgjh ia xU
lUJ kbwhU lF khWtJ fodkhwJ. tf
fhnrhiy, (Cheque ) tiunthiy (Draft), t Miz (Pay Order)
gaa fhnrhiy (Tr a v e l l e r s C h e q u e ) nghw rhjdfsh
lghil nghFwJ. jid rbrj (clearing)
vnwh. g tfdh brikahf iwntwgLwJ.
M) Kfik gf
jdJ thoifahsUF Kftfshf tf tf
bragLwd. MfhL bjhif, xa, gFbjhif
_yjdnjit nghw midJ njitfis tf tf
thoifahsfSfhf brJ jUwJ. Jnghy, mit jf,
bt kW ghJfh gu (Securities) nghwtiw thf,
f brwd.
166

) bghJ gaghL nritf

i) bghJ gaghL nritfshd, thoifahsf
kf bghUfis ghJfhf ghJfh bglf tr VgL
jUwJ.
ii) fl foj thoifahsUF tHFwJ.
iii) bghJ Wtdf kW Tlhik Wtdf
(Corporations) gFfis th fhL brJ egahWwJ.
iv) tjf, tf bjh rhj jft kW a
Mjhufis bjhFjwJ.
thW tf tf rKjhaF gy kf
nritfis wd. tsj ta Kiw bjh kW
bghUshjhu tsia CFF. wj bghUshjhu rKjhaij
cUthf tf cnuhlkhf csd. ah nghw tsJ
tU ehLf tf tfis ts ta vW
miHfyh. tf jf Mjhu _y KDik
JiwF, tik Fa JiwfSF kW ntiy th rhj
lfSF KjL brJ eho ts Ka
gnfwJ.
ika t (Central Bank)
eho xU jiyik Wtd (Apex Institution) Ujh kLnk
mJ meho taik Kiwia mj braghLfis
Kiwahf, xUizj KiwY t el bryKo.
mthwhd xU jiyik Wtdnk ika t vdgLwJ. eho
ika tahdJ `jdh WtdkhF. ika t tf
tfis jdJ fLghoF bragl, nkghit bra
mfhu bgWsJ. ika t meho gz kW ta
Kiwia fL gLJwJ. Kj cyf nghUF 1929 M
ML Ubr eilbgw kheho rtnjr gz ga
kheho (International Monetary conference) xbthU ehoY ika
t mikf ntoaj mtaij tWaJ. mj
167

mogil ekJ eho ika tahd a r t 1935

M ML WtglJ. yhJ eho ika tahd
yhJ t (Bank of England) 1694 M ML WtglJ.
ika tf braghLf kW mogil nfhghLfis
yhJ t sFtjh J tf t (Mother of
Central Banks) vwiHfgLwJ.
uhR eho ika t gh M uhR .. 1800
WtglJ. Ia mbkf ehLf jdJ ika tahd TL
rKiw (Federal Reserve System) 1914 M ML
JtfglJ.
ika t yfz
ika tia mj gfis bghWJ tiuaWfgLsJ.
bghUayhsf mJs yfzfS xU y tUkhW.
bghUa tYd TWgo ika tahdJ xU
jj t ta Kiwia FwJ. Jjh gzij
btLj KGikahd fLghil bgwjhfnth, (Monoply)
a Vfnghf jcik bgwjhfnth (Residual Monoply) csJ
MF.
h ika t eho flid fLgLJ xU
mikghF vd yfz tFJsh. bghUayhs Ahnu
ika t vgJ fl tHF fil fl vwh. .V.
rhKntr ika tahdJ tf t MF. nkY
eho gz mid fLgLJtJ (High-Powered Money)
bgU k gzij bfhl mik vW yfz
tFJsh.
H.A.

ika tF tf tfSF cs ntWghLf

fhQ tiff ika t tf tfUJ
ntWgLwJ.
168

1.

eho gz kW ta KiwF ika t jiyik

tahF. tf tahdJ taik Kiw rlahd
xU myF kLk ika tF J fLgljhF.

2.

ika t gz mroR tHf KWik bgWsJ.

tf tfSF ik iy.

3.

ika t yhg neh braglhJ. j nehf eho

bghUshjhu bfhiffis tsgLJtjhF. Mdh, tf
tf Kakhd nehf jdJ gFjhufSF
yhgij <o jUtnjahF.

4.

ika t eho maehL bryht Uig tJ

tUwJ. ika t begLJjYnfg tf tf
maehL bryhtia nkbfhwJ.

5.

ika t mu cWghf, tahf,

Mnyhrfuhf bragLwJ. mnj neu, tf tf
bghJ kfSF Mnyhrfuhf, tahsuhf
bragLwJ.

ika t gf
ika tf gf midJ ehLfSF bghJthdJ.
Mdh ika t viy kW bfhif nehff fUJ
xU ehoF w ehoF, fhyh fhyF, eho
bghUshjhu Niyia bghUJ khWgLwJ. bghJthf,
midJ ika tfS jdJ gz nkyhik _y mf ts
j, cfj btehL brYJiy Mat _y eho
bghUshjhu iy jikia VgLj KawJ. ika
t bghJthd gfshtd.
1. gzij xGFgLJj (Regulator of Currency)
fhj gzij (Paper Currency) btLj ika t
f Ka gahF. rltkhd gzij HfF mj
ika t kWbkhU gahF. ika t (r t)
169

btpLJiw (Issue Dept.) gz kW fhRfis tf

tfSF mwJ. eho bghUshjhu iynfg ika
t fl kW gzHfij xGFgLJwJ. gz mF
Kiw ika tahdJ jlnj Fl ms jfij
maehL bryht U kW it (Securities) Matiw
itJbfhL gzij mL btLwJ. a r t
jlnj %.115 nfho jfij kW 85 nfho maehL
itfis itUf ntL. Mdh gz mL btl
vj tiuaiw iy. ika t gz btLtjF KWik
bgWsjh tU eikfis bgWwJ. mitahtd
i. gz mig tHFt ika t uhd eltoif
nkbfhtjh gzfLghil tf aYwJ.
ii. gz mik Kiw iy jikia bfhL tUwJ.
vdnt bghJkfilna jdifia VgLJwJ.
iii. gz mL btLtjh muRF yhg ilwJ.
2. t, Kft kW muRF Mnyhrf
ika t (a r t) muRF tahf,
Kftuhf, Mnyhrfuhf bragLwJ. xU tahf ika,
khy mu fzFfis jlnj bfhL, mu rhghf
mtiw bry brwJ (Payments). mu rhghf ma
gzfis thf, f brwJ. eho jf Uig
itJ bfhwJ. Kftuhf (fiscal agent) ika t muRF
90 ehfSF fhk FWa fhy fldJ cjwJ.
ika t khy muRfSF, csh mikfSF
flD, KgzK tHFwJ. mu rhghf midJ
b g h J f l f i s i k a t n k y h i k b r w J . x U
Mnyhrfuhf (advisor), muRF, gzk Fiw ( devaluation)
ma bryht bfhif, iy mif, l nghw
bghUshjhu uidfis rkhf gaDs Mnyhrid ika
t tHFwJ.
170

3. tf tf buhf Uf ghJfhty
(Cash Reserve)

tf tf jflUF gz, Fl GfhL

buhf U (Cash Reserve)fis ika tl itUf
ntL. j UfUJ ika t ia xU
tUJ kbwhU tF fhnrhiy _y gkhw
(Transfer) brwJ.
4. ma bryht U ghJfhty kW nkyhs
eho ma bryht Uig nkyhik brwJ.
maehL gzkhW jij (Exchange Rate) cehL
gzknghL ika t zwJ. ma bryht khW
j VjhtJ Vwjh Ujh, ika t mjnfg
ma ehL gzij thf f brJ khWj
(Exchange rate) UF iyaw jikia Fiwf ika
t eltoif vLwJ.
5. fil fl ika t (Lender of Last Resort)
tf tf, coa il juffSF,
WtdfSF kW f brJ, izghJfh mogilY
fl tH ika t, tf tfSF fil flkhf
bragLwJ.
tif tf tfSF WtdfSF, lghlhd
iyUJ Ltu, eho flik Fiyahk
Ugjfhf, nkTa Wtdf lghlhd Niy
mtfSF flDj brJ fhghWwJ.
6. gkhw g (Clearing Function)
gkhw Kiw_y ika t ju tf tfSF
gkhw L Mf (Clearing House) bragLtjh xUtUbfhUt
njitf iwntwgLwJ. tf tf gz Uig (Cash
Reserve) ika t jdfnj bgUgjh, jh xU
gkhwlhf ika t bragl vjhwJ.
171

7. fl fLghlhs (Controller of Credit)

eho bghUshjhu tf tf fl cL
gQ Mwiy fLgL mj_y gzf kW
gzthlij ffhF f bgU gia ika t
nkbfhwJ. jF ika t fl msfLghLf
(Quantative methods) fl jik (Qualitative methods) fLghL
Kiwfis ika t nkbfhwJ.
fl ms fLghL Kiw vgJ fl bry kW fl
msit fLgLJtij nehfkhf bfhlJ. fl ms
fLghL Kiwf (Quantative Method) _tifgL . mitahtd.
1. t j (Bank Rate Policy)
2. bt mfho eltoif (Open Market Operations)
3. tf tf buhf U jij khWj (Variation
in Reserve Ratio)

fl jik fLghLKiwf (Qualitative Methods)

fl gaid, beghoid fLgLJwJ.
Kiw IJ tifahf bragLwJ.
i) W tu njitf
ii) Efnth flfis xGFgLJj
iii) flid njitnfg mj (rationing of credit)
iv) ika t neuo braghL
v) miuf (Moralsuasion)
nkfhQ gf kLk TLjyhf y gfis ika
t wJ. fhQ uidfshd. (i) fl (Credit) (ii) iy
iy Vwjh (iii) ma bryht k Vwjh,
172

nkY ika t gz kW tufis uLtJ,

Muh nkbfhtJ, jft jUtJ nghw gfis
nkbfhwJ. cyf t (World Bank) kW gdhL Wtd
(IMF) bjhlghd gfis ftf ntL. bkhj xU
eho ika t kW gz ghJfhtydhf
sFwJ.
ika t nkbfhS fl fLghL Kiw
fl fLghL ika t xU Ka gahF. tf
tf vG fl bgUfij fLgLj ika t gy
Kiwfis ifahSwJ. m U Ka Kiwfshtd.
1. fl msfLghL Kiwf (Quantiative Methods)
2. fl jik fLghL Kiwf (Qualitative Methods)
fl ms fLghLKiwf fl msit thfnth,
RUfnth gagLwJ. vLJfhlhf ika t t fl
ghJfhghd cr ms %.50,000 nfho vd bfhnth. Mdh
Fl neu cikahd tfl %.75,000 nfho vd
bfhnth. vdnt, a r t t jij Mjkhf
gagL fl msit %.25,000/- nfhoF FiwjJ. vdnt,
fl ms eho FiwjJ.
kbwhU w fl jik fLghL Kiwf (Qualitative
bjh myJ tf, mu
bghUshjhu KDik mogil fl fLghL msit
xGFgLJwJ. vLJfhlhf mahta glfis th
F Cf tffSF, gJffhufSF tf tf
fl bfhLjj fhuzkhf eho gzf ywJ, iyth
cajJ vd a r t kL brjjhf bfhnth.
nghJ a r t tf tfis Cf tffSF
gJf fhufSF gz fl mf ntlh vd
mWJwJ. nkfh gFgh _y eh mtJ vdbt
fl ms fLghL Kiwia `kiwKfkhd Kiw vd
jik fLghL Kiwia `neuo Kiw
Kiwahf bfhsyh.
Methods of Credit Control)

173

flds myJ bghJjik fl fLghL Kiwf

(Quantitative or General Credit Control Methods)

1. t j (m) kWf j bfhif

(Bank rate or Discount rate policy)

ika t F to jnk t j vdgL. jid

`kWf j vW miHfyh. j jnyna ika
tahdJ tf tf itUF muR guf,
coaf Matiw kWf brwJ. tf tf
buhf it (Cash Reserves) Fiwjgr rltkhd
Uigl Fiwthf UFnghJ tf TLj gz
bgWtjF, jflKs jFs gufis ika t
itJ fl bgwyh myJ coafis ika t _y
kWf brJ TLj gz bgwyh. gF ika t
toia tNJ bfhS.
t j cajgL nghJ ika tl flbgWtJ mf
bryit VgLJ. vdnt tf tf Fiwthf flbgW (ika
tlUJ) khwhf, tf tf thoifahsUF fl
mF to jij ca L. jdh tf braghLf
CfHF.
vdnt, glf njitFiw, iy
ail. Mfnt gz fij fLgLJtjfhf t j
cajgLwJ. khwhf ``gzthlij nghf t j
FiwfgLwJ.
2. btrij eltoiff (Open Market Operations)
muR guf, kW jah Wtdf ghJfh
guf (Securities) coaf (Bill) Matiw ikat,
th, F eltoifna
btrij eltoif
vwiHfgLwJ.
gz fnghJ ika t Kjju coafis (First
gz rij wJ. oafis thF tf
tf ika tF ca gzij brYJthf. tf
tf, ika tl itUF buhf Uig
Class Bills)

174

FiwJL. y tf fl bfhLgij jilbrJ tUwJ.

t h W , gz fij L brag hLf t f li d
fLgLJtjdh tf braghLf FiwJ gzf
fLgLjgLwJ.
bghUshjhu kj fhyf ika t coaf kW
ghJfh gufis, tf tUJ thF. jF tf
tF ika t gz bfhLJL. vdnt, tf tf buhf
U mfF. j_y tf jf flid mfgjh,
_yjd, ntiyth kW iyf mfF. thW, eho ika
tahdJ jdJ tf braghLf kW bghUshjhu iyia
oLwJ.
3. khW U j (Variable Reserve Ratio)
xbthU tf t rlgo ika tl xU
Fl ms GfhL gzij it ahf itUf
ntL.
tf tfl Fiwj ms U gzijl TLjyhf
cs U, TLj U (Excess Reserve) vdgL. tf
tf j TLj U mogilnyna fl tHFwJ.
ika t U njit khwij bfhLtuyh.
jdh tf tf U bjhif gh VgLtJl
tf tf ika tl brYs it, KjL kW
fl bfhLgjbfd itJs Y gh VgL.
vLJfhlhf, ika tl 10% U (Reserve
requirement) ia tf tf tf ntL vwh, tf
tf xbthU 1000 %gh it bjhifF % 100 I
ikatl buhf U (Cash Reserve) itjJ nghf j
cs %.900/- fldhf mfyh. gzjij fLgLj
buhf Uig (Cash Reserve) 10% UJ 15% Mf ika t
cajyh. jdh tf tf jhf fldf itJs
TLjyhd 5% bjhifia ika tl brYj ntoa flha
VgL. khwhf gz thlij nghf ika t buhf Uig
175

UJ 7% Mf Fiwfyh. jdh tf
tf buhf U TLjyhf, mJ mF fl tr 3%
mfF.
(Cash Reserve) 10%

fl jik fLghL Kiwf

(Qualitative or Selective Credit Control)

fl jik fLghL Kiwf vgJ flid

gagLJgtfSF mfgL bjhifia fLgLJtJ,
xGFgLJtJ MF. j nehf Cf thf nghw
Ugjfhj brafSF t flDj mfhk rKjhaF
gaDsitfSF flDj brtjhF.
Kakhd fl jikfLghL Kiwf tUkhW
(m) Wnjit (Margin Requirements)
j Ka nehf Cf thf <LgLgtf
gFguij (Securites) thFtij jLgjhF. ikat gF
guij (Securities) thf fl tHFtjF y Fiwj ms
fLghL (tf tfSF) wJ. v.fh. ikatahdJ 30%
Wnjit wJ v, %.1000F gFgu (Security)
thFtjF %.300/-I Wgzkhf itJ bfhL %. 700 I fl
tHFtjF itJ bfhsyh. ikatahdJ Cfthf
braghLfis jLf idjh W njitia mfF. khwhf,
flid thf idj W njitia FiwwJ.
M) Efnth flid xGF gLJj
( Regulation of Consumer Credit)

Efnth mahglfis jtiz Kiw thf fl

bgWtij ika t fLgLJwJ. jid mila ika t
Utfis ifahSwJ.
1. Fiwthd buhf brYJj (minimum down payment)
2.

U brYJt mf fhy (v.fh. 36/48/60 jtizf)

176

) flid njitnfg gL brj

(Rationing of Credit)

tf tf vjfhf fl mwnjh; mjid

fLgL ffhJ bfhLgnj fl gL brj MF.
J UtiffshF 1. tf tf xbthU JiwF mF
fldsit ika t fl tuid zwJ. j tuF
mfkhf mit fl bfhLf ayhJ. 2. khW _yjd brhJ
j (Variable Capital assets ratio) j bghU `ika t tf
tf bkhj brhJf _yjd jF Vg rbrwJ.
<) neuo braghL (Direct Action)
neuo braghL vgJ ika t tf tf xU
Fl bfhifia fil of ntL vd mWJwJ.
ika t tf tfSF fl miufis gwJ.
1. fl bfhLF bfhiff
2. Kgzf vbjj fhuzfSfhf bfhLfglyh.
3. bgw flfSF W gz tfgLj ntL.
c) miuTWj (Moral Suasion)
el bghUshjhu iy ika tahdJ tf
tfis bghJ gzbfhifia filof nto nfL
bfhtJ, bjhlJ mthnw Ljiy brtJ ika t
g MF.
C) sgugLJj (Publicity)
ika tahdJ bghJkfSfhf tf tf
brhJf kW brydf rhj tufis thubkhU Kiw
myJ khjbkhU Kiw myJ fhyhLF xUKiw jh
btL mif bjwJ. nkY ika tahdJ gz
m iyf, cg, ntiy th nghwit rhj
tufis btLwJ.
177

tf ehLlikahfgLj
a ta Kiw bjhlahd beUfofis
rjj isthf 20 who Kj gh tf
ts bkJthf UjJ. Mdh, LjiyF wF, a t
Kiw fbga ts fhzglJ. j fhuzkhf
llgl bghUshjhu Kndw, gz m mfj,
ta Kiw ts, 1950 ghu nl tfS mj
iz tfS mikfglJ, a r t fLghL
kW tfhL Kiwf, it midijl tf tf
#&iy 1969 14 tfS kW 1980 6 tfS muRilik
Mfglj fhuzkhf t ts Kiw fbga khw
VglJ.
ehLlikahjYF Kd a tf ta Kiw, eho
llgl bghUshjhu tsF nghJkhd gF g
Mwiybad y bghUayPf fUdhf. tf
Kd bjhygf kW tjfYs bgUfsh kLnk
tfglJ. mtf bghJgzij gagL j bjh
rhuh{aij cUthd. a bjhf, tjf myFf bjhlJ
wffgld. ntshik fl xUnghJ tHfgliy. bghJ
nr, r_f nuhj rltkw brafSF gagLjglJ.
vdnt, a muR 14 tf tfis #]iy 1969 M ML, kW 6
tf tfis Vu 1980 M ML vLJbfhlJ.
(ehLlikahaJ) j tf t f fhQ tiff
bragLwJ.
m) ghuj nl t
M) ghuj nl t 7 iztf
) UgJehLilikahfgltf
<) a Tlhik tf tf (Indian Joint-Stock
Commercial Banks)

c) ah bragL maehL tf
C) tlhu Cuf tf
178

ehLlikahfgl tf braghLf
ehLlikahfgl tf tfsh Vgl gafshtd.
a taikKiw xnu uhd iy mu ta
bfhifY, gz bfhifY jFjbjhU Niyia
VgLbfhLjJ.
ehLlikahfgl wF tf tf, jf gHik
thj braghLfUJ kh, jdJ nehffis gntW
fsf iwnt L eilnghld. tf t, t
isfis mfkhFj, itfis uLj, cg
brafSF cj brj, wffgl JiwfSF mf
fl tHFj, ta xU bga brafa braghLf
brj nghw khbgW rhjidfis tf tf gilJsd.

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.

ah Kj Kj t bjhlfbgw ML

2.

m. 1770

M. 1806

. 1801

<. 1782

Fiwj ms it Kiw (Minimum Reserve System) FgJ.

m. Hf gz btL Kiw
M. tf tf jf a g xU bjhifia
RB Il itUj.
. tf tf jf it xU gid buhf
gzkhf itUgJ.
<. thoifahsf jf itbjhif xU gFid
Fiwjgr Ughf itUgJ.
179

3.

4.

5.

yhg nehffhf braglhj tid FLf.

m. Muh t

M. fduh t

. a xt t

<. a r t

gdhF tf tf ehLlik Mfgl ML

m. 1969

M. 1951

. 1949

<. 1980

tf tf f Kakhd g
m. flD KgzK tHFtJ
brj
. it bjhifia bgWtJ

M. coafis kWf
<. tfilna fl
bgWj

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

VWk wFk t .......... thgF fl tHFwJ.

7.

fl mig, t jij khWtJ myJ .......... _y

fLgLJwJ.

8.

eghL (NABARD) t ........... flid kafhy kW l

fhyF tH cjwJ.

9.

a r t (RBI) Vu .......... ML mikfglJ.

RBI

10. mwhl gkhwfhf tf tf jf tr

itUgJ .......... gz MF.
III.

bghUJf.

11.

gz mLt KWik

m. tf tf

12. buhf U j (C.R.R.)

M.rlt
Fiwjgr toj

13. tj

.tffSF
tHfgLs tr
180

14. if gW (Overdraft)

<. bkhj it bjhif

3 Kj 15 rjj

15. ehLlikahfgLj

c. a r t

IV.

xU thijf ilaf.

16. ah KjKj ehLlikahfgl t vJ?

17. el fzif t itUgtf ah?
18. VWk - wFk (Exim-Bank) tia bjhla Wtd vJ?
19. tf fil fl vJ?
20. tf tf Hf gzij mL btlyhkh?
gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

ilaf.

21. t vgj bghU ahJ?

22. tf tfis g W F tiuf.
23. ika t vwh vd? cjhuz jUf.
24. btrij eltoiff vwh vd?
25. miuf TWj (Moral Suation) vgj bghU vd?
gF-
VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. bghUshjhu ts tf gfis sFf.

27. ika tF tf tfSF cs ntWghLf ahJ?
28. ika tia g gntW bghUayPf fUJfis
bjhFJ TWf.
29. a r t fl msfLghL Kiwfis t.

181

30. tf tf tHF gntW flfis Kgzfis

siuf.
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. tf tf gfis sFf.
32. ika t gfis siuf.

182

ghl - 9
gdhL thf
(International Trade)
cyfkakhj
cyfkakhj vgJ xbthU ehLf bghUshjhuij,
cyf ehLf bghUshjhunjhL izj, gdhL thf,
gdhL KjL, gdhL Mat mf ms
btgil jiknahL bragLtJ cyfkakhj rhuhrkhF.
cyf ehLf midij xUizj xnu bghUshjhu
mikghf khaikgjF cyfkakhj vW bga. midJ
ehLf glf kW gf thg, KjL brtjFa
midJ jilfS fgLwJ.
if bugh ( G u y B r a i n b a n t ) vgt TWgo
cyfkakhf vgJ cyf thfij JtFtnjhL kLk
bjhiy bjhl tKiwfis Kndwkila brj,
mfhoia gdhL kakhFj, gdhL Wtdf
tsF KaJt bfhLj, kfbjhif bga,
bghJthf jegf lbga mfkhj fhuzkhf,
glf, KjL, tuf kW fUJfnshL m
bjhWnehf, khR milj nghwit g MF.
cyfkakhj vgJ fl msLfis FwJ.
1.

cyf ehLf thg tilj.

2.

kf l bgajiy CFj.

3.

gz myJ vfhy brYJiff mf ms gkhw

eilbgWj.

4.

KjL mf ms l bgaj.

5.

Kjo lbgaia mfj.

183

6.

nkTa midJ eltoiffY <Lgl btehL

Wtdf njhWj.

7.

gy ehLfilna bjh Egij gtjid brj.

8.

br kW mQrhjdf tsia mff

brj.

9.

f cgl thg kW midJ gf cgia

tsaila brj.

jhuhskakhf (Liberalization)
#] khj ma bryth UghdJ
cLfSfhd Mjhu mf uL thufSF kLnk
nghJkhdjhf UjbjhU flhd Niy ah,
jhuhskakhf bghUshjhuij filoJ nfodh
flid Fj fhy Ug brYj Koahj iy VglJ.
ah flju jhJ l iy btehL th
af jfsJ Uig btehL ehzakhf Ug
bgWbfhs Mujjdh FWa fhyflfis tHa bt
ehL WtdfSF brYjntoa flid Fj fhy
brYj Koahj iy a muRF VglJ.
1991,

vdnt, uridfis rkhf, eho bghUshjhuij

f, cehL btehL Jiwf fLikahd bfhif
eltoiff mKf MaJ. bfhif eltoif midJ
xU gF cldonjit fU, kWgF cyf t kW
gdhL Wtd miugo nkbfhsglJ.
j jhuhskakhf bfhifdh btrij ika
bghUshjhu ah btFiuthf KndaJ.
jhuhskakhf bfhif eltoiff
jhuhskakhf,
jahkakhf,
cyfkakhf
lgo fbga bfhif Kof nkbfhsgld.
mjgo muR iy 1991 20% msF gzk brjJ. a
bjhbfhif, a thg bfhif, a VWk wFk
184

bfhiffis 1991 mjJ. jgo nkbfsgl

eltoiffshtd bjh bjhlFtjfhd ck bgWjiy uJ
brj, bghJJiw WtdfSfhd jil bragl thf
eilKiw rlij (MRTP-Act) Uaikj, mu gntW
fLghLfis Ug bgUj, jah kakhfiy CFj
Rftfis btFthf Fiwj, mfho khF ma
brythF khbfhs, gntW a kW gza
Jiw Ujf nghw midJ eltoiffS a
bghUshjhu bfhiff (NEP) mlFtjhF.
MLf bry elfz iyahd ts UjJ.
nknkY ma neuo KjoF gntW Jiwf
wJlgld. jdh bjhiy bjhl, rhiynghFtuJ,
JiwKf, khdnghFtuJ, fhL kW fu bgUJiwf
ma neuo KjL mfjJ.
1990f mkyhfgl jhuhskakhf, jahkakhf,
cyfkakhf fhuzkhf xUizj ah bfhLtugl
cyfyha thf kW Kjodh rg MLf fbga
bghUshjhu tsia ah flJ. bgU ts UJ,
ntiyik, tWik, Vwjh, Fiwthd msshd kj
ts Mait eehoF fbga rthyhfnt csJ.
maehL KjL
1990f ah Vgl bghUshjhu lghoid
rbra nkbfhsgl a bghUshju bfhifgo maehL
KjL f Ka gid twJ. a bghUshjhu bfhif
f Ka nehf mf msyhd bghUshjhu tsia
miltjhF. eho bghUshjhu Kndwij mila, ehza k
Fiw, gz yif Fiwj, gUbghU gwhFiwia Fiwj,
thgij jhuhskakhFj, bjh Jiwia jah kakhFj,
maehL KjLf kW nghofis tuntw nghw tKiwf
gagLjgld. bjhJiw cs KjL ilbtia ug
maehL KjL CFfglJ.

185

maehL KjlhdJ bjhEg, mfho bjh

Kid, thf bjh EQff, wFkia mff
br a tKiwf MatF t tFF. KDik
bjhfY, caju bjhEgfY maehL Kjil
mff neuo maehL KjL mj gF bjhif 40%
UJ 51% ca mDkajJ. it bghJthf, w nrif
bjhf vdgL. J maehL Kjo ah
bfhifia bjthFwJ. nkny tFj tKiwf maehL
Wtdf ah KjL brtjF t tFwJ.
maehL KjL kW maehL bjhEg xgjf
bjhlila Kof 1991 a bghUshjhu bfhif Vgl
fa khwkhF.
a bghUshjhu bfhif Vgl khwfis ehF
tifahf tifgLjyh.
1. glfis njbjLj
ma ehL KjL jhuskhf mDkfgljh, cg
glf vif mfJ bfhnl brYwJ.
2. mfhoia bj brj
a rij, maehL Kjlhsf f Rygkhf c
ehL KjlhsfnshL nghol KowJ.
3. brhj mikig nj brj
bgUghY maehL Kjlhsf mf ms gid
itJ bfhsyh.
4. tKiwfis vikahFj
neuo btehL KjL _W tf EiHwJ.
(1) a r t neuo tKiwf mDkfgl
KjL.
186

(2) KDik bgw 35 bjhrhiyfS xF RBI 51%

tiu neuo maehL KjoF mDkawJ. 35 KDik
bjhf ju wbjhf KjL bra gdhL bjh
a gFjhuf, 51% nk KjL bra Udh,
bjhrhiyfSF mfhu mF brayf (SIA) myJ
ma Kjil CFF tha (FIPB) l mDk
bgwntL.
_whtjhf btehL th af _y ilF
KjL.
bjhEg khw
eho KndwF bjhEg xU Ka fhuahF.
bjhEg ja iy, bjhEg ts
fFiwj ntfij cilaJ tsU ehLf a MF.
eho bghUshjhu Kndwij ntfgLj, ed Kiwfis
gagL bghUshjhu Kndwij iuthf tsailj
ehLfUJ tsU ehLfSF bfhL tUj mtakhF.
jhuhskakhf, cyf kakhf _y bjhEg khWjfis
vjhf bfhL tu a bghUshjhu bfhif lJ.
ck xgj_yK, TL Ka _yK bjhEg khw
ngus eilbgW tUwJ. bjhEg khw fl
Kiwf eilbgWwJ.
1. bjhEg tYdfis mkJjY, g bfhLjY.
2. vufis jsthlfis mg xgjfis
VgLJj.
3. ck xgjfis VgLJj.
tsU ehLf aif bghUshjhu r_f iyfSF Vw
maehL bjhEgnk bjhEg khwF Ka TWfshf
mikwJ.
187

thfK bghUshjhu ts
thf njhw glkhW KiwUJ gz
bghUshjhuF khWj bghUshjhu tsF thf xU
bgU wnfh MF. btntW iyf tjf (m) thf
vgJ glf gkhwnk MF. bjhik thj thg Kiw
glkhW ( B a r t e r ) KiwahF. xU tif glkhdJ
kbwhU tif glfSl khbfhsglJ. kj d
Jtf fhyfl, kj njitf vikahdjhf UjJ.
xbthU jegU jdF njitahdij jhnd cg
brJbfhlh. ehsil kjf btntW g ntiyF
mkjhf. m w nj miljl thf
eilKiwF tjJ. Mug, bghUfis bghUfnshL
neilahf kh bfhS Kiwahd glkhWKiw y
tjJ. vLJfhlhf, glkhW Kiw czit mfkhf
bfhoUj xUeg jl cil yhikah, jdJ xU gF
czit mfkhf cil cstl kh bfhwh. j
glkhW Kiw gy lghLfS, gy jilfS fhzgld.
Kiw cs lghLf FljfJ UKfnjit
bghUj ikahF. (double coincidence of want) vLJfhlhf,
xUtl gRkhL xW UwJ mt mij ml
khbfhs Uwh. mia cila kbwhUtDF, xU
Fiujh njitgLwnj m xU gRkhL my, gogl
iy gkhw Vgl ayhJ. Vbd UKf njit
bghUjik mnf ywJ. j va glkhW KiwahdJ,
gkhw KiwahdJ vif Fiwjjhf, vikahdjhf
Ujh eyKiw bragoUF gkhw mik tsu, tsu
bjh kakhFjdhY, L cg Kiw bjhrhiy mikF
t tFjJ. rjg UKf njit bghUjik,
bghUf gkhw xU bga uridahf cUbtLjJ.
Jl ntW y FiwghLfS, glkhW Kiw
fhzgljh, thg ghfglJ. lghLf nr
kgs, k msnfh, kW iy k ganj! vdnt
glkhW Kiwia ifL L xU a ilgl glij
188

fLoJ mj _y vjhd Kiw bghU Wthf mta

VglJ. ilgl gl vnyhU mj xwhf, vjhf
gff Toajhf, bghJthf VWbfhs Toajhf Uj
ntL. Vbd, mJ gkhw fUahf braglntL. Jnt
gz vd miHfglJ.
kj fLof mogilahdJ gzkhF. kj
bkhj rKjha thif gznk aikahjjhF. Mfnt
gz, glf gtjidF, ilpL fUahf bghJ
kgsitahf,
nrF
fUahf,
fhy
brYJiffSfhd iy kghf bragLwJ. thW
glkhW Kiw gz bghUshjhuF tlJ.
gz mKfkhdUJ bghUSF, bghU neuo
gkhwKiw iflglJ. a Kiw bfhLtuglJ. a
Kiw xUtlKs xU bghUis gzF W mgzij
bfhL j UgF Vg bjhU bghUis th bfhs
Ko. xbthU bghU kig ntbwhU bghUis bfhL
kL brnghJ VgL uid iflgL, mbghU
kig gz vw xnu bghU thyhf btLtJ
vjhdjhF. nkY UKfnjit bghUjik vw
urid fgLwJ. jdJ bghUSfhd xU Efnthid
kL
fljh
nghJkhdjhF.
mEfnth,
gidahsDF njitahd bghUis itUf ntoa
mtaiy.
gzij vjhf nrJ itfyh. jdJ tUkhd xU
gif vfhy Effhf vLJ itfyh. thwhf gz
glkhW Kiw cs midJ lghLfis KGikahf
FwJ. fhj gz mKfkhtjF K vbghU
midtuhY bghJthd njitahf mikwnjh! mbghUns
bghJthd mDkl gkhW fUahf bjbjLfglJ.
(v.fh.) fiunahu gF thj kf TLfis,
F ehLf thj kf Uf njhiy, cnuhkij btg
ehLf ahid jj, gwit wF kW ef nghwit
189

gzkhf gagLjglJ. ehffK, bghUshjhu ts

Kndw milnghJ bgh, bt, br Ma cnyhff
gzkhf gagLd. cnyhf gz vLJ brtjF gy
uk iwjjhf, Mgjhdjhf UjJ. 15 kW 16
whLf, Inuha tff jhf bgWbfhl
cnyhf gzF fuhd uJfis vLJ brtJ tHf
UjJ.
thwhf cnyhf gzF gyhf fhj gz
fLofglJ. mjwF, mjj eho ika t ahdJ
gzij mrog KWik bgwJ. jnghJ rl t gz
(Legal Tender Money) vgJ ika tah btlgL fhj
gzijna FF. thwhf ta thg tsia
cehoY, wehLfnshL gza fUfsha khWj
nghwtiw gagL thgij tsu brwJ. tjf
Jiw iwa ehf fhzgLwjhd gyj thg
bgUfkhdJ, gz eilbgWtJ rhaky vgJ
FljfJ.
maehL thg mta
bghJ kfSF mKfkhd thg tif yiu
ahghukhF. F, filfhu, jegfSF gzfhf
bghUfis gid brth. j ahghu bgUks
eljglh mJ bkhj ahghu myJ thg vdgL. ,
bjhrhiyf myJ cgahsf bkhj ahghfSF
bghUfis W, mtf mbghUfis yiu ahghfSF
myJ filfhufSF a msf gid brthf.
thwhf, glfS gfS xU ehoF btntW
tlhufilna gtjid bragLtij cehL thg
(Internal trade) vW FfgL. glfS gfS uL
myJ mjF nkgl ehLfnshL gtjid bragL thg
bjhl ydh mjid maehL thg vW Flyh.
vj ehL, KGikahf jiw miljjhf Uf ayhJ.
vdnt xU eho njitia rf maehL thg f f
mta. vj xU bghU cg bra ayhik, cg
190

brjhY, cg bry mfF iy mehL kf

mtif bghUfis btehLfUJ th g mila
maehL thg cjwJ. aifnyna, cg
tsfis rkdw iy bgWsJ. ehLf, njhd
iyY, ilw rhFgo br yfS, fhLf,
Ruff, jhJbghUf, ciH, _yjd, bjhEg kW
bjh Kidnth wikf nghwtdh xWbfhW
ntWgLsJ. thW gytifahd ntWikfdh vj ehL
midJ bghUfis Fiwj bry jhnd cg brJ
bfhs wik bgwjhf iy.
jegfSF ntiytF Kiw fhzgLtJ nghy, cyf
ehLfSilY Kiwna gwgLwJ. xbthU ehL
vbjj bghUfis f Fiwj cg bry, cg bra
w nj bgWsnjh mbghUisna, mehL cg br.
j bghUfis kw ehLfSF VWk brJL kw
ehLfnshL xLnghJ, cg bry FiwghL cila jdF
njitahd bghUfis btehLfUJ wFk brJ
bfhS. tifahd cg bry fhzgLwjhd
ntWghLf, gntW ehLfilna iy ngjij cL
gQwd.
xL eik nfhghL
(Theory of Comparative Advantage)

`xL eik nfhghL jilyh thg

eikfis sFwJ. jilyh thg, U ehLfilna
tjf eilbgWnghJ xU ehL f Fiwj cg bry,
cg bra w nj bgWsnjh mbghUisna mehL
cg br. kbwhU ehL j njitF mjid gagL
bfhs aY vd `nlfhnlh (mua bghshjhu
bfhiff kW t 1817) TWwh. F, cgbry
vgijl, vts vjhf ehLf gy glfis cgbra
aY vgij `j ms xLj mta. thW, ehLf
jhf wik bgw glf cg w ftd
brYJnghJ,
glfis
VWk
brJL
191

wehLfUJ cg bry Fiwthf cs glfis

btehLfUJ wFk brJ bfhsyh. vd xL
eik nfhghL sFwJ.

xL eik nfhghoid tUkhW sfyh. A kW

vD UehLf jf gwhFiu tsfisbfhL `cz
kW `cil Ma U glfis cg brtjhf
bfhnth. `A eho 0.50 myFf J iy `2 myFf cz
iyF rkkhF vd bfhnth. `B eho cz iyahdJ
1.67 myF JF rkkhF. nkY J iyahdJ 0.60 myF
czthF. F `A ehlhdJ `cz cg xL eik
`B ehlhdJ J cg xL eikia bgWsij
fhzyh. vdnt, tjf cw Kiw `A ehL, cz cgF
jdJ tsfis gagLJtj _y_ `B ehL J cgF
jdJ tsif gagLJtj _yK cz kW `J iyf
f Fiwj ms Ugij fTlhf fhzKo.
B

vdnt, xL eik nfhghL, jilyhthg

midJ ehLfSF ey gaF vdTWwJ.
bghUshjhu ts maehL thg gF
flj fhyf maehL thg, ts au
Mf braglJ. iwa fhyf btw tsiana
mogilahf bfhl ia gW Mah a
bjhkakhF bghUshjhu ehLf gajh Fiwj
tsfSlD ts F ViH ehLfshf cs mehLf,
jkJ lghLfis nkbfhs maehL thg JizwJ.
maehL thg bghUshjhu tsF fhQkhW gy
tf Jiz wJ.
1. tsF monfhY, _yjd glf wFkia
bgWtjFa tKiwfis flwJ.
2. bjhEg gkhwF cjtJl, ehLfSilna
gutyhfgl cg fhuf, cg w mff
mDkwJ.
192

3. af khwij (Dynamic Changes) VgLJ mGjij

cUthFtj thyhf i) wFkUJ VgL ngho mGj.
ii) VWk rijfhf VgL ngho mGj nkY iii) cg
tsfis f ewhf gL brJbfhSj.
4. eho wikia KGikahf cgnahf, fd msfis
(Economics of Scale) mf ms gagLj, cehL
njitW cg Kiw mikig ntW tifahf a
bjhEgij VW bfhs mtiw bgUks midtU
mabra VWkf mDkwd. j thyhf cehL
bjh iy Vwid VgLjhk, yhgiyia mff
cjwJ.
5. ma ehL thg ciHghs eyid ehF tf
caJwJ.
1. VWk mfgh, ciHghsf T cawJ
2. kthd wFkah, ciHghf Efnthuhf
Ugjh thg mtfSF cldo yhgij jUwJ.
3. ciHghf, cg br glf k
mfgh, mf ciHghsf TLjyhd cgwid bgw
aYwJ.
4. thg _ykhf bjhiwj ehLf UJ
bjh EgkhdJ Fiwj tsailj ehLfSF
gkhwgLwJ.

bjhEgkhw
wikahd
bjhyhfSF ngUjahf csJ.
6. mnef tsJ tU ehLf btgilahd thg
Vikiyia FiwwJ.
21- who tsJtU ehLf bghUshjhu
tsaila, maehL thg flthW rhjfkhd
iyikfis VgLJwJ. mitf tUkhW
193

1. cyfkakhj _y bgUthahd glfS, gfS

ehLfSilna gjfgLwJ.
2. cg eltoiff bjhrhj ehLfUJ tsU
ehLfSF bjhlahd kWg brtjdh glf
tjfF kL, tjf braTL gfSF
thgwJ.
3. thg, cyf kakhj kbwhU mogil Twha
mjhtJ gdhL cg tiyaikl izJsJ.
4. thg tsahdJ lfhy iyfToa gdhL
WtdfSF CWnfhyh UwJ. cyf tjf Wtd
(WTO) MdJ Rft, thg Fj bghJ clghL (GATT)
Mat mogil mikfgL rhjfkhd tjf
Niyia cUthFtj _y gyjugl glfis,
gfis gtjid brJ bfhs CWnfhyh csJ.
5. rg fhyf tsJtU ehLfSfhd cyf tjf
gnffhk Uf fgl jilf jsjgld. Fiwthd
jilf tsJtU ehLf xU sL khwfis
VgLaJ. mitf VWk glfis rhUgij LJ
cg kW gf J mfkhf rhUf brjJ. Jl,
tsJtU ehLfSF VWk brj mf KaJt bgwJ.
gdhL Wtd (International Monetary Fund)
gdhL Wtd njhw cyf bghUshjhu xWik
tuyh xU Ka Ug vdyh. Wtdij
njhWf l c kheho Ko vLfgL, 1947 kh
khj bjhlfglJ.
gdhL Wtd xgj nehffshtd.
1. cyf ehLfilna bjhlghd xWikia
nkgLJj.
194

2. maehL ehza khW jij (Foreign Exchange rate)

iygLJj.
3. ehza khW fLghLfis Fj.
4. gKf tf (multilateral trade) kW brYJiffSF
xU mikig VgLJj.
5.maehL thg brYJ iy VgL Vwjhfis
rkbrj.
gdhL Wtd Ka gfshtd
1. FWa fhy fl tHF Wtdkhf bragLwJ.
2. ehza khW jij KiwgLj nghJkhd t
Kiwfis flwJ.
3. midJ cW ehLf ehzafis J
bgUgjh, vj xU ehL njitahd eho ehzaij
fldhf bgwyh.
4. J ma brytha fldhf mF xU WtdkhF.
J el gtjidF fl mFnk ju _yjd
gtjidF fl mfhJ.
5. cW ehLf ehza Kfkig khWtjfhd
tKiwfis mF.
6. cyf ehLfSF njitahd Mnyhrid J tHF.
7. maehL thg brYJ iy cs uridfis
kW juurizfis f cW ehLfSF bghUa
tYdfis mD cj brwJ.
8. gdhL Wtd, thf bjhlghd
Muhfis nkbfhL, fLiufis iy kW ju
tsfis mL btLwJ.
195

gdhL Wtd mikKiw

gdhL Wtd mf mfhu bgwJ MSef
FGthF. thf FG, xU nkyhik aFeU kW
mYtyfS Ughf. Wtd jiyefu mbkfh
thl bragLwJ. MSe FG kW thf FGth
jfhf kW iyFGf afgL bragLwd.
rgjgl Kofis MSe FG, thfFG nkbfhS.
jKofis gdhL WtdK kW cWehLfS VW
bragl ntL.
gdhL Wtd braghLf
cW ehLflUJ bgW gF bjhif, jfij gj
_y bgW bjhif cW ehLflUJ bgW flf Mait
Wtd _yjdkhF. cW ehLf Wtd nrU
bghGJ mit brYj ntoa gF bjhif, thFik, bgwToa
flbjhif, Mait tiuaWf gLwd. Wtd
cUthfglnghJ xbthU cW ehL jfSF xJfgl
g 25% jfkhf 75% rjjij ehLf brhj
ehzakhf brYjyh.
Wtd fl bgW tr
j Mjhu, cWehLf rjhbjhifUJ,
Wtd jfij gj _yK, bjh kakhfgl
ehLf ikatf kW jah WtdflUJ bgw
flUJ ilwJ.
Wtd fl tHF tr
cW ehLf maehL brYJ iy el fz
ghjf iy VgLkh mij r bra njitahd fl cjia
Wtd tHFwJ. xU cW ehL jdF zfgl
gfsitl Fiwthd gzij U itUjh mj
ntWghL r obu (Trench) `rk br U bjhif vW
bga. UJ 25 rjjij toyh fldhf bgwyh.
196

Mdh mflid 3 myJ 5 tUlfSF Ug brYjntL

jKs bjhifia ehF Kiwahf 100 rjjtiu rk br
U bjhifUJ bgW bfhsyh.
kw fl trf
1. bkhj U ahf tr (Buffer Stock Financing)
2.thfgl tr (EFF)
3. TLj ahf tr (SFF)
4. mik khw ahf tr (SAF)
5. cajgl mik khw rbr tr (ESAF)
6. <LfL kW vghuh f j ahf tr (CCFF)
7. ll myJ Kiwahd khWjYfhd tr (STF)
8. mik khw rbra mtru fl (ESAL)
9. vghuh fl (CCL)
khW cyf bghUshjhu iyfSF Vg Wtd
be jik bfhljhf UF. j gaD, bt cyf
cW ehLfis bghWJ mik. cW ehLf vif
1947- 44 Mf UjJ. 2000 182 Mf cajJ.
maehL thg iy
cyf rij tikstnd iyfKo vgjhY,
bghUshjhu Kndw milantL vgjfhf cyf
thg Kakhdjhf fUjgLwJ. tsJ tU ehLfSF
maehL thg f f KakhdjhF. maehL
thg nghF, eho Kndw jij FF.
maehL thg nghif fl gFgh _y
mayh.

197

1. thg ms
2. thg gFf
3. thgij begLJj
thg ms
J cyf ehLf gtjid msit FF. mf
vifyhd glf gtjid mlF. midJ
glf gzkig bjhFgj _y thg msit
msf Ko. vdnt jid thg k vnwh. thg
k iy, ehil aF mogil rfis fhL.
UD thg k khwfis msLj mtakhF.
mnjhL bjhlila bkhj cehL cg VWk
wFk ms 1) cyf thg VWk wFk
gFfis bghWJ thg k mik. 2) bkhj cehL
cg VWk, wFk gF, thg jik,
mQFKiwia fhL. bkhj cehL cg VWk
j, meho VWk mj m ria fhL.
jF `ruhr VWk ehl vW bga. bkhj cehL
cg wFk j meho ruhr wFk
ehlij FF.
cyf tjf xU eho VWk gF meho
KaJtij FF. cyf rij nghoahsfilna
rij tikia VWk ms fhLwJ. VWk
k VgL khwfis wFk kig VgL
khwfnshL xlyh. uL khfSilnaahd
bjhlig thg cwKiw (Terms of Trade) mjhtJ vj
j VWk wFk gtjid bragLwJ
vgjhF. wFkial VWk k mfkhf Ujh
thg iy, rhjfkhdjhF. VWk kF Vg mf
wFk brayh. khwhf VWk wFk rhjfkw iy
Ujh mfkhf VWk brj ntL.
198

ah btehL thg iy
a thg tilJsJ. 1980 bkhj cehL
cg thg j 13%. MF. jnghJ J 20 rj
jF caJsJ. j cathdJ VWk kW wFk
Mat gfdh VglJ.
VWk nghF
flj 50 MLf ah bkhj VWkahdJ 300
klF mfJsJ. 1950-51 606 nfhoahf UjJ. 2003-04
2,91,582 Mf caJsJ. UD tf ML KGtJ
uhf cauiy. 1965-66F K, ah vWk ntf
Fiw. 1950-51 fu ehL cg 6.8% rjjnk
VWkahF. J 1965-66 3.9 rjjkhf FiwjJ UJ
kw Jiwfisl VWk Jiw f jlJ vgJ
bjthwJ. bkhj cyf VWk ah gF 1950-51
2.2 rjjkhf UjJ 1965 1.1 rjjkhf FiwjJ 1965-66F
wF cehL iy ytuF btehL iy ytuij
xUizf ehza kFiw braglJ. jFwF
VWkahdJ bkJthf cau MujJ. 1972-73 rfiu, U,
v~F, gHf, fhff kW cz bghUf t
VWk Vgl ca fhuzkhf bkhj VWk xU Ug
fhzglJ.
jsjgl wFk bfhifdh 1986-87 eho
thg xU ey Ug VglJ. jdh VWk k
%gh k ML ruhr ca 25 rjjij l mfkhf
csJ.
1996-97 VWk k Fiwa bjhlaJ. 1999-2000
VWk k iuthf cau bjhlaJ. 2000-01 VWk
21% tsailjJ. Mdh cyf cg Fiw, cyf
njitFiw VWk ts jij FiwjJ. cyf
glf iy ca, cehL cg Jiw ,
gzk Fiw, w VWkia CFF KiwfS,

199

VWk msthdJ 2002-03 20.34 rjjF cajJ.

a 2003-04tiu iyahf fhzglJ.
RUfkhf Tdh ah VWk flj 35 tUlf
Vw wffSl fhzglJ. ehL tUkhd VWk
gF ghuhlgljf ms caJ fhzglJ. Mdh cyf
tjf j gF Fiwthf fhzglJ.
thg gFf kW thgij begLJj
glf, gf VWk, wFk gaJ thg gFf
vdgL. myJ xU eho glf VWk, wFkia
gajhF. Mfnt J eho mik ehL Kndw ms
gaJ. tsU ehLf frhbghUf, ntshik bghUf,
iliy glf Matiw VWk brwd.
tsailj ehLf Kotilj glf, auf,
jsthlfis, bjh EQffis VWk brwd.
`thgij begLJj vgJ ahlUJ wFk
braglJ, ahUF VWk bragLwJ vgij g
gYtjhF.
ah wFk
ah wFk _W gFfshf fgLwJ.
mitahtd. 1. _yjd glf, 2. frh bghUf 3. Ef
glf
1. _yjd glf wFk
cnyhff, aufS jsthlfS, ju rhjdf,
nghFtuJ rhjdf, kW bjhiy bjhl rhjdf
Kjad _yjd glfshF. glf bjhJiw
tsF f KakhdjhF. 1960-61 %.356 nfhoahf Uj
wFk glf ms 1997-98 %.26,532 nfhoahf
mfJsJ.
200

frh bghUf kW iliy glf wFk

gU, rz, cu, urhad bghUf, frh vbz
Kjad mlF. eho bghUshjhu Kndw
braghLfSF mf vifyhd frh bghUf kW
iliy glfis wFk bra nto csJ. J 196061 %.527 nfhoahf UjJ. 1985-86 %.13,966 nfhoahf
mfJsJ. frh vbz, bgnuh, cuh vbz (krF
vbz) Mad bgnuha glf mlF.
glf wFk mfJ bfhnl brwJ. 1960-61
wFk glf ms %.69 nfhoUJ 1997-98
%.30,538F caJsJ. bkhj wFk bgnuha
glf ms kL 23%Mf csJ. cuf ntshik
bjhYF Kakhd cL MF. urhad bghUf bjh
tsF Ka cL MF. ah glf
wFk bjhlJ mfJ tUwJ. 1960-61
glf wFk %.88 nfhoahf UjJ. 1997-98 %.3755
nfhoahf mfJsJ.
Ef glf wFk
cz bghUf, rhjdf, kUJ tiff, fhj
Mat wFk mlF. 3tJ IjhL l tiu
ah cz glf cg fLikahd gwhFiwia
vnehaJ. j isthf ah, mf ms cz
glfis wFk bra ntoUjJ. 1960-61 cz
glf wFk 3748 Mu l (%.181 nfho) MF. 199798 J 1399 Mu ldhf mfjJ. jnghJ cz bghU
cg ah `jrh milJsJ.
a wFk t Kiwf
l fhy, ah wFk gytifahd
khwf Vgld. m y Ka fUJf tUkhW :
bghUshjhu lLj Jtf fhy, njbjLj y
ehLfUJ kLnk eh wFk brnjh. Mdh jnghJ
201

iy khsJ. cy gy ehLfUJ gntWgl glf

kW gfis eh wFk brnwh. auf kW
jsthlfis thFt Kakhf eh (OECD) bghUshjhu xWik
kW Kndw mik ehLfis HF Inuha ehLfis
rhJnsh. cz bghUf kW bgnuha glf
m eh (OPEC) vbz cg kW VWk mik
ehLfis rhJnsh. OECD ehLf wFk bgU gFia
ekF mwd. 1997-98 bkhj wFkahd %.1,51,553 nfho
%.75,593 nfho ehLfUJ wFk bragld. J bkhj
wFk 49.9% MF. mbkfh, bga, b#k, #gh kW
l Kjad wFk glfis tHF Ka ehLf
MF.
ah VWk jik
a VWkahdJ U gFfshf fgLwJ. 1)
gHikahd df VWk. 2. gHik rhuhj df VWk.
gHikahd df VWk
nj, fh, rz, rz bghUf, U jhJ, thrid
bghUf, yFf njh, gU, , glf, f
tsf, Kjad df mlF. l Jtf fhyf,
bkhj VWk, 80% dfshF. df gF
bkJthf FiwJ tUwJ. khwhf, gHik rhuhj df gF
mfJsJ. jnghJ gHikahd df gF bkhj
VWk 18.8 % MF.
gHik rhuhj df
rfiu, bgha glf, urhad glf, U,
v~F, rhjd bghUf, njh glf, ff kW
Mguzf j df VWk mlF. rgfhykhf
VWk jik Fljf khwf VgLsJ.
cyYs gy ehLfSF, eh giHik rhuhj df
bghUfis VWk brnwh. ah bkhj VWk
df gF bkJthf mfJsJ. mnj neu y
202

tUlfshf neh brY

khwf ytiw fhngh.

nghF

fhzgLwJ.

(i) bkhj VWk 1996-97 20.4 % Uj ntshik

kW mJ rhj bghUf VWk, 1999-2000 18.8% khf
FiwjJ.
(ii) jhJf kW f tsf gF 1996-97 3.5%khf
UjJ. 1999-2000 3%khf FiwJsJ.
(iii) cg glf gF 1996-97 73.4 % khf UjJ.
75.7%khf caJsJ.

1999-2000

(iv) frh kW bgnuha glf ms 1996-97

1.4% UjJ. 1999-2000 1.0%khf FiwJsJ.
(v) kw df VWk 1996-97 1.2 %khf UjJ. 19992000 1.3% khf caJsJ.
a VWk nghF
l fhy, eh VWk br ehLf gy khWjf
VgLsd.
jnghJ eh tsailj ehLf cgl 180 ehLfSF,
VWk brnwh. ekJ VWk bgU gF fl
ehLfSF mDggLwJ.
(1) (OECD) bghUshjhu xWik kW Kndw mik
ehLf: (bga, uhR, b#k, yhJ, tl mbkfh,
.
fdlh, mbkfh, M[ouhah, kW #gh) bkhj VWk
1990-91 53.5%khf UjJ 1999-2000 55.7 % khf mfJsJ.
(2) (OPEC) vbz cg kW VWk br ehLf:
(<uh, <uh, Fit, r mnuah) 1990-91 bkhj VWk
5.6 % khf Uj ekJ VWk gF 1999-2000 10% Mf
mfJsJ.
203

(3) HF Inuha ehLf : (GDR) b#k, Unkah, uZah)

1990-91 17.9% Mf Uj ekJ VWk gF 3.1% khf 19992000 FiwJlJ.
(4) kw Fiwj tsailj ehLf : (Mfh, Mah,
y mbkfh) ekJ VWk gF 16.8 % Mf 1990-91
UJ 1999-2000 28.2% Mf caJsJ.
flj 50 MLfhy, VWk gF, ms, jik
Kjat gy Fljf khwf VgLsJ. t gy
khwf ekJ eho KndwF njitahd khwf
MF.
maehL thg brYJ rkiy ( Balance of Payments)
maehL thg brYJrk iy vgj bghU kW
yfz
maehL thg brYJ iy vgJ xU Fl ML
(1 ML) xU ehL cy ju ehLfnshL bfhoUj midJ
bghUshjhu eltoiffis FgjhF xU eho rtnjr
bghUshjhu iyia sFwJ. xU eho rtnjr bghUshjhu
ts meho thg brYJ rkiy _y mJ
bfhsyh. xbthU ehL cy w ehLfnshL jf
bghUshjhu eltoiffis nkbfhwJ. thwhd
eltoiffsh xU ehL jh brYJiffis (Payments)
bgWtnjhL jhD w ehLfSF bfhLf ntosJ (Makes
Payments) vdnt `maehL thg brYJ rkiy vgJ
thwhd `tu kW bry mif fz bjhFng MF.
xU eho maehL thg brYJ rkiy vgJ
mehL cy w ehLfnshL xU Fl fhy bfhLs
midJ tifahd gza eltoiff g vdbghUa
mP bgAh (Benham) tiuaWJsh.
204

bghUa mP o gf TWgo maehL thg

brYJ rkiy vgJ xU eho FoUgt midtUF kW
maehLf FoUgtUF ilna cs midJ bghUshjhu
eltoiff gnt MF vwh.
maehL thg brYJ rkiy bjhF
xU eho midJ tifahd maehL tu bryf
gf midij fhF mif myJ fznf
maehL thg brYJ rkiyahF. J ydhF kW
ydhf bghUf g midij FgjhF. ydhF
bghUf vgJ glf VWk kW wFkia
FgjhF. ydhfh bghUf vgJ gf (Service)
maehL gtjid (foreign transfer) kW maehL
eltoiff (foreign transactions) itaid VWk kW
wFkia FgjhF. maehL thg brYJ
rkiybagJ el fz cs thg brYJ rkiy
kW KjL fz cs thg brYJ rkiy vd
tifgLjgLwJ. el fz cs thg brYJ
rkiy vgJ eho glf, gf khw kW
thfij FgnjhL ydhfhj bghUfshd ebfhil,
xUgojhd khw (Unilateral Transfer) nghwtiw FgjhF.
_yjd fz cs thg brYJ rkiy vgJ
eho rtnjr ms fhzgL iyik, (Financial Position
in the international scenario) maehL gtjid
TLbjhif, ma eho brhJ kW flf (liabilities),
rtnjr iyik el eltoiff
jhf
nghwitahF.
maehL thg rkiy (Balance of Trade)
maehL thg rkiy vgJ ydhF bghUf
thgij kLnk FgjhF. ydhF bghUf vgJ VWk
kW wFk ms, thg, jf, bt kW ju
glf Matiw FgjhF. ydhfhj bghUf vgJ gf
205

gugu brYjgLj, mjhtJ fl thf, fhL kW ta

Wtdf, to brYJj, gF, (Dividend) RWyh gaf bry
kW ij nghw wtiw FgjhF. maehL thg rkiy
vgJ xU Fl Mo (1 ML) VWk kW wFk
ydhF bghUf kgsnt MF.
xU Fl Mo VWk, wFk f rrkkhf
U maehL thg rkiy rrkkhF. VWk k
wFk kigl mfkhf Ujh mJ rhjf thg rkiy
vwiHfgLwJ. wFk k VWk kigl mfkhf
Ujh mJ `ghjf thg rkiy vwiHfgLwJ.
flbfhLJj kW jir _yjd
(Accommodating and Autonomous Capital)

el fzF rkiy xU ehoF gwhFiw Ujh

mjifa gwhFiwia nghf _yjd fz rbrJ
thg brYJ rkiyia rkiyF (equilibrium) bfhLtU
eltoiff nkbfhsgL. jfhd rha TWf jir _yjd eltoif_ynkh myJ fl bfhLJj
_yjd xl _ynkh Vglyh.
Rf t, thg Fj bghJ clghL
(GATT) (fh) (General agreement on Tariff and Trade)

Rf t, thg Fj bghJ clghL (GATT) vgJ ehLf

jfSilna Fl rllfgo, beiuf, elij
fgo rtnjr Rft kW thgij xGFKiwgL
tf xgjij nkbfhSj MF. midJyf ehLf
tsia CFF bghUL ehLfilna jilyh thf
NHiy cUthF bghUL 1948-M ML b#th Rft
thg Fj bghJ clghL (GATT) VgLjglJ. jnghJ fho
(GATT) 117 cW ehLf csd. j Ka nehf thg jilia
rij nghoL wid cUthFj MF. Rf t
206

xgjij VgL rtnjr ms xU Ka mfkhf fh mik

bragLwJ. xbthU Fl fhy msY j cW ehLf
gdhL thg bghUL xW To jfSF VWk ms, Rf
t, kW ju lghLf FJ clghL brJ bfhS.
gyjugl thg thfF fh mik xU uju gdhL
thg mikghf bragLwJ. fh mik WTO Mf 1995M ML
cUthaJ.
fh (GATT) mik nehff
1. gdhL thfij gLJj
2. gnf ehLf KG ntiy th cjuthjJl cyf
cgia bgUFj
3. cyf tsfis KGikahf gagL tsia
VgLJj kW
4. xL bkhj cyf rKjha thif juij
Uaikj
fho Kiwf tU nfhghLfis mogilahf
bfhLsJ
1. tjf ngj eilbgwntL.
2.VWk ms za jil gaghL oJiufgl
ntL
3. fUJ ntWghLf fyjhnyhj _y J
bfhsgl ntL.
nehffis mil tKiwf
fh mik tU Kiwf_y mj nehffis
milayh vwJ.
207

1. f rhjfkhd nja
(Most Favoured Nation clause)

F vgJ Fj (elimination) myJ ngjfhLj

(discrimination) jikia FF. it F bfhLf
ntoaj fhuz gdhL thg ngjfhL jikia
jfnt MF. FLtJ vdbt, xbthU ehLnk
f rhjfkhd ehL vd fUjgLj ntL.
VnjD xU cW ehL jdJ thg gFjhuUF (Trading
Partner) thg rYif mgjhdh fh mik midJ
cW ehLfSF mrYif ilfToajh UfntL.
2. wFk msfLghL
fh f wFk msfLghoid
jilbrwJ. Mdh _W Ka yFf
mfgLsd.
m. maehL thg brhJ rkiy lghLfis
rw ehLf wFk ms
fLghoid nkbfhsyh.
(Difficulties)

M. fh mik VW bfhLs Kiwfgo tsU

ehLf ms fLghoid fyh.
. cehL cg tiuaWfgl fLghoF
UFnkahdh ntshik kW o bjh cgf
ms fLghoid fyh.
3. Rf t clghL kW Rft Fiw
(Tariff Negotiation & Reduction of Tariff)

gdhL thgF Rft khbgU jilahf csJ

vgij fh mik czJsJ. vdnt, ehLf jf
khWgL njitfSF Vg xgjfis nkbfhL Rft
Fiw g xUtUbfhUt rhjfkhd xgj nkbfhtjF
fh mik Cf jUwJ.
208

1993 M Mo cUFnt RWngRf jF

Mt_oaJ. tHfkhd `Rf t kW `Rf taw eltoif
kLkyhk thf bjhlila mrh glf cik
(TRIPS), thf rhj KjL (TRIMS) kW gf thf
cwf
( Tr a d e
in
Services)
nghw
thjF
vLJbfhsgld.
cW ehLfSilna ntshik, gU ber bjh
(Textiles), m rh glf cikf (TRIPS) kW bghU
F jL (anti dumping) nghw Jiwf (areas) fUJ
ntWghL yaJ.
cUFnt RWngRf gf kW ntshik Jiw
fho viyia thaJ. cUFnt eltoiff midJ
tjf jilfis nghf UaJ.
cyftjf mik
(World Trade organisation - WTO)

`fh rkur ngRthijf VG RWf eilbgW

`cUFnt RW vwiHfgL. vltJ RW rkur ngR
thijf 1989 bjhl 1995M ML `cyf tjf mik
(WTO) cUthfglnjhL, ngRthijf iwtiljd. `fh
mik nfhghLfS clghLfS tik (WTO)
gwgld. 150 cW ehLfis bfhl cyf tjf
mikghdJ, cW ehLfSF vG tjf uidfis
tJ J itF. `fh mikigngh myhk (WTO)
mik cWahd, wikahd thf mikig bfhljhF.
WTO `jiyik aFduhf ghf yh (Pascal Lamy) vgt
2005 M ML bjhl 4 MLfSF gjia tJ
tUwh.
WTO Ka nehf ngjkw, Rjukhd tjfnk
MF. mjhtJ xU tjf jilfns (Rftf kW
Rftyhjit) F fhz aY. JnkY, Fiwj
tsailj ehLfSF, nghol Toa tjf mik

209

iyia cUth, mtif rbraToa msF neu xJ

bes tjfJl Toa rYiffis jJsJ.
WTO

Ka gfshtd
1. WTO cWehLf tjf clghLfis tj.
2. tjf rkurngRF xU mik.
3. tjf jfuhWfis ifahSj.
4. njr msyhd tjf bfhiffis ffhj.

5. tsJtU ehLfSF bjh Eg cj g

bfhLJjj.
6. ju rtnjr mikfnshL TLwl bragLj.
WTO midJ cW ehLf mikrf msyhd
khehL uL MLfSF xUKiw TlgL, kheho
g y t i f a h d t j f c l g h L K o f v l g L . W TO
cWehLf mikrf msyhd 4tJ khehL njhfh (DOHA)
Y, 5tJ khehL `nff Y (Cancum in Mexico) 6tJ khehL
Ah-fhY eilbgwd. `njhfh eltoiffisg
thfToa 7tJ RW khehL, tsj kW tsU
ehLfilna bjhlJ fhzgl ntWghLf fhuzkhf
jfhfkhf W itfglJ.

kWuik kW tsfhd gdhL t (IBRD)

cyf t (World Bank) vwiHfgL kW uik
kW tsfhd gdhL t 1944 M ML bragl
bjhlaJ. gdhL Wtd (IMF) ghjfkhd brYJ
iyia rfl jfhf cjia tHaJ. Mdh, lfhy
KjoF njitahd cjfis tHf xU Wtd njitglJ.
jdh kWuik kW tsfhd gdhL t (cyf
t) Wt bgwJ. t njitahd lfhy KjLfis
CFf rYif Kiw flfis tH tUwJ.
210

cyf t gf
(Functions of World Bank)

1. cW ehLfSF njitahd lfhy Mftkhd

KjLfis tHf KtUwJ.
2. j kj KjLfSF maehL KjLfSF
cWaf KtUwJ.
3. maehL brYJ rkiyia fhf cW
ehLf rkuhd tsF cjjY w gfshF.
4. mtru gaDs a bga lfSF njitahd
flDj bra jahuhf csJ.
cWd kW mik
(Membership and Organisation)

gdhL Wtd cs cW ehLf midJ

cyf t cW ehLf MF. 2000-MtJ Mo 182
cW ehLf csd. gdhL Wtd (IMF) csJ
nghynt cyf tY _W mLF thf Kiw csJ. jiyt,
thf aFef kW MSef tha (Board of Governors)
vw it 3 mLFKiw. xbthU cW ehLfS, xU MSe
kW khW MSefis xbthU 5 MLfSF aF.
mu mig bghWJ MSeUF thfF XLef
k khfgL.
_yjd mik (Capital Structure)
a lhy mffgl _yjdJl J bjhlf
bgwJ. #]iy 1992 J 184.1 a lhyuhf cajJ.
10

Mjhu
vj mfhofUJ t gzij fldhf bgWwnjh
m gagLjglhj ia Ughf itJ bfhS. j
211

nehf, fl bgWgt cW bryit FiwgjhF. cyf t

bgWw fl fhy bfLitl l fhyF fl tHf
KtUwJ.
w bral (SAP)
1983 bjhlfbgw l, khtU bghUshjhu
Niynfg cyf t cj wid caj cjwJ.

mogil khwij rbr cj (SAF)

1985

bjhlfbgw j_y brYJiy

gwhFiwia rk bra cjtnjhL ts gf
ghfglhk Uf cyf t cjwJ.
fl tHFtjfhd y gjidf
1 . wikahd xGF eltoiff gwgLtnjhL
eho bfhiff x kiw mua gh
yhkY Uj ntL.
2. lghLfis jfToa nghJkhd nkyhik.
3. lfhy Mjhu ttif brj
4. bkhj cehL cgia cal jah Jiw
gid TLj.
t flDj
(Bank Borrowing)

cyf t mj cW ehLf rjh bjhif _yjd

bgW bragL xU TL Wtd. rtnjr _yjd mfho
mogil kW brythgz glkhW clghL (Currency Swap
Agreement-CSA) mogil, tahdJ lfhy, kafhy
UJ fl tHFwJ.
212

fl tHF braghLf
(Lending Activities)

tU tf t j cW ehLfSF flDj
tHFwJ.
1.

jdJ brhj UJ rijgLJj (myJ) gnf

_y tHF fl.

2.

mfhoUJ bgwgl flUJ myJ t bgw

flUJ tHfgL flf

3.

KGikahfnth, gFahfnth cW ehLf j

KjlhsflUJ bgWw flfSF cWaj.

4.

tahdJ mj cW ehLfSF, mogil khwij

rbr cj ( S A F ) kW w bra l (S A P )
t_y fl tr VgL jUwJ. t f,
kf bjhif, cley, rJz kW RWNH nghw
kj ts nkghL rhjt tsF mf KaJt
mwJ.

gdhL fHf
(International Finance Corporation)

cyf tl izj Wtdkhd rtnjr fHf 1956

M ML Wt bgwJ. tsU ehLfYs jah
WtdfSF cj nehfJl mWtdfSF lghL
_yjdij (Risk Capital) mJ fHf cj brwJ. tsU
ehLf cs jah Wtdf nkbfhS bra
lfSF rtnjr fHf fl kW rk _y
cj brwJ.
gdhL fHf (IFC) cyf tl izj
Wtdkhf UD, J rlt mfhu bgUgnjhL,
jdbfW j MjhuK, gfis bgWsJ. cyf
213

t (IBRD) cW ehLf midJ j cW ehLf Mf

jFahditahF.
nehff
1. jah Jiw Mftkhd KafSF, j
Kjlhsf cjl Ug brYJtjF mu
cuthj cj tHFj.
2. jah _yjd, KjL thf, wik thj
thf w Matiw xUidj.
3. cehoY, maehoY Mftkhd KjLfis
Lj.
bjhJiw, ntshik, kW tjf kW ju
jah Jiw WtdfS gdhL fHfUJ cj
bgw jF cilatf. Jiwf braghLf cg bra
wndhL bghUshjhu tsF cj wJ. Kjofhd
toj vyh JiwF xnu jkhf UfhJ. J
clghoF cglJ.
gdhL ts fHf (IDA)
cyf t Jiz Wtdkhd fHf brlg 1960
mikfbgwJ. fHf mikf bgwj fhuz, cy
gdhL kjikia tsw brj MF. ts Fiwj
ehLfSF Fiwj toY, rYifY cj tHFtJ
j Ka nehfbkdyh.
nehff
1. bghUshjhu tsia nkgl braj
2. cgia bgUFj
3. cWehLf thif juij nkgl brj
214

4. cyf t ts rhj nehffSF mj

Jiz braghLfSF cWJizj
5 . cW ehLf Ka ts njitfSF
cjj. gdhL ts fHf fl mig ma
bryhtF, jy gz bryfSF (local currency cost)
gagL bfhsyh.
gKf KjL cW lKfik
(The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

1988 M ML VgLjgl Kfik cyf t a

Jiz Wtd MF. j mffgl _yjd 1.08 a
lhyuhF.
nehff
1. j f Ka nehf tsU ehLf neuoahf
maehL Kjil bgw CFgJ.
2. mua lghLfUJ fhghw fhL
lfis bragLJj.
3. a KjLfSF, thf KjLfSF, jah
kakhfYF, Jiw UjfSF kLnk J fhL
ghJfhgwJ.
4. KjL Niyia <Jbfhs, tsg kW
miufis tH cjwJ.
gKf KjL cW l Kfik gy ehLf
KjLfSF xU ah Cahf bragLwJ.

215

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

1.

cyf kakhj vgJ

m. xbthU ehLf bghUshjhuij cyf ehLf
bghUshjhuJl izj
M. gdhL thf btgil jikia mfj
. cyf ehLf midij xnu bghUshjhu mikghf kh
mikj
<. nkTa midJ

2.

bjhEg khw ngus eilbgWtJ

m. ck xgj _yK kW TL Ka _ykhfnt.
M. brhj mikig nj brj _ykhfnt.
. tKiwfis RygkhFj _ykhfnt.
<. nkfl vit my.

3.

glkhW Kiw cs Ka lghL

m. gkhw KiwahdJ vzwitahf, fodkhdjhf
Uj
M. UKf njit bghUjik
. ilgl gl vnyhU mUf ntoa mta
iy
<. L cg Kiw eilKiw Uj

4.

gdhL Wtd njhWgjfhd khd

iwntwglJ.
m. tlnki# khehL

M. b#th khehL

. l c khehL

<. nkfl vit iy

216

5.

cyf t njhWfgl ML
m. 1983

M. 1844

. 1948

<. 1944

II.

nfhol lfis uf :

6.

cyf bghUshjhu Ka nehf .........

7.

gLjgl mik uhf l ......... KaF

ld.

8.

........... kj fLofS f mogilahdjhF.

9.

flj fhyf .......... ts aukhf fUjglJ.

10. gdhL Wtd cakl mfhu .......... l csJ.

III.

bghUJf.

11.

vbz cg kW
VWk ehLf

m. thl

12. gdhL Wtd

M. uh, uh, Fit

13. cUFnt RW

. b#th

14. IBRD cWdf 182

<. 1993

15. GATT

c. 2000 tUl

IV.

xU thijf il jUf.

16. ah VWk glfSF ehF cjhuz jUf.

17. xU eho gza eltoiff gntL vgJ ahJ?
18. w bra l vbghGJ WtglJ?
19. gy ehLf KjLfSF ah Cahf bragLtJ vJ?
20. SAF vwh vd?
217

gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf il

jUf.

21. a bghUshjhu bfhif U gFf ahit?

22. bjhEg khwf _W Kiwf ahit?
23. gz gf ahit?
24. maehL thg brYJ rkiy vwh vd?
25. maehL thg cTWf ahit?
gF-
VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms ilaf.

26. cyf kakhj msLf ahit?

27.

gz tsj jij t.

28. gdhL Wtd gfis sFf?

29. maehL thgF, maehL thg brYJ
rkiyF cs ntWghLfis TWf.
30. GATT nehffis, mitfis mil tfis t.
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms ilaf.
31. bghUshjhu Kndw maehL thg gid
t.
32. ah maehL thg cTWfis sFf?
33. gdhL Wtd vgJ ahJ? mj gfis t.
34. cyf t vgJ ahJ? mj braghL Kiwfis t.

218

ghl - 10
kjts nkghL
( Human Resources Development)
KDiu
ghl `kjts nkghL, vw fUid g eh
fngh. 1951 ML Kj Vgl f Kndw g
nkY `kj _yjd g eh fhngh.
kj ts nkghL
btntW rjgf, kjts nkghL vw brhyhdJ
btntW bghUgLkhW gagLjgLwJ. F.H. Migr (F.H.
Harbison) vgt TWgo, ``kjtsf vgJ kflKs
Mwf, wf, m Ma kiwJs rfis glf
cgY myJ gaDs gfis MWtY gagLjgl
ntL vg mlsJ vwh.
kjts nkyhik (Human Resource Management) kj ts
nkghL vgJ fw brafis xGFgL, xU thf
mik mtiw tirgLJtj _y, braghLfis
Kndwkila brJ xU eg myJ xU Wtd gfis
KndWtjhF tiuaiwgo kjts nkghL vgJ g
kW Kndwij, gw nkghil kW Wtd
Kndwij FwJ. MdhY, j ghlgF, kjts
nkghL vgJ kj _yjd nkghil FJ thf MuhwJ.
kjts nkghoid RofhL bghJthd fhuf U
fshF. 1. xU eho kj Kjo Uig msLj 2.
j UnghL, D mfF kj _yjd Mf msit
msLj. Jnt xU Fl fhy kj _yjd Mf
msthF. j kj _yjd UghdJ, meho kjts
nkghL iyia fhLtjhF. Mdh, kj _yjd Mf
219

msthdJ mj ts jij fhLwJ.

kj _yjdij g FLnghJ xU eg fl
tiff jdJ wfis tsJbfhs KjL brjiy
Fnwh. mitahtd 1. Rfhjhu trf kW gf 2.
gfhd g 3. Kiwahd f 4. Knah f kW trha
thf (v.fh. Kiwrhuh f) lf 5. jeg kW
FLgf ntiythig njo l bgaj.
flj fhy, bghUa tYdf eho bghUshjhu
ts jij mff `_yjdij TLjyhf gUbghU J
mff ntL vd fUdhf. Mdh, 1960- MLf
gUbghU _yjdij nghnw, kj _yjd mfkhf
KjL brj mtakhdJ vd czjd. kj _yjdij
mfF midJ fhufSFS f f KakhdJ vd
fUjglJ. vdnt jnghJ xU j thf `f ga
bghUa cUthaJ. 1960 - ML f (Schultz) vw
mP jdJ kj _yjd nfhgho ij mJsh. Ml
, Mu kh Ma bjhik bghUshjhu mPf
fga jfsJ fUJfis btL UjhY, flj 50
MLf bghUa mPf, bghUshjhu fUfis
gagL, f bghUshjhu KaJtij g Muha
Kgld.
y neuf f vgJ, Efth, _yjdkh vw nf
vGwJ. Mdh J xU rirFa jiyghf Uf KoahJ
vgJ FljfJ. f vgJ `Ef KjL vd
vnyhuhY Vw bfhsglJ. iwa ehf bghUshjhu
zf mfgr mij (kjts) Kjlhfnt fUJwd.
Ar (Harbison) kW nkaR (Myers) Mnah kj
tsf FpLfis tUkhW FLwd.
1.

gjhu kfSF cs Maf vif (Kj

kW ulh iyf)

2.

gjhu kfSF bghahs kW Phf

vif
220

3.

gjhu kfSF kUJtf kW g kUJt

vif

4.

5 Kj 14tJ taJ tuFgl bjhlff nrfgl

khztf rjj.

5.

rk bragl bjhlff kW iliy f

g nrif j

6.

ulh iyaha gidJ kW

taJFgl khztf nrif rjj

7.

_wh iyaha ca f 20 Kj 24 taJFgl

khztf nrif j.

gbjhgJ

Kj
3
FpLfS
kjts
Uid
fzLgitfshf, fil ehF FpLf TLj Uid
fhL fUf vW miHfgL.
fhQ 2 FpLf ca fF mf Toa mKf
gia FwJ. mit
1. xU Fl Mo ma kW bjhEg
nrfgl khztf vif.
2. mnj Mo rl, Efiy, fiy Ma ghlf
nrfgl khztf nrifj.
Ar kW nkaR mtf kjts nkgho va,
TL FpL viz (Composite Number) totikjhf.
Fpbliz fzl ulh iyaha gidJ
kW gbjhgjhtJ taJFgl khztf nrif
rjjij, _wh iyaha ca f 20 Kj 24
taJFgl khztf nrif rjjij To mjid
iw v Ijh bgUFt ilF <thF.
TLFpL viz mogilahf bfhL mbghUa
221

mPf ehLfis;
1. ts Fa ehLf
2. gF tsailj ehLf
3. gh Knda ehLf
4. Knda ehLf vd ehF tifahf Jshf.
kjts nkghL, bghUshjhu ts
(Human Resource Development and Economic Development)

kjts nkghL FpLfSF bghUshjhu ts

FpLfSF ilna beUa bjhl csJ.
bghUshjhu tsia fzl fhQ FpLf
cjwd.
1. jyhj bkhj ehL cg mbkf lhyf
2. ntshik Jiwia rhj bjhf g
kf rjj
3 . ehL tUkhd ffhf brylgL bghJ
bryf rjj
4. bkhj kfbjhif 5 Kj 14 taJFgl tad
rjj
Ar kW nkaR mtf Muh F
fhQ Kof btlgLwd.
1. kj ts nkgho va TL FpblF,
jyhj bkhj mbkf ehL cgF ilna (lhyUF) f
beUa neuoahd bjhl csJ (Positive Relation). j va TL
FpblF, trha <LgLs kf rjjF
mfkhd vkiw bjhl csJ. (Negative Relation)
222

2. rbragl ulh iy nrif rjjK, bkhj

ehL cg nkY ntshik <Lgl kf
rjjFilna mfkhd bjhlsJ.
3. Kjiy nrif j, bkhj ehL cg kW
trhaij rhj rjj Ma _F cs
bjhlghdJ. TL Fpbl (m) ulh iy nrif j,
bkhj ehL cg kW trhaij rhj rjj
Matiwl Fiwthdjhfnt UF.
FpL v kl fnahL bjhlilajh
Ugijl, Fpbl, ca fnahL bjhlsjh Ujh
bghUshjhu tsahdJ Fljf ts iyia mil
vgij fhLwJ.
xU muR kj ts nkgho fis lLnghJ, y
mogil bjfis brl ntL.
1. Kiwahd f KaJt jufh (m) msfh
vd KobtLj. (Emphasis on Quantity or Quality)
2. iliy kW ca f ma kW
bjhEgfh? (m) rl, fiy kW khDla
itfSfh? vtF KaJt mf ntL vgij
khj.
3. wik ts, ntiyF K mF gah? (m)
gil gah? vij rhUf ntL vgij khj.
4. CfCa bfhLf, T kW rgsij U
mikgjh? (m) mfho rfl LLtjh? vgij
khj.
5. jeg njitf kW Ugfis mu
njitfis fU bfhSj.
6. juF, msF ilna f ts bj br
223

nghJ, mJ gy totfis vLF. y ehLf, midtUF f

mgjh myJ jukhd iliy kW gfiyfHf fid xU
Fl xU y Mw iwjtfSnf mfgl ntLkh
vgdtW xiw bj brj ntL. Fiwj
vifahd khztfSF ey jF thj Mafis
bfhL f fLtjh (m) iwa khztfSF jF Fiwj
Mafis bfhL f fLtjh vd bj brantL.
bghJthf mua kW rKjha fhuzf `msF (Quantity)
kLnk KaJtgLJwd; Mdh, iuthd bghUshjhu
tsF njitahdJ `caju kj rna. nkY ma kW
bjhEg f tsF rl, Efiy, khDlaYF
ilna, xU rahd rk tsia iliy kW cakl
fiyfS ilna VgLj ntL.
bghJthf kjts nkghL nfhghLfis f lf
vd Flyh. jid 3 tifahf fyh mit.
1. kj rf mQFKiwf (Manpower approach)
2. rKjha njitf mQFKiwf (Social Demand
approach)

3. is jf mQFKiwf (Rate of Returns

approach)

1. kj rf mQFKiwf
kj rf mQFKiw vgJ f l kj
rahdJ btntW iy, kW btntW tifahd fia
bgUjh, bkhj ehL cg vghF ts jij
milaKo vd vghwJ.
w, X iy, kW lbga Matiw fU
bfhL kj rfis fzlntL. TLj kj r
njitfis fzl nrif vif bgwntL. j
mQFKiw f l, lfhd gz xJL
Kiwfis ga tf mfgliy.
224

2. rKjha njitf mQFKiwf

j mQFKiwia, r_f is j gFghit
gagLJtj _y mJ bfhsyh.
3. is jf mQFKiwf
fia `Kjlhf fUJnghJ mjid jah KjL vW,
r_f KjL vW cW nehfyh.
1951 M MLKj f ts
MnyaM fhy midtU ff ntL vgjF
KaJtjugliy. fhy Mf eLju fa bgw
rKjhaij vGjyhj rKjhakhf khlJ.
Rju bgwJ Kj, xU f rgjkhd bto ah
VglJ. J.B.G. y mtf TWgo, W a khztf
vifahdJ, yhJ, uhR, fdlh kW ehnt Ma
ehLf cs bkhj kf bjhifial mfkhfnt csJ. cyf
ms, Mug iy nrfgl xbthU 6-tJ khztD,
iliy nrfgl xbthU 7-tJ khztD giy
nrfgl xbthU 8-tJ khztD xU and. IjhL
lf JtF Kd, bkhj ehL cg 1.2 rjj kLnk
fF KjL braglJ. Mdh jnghJ, bkhj ehL cg
3.5 rjj bghJ Kjlhf mfJsJ.
ah f ts Fljf ms UjhY
(mltiz 10.1 ghl W bfhLfgLsJ) ms, ju
kW rkJt Ma _W a f Kiw oglhj
Knfhzkhf csJ.
a f mik fbga njh, midtUF
bjhlff vw nehfnjhL bjhlilaJ. iliy
kl bjhf kakhj vghfgl Kofis
isfiy. nkiy kl bjhf
mKfgLa ghlf bgausyhd jik cilajhf
225

UwJ. mitf khztfSF ntiy thig ilf bra

cjtiy. caju kfSF, eLju kfSFnk f Kiw
eik gawJ. Rju bgW KgJ MLfsh, 1978
Mo ftfglJ vdbt, 70 rjj lf iliy
gfY 80 rjj lf ca f klfY 30 rjj
ca tUkhd <L kfsh vLJbfhsgld.
vfhuzij bfhL yik khsJ vd egKoahJ. kj
r njitF mF bghWj nkY ntiy
thik tsUtnjhL f juK ailJ tUwJ.
a f mik Vwjhf iwJsd.
uhkw kW efw kf f iy ntWghLf csd.
MQF bgQFilna, ja dUF kW
ja
tFig
rhuhj
dUFilna,
khyfSilna,
khtlfSilna
nkY
khyFnsna gygy ntWghLf, Vwjhf csd.
f Jiw mogilahd uridfS xW `Fiwthd
KjL, MF. flj IgJ MLf gztsf xJL
tuf j iyia cWgLJwJ. Kjyh IjhL
l jh, midtUF f vw fUJ KaJt
bgwJ. bjhlf f Knah f ffhf xJL
brj tsfS 5 3 gid bgwJ. mj lgl
lf flfSF mfgl KaJt
miljJ.
1960 MoFshfnt midtUF bjhlff vw
nehfij milUf ntL. (mjhtJ mua rhrd
Jtfgl 10 MLfSFshfnt) Mdh W tiuY eh
jid mila ayiy.
#gh eho mntf bghUshjhu tsfhd xU
ufa vdbtwh mJ bjhlffF, bjhfF
mj KaJtK, JiwfSF xJL brj bgUks
Mjhunk MF.
midtUF bjhlff yif mila ayhikF
226

kbwhU fhuz FHijbjhyhsf ( C h i l d l a b o u r ) j

fhuzkhf wh gF bryhk gUJ ilnaW
Lwhf.
jeho f ts
(Educational Progrees in Tamil Nadu)

ah, jehL ey f ts milJ

bfhoUF khykhF. vGj nfush, kfhuhZou Ma
khyfSF jehlhdJ _wh iy csJ.
jHf vGj iy Fj guf mltiz 10.2
bfhLfgLsJ.
jHf M, bg tfsJ fa iy ts,
ah ruhr f m iyia fhoY nkyhd iy
csJ. 2001- Mo fzbfLgo, jHf xLbkhj
vGj iy 73.47 Mf. eho ruhr vGj iy 65.38
rjjkhfnt UjJ.
1991-2001, Kj

iliygf nrif msthdJ 13

rjjUJ 59 rjjkhf caJsJ.
1962-196 3 Kj, 2000-2001 tiu ffhd brythdJ uhf
tsJsJ. fhy flf ffhd bry 26 nfhoUJ
4949 nfhoahf mfjJ. J xU Fljf KndwkhF.
1986-

ML f bfhif _y a muR
midtUF Mug f mgjF KDik bfhLjJ.
bfhif 1 Kj 5 tF tiu goF midtUF fia
bfhLf ntL (UPE) vgnj MF.
jHf 6 Kj 11-taJFgl khztf nrif
iyahd tsia khF Ka fhuzf tUkhW (1)
khztf gF brtjF, mUfhik gf Uj.
(2) bgnwhf f juij ga z bgUj
(3) cik jeg tUkhd mfj (4) Kj mikr
rJz lij rahd Kiw bragLJj (5) khztf
227

gF bry CFF tz, mu rYiff tHFj

(c.) ytr ghljff tHFj, ytr ngUJ milf
tHFj, nkY w rYiff.
jHfkhdJ Kj iyf cs _W khyfS xwhf
UgjF Ka fhuz gf, kf thG lfSF f
mUfhik Ugnj. jHfYs MuggfshdJ, kf
thG lfSF 1 nyh l bjhiyF mikJsJ, (99
rjj gf) ca-bjhlf gf kf thG lfSF 3
nyh l bjhiyF mikJsJ (81 rjj gf)
iliygf, thG lfSF 5 nyh l bjhiyF
mikJsJ (78 rjj gf) nkiygf thG
lfSF 8 nyh l bjhiy mikUj (76 rjj
gf). kw khyfnshL xLnghJ, jHfkhdJ xU
Flgl rhjidia fsJ.
r g f h y k h f g F t u h k j L ( d r o p o u ts )
FHijf vif FiwJ tUwJ. jF fhuz
Kjmikr ka rJzl, ytr Rfhjhu gnrhjid
ytr f kW w rYiffshd ytr ngUJ mil,
gyiff, jff kW Uilf.
khtl bjhlf f l
(District Primary Education Programme-DPEP)

midtU bjhlf f vw yif nehfkhf bfhL

bfhif mKfgLjglJ. bfhif fa, ghd
ntWghLfis Fiwf KaJt bfhLwJ.
g rhuh kW taJ tnjh f
(Non-formal Education and Adult literary)

l jHf murhdJ fl eltoiffis

vLJsJ. mitf
1. bkhj f m eltoiff (TLC)
228

2. f m bgwd eltoiff
3. bjhl f
eltoiff midJ mbth af
vLfgl eltoiffshF. j af taJ tnjh
vdgLgt 15 Kj 35 taJFgltf vd tiuaWfgld.
iliy kW nkiy f
(Secondary and Higher Secondary Education)

iy gf, khztf, Maf vif

frkhf caJsJ. iyahd folf, TLjyhd Maf
mf ma fUf, trahd Mtff, gliuf
bjhf ghlf tYgLJj Kjad iliy f
mtru njitfshF. bjh f ghl braghLf
jHfnk Kjikahf fwJ. rnwwFiwa jHf muR 16
Kj 18 taJ tius khztfis ff xU FKf
tFfSF gyhf nkiy gf gytifahd
ghlfis mKfgLJtj _y khzt nrifia
mfgL bt fLsJ.
fiy kW ma f
(Arts and Science College)
1960-61 fiy kW ma
2004-05 444-Mf caJsJ.

ff 57 Mf UjJ. J

bjhEg f ( Technical Education)

jifa bjh Eg f Ra ff bgU ms
fhzgLwd. j ff 87 rjjF mfkhd
khztf f fwd. J rkJt bfhifF vkiwthd
fthf UjhY mit vif mf ts milwd;
j ff ViHfis ju kwtf Rygkhf nrJ ga
milwd tif ff gof rkthf
midtUF ilfhk nghtdh rkthfhd nehff
229

iw bgwiy. nkY jifa ff kW bjh (v.fh.

kUJtf) ffis Jtsd.
btd (Weiner) vgtuJ TWgo, ``mu gfhdJ
neuoahf, mf KaJlD bragL midtUF f
vgjid Kndw mila ghLglntL. khwhf, jid
jah Jiwl lTlhJ vd tJsh.
ah kHiy FHijf guhk f
(Early Childhood care and Education)

J xU xUizfgl mQFKiw, j_y

rJFiwj cz. mjndhL rkjgl nehfsh ghfgl
isf, ff, FHijfis guhkF jhkhf
Mnahiu fU bfhL bragLwJ. jifa l
_y ey rJz, Rfhjhu nritf FHij ey ikafshd
mfthof _y mfgLwd. itf _y rJz
mj, grhuh fW Niyf mikj, cl gnrhjid
brj, jLf nghLj, kW Rfhjhu f nghwit
mfgLwJ.
w Rfhjhu lf ( Special Health Programmes)
ML Kj murhdJ xU a lij
eilKiwgLaJ. lF ``thbth (vazhvoli) l vd
bga. j _y g khztfSF ey Rfkhd thtf
khfglJ. l fs mYty (field officer) xUt
Rfhjhu Jiw UJ thuF xUKiw gfSF brW
khztfis gnrhgh. mta Vglh Mug Rfhjhu
iyaf miHJ brW ir mgh. njhL g
MafSF nr g mJ ahf mFfis
fla mkhztf FJ kUJt mfhfl
KiwLt _y, lkhdJ f tY sjhf khw Ko.
1999 -

cl eyga bghUa (Economics of Health)

cl ey ga bghUa vgJ gy tf f ga
bghUshjhuij nghwjhF. cl ey vgJ fbry nghW
230

kf J br KjL MF. rhjhuzkhf f kW cley

J bragLbry xU egUF br izbrythF. cathd
ey jeg Mfhyij To mj gydhf mt jhd Kjo
is mfwJ. fia nghnw cl eyK, Ef KjL
MF. cley, ciH msit juij cajtyJ. cl
ey jhd bry wig FiwwJ. bghJthf cl ey (Rfhju)
ngQj murh kf njitnfg mfglntL. vw
fUJ ywJ. (kf brYJ iyF jFjh ngh myhk)
Jnt `Rfhjhu bghJilik vW miHfgLwJ.
kj nkghL FpL
( Human Development Index-HDI)
kj nkghL FpL vgJ thif kl xU KG
msthF. 1977 Mo kj ts mif kj tsF
sf bfhLfgLsJ. kj bjfis thFtY, kj
eyfis caJjY kj ts ika bghUshF. kjDF
3 mahta bjf csd, mitf Kiwna lfhy Rfth,
m wid bgWbfhSj, kW ey thif juij
bgWbfhs mtakhd tsfis milj. kj ts vgJ
Jl Kotiy. mua, bghUshjhu, r_f Rju mila.
jhf iz kW cgia mfF, thf gy
bgw, Rakahijia mDgf, kj cikfis ghJfhJ
bfhs Uwh. kjDF tUkhd f aikahjJ
vgJ cikna. Mdh mJ xU tkLnk. m, kj nkghL
vgJjh KothF.
Kj kj nkghL mifahdJ 1990 ML UNDP
Wtdjh, ghjh KfA-c-A vw bghUayP
tfhLjgo btlJ.
bghUshjhu ts vgJ Vikia FiwF tfshd
ntiythig mfj, cg wid bgUFj, ViH kf
Tia mfj nghwtiw FF. bghJ tsfis kj
ts nkghofhf brYj ntL. bghUshjhu tsahdJ,
mf ciHig gagL, ntiythig cUth, kj
231

wikfis, Rfhjhu trfis bgW ms mfjY MF

bghUshjhu tsahdJ, bghUshjhu Kndwij mila
br.
kj nkghL FpL (HDI) midJ ehLfis 0 Kj 1
tiu _W ts yFfis mogilahf bfhL
tirgLJwJ. kj nkghL FpLf fhQ 3
msnfhfis bfhL fzlgLwJ w nghJ
theh vgh _y mslgLwJ.
2. f mil iy - taJ tnjh f (2/3 iw) bjhlf,
iliy, nkiy f Ma iyf khzt nrif j
(1/3 iw) Mat _y mslgLwd.
3. thif ju - cikahd jyh j bkhj cehL
cg (per capita GDP) mslgLwJ (thF r rkiy lhyf - PPP) kj nkghL FpL midJ ehLfis
_W fshf wJ.
1. Fiwj kj nkghL (00.0 To 0.499)
2. eLju kj nkghL (0.50 To 0.799)
3. caju kj nkghL (0.80 To 1.0)
2004- kj nkghL jgo (HDR) ah eLju
kj nkgho l bgWwJ.
kj nkghL Fpo f bga eik ahbj ngha
tUkhd <L ehLfisl Fiwthd tUkhd <L ehLf Tl
kj nkghil tsgLj Ko vgnj MF.
kj nkghL FplhdJ, Vida ts FpLfsha
- Rfhjhu kW f eltoiffis fhoY tUkhd
cs Vw jhfisna FLwJ. vdnt Kndw vgJ
kj xLbkhj tsna MF. btW cakl tUkhd
mW. gy vbzts f ehLf tsia bgUjhY
Kndwiy.
232

ghd ts FpL
(Gender Related Development Index)

J kj nkghL Fpil bfhL M,

bgfSilna cs Vwjhfis ugwJ. _W
msLf rgjgLwd. mitf:
1. bg vghfgl th fhy
2. bg taJ tj fiy kW bkhj nrif
j
3. bg jyh tUkhd vdgL.
kj Vik FpL (Human Povery Index-HPI)
1997 Mo kjts nkghL FpL kj Vik
Fpil mKfgLaJ. J Mfhyij Hf brjiy,
mit kW ey thif ju Hid msLwJ.
kj, ehgJ taF K wJLt vd vghjh, taJ
tnjh f mw iy cathf Ujh, Rfhjhu nritf f
nkhrkhd iyUjh, ghJfhghd j tr Fiwthf
Ujh 5 taF cs rJztw FHijf rjj
TLjyhf U mnghJ `kj Vik FpL (HPI) mfkhf
UF. mj ehL `ViH ehL vw lij bgW.

kj nkghL Fpogo, btntW a khyfSF

1997 M Mo UNFPA Wtdjh kj nkghL FpL
fzlglJ. UNFPA Wtdjh, a lFG eho kj
nkghL mifia 2001- bfhLtjJ. J khyf
thahf mida kj nkghL FpLfis
jahjjJ. jehL nghw y khyf Tl kj nkghL
mifia btLsJ.

233

234

209.7

408.4

560.9

638.7

712.2

1950-51

1970-71

1990-91

2000-01*

2003-04*

* jfhfkhdJ

Jtf
gf

ML

262.3

206.3

151.5

90.6

13.6

ca
Jtf
gf

146.0

126.1

79.8

37.1

7.4

caiy
nkiy
gf

9.4

7.9

4.9

2.3

0.4

ff

2.8

2.2

0.9

1.0

0.2

B.Ed., B.E., B.Arch., M.B.B.S., etc

fa ff
kW bjh ff

1950-51 Kj 2003-2004 tiu (vif, Mu)

mltiz 10.1 mfhu bgw f Wtdf ts

0.30

0.25

0.18

0.08

0.03

gfiy
fHff

235

63.90

75.85

1991

2001

54.16

39.40

18.70

7.93

bgf

65.38

52.10

29.48

16.67

bkhj

82.33

74.90

51.78

31.73

Mf

64.55

52.30

26.56

10.06

bgf

jehL

73.47

63.70

39.46

20.86

bkhj

(rjj)

1. fJiw, a , jehL muR.

2. a bghUshjhuij ffhF ika, a bghUshjhuijga
mogil a, gF-2, khyf brlg 1992.
3. a kf bjhif fzbfL 2001

39.52

1971

Mjhu :

24.95

Mf

1951

ML

ah

mltiz 10.2 ah, jehL - vGj j 1951 - 2001

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

1.

KjL brtjh kj _yjdij mffyh.

2.

m. f

M. cley

. Fobga

<. midJ

f ga bghUaiy cUthat
m. kh
M. fhu kh
. f
<. R

3.

f vgJ xU
m. Ef gl
M. _yjd gl
. vJiy
<. uL

4.

a khztf vif eho kf

bjhifial mf
m. yhJ
M. uhR
. fdlh kW ehnt
<. nkfl midJ ehLfS

5.

ca fia bgU mf GfhL khztf it

rhjtf
m. ca tUkhd d
236

M. eLju tUkhd d
. Fiwj tUkhd d
<. midJ tUkhd d
II.

nfhol lfis uf.

6.

kj _yjd UghdJ xU eho kjts nkghL

......... fhLtjhF.

7.

kj _yjdij mfF midJ fhufSFS

............ f KakhdJ.

8.

kjts nkghoF ............ tsFilna beUa

bjhl csJ.

9.

a f mik fbga njh, midtUF

.......... vw nehfnjhL bjhlilaJ.

10. ........... bjhyhsf Ugnj midtUF bjhlf

f yif mila ayhikfhd Ka fhuzkhF.
III.

bghUJf.

11. nfus

m. ghd ntWghil
Fiwj

12. jehL

M. bjhEg f
Mf

13. khtl bjhlf f l . w g Rfhjhu l

14. Ra ff

<. f mf
tsailj khy

15. thbth l
IV.

c. mU g UgJ

xU thijf il jUf.

16. kj _yjd nfhghL vj Mo mKfgLjglJ?

17. kj iy nrif jF bkhj fu cgF
ilna cs bjhl mfkh? myJ Fiwth?
237

18. kj ts nkghL nfhghLf f lF bghJthd

tia FFkh?
19. f bto ah VgLsJ vgij VW
bfhfsh?
20. nja f bfhif vj ML cUthfglJ?
gF-M
V.

tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf

iljUf.

21. kj ts nkgho yfzij TWf.

22. kj _yjd vwh vd?
23. kjts nkghL FpL vthW fzlgLwJ?
24. kj ts vwh vd?
25. ghd Fpbl vthW fzlgLwJ?
gF-
VI.

tU dhfSF xU gf ms iljUf.

26. Ar kW nka Mnah kj ts FpLf

ahit?
27. W F tiuf.
1. kHiy FHijf guhk Tl
2. mbth l
28. kj Vik Fpil sFf.
29. kj ts nkghL ia filog muR nkbfhs
ntoa mogil bjf ahit?

238

gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms iljUf.
30. kj ts nkghoF bghUshjhu tsF ilna
cs bjhlid Muhf.
31. kj r gntW mQFKiwfis t.
32. 1951 M ML Kj ah f ts g sF
tiuf.
33. jeho f ts g sFf.
34. k j
ts
nkghL
Fpo
KaJtij s tiuf.

239

bghUis,

ghl - 11
a M, ika ngh
msitfS
(Statistical Analysis and
Measures of Central Tendency)
a vw thij y thijaha status
vgUJ bgwglJ. Status vw brhYF mua ahf
khy vW bghU. mfhy a vgJ xU munrh
myJ murfns uoa tufis fzl MF.
jfhyf a vgJ tufis nrfj,
tifgLJj, sf jUj, gFgh brj, xL
KofhQj Mad ga mayhF. RUfkhf Tdh,
a vgJ vif msit, fzL sf mjiy
rhjjhF.
yfz
1. nguha bAhnu br (Prof. Horace Secrist)
vgt tiuaiwgo, KTona za bragl
FnfhSfhf gntW fhuzfsh bgUks ghfgl
tufis, VF juF Jakhf ma Kiw
vifahf fznlh kL brnjh xWlbdhW
bjhl bfhl tuf xU bjhFng ayhF.
2. uhl kW bfsl vgtf vgJ
``tuf nrfj, tifgLJj, sf jUj, gFgh
brj, xL Ko fhQj Mad ga mayhF vd
tiuyfz jJsh.
tuf jikf (Nature of Data)
a vgJ, tufis, cikfis
240

FF. j bghUshdJ ghd, rka, tUkhd, kfbjhif,

yhg nghwtnwhL bjhlilajhF. tu 2
tiffshf fgLsd. mitf
1. g thahd (Qualitative data) tu 2. vzsit
(Quantitative data) thahd tu vd U tifgL.
I. g thahd tu
(Qualitiative Data)

g thahd tu vgJ, g thahf

tifgLtjhF. itf vif msFgljy.
(v.fh.) ghd, rka, wl.
II. vzsit thahd tu
(Quantitative data)

it mslglToa viffis rhjJ. (v.fh.)

taJ, FLg egf, tUkhd kW nr.
gFfglhj / tifgLjglhj tu (Raw Data)
gFglhj tuf vgJ nrfj tufis
cikia _y got csthnw mjyhF.

52

61

59

55

63

83

90

81

77

74

50

45

42

46

39

29

31

29

31

30

48

52

76

36

48

bjhl...

241

...bjhl
70

59

77

81

83

65

33

76

92

77

29

38

52

64

86

30

29

48

54

55

64

59

72

65

64

(v.fh.) 50 khztf kbg goa

fbt gut
(Frequency distribution)

fbt gut vgJ, bjhFfgl mltiz vdyh.

, tifgLjglhj tuf, fshf, kW
miybtfshf tirgLjgoUF. vdnt jid
tifgLjgl tu vg. tifgLjgl
tukhdJ 2 tifgL. mitf
1. bjhlaw tuf (Discrete data)
2. bjhlahd tuf (Continuous data)
bjhlaw tuf
xU Fl kfshd, KG vfis bfhLs
tufis bjhlaw tuf vdyh. v.fh : gYs
tFgiwf, tFYs khztf bjhl mw vf gF
dfshd kfis fz bfhshJ.
bjhlahd tuf
xU Fl ilbtF Koj msF vj kig,
VfToaJ bjhl tuf vL.fh. cau br., vil
.uh, tUkhd - %gh.
242

 tuf Mjhuf
(Sources of data)

tufis nrfg uL jkhd mogil

Mjhuf csd. mitahtd.
m) Kjiy Mjhuf kW
M) ulh iy Mjhuf
KjKjyhf nrffgL Mjhuf Kjiy
tufshF. ulh iy MjhufUJ nrffgL
tuf ulh iy tufshF.
Kjiy tuf
(Primary Data)

Kj Kjyhf, xU Fl nehffhf nrffgL

tuf Kj iy tuf vdgL. mitf
cik aig bfhljhF. j egfshnyh, Wtdfshnyh,
myJ murhfjhnyh Muh nehFlndh myJ
bfhiffis khfnth jifa tuf
nrffgLwd. v.fh. kfbjhif tufis kf
fzbfL, mYtyf Mizahs mtfsh nrffgLj.
ulh iy tuf
(Secondary Data)

itf KjKjyhf nrff glitf my. itf

btlgl (p u b l i s h e d ) myJ btlglhj (u n p u b l i s h e d )
Mjhuf _y ilfbgWwd. miff kW mYtyf
btpLf btlgl MjhufshF. vLJfhlhf
tf Mliff, kfbjhif fzbfL, a
bghUshjhu Mf. btlglhj Mjhuf mu
gntLf, Muh ga FngLf Kjad mlF. v.fh.
Muhahsf gagLJ guf.
243

kfbjhif fzbgL tuf, mtiw

nrfj Miza mtfSF Kj iy tufshF.
kwtfSnfh tuf ulh iy tufshf
mikwd.
tufis tifgLJj
(Classification of Data)

tifgLJj vgJ nrffgl tufis

fshf,
cfshf
mt
bghJthd
afSnfg
tirgLJ
tKiwfshF.
J
xnwhblhW rgjgl cikahd jftfis fshf
xW nrjyhF. v.fh. jgh iya jghfis bjLj.
tifgLJj tiff
(Types of Classification)

tifgLJj ehF tifgL. mitahtd :

1. l thahf tifgLJj (geographical)
2. fhy thahf tifgLJj (chronological)
3. g thahf tifgLJj (qualitative)
4. vzsit thahf tifgLJj (quantitative)
1. l thahf tifgLJj
mikJs l myJ yguig bghWJ tuf
tifgLj gLwd. Jnt l thahf tifgLJj
vdgL.

khyf

cz cg
(000 lf)

jehL

4500

fdhlf

4200

Mu unjr

3600

244

v.fh. : ah gntW khyf cz bghU

cgia tifgLJj.
2. fhy thahf tifgLJj
fhy mogil mjhtJ khjf, tUlfshf
tifgLJj fhy thahf tifgLJjyhF.

ML

yhg
000 %gh

2001

72

2002

85

2003

92

2004

96

2005

95

c: xU fbg 5 MLfhy yhg 2001UJ 2005 tiu

3. g thahf tifgLJj
ag myJ ju thahf tifgLj g thahf
tifgLj vdgL. ghd, w, f m kW kj
nghwt mogil tufis tifgLj,
kf bjhif

uhk

efu
M

bg

245

bg

tif tifgLJj, gfis msl KoahJ. j

Muh myFf tifgLa csjh iyah vW
kL bjatU. v.fh. : M cs kfis fhQ tif
tifgLjyh.
4. vizsit thahf
vizsit thahf tifgLJj vgJ y afis
mogilahf bfhL, tifgLJj MF. vif
msfshd gUk, cau, tUkhd yhg Matiw
tifgLjyhF. v.fh. : g khztfis vil thahf, fl
Kiw tifgLjyh.

vil (nyh)

khzt vif

40-50

50

50-60

200

60-70

300

70-80

100

80-90

30

90-100

20

bkhj

700

vzsit thahf tifgLJj uL tiff

csd. mit ahtd.
1.

bjhlaw fbt gut

(Discrete frequency distribution)

2. bjhl fbt gut

(Continuous frequency distribution)

246

j tifgLJj uL TWf csd.

i.

khf (Variables)

ii.

fbt (frequency)

khf
khf vgd af khWgLw gkhz myJ
khWgLw msit FF v.fh. : khztf vil. xU kh,
bjhlkhahfnth myJ bjhlaw khahfnth UfTL.
fbt
khf Ug Ug gy Kiw tjh mJ fbt vdgL.
vLJfhlhf 50 khztf vil 60 nyhthf csJ. 50
khztf - vgnj fbt MF.
fbt gut
(Frequency Distribution)

fbt gut vgJ msl Toa khf

mogil tifgLjgl tufshd iy, vil, cau
T nghwitfshF.
tU uL vLJfhLf
bjhlaw fbt gutf csd.

bjhl

kW

bjhl fbt gutiy mikFnghJ fhQ

EQfkhd gjf Kakhdit.
m. - tu (Class - Limit)
xU nrfglToa Fiwj kW mfkhd
tuig bfhlnj tu vdgL. vLJfhlhf 40-50
vw it vLJ bfhlh 40 vgJ Fiwj kghf 50
vgJ mf kghf UwJ. j 40F Fiwthfnth
myJ 50F mfkhfnth kf Uf ayhJ. vdnt 40
vgJ tughf 50 vgJ nk tughf csJ.
247

bjhlaw fbt gut

FHijf
vif

FLg
vif

bjhl fbt gut

vil
(nyh)

khztf
vif

10

40-50

50

20

30

60-70

300

20

70-80

100

12

80-90

30

90-100

20

bkhj

100

bkhj

700

50-60

200

M. ilbt (Class - Interval)

tu kW nk tuF ilna cs ahrnk
ilbt vdgL. vLJfhlhf 40-50 vw
ilbt 10 MF. (50-40 = 10)
. - fbt (Class - frequency)
xU Fl cWnehf (observation) vjid Kiw
fJsJ vw vifna fbt vdgL.
tUkhd %gh

eg vif
50

1000 - 2000

nkfl vLJfho 50 vgJ - fbt MF.

50 egf %.1000 - Kj %.2000 tiuyhd tUkhd <Lgtf
vw bghUgL.
248

<. ika (Class - midpoint)

ika flthW fzlgLwJ. ika
= tu + nk tu /2 vLJfhlhf 1000 - 2000
vw ika = 1000 + 2000/2 = 1500
mltizgLJj (Tabulation)
nrfj tufis Kiwahd tif gfshf
tirfshf mikgijna mltiz vW miHnwh.
gf vgd gLifahd mikf. tirf vgd
brFjhd mikf MF.
tirgLJjYF mltiz gLJjYFKs
ntWghLf
1.

tirgLJj vgJ xnu gfisila tufis

xW nrj. mltizgLJj vgJ tir
gLjgl tufis gfshf tirfshf
mikjyhF.

2.

tirgLJj vgJ mltizgLJjYF Kj

goahF. mltiz gLJj vgJ tirgLjgl
wnf bjhlFtjhF.

3.

tirgLJj nehf mltizia jahgnj. Mdh

mltiz gLJj vgJ tufis M
brtjfhf mikf gLwJ.
mltiz gLJt f : mltiz gLJ nghJ
fhQ f gwgl ntL.

i.

vif - mltizia fLof mltizfis

v thahf tirgLj ntL.

ii.

jiy - mltizF jiy Uf ntL. jiy

sfkhdjhf, RWfkhdjhf Rasf bfhljh
249

Uf ntL. J bghUslfij mltiz

nehfij czj ntL.
iii.

tirf jiy (Stubs & Captions) gf jiy

Kiwahf mfgl ntL. mit sfkhf
RUfkhf Uf ntL.

iv.

mltiz tot : mltizahdJ vif

jftfis cslaJ. Jnt mltiz Kakhd
gFahF. mtakhd tufns l bgwntL.
mf tufis mltiz milj TlhJ.

v.

ilbt Lj : btntwhd tufis

mltizgLJnghJ njitahd ilbt Uf
ntL. ufis vjhf Jbfhs J cj.
rahd ilbt Lj ghgjF mHFl sF.

vi.

bkhj : xbthU tirF, gF bkhj (total)

fzL vGjgl ntL.

vii.

jiy F ( head-note) : J mltiz mfgl

jft RUf sfkhF. J jiyF
milFfSF bfhLfgl ntL.

viii. m o F ( F o o t - n o t e ) : m l t i z F l g l
VnjD xU fUF TLjyhd sf njitglh,
mjid mltizF wF mfgl ntL.
ix.

Mjhu : Mjhu, mltizF f KakhdJ. Mjhu

vgJ
ahlUJ,
vlUJ
mltiz
bfhLfgl tuf bgwgld vgij FF. J
mltiz egfjikia cWgLJwJ.

250

mltiz kh got tUkhW:

mltiz kh
mltiz v :
mltiz jiy :
(jiy F)
g jiy

jiy

mo F :

bjhl tir

bghU

Mjhu :
sfglfS tiuglfS (Diagrams & Graphs) sfglf
kW tiuglf thyhf, tu Kofis ftfukhd
Kiw btl Ko.
sfglf kW tiu glf KaJt
itf fl fhuzfdh ff gaDsitfshf
Uwd.
1.

KG tufS sfkhd (birds-eye) Kiw

tHfgLwJ. j _ykhf mfgl tuf
vnyhuhY J bfhs aY.

2.

mitf ffis ftuToajhf UwJ.

3.

mitf kd v gaToa jik thjJ.

4.

tufis xLghf cjwJ.

251

sfglF tiuglFKs ntWghLf

1.

sfglf btWjh tiuagLwd. tiuglf

tiugljh tiuagLwd.

2.

sfglf uL khf fza bjhlid

Fliy.
tiuglf uL khfSilnaahd fza
bjhlid FLwJ. itf xLtjF
gagLwJ.

3.

sfglf ffis ftuToaJ. vdnt mitfis

bghJ kfSF sgu bra ufld gLj
gagLwJ. itf MuhF gagLtiy. Mdh
tiuglf MuhF bgJ gagLwJ.

sf glf tiff
(Types of Diagrams)

sf glf fl Ka _W tifgL.
1.

gil sfgl

2. ig myJ tl sfgL
3. cUtglf kW ytiugl
1. gil sfgl
(Bar Diagram)

J xU gkhz fglkhF. gilf s kLnk

fU bfhsgLwJ. mfy fz bfhsgLtiy.
gil sfgl gytifgL mit ahtd
1. jgil sfgl (Simple bar diagram)
252

2. TWgil sfgl (cfshf fgl)

(Sub-divided bar diagram)

3. TLgil sfgl (Multiple bar diagram)

1. jgil sfgl
jgil sfgl, xnu xU khia (variable) FgjhF.
(v.fh.) gid vif, cau, khztf vil, cg kW
kfbjhif nghwitahF. jgil gil caukhdJ
kh gkhzij FwJ.
sf 1:
jgil sfgl mltiz
ML
f
khztf
vif

2001 2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

1000

2000

2500

2400

2200

1500

jgil sfgl

3000
2500

2500

2400
2000

2000
1500

1500
1000

2200

1000

500

2001

2002

2003

253

2004

2005

2006

TWgil sfgl (cfshf fgl

sfgl)
2.

j TWgil sfgl, sfglkhdJ gy

cTWfshf fgLwJ. (v.fh.) gntW ff B.A.,
B.Sc., B.Com.
khztf vif

Year

Total

B.A.

B.Sc.

B.Com.

2001

600

300

100

1000

2002

800

500

200

1500

2003

1100

600

300

2000

2004

1400

750

350

2500

2005

1300

800

300

2400

2006

1000

900

300

2200

TWgil (cTWf) sfgl

B.Com.

3000

12345 B.Sc.
12345
12345
12345
12345 B.A

2500
2000
1500

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

123
123
123
123
123
123
123

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

1000
500

254

Ma glgof khztf viffis

FgjhF. F glgof cTWfshF. gntW
cfis ntWgL fhLtjfhf gy tzfis onah,
Hnlh gagLjyh. Fpnlh (m) Fngh jid
ntWgLJtjfhf gagLjntL.
3. TLgil sfgl
unlh (m) mjF nkgl, rhj tuf TLgil
sfgl FfgoUF. xbthU f xU gil
sfgljh FfgL. xWF nkgl ff
FfgLtjh,
gy
tzfS,
gy
HfS
gagLjgLwd. ntWghLfis fhf xU FpL
tfgLwJ.
sf 3 TLgil sfgl
gid, kW yhg TLgil sfgljh
sfgLsJ
TLgil sfgl

ML
2001

gid
(%gh
%gh 000)
120

yhg
(%gh
%gh 000)
40

2002

130

50

2003

140

70

2004

160

90

2005

200

100

255

unlh (m) mjF nkgl, rhj tuf TLgil

sfgl

12345
12345
12345
12345
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890

250

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123123

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123

2001

2002

2003

150

100

50

yhg

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
1234
123
1234
1234
123
1234
123
1234
123
1234
1234
123
1234
123
1234
1234
123
1234
123
1234
1234
123
1234
123
1234
1234
123

2004

2005

200

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123

gid

gid

tl sfgl
tl sfgl, xU kh gntW TWfis
sfgagLwJ (v.fh.) tl sfgl, xU FLg
gntW bryfshd cz, cil, rhu, f, bghGJnghF
nghwtiw FgjhF. tl sfgl thW
miHfgLtjF fhuz J tlkhf njhw kgjhY,
mjDila cTWf tlUJ btlgl tLfis
xUgjhY thW miHfgLwJ.
tl sfgl tiu Kiwf
1. xU kh gntW cTWf, GfhLfshf khwgl
ntL. j cTWf GfhLf 360 0-(ghif)F rkkhf
bfhL tuglntL.
256

2. xU tl tiua cj fUah (compass) nghJkhd

ms tl tiuf. tl Mu bfhLfgl lF jFjh
ngh Ufyh.
3. ghifkh (protractor) cjah xbthU
msnfg tl FLj ntL.
4. mjDila msnfg, fis mikJ bfhs.
5. gntW fSF jFj H glK, xofS (labels)
lgLj ntL.
sf 4
ika iy nghF msitf
(Measures of central tendency)

bry goa
bry
rjj
cz
60%
thlif
12%
Milf
8%
vbghU
8%
f
6%
kwitf
6%
bkhj
100%

257

tl sfgl
cz
thlif
Milf
vbghU
f
kwitf

a gFgh Ka nehf, bgUushf cs

tuf mogil afis sF xU j kig (one single
value) bgWtjhF. mj kng ika k myJ ruhr vW
miHfgLwJ. Mfnt ika k myJ ruhr vgJ
tuf bjhFig FgjhF. mj ika k bkhj
tuf kig sFtjhF. ruhr kghdJ fbga
kF, fa kF il mikUgjh jF ika
nghF msit vW bga.
ey ruhr mogil af
1. ltlkhd tiuaiuia bfhoUf ntL.
mbghGJjh mj bghU g vj j FHgK VglhJ.
2. J bfhs vikahdjhf Uf ntL.
3. fzLjYF vikahdjhf UfntL.
4. j sf fj Nu (formula) to Uf ntL.
5. bjhF

cs midJ cWfis rhJ Uj

ntL.
258

6.xU

jgl kdhnyh myJ

cWfdhnyh, ghfglhk Uf ntL.

bjhF

caiy a gFghF thsjhf Uf

ntL.
7.

8.

j khf iyahdjhf UfntL.

ruhr tiff
(Kinds of Averages)

ruhr

l ruhrf
(position)

fj ruhrf

TL ruhrf

rhjhuz
ruhr

iwl
ruhr

iliy

KfL

rhjhuz TL ruhr
(Simple Arithmetic Mean)

bghJthf eh mj, midtuhY gagLjToa ika

iy nghF msitna ruhr MF. bjhF cs midJ
cWf k TLjiy, mbjhF cs cWf
vifah tFJ ilF k TL ruhrahF. TL
ruhr vgij X ( X gh) vW Fnwh.
259

X = ruhr = X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + ..... X n =
n

X
n

x = cWf bkhj k
X = ruhr
n = cWf vif
g
1. Raw Data : (j kf)
vLJfhL 1
xU tF cs 10 khztf kbgf nH
bfhLfgLsd. TL ruhria fzLf.
40, 45, 60, 65, 60, 50, 45, 30, 50, 55

X
n
500
=
10
= 50 kbgf

bjhlaw tir
(Discrete series) :

TL
ruhria
bfhLfgLsd.

fzL

tKiwf

nH

1. xbthU cWid (x ) mj fbtfsh (f )

bgWFj = (fx)
2. f x TLj = fx
260

3. fx I (mjDila fbtf vifah) M

tFf ilgJ TL ruhr (X)
TL ruhr
fx bgUf bjhif
fbtf bkhj k

X
fx
f

Nu X = fx
f
vLJfhL 2

fl tufSF TL ruhr fzLf.

x

10

18

20

31

30

25

20

15

x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10

10 6

fx

10
18
20
31
30
25
20
15
10
6

10
36
60
124
150
150
140
120
90
60

f=185

fx=940

fx
f
= 940 / 185
X = 5.081
x=

bjhltir (Continuous Series)

bjhl tir TL ruhria fhz fl Kiwia
gw ntL.
261

1. xbthU ika kig fhf.

ika k flthW fzLj ntL.
ika k = tu + nk tu / 2
1. ilbt ika k m vw vGjh Ff
ntL.
2. xbthU ilbt ika kig (m) m
f btzh (f) bgUf ntL.
3. bgUf gyid Tl (f(m)
4. f(m) I f btf TL bjhifah (f) tFf.
vdnt x = f(m) / f
vLJfhL - 3
xU Wtd g bjhyh d TahdJ
(%gh) flthW
dT %
bjhyhsf
vif

90-110

110-130

130-150 150-170 170-190 190-210 210-230

10

15

24

42

75

bjhyhsf dT TL ruhria x fzL .

dT
x

bjhyhsf
vif f

fm

90-110

100

300

110-130

120

720

130-150

10

140

1400

150-170

15

160

2400

170-190

24

180

4320

190-210

42

200

8400

210-230

50

220

1100

f = 150

fm = 28540

x = fm / f = 28540/150 = 190.27

262

iwl TL ruhr
(Weighted Arithmetic Mean)

rhjhuz TL ruhr FiwghLfS xW guYs

midJ kfS rk KaJt thjitfshf
fUjgLwd. eilKiw gutYs vyh cWfS xnu
khahd KaJtij bgWtiy. vdnt xbthU
cWF mj KaJtij bghWJ iw. myJ vil
bfhLgJ mtakhwJ. iw vgJ cW KaJtij
FF v MF. iwl TL ruhr tUkhW
fzlgLwJ.
1. gut cs xbthU cWig mjDila vilah (W)
bgUf ntL.
2. bgUFj gy TL bjhifia (W x ) fzl
ntL.
3. j TLjiy Wx bkhj vilah / iwah (w) tFf
ntL.
iwl TL ruhria fzLtjfhd Nu
X w = wx

/ w

X w = iwl TL ruhr
wx = bgUFj gy TL bjhif
w = iwf TLj
vLJfhL - 4
iwl ruhria fzLf.

263

yf l
iy %gh

thfgl
ms

4000

20

5000

30

6000

40

7000

35

8000

25

yf
xU l
iy %gh

thf
gl
ms (l)

bkhj

(x)

(w)

(wx)

4000

20

80,000

5000

30

1,50,000

6000

40

2,40,000

7000

35

2,45,000

8000

25

2,00,000

w = 150

wx=9,15,000

X = 9,15,000/150 = 6100
bfhLfgl khf KaJt ntWgLbghGJ
iwl TL ruhria gagLj ntL.
264

vLJfhL 5
uL gfiyfHf khztf wikia, iwl TL
ruhr kW va TL ruhria fzLf.
gfiy fHf
goF ghl

kJiu

brid

nj
khzt
nj k h z t
r j j v i f r j j vif
(00)

(00)

MA

71

82

M.Com.

83

76

M.Sc.

66

60

B.A.

73

73

B.Sc.

65

65

B.Com.

74

76

gfiy
fHf
ghl

brid
x

kJiu

wx

wx

M.A.

71

213

82

164

M.Com.

83

332

76

228

M.Sc.

66

198

60

420

B.A.

73

365

73

438

B.Sc.

65

195

65

195

B.Com.

74

148

76

532

x=432 w=20 wx=1451 x=432 w=28 wx=1977

265

m. va TL ruhr ( x = x/n )
x = 432 = x
n
6
brid = 432/6 = 72
kJiu = 432/6 = 72

x
n

= 432 =
6

72

uL gfiyfHff va TL ruhr xwhfnt

csJ.
M. iwl TL ruhr
xw = wx / w
brid = 1451/20 = 72.55
kJiu = 1977 / 28 = 70.60
kJiu iwl TL ruhr brid iwl TL
ruhria l Fiwthf Ugjh brid gfiyfHf kJiu
gfiyfHfij l wjjhF.
iliy (Median)
bfhLfgl tu bjhFia uL rk ghffshf
F kng iliy vdgL. wF tirnyh myJ
VWtirnyh tir gLjglh mj ika
mikUF cW k il iy vdgL. xU gF
cs cW k iliyF rkkhfnth myJ mijl
Fiwthfnth UF. mnj ngh kW gF cs cW k
mjF rkkhfnth myJ iliyia l mfkhfnth UF.
cjhuz 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 10, 15 tir 5 vgJ iliyahF.
J bfhLfgLs tu bjhFia uL rk
ghffshf wJ. tir lJ gf cs k
5F rkkhfnth myJ Fiwthfnth csJ. mnjngh
iliyF tyJ gf cs k 5F rkkhfnth myJ
mijl mfkhfnth csJ. kf VWtir
266

mikfgLsJ. iliy M vw vGjh FfgLwJ.

iliyia fzLj
jgl tubjhF
1. bfhLfgl tufis wF Kfkhfnth myJ
VWKfkhfnth tirgLj.
2. thghil gagLJf :
M = Size of (N+1)/2) tJ cW ,
N vgJ bfhLfgl bjhF cs cWf
vif MF.
vLJfhL - 6
7 khztf kbgf nH bfhLfgLsJ.
iliy kbgiz fzLf.
t ir v.
kbg

40

30

18

55

60

25

45

: Kj VWKfkhf tirgLj.
kbgf : 18

25 30

40

45

iliy = Size of (N+1)/2 tJ cW

Size of (7+1)/2 = 8/2 = 4tJ cW
Size of 4tJ cW = 40
~ iliy kbg = 40

267

55

60

uilgil vf :
uilgil vfSF iliy fLof, uL
cWf kf ruhrna iliyahF.
vLJfhL - 7
fl tufSF iliy fzLf :
60

55

62

40

35

65

70

68

:
VWKfkhf tirgLdh,
35, 40, 55, 60, 62, 65, 68, 70
iliy
M =Size of (N+1)/2)tJ cW
M = Size of(8+1) / 2tJ cW
Size of 4.5 tJ cW = 4tJ cW + 5tJ cW
2
(60 + 62) / 2 = 61
~ iliy kbg = 61
bjhlaw tir
tKiw
1. tufis VWKfkhfnth myJ wFKfkhfnth
tirgLj.
2. TL fbtfis fzl.
3. thghil gagLj.
268

iliy = Size of (N+1)/2)tJ cW

N = f = fbtf TLbjhif
vLJfhL 8
iliy msit fzLj

fhy ms
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8

fbt
10
18
22
25
20
15
10

TL fbt
10
28
40
65
85
100
110

N = 110

iliy = Size of [(N+1)/2]tJ cW

Size of (110/2) = 55tJ cW
Size of 55tJ cW = 6.5
~ fhy iliy ms = 6.5
bjhltir
tKiwf
1. N/2it gagLj iliy fzLf; N = f =
fbtf TL bjhif
2. iliy mikJs tFig fLof.
269

3. Nuij gagLJf :
M=L+

N/2 cf x c
f

L = iliy mikJs tF tu
F = iliy mikJs tF fbt
cf = iliy mikJs tFF Kija TL fbt
c = iliy mikJs ilbt
vLJfhL - 9
nH bfhLfgLs mltizUJ iliyia
fzLf

kbgf
fbtf

0-20 20-40
10

34

40-60

60-80

80-100

36

20

10

:
kbgf

fbtf

(x)

TL fbtf

(f)

(cf)

0-20

10

10

20-40

34

44

40-60

36

80

60-80

20

100

80-100

10

110

270

iliy = (N/2) = (110/2) = 55

M=L+

N/2 cf x c
f

N
= 55, L = 55, Cf = 44, f = 36, C = 20
2

M = 40 + (55-44)/36) x 20
= 40 + (11/36 x 20)
= 40 + 220/36
= 40 + 6.1
iliy = 46.1
KfL
bfhLfgl gut bghJthd cW KfL vdgL.
gut vj v Ug Ug mf jlitf (fwnjh)
tUwnjh mj msnt KfL vdgL. bjhl gut, mf
jlitf tU kh kng KfL vW tiuaWfgLwJ.
vdnt vj cW mfgr fbtfis bfhLsnjh mJnt
KfL vdgL. bjhl gut xU KfL gut, myJ U KfL
gut myJ g KfL gut Mf Ufyh.
xU KfL gut : bjhl gut xnu xU KfL UF
U KfL gut : bjhl gut uL KfLf UF
gKfL gut : gutyhdJ uLF nkgl
KfLfis bfhoUF.
KfL fzLj
jgl tu bjhF, gutiy ghjlndna Kfil
fLofyh.
271

vLJfhL 10
10 kjf fl tUkhdij bgWwhf :Rs.1000, 850, 650, 780, 1000, 980, 1000, 850, 700, 900 -

KfL

fzLf.
:
1. gutiy tirgLj
650, 700, 780, 850, 850, 900, 980, 1000, 1000, 1000
1000

_W Kiw tJsJ. vdnt, KfL tUkhd = %.1000.

vLJfhL - 11
KfL fzLf :
450, 400, 380, 370, 400, 420, 450, 340
:
gutiy tirgLj.
340, 370, 380, 400, 400, 420, 450, 450
400

kW 450 uL Kiw tJsJ.

Mfnt KfL 400 kW 450 MF. U KfLf tJsjh.

gut U KfL gut MF.
bjhFfgl tufSfhd KfL
(Mode for Grouped data)

bjhFfgl tu bjhF KflhdJ ruhr,

iliy,
KfL
tilnaahd
bjhl_y
fzlgLwJ.
thghL = KfL = (3 iliy - 2 ruhr)
272

vLJfhL - 12
xU tu bjhF TL ruhr = 180, kW
iliy 170. KfL fhf.
:
KfL = 3 iliy - 2 TL ruhr
= (3 x 170) - (2 x 180)
= 510 - 360
= 150.
KfL = 150.

g
gF - m
I.
1.

2.

3.

4.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

a vgJ j cthF
m. tfa
M. bghUa
. fj
<. fzF ga
nll (Status) vw yd bkh FLtJ
m. a
M. jfa
. fzF gja
<. ma
btlgl myJ btlglhj Mjhuf _y
ilfbgw tuf
m. Kj iy tu
M. ulh iy
tu
. a
<. mf
nrffgl tufis mt afSnfg fshf
cfshf tirgLJj.
m. mltiz gLJj
M. tifgLJj
. gjj
<. xGFgLJj
273

xU kh gntW TWfis sf gagL gl

m. nfhL tiugl
M. gil sfgl
. tl sfgl
<. cUt sfgl
nfhol lfis uf.
II.
6.
KjKjyhf nrffgL tuf ......... tuf
vdgL.
7.
khf Ug Ug tjh mJ .......... vdgL.
8.
tu kW nk tuF ilna cs ahrnk ..........
vdgL.
9.
nrfj tufis gfshf tirfshf
mikgij ............. vnwh.
10. bfhLfgl gut bghJthd cW .........
III. bghUJf.
11. iliy
m. 3 iliy - 2 ruhr

5.

12. KfL

M. cWnehFj

13. Kj iy tuf

. Size of (N+1)tJ cW
2

14. ruhr

<.

15. iwl TL ruhr

IV.

Wx
N

c. ika k

xU thijf il jUf.

16. mltizF f KakhdJ vJ?

17.

TL ruhr Nu jUf.

18. iliyfhd thghil TWf.

19. mltiz gLj Kjgo ahJ?
20. xnu xU khia sF tiugl ahJ?

274

gF-M
V.
tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf
iljUf.
21. a yfz ahJ?
22. tuf tiff ahit?
23. F tiuf. 1. tiugl (graph) 2. sfgl (Diagram)
24. tifgLJj tiff ahit?
25. W F tiuf. tl sfgl (Pie-Diagram)
gF-
tU dhfSF xU gf ms iljUf.

VI.

26. tifgLJjYF, mltizgLJjYF cs

ntWghLfis sFf.
27. mltizgLj Kiwf ahit?
28. sfglF tiuglF cs ntWghLf ahit?
29. ey ruhr mogil af ahit?
30. fl tufis bfhL TL ruhr fzLf.
X

10

10

18

20

31

30

25

20

15

10

gF-<
VII.

tU dhfSF _W gf ms iljUf.

31. fl tufSF jgil sfgl tiuf.

ML
khztf
vif

2001

2002

1000

1500

2003
2000

275

2004

2005

2006

2500

2400

2200

32. fl tufSF tl sfgl tiuf.

bry goa
bry

rjj

cz

60%

thlif

12%

Milf

8%

vbghU

8%

6%

kwitf

6%

33. bjhyhsf dT TL ruhria fzLf.

d T
bjhyhsf
vif

90-110

110-130 130-150 150-170 170-190 190-210 210-230

10

14

24

42

75

34. fhQ kbgfSF ruhr, iliy, KfL fzLf.

kbgf
fbt (F )

0-20
10

20-40
24

40-60
36

60-80
20

80-100
10

35. tuf jikfis, tiffis tf.

276

ghl - 12
khWghL msitf
( Measures of Variabiity)
ika iy nghF msitahdJ, xU tu bjhF xU
Twhd ruhria kL msLwJ. j kW xGfw fUahf
ruhr Ugjh J gut KGikahd bghUis bt
bfhzuhJ.
vLJfhL 1 - IJ ghlf uL (m & m)
khztf ruhr kbgf xjitahF. Mdh mit gy
tf ntWgL. m vyh ghlfY bt bgW csh.
mtdJ ruhr 60 kbgfshF. Mdh m ruhrahf 60
kbgf bgW, xU ghl nj bgwiy. kbwh
100 GfhL bgWsh.
ghlf
m bgw
kbgf

m bgw
kbgf

My

fzF

ma

tuyhW &
a

ruhr

68

65

55

60

52

300/5 = 60

60

30

100

59

51

300/5 = 60

nkny fl vLJfhoUJ bfhLfgLs tuf

xj jikilajhf Ujhjh ruhr egf jikilajhf
UF vgJ bjthwJ. iyba cik kghdJ
ruhr kUJ mf ms yUF. j yf
msthdJ khWghL msitf myJ gut msitfsh
mslgL.
ruhr vw ika UJ cWf k vts
yUwJ myJ jlwJ vgij sFtJ gut
277

msit MF. a M J xU Kakhd msitahF.

ruhr egfjikia J ugwJ. gut msit ga
m yfiy fLgLJtjF, cWf kig
vfhy nkgLJtjF gagLwJ.
khWghL msitfis msL Kiwf
khWghL msitfis gy tf klyh. m y
Kiwf F bfhLfgLsd.
1. R (Range)
2. ilfhy R (Inter-quartile Range or Quartile Deviation)
3. ruhr yf (Mean Deviation)
4. gutgo kW l yf
(Variance and Standard Deviation)

R (Range)
khWghL msitf f vjhd msit R MF. R
vgJ fbt gut fbga kF, fa kF
cs ntWghL MF. vLJfhL 1- m bgWs mf
kbgf 100 GfhL MF. Fiwjgr kbgf 30
GfhL MF.
R = L S (L vgJ mf k, S vgJ fa k)
= 100 30 = 70

R = 70

vLJfhL - 2
IJ ghlf m bgw kbgfUJ ir
fzLf.
mbgw kbgf : 68
R = L - S = 68 - 52 = 16
278

65

55

60

52

ruhr yf (Mean Deviation)

gut cs cWf kf mgut TL
ruhrUJ bgWs yff ruhrna ruhr yf
vdgL. cWf k ruhr kF Fiwthf Ujh
vkiw FpL (-), mfkhf Ujh nekiw FpL (+)
bgW.
kh ruhrUJ xbthU cWf k vts
u y csJ vgj TLjiy bkhj cWf
vif tFf ilgJ ruhr yfkhF.
x-x
n

ruhr yf (MD) =
x = cWf k
x = ruhr

x - x = yf (nekiw FpL yhj)

= TLj
n = cWf vif
vLJfhL - 3
mltiz bfhLfgLs tufSF ruhr yf
fzLf.
X

10

22

cWf
k X

XX

XX

-6

6
8
10
22

-4
-2
0
12

4
2
0
12

(x-x) = 0

x-x = 24

279

ruhria fzl x-x bkhj cWf vifah

tFf ntL.
ruhr yf (MD) = x-x =
n

24/5 = 4.8

l yf
gutgo kW lyf f mf ms gagL khWghL
msitfshF. gutgoahdJ, khWghL msitfS xU iyahd
msitahF. kW gutgoW bgwgL tf _ynk l
yfkhF. gutgo, ruhr yfij nghwJ. F vkiw
FpLf, KfL kfis fz vLJ bfhtj _y
fgLwd. kbwhU Kiw, vkiw FiwpLfis fzl,
xbthU yf kfSF tf_yij fLoj ntL.
c.kh. vLJfhL _iw gagL, gutgoia l
yfij fzlyh.
tu
x

x-x

(x-x) 2

-6

36

-4

16

-2

10

22

12

144

(x-x) = 0

(x-x)2=200

r u h r i a f z l ( x - x ) 2 I b k h j t u f
vifah tFf ilgJ
(x-x)2
n

gutgo (Variance) 2 =
280

x = cik tu
x = ruhr
(x-x)2 = yff tf (Squared Deviations)
= Tl F.
n = tuf vif
gutgo (Variance) 2 =

200
5

= 40

l yfkhdJ (Variance), gutgo tf _yUJ

fzl Ko.

2 =

(x-x)2
n

(x-x)2
n

200
5

40

6.32

Wkf kW fhkf
dho - dh, 40 khztfSl xL br bghGJ
xUt ewhf bragljhf fUdh, mt braiy fzl
tfij, 40 khztfSl mtdJ rh iyia fzl
ntL. kw khztfSl mtDila iyia fzl, y
Kiwf gagLwJ. rh iyia fzl Wkf,
mfkhf gagLjgLwJ. fhkf xUtdJ iyia fzl
mfkhf gagLjgLwJ. J miu-ilfh R (Semiinter quartile range) vW miHfgL. mj bgaUnfg, J
281

_whtJ fhkF, Kj fhkF cs ntWgho

ika mikUF. iliy ulhtJ fhk (or P50)
mikUF. vdnt J tu bjhFia U
rkghffshf wJ. fhk tu bjhFia 4
ghffshf wJ. vdnt fhkfis fzLj,
iliyia fzLj nghwjhF.
Q1 = Kj fhy = 25tJ Wkf (P 25)
Q 2 = u l h t J f h k = 5 0 t J W k f ( P 50) =
iliy
Q3 = _whtJ fhk = 75tJ Wkf (P 75)
fhk yf (Q.D.) =
myJ =

Q3 - Q1
2

P 75 P 25
2

Q3 = _whtJ fhk
Q1 = Kj fhk
P 75 = 75tJ Wkf
P 25 = 25tJ Wkf
vLJfhL 4
nH bfhLfgLs mltiz bkhj kbg 20F
40 khztfSila dho - dh kbgf bfhLfgLsd.
mUJ 10tJ Wkf (P 10 ), 25 tJ Wkf (P 25), 50 tJ
Wkf, ulhtJ (Q2) fhkf Matiw fzLf.
10 tJ Wkf k aghfnt, bkhj kigl 10
rjj mfkhf UF. ij fzl, bfhLfgLs
tufis VWKfkhf vGj ntL.

282

16

11

10

10

14

18

11

15

19

13

13

14

18

12

17

15

16

16

10

12

13

12

11

17

10

15

16

19

13

11

14

12

16

14

tirgLjgl

tirgLjgl
khztf

kbgf

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

7
7
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13

khztf

10 tJ

kbgf

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

13
13
14
14
14
14
15
16
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
18

38
39
40

18
19
19

Wkf iyia khf fl thghil

gagLjyh.
283

P
100

n =

, njitahd Wkf P = 10 kW Flgl

tuf bkhj vif n=40. vdnt 10tJ Wk
iyahdJ 4 MF.

n X

40 X

P
100

(or)

10 = 4
100

ilF ilahdJ KGikahd vzhf yho, mij

mLj KGikahd vF kh bfhsyh. iy
Wkf vgJ, xU ruhr vzhF kW mik
nrif mLj caj kbgzhF. Mfnt 10tJ Wk
(P 10) vgJ flthW klgLwJ.
10 tJ

Wkf ( P 10) =

(4 tJ

k) + (5tJ k)

2
8+9

=
=

2
8.5

Mfnt 10tJ Wk (P 10 ) vgJ uL tu

ruhrahF. njngh 25tJ (P 25) kW 50tJ (P 50) Wkfis
fzlyh.
284

25tJ Wk (P 25 ) = n X

P
100

= 40 X 25

100

= 10

25tJ Wk (P 25 )

(10tJ k) + (11tJ k)

2
10 + 11

= 10.5
50tJ Wk (P 50 )

p
100

40

50
100

= 20
285

50tJ Wk (P 50 )

(20tJ k) + (21tJ k)

2
13 + 13
=
2
= 13

iliy kig fzlh mJ jF rkkhf UF

Mfnt
50tJ Wkf = iliy = ulhtJ fhk (Q 2)
fhk yf
yf myJ ilfhy R rhjhuzkhf R nghnw
fzlyh.

Q 3 Q 1

fhk yf

_whtJ fhk iyia fzl nkfl

thgho J khw brJ gagLjyh. mjhtJ

Q
n X 4
njitahd fhk Q = 3. tu bkhj
vif n=40. Mfnt _whtJ fhk (Q3) iyahdJ
nH bfhLfgLsthW 30 MF.

40 X
286

3
4

= 30

3tJ fhk (Q3)

(30tJ k) + (31tJ k)

2
16 + 16
=
2
= 16

Kj fhkij flthW fzlyh.

40 x = 10
Kj fhk Q1

(10tJ k) + (11tJ k)

2
10 + 11
=
2
= 10.5

F : P 10 k Q 1 k xwhf UF Q 2 k
fzL P 50 kl xL ghfyh.
Fpblf
Fpblf vgJ xU a fUahF. tiw
gagL, fhyfSilna VgL khwfis msl, bghUa
ufSF sf mf KowJ. Fpblf, kid
rjj FL xU xiw jnk MF. it, rgjgl gy
287

Tlhd, gy khf xLbkhj khwij RUfkhf TWwJ.

Efnth iy (Consumer Price Index) Fpbl myJ thif
bry Fpbl (Cost of Living Index) FpblfS ugykhd
bjhwhF. it Efnth brYJ yiw iy VgL
khwfis msLwd.
l fhykhfnt, bghUayPf iy kW ms
Fpblfis mikJ tJsd. Fpblf
ftdij U mYFf iy. mit neikahd msitf
kLk mij fzLjY vikahdJ. vLJfhlhf
bk cg ulh Mo 125 vW kLnk Flglnj
m 125 a bk l vW myy.
Fpblf tiff
bghUshjhu khf VgL khwfis msl nkY
mt sff, gzf isfis bghUa
eltoif cik iyW ntWgLj ntL. vj xU
Fl khwfis J msLwnjh mjdogil
Fpblf tifgLjgLwd. fhQ VnjDbkh
mslhf J UfTL.
iy - xU bk l bko mfho iy myJ xU rJu
l J mfho iy.
ms - a bk l bk myJ rJu l J.
k - xU bk l bko mfho k myJ xU rJu
l J mfho k.
j
mogil
Fpblf
fgLwd; mit

_W

tifahf

1. iy Fpblf (Price Index Numbers)

2. ms Fpblf (Quantity index Numbers)
3. k Fpblf (Value Index Numbers) MF.
288

iy, ms kW k Ma _W xnwhblhW
bjhlilad kW mbjhl f vikahdJ. msid
iyah bgUdh mJ k rkghlhF. mjhtJ iy x
ms = k
Fpblf gaf
Fpblf wghd Rofhoahf Ugjh mJ gy
eilKiw gaghLilajhF. fhQ tiff mit
gaDilaitahF.
1.

bghUshjhu khia, bjh nghid g

fla it gagLwd.

2.

bghUshjhu kW thg bfhiffis v mikgjF

Fpblf bgJ cjwd.

3.

gz thF ria msl, gz cik

kig fzl tiwgagLjyh.

4.

gzf msL kW thif bry fzL Ma

Fpblf kf thif ju VgL
khwfis ff gagLwd.

5.

it iy ytuij, mj nghid, cg,

gzf, tjf nghw gy bghUshjhu khf VgL
khwfis msLtjh it bghUshjhu ghukh
(Economic Barometer) vd miHfgLwd.

Fpblfis mikF Kiwf

(Methods of Constructing Index Numbers)

Fpblf mikF gntW Kiwfis uL

Ka fshf tifgLjyh.
1. iwlh Fpblf
(unweighted Index Numbers)

2. iwl Fpblf
(weighted Index Numbers)

289

iwlh Fpblf
Fpblfis mikg Jnt vjhd KiwahF. j
Kiw Fpbl mogil Mo TLj iyF (P O) el
Mo y TLj iy rjjkhf FlgLwJ.
mogil ML bghJthf Kj Mlhf itJ, el MlhdJ
vj MoF Fpbliz fzl ntLnkh mj
Mil FF. el Mo P tia mogil Mo P oth
tFjh Fpbl ilF.
Po1 =

P t

X 100

Po
pt = el Mo iyf TLj
po = mogil Mo iyf TLj
Fpbl mikgJ f vjhdJ, J fhQ
mltiz _y sfgLsJ.
mltiz
iy %gh

glf

2000 ML

2005 ML

15

20

btfha

10

16

2005- Mo Fpbliz mikf, 2000ij

mogil Mlhf itJ, mltiz Flgl
t u f T L j i y i a b f h L (A g g r e g a t e P r i c e )
fzlgLwJ.
290

iy %gh
2000
mogil ML
((Po)

glf

2000
el ML
( Pt)

15

20

btfha

10

16

po = 25
P O1 =

p t
p o

pt = 36

x 100

= 36/25 x 100
= 144
iwl Fpblf
(Weighted Index Numbers)

kfsh EfugL m msthdJ rakhf btfha

msitl TLjyhfnt UF. iwlh Fpblf jifa
glfS ilnaahd msf bjhlila khwfis
fzLtiy. mfgoahd glf Fpblfis
fzLnghJ, mitf bjhlila khwfis fUbfhL
mtF bghUjkhd iwia mfntL. iwfis
bfhLFnghJ miwahdJ btntW bghU KaJtij
ugf ntL.
iwl Fpblfis _W tiff fzlyh
_W KiwfS mtiw fLoj bghUa
mPf bgafisna jhsd. mbghUa mPf
bgaf tUkhW
291

1. Hermann Paasche
2. Etienne Laspeyres
3. Irving Fisher
tf Fblf Kiwna
1. Paasche Index
2. Laspeyres Index
3. Fisher Index vd bgalgld.

1. Paasche Fpbl =

pt qt
PP =
p 0q t

pt q0
2. Laspeyres Fpbl = PL =
p 0q 0
PF =

3. Fishers Fpbl =

PP PL

P vgJ iy kl khw (m) Fpbl.

P o = mogil Mo iy
q o = mogil Mo glf ms
p t = el Mo (t) iy
q t = el Mo (t) glf ms
Paasche Fpbl Kiw el Mo msitna
iwahf gagLjgLwJ. Laspeyers Fpbl Kiw
mogil Mo msnt iwahf gagLjgLwJ. _whtJ
Kiwahd Fisher Kiw Fpbliz P p kW P L Mat
bgUf ruhrahf - el kW mogil MLf ruhr
iwahf bfhsgLwJ.

292

vLJfhL 1 : fhQ tufSF iwl

Fpblfis Paasches, Laspeyres kW Fisher Kiwf
fzLf.
iy
Ef ms
glf
2000
2005
2000
2005
m

15

20

10

12

btfha

10

16

iwlh Fpbliz sf nj tufjh

mfgLsd. Mdh iwl Fpbliz fzl
m kW btfha Ef msid mltiz nrJ
bfhLfgLsJ.iwl Fpblfis fzLtjfhd
_W thghLfS nH bfhLfgLsd.
Paasche Fpbl

PP =

pt qt
p 0q t

Laspeyres Fpbl

PL =

pt q 0
p0q 0

PF =

PP PL

Fishers Fpbl

glf

m
btfha

iy

Ef ms

(P)

( Q)

P tq t

2000
Po

2005
Pt

2000
qo

2000
qt

15

20

10

12

240

10

16

48

P oq t

P tq o

P oq o

180 300 150

30

32

20

p t q t p oq t ptqo poqo

288

293

210 332 170

tiw rjjkhf Fl, midJ Kobtfis 100

M bgUfntL.
Paasche

pt qt
x 100
PP =
p 0q t

Fpbl

288
P01 = 210

x 100

= 137.14
Laspeyres

Fpbl PL

p t q0
x 100
=
p 0q 0

P01

P01

332
=
170

x 100

= 195.29
Fishers

Fpbl = P F

PP PL

PF =

PF =

PF =
=

=
=

p t q t p t q0
x
x 100
p 0q t
p 0q 0
288
210

1.3714 x
2.6782

332
170
1.9529

16365 x 100 = 163.5

294

x 100
x 100
x 100

Fishers Fpbl, kw uL Kiwf irj

ruhrahF (Harmonic mean). vdnt Kj uL Kiwf

ilj ilfis bgUa mj tf _yij fL

ofntL.

137.14 x 195.29

= 163.65

fhyrh bjhltir

bghU
fhyrh bjhltir vgJ bjhlJtU fhyf
fzlgL tuf MF. ``rhjuzkhf J xU Fl
fhy ms nrffgl vQUfis FgjhF ML
bkhj cehL cg, khj bkhj iy FpL ms, thuhu
gF iyf kW dr jg btg iy nghwit fhyrh
bjhltir tufSfhd vLJfhLf MF.
fhyrh bjhltir gFgh vgJ, xU Fl fhy
ms bghUshjhu khf vj khWgLwd myJ ntW
khfnshL bjhlila tif khWgLwd vgij MuhtjF
gagLwd. flj fhy ffnshL vfhy ffis
fgjF J f gagLwJ. thW, fhyrh bjhl
tir UbgU gafshtd (1) bjhl cW nehFj _y
bghUshjhu khf aid milahs fhQj (2) flj fhy
ffnshL fzL vfhy bjhltir kfis
flj MF.
fhyrh bjhltir bfhLfgl bjhl tuf
myJ khf jikia, tiffis fltjhF. j
295

afis, jikia MuhjwF jid gFjhj

bra aY. milahs fhzglitfis CjJ vfhy
ffis maKo.
fhyrh bjhltir tiff :
fhyrh bjhltirfis ehF tiffshf fyh.
1) nghF tif
(Trend component)

2) RH tif
(Cyclical component)

3) gUtfhy tif
(Seasonal component)

4) bjhlaw tif
(Irregular component)

nghFtif vgJ fhyrh bjhltir lfhy

afij FgjhF. J bghJth Fl fhy ms
Kiwahd nenfho (Linear) myJ nenfhoyhj khwij
L fHhtz FgjhF.
RHtif fhyrh bjhltir nghFtif nghw aid
cilajhF. Mdh, J jdFjhnd Fl fhy ms
fGtz VgLtjhF.
gUtfhytif fhyrh bjhltir vgJ xU Mo
gUtfhy khwdh VgL afij FgjhF.
bjhlaw tif, fhyrh bjhltir khw vgJ vj
xU Kiw _y ff ayhjij FgjhF. it
bfhLfgl xU kh VgL khwfdhnyh (m) Kiwaw
Vwjhfdhnyh clhtij FgjhF.
296

g
gF - m
I.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

1.

ruhr egfjikilajh UgjF tuf

m. bjhlawjhf UfntL
M. xj jikilajhf Uf ntL
. gygo jikilajhf Uf ntL
<. gFfglhj tuf

2.

3.

4.

5.

R vgJ
m. KjyhtJ kF fil kF cs ntWghL
M. eL k
. fbga kF fa kF cs ntWghL
<. fa k
f mf iyjikila khWghL msit
m. gutgo
M. ruhr
. iliy ms
<. KfL
xU iyia msl bghJthf gagLjgLtJ
m. Wkf
M. gkf
. l yf
<. fhk yf
fhyfSilna VgL khwfis msL a fU
m. ruhrf
M. Fpblf
. yff
<. gutgo

II.

nfhol lfis brf.

6.
7.

............. vgJ ruhrUJ cWf k vts

yUwJ vgij FF.
gut msitf f vjhdJ ........... MF.

8.

ruhr yf thghL .......... MF.

9.
l yf vgJ ...........UJ bgwgLwJ.
10. fhk yf ....... vW miHfgL.
297

III.

bghUJf.

11.

gutgo

12.

(x - x)2
n

13.

fhkyf

. PF = PP PL

14.

Fishers Fpbl

<. Q3 - Q1

15

Paasche Fpbl

2
2
c (x - x)

m. l yf
ptqt
M. P =
p
Poqt

n
IV.

xU thijf iljUf.

16. fbga kF f a kF ilna ntWghL

vgJ FF?
gutgoUJ bgwgLtJ vJ?
ugykhd Fpbl ahJ?
wghd Rofhoahf UgJ vJ?
_W Fpblfis bjhlgLJ rkghL ahJ?
gF-M
V. tU dhfSF ehF myJ IJ tf
iljUf.
21. gut msitfis msL Kiwf ahit?
17.
18.
19.
20.

22. ruhr yf vgJ vd?

23. gutgo vwh vd?
24. _W Ka Fpblf bgafis Tw.
25. iwl Fpblfis fzL _W Ka Kiwf
ahit?

298

gF-
tU dhfSF xU gf ms iljUf.
ruhr yfij t.
l yf vwh vd? mij t.
fhk yf vwh vd? t.
Fpbl vwh vd? mj tiffis t?
Fpblf gafis t?
iwl Fpblfis mikF Kiwia sFf.
gF-<
VII. tU dhfSF _W gf ms iljUf.
32. gut msitfis msL Kiwfis t.
33. fhQ tufis bfhL P10, P25, Q2, Q3
Matiw fzLf.

VI.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

16

11

10

10

14

18

11

15

19

13

13

14

18

12

17

15

16

16

10

12

13

12

11

17

10

15

16

19

13

11

14

12

16

14

34. Fpbl vwh vd mt tiffis, gafis

t.
35. Fpblfis mikF Kiwfis t.
36. fhQ tufSF iwl Fpblfis gh,
bya, kW Z. _W Kiwf fzLf.
glf

iy

Ef ms

2000

2005

15

20

10

12

btfha

10

16

299

2000

2005

ghl - 1 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

<

6.

VVo_

7.

VWk

8.

ntshik

9.

jiyaha

II.

10. W.W. nuhnlh

III.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

b#k
fhu kh
mbkf Ia ehLf
ts Fiwj ehLf
knfhghL

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

nuff jid
VWk
Fne
g
20 Kj 25 GfhLf

IV.

300

ghl - 2 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

<

3.

4.

<

5.

6.

267

7.

brGik

8.

T.R.

9.

vGj iy

II.

khj

10. ulhtJ
III.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

1872

gr
1000 ngUF wgt vjid
2000

FLg msit fLgLJj

IV.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

cjk nfhghL
aiu jil (Positive)
khj kf bjhif nfhghL
fhy jh Ukz brJ bfhs
iuthd kf bjhif ts

301

ghl - 3 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

uL

7.

mik ahd

8.

ntiy thig rhJ

9.

ntiyrh (sub-employment)

II.

10. kiwKf ntiyik

III.
11. 1993
12. Fiwthd cg w ntiy th
13. Vu 1999
14. bgha
15. uhkw ntiyl
IV.
16. Vikia Fiwj
17. %.49.1/- jeg khj bry
18. kf bjhif mGj
19. jukhd f
20. uL nfhoF nk
302

ghl - 4 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

3.

4.

<

5.

6.

cg Kiw

7.

ff

8.

1993-94

9.

bjhahd

II.

10. UKiw fzL

III.
11. maehL thg fglJ
12. X-M
13. fu ehL tUkhd (NNP)
14. 1993-94
15. jtUkhd - jtf
IV.
16. jyh tUkhd
17. tUkhd Kiw
18. _W
19. maehL thg
20. bkhj cehL cg / bkhj kfbjhif
303

ghl - 5 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

ika

7.

thg RH

8.

kfyneh

9.

1928

II.

10. rkJt
III.
11. jiylh bfhif.
12. a IjhL lf.
13. iuthd bjh kakhj.
14. tWikia xngh.
15 . rkJt kW r_f .
IV.
16. #tAyh neU
17. jiylh bfhif
18. l FG
19. 2002-2007
20. uh{UZzh
304

ghl - 6 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

3.

<

4.

5.

6.

ntshik

7.

frh bghUf

8.

g tif Kiw

9.

y cilik

II.

10. ntsh is bghU rij

III.
11. TL FLg Kiw
12. gRik u
13. Mnya M fhy
14. ntshik
15. a ntshik isbghU iy bfhif
IV.
16. y cg w
17. ciH cg w
18. M
19. fhyiy
20. M
305

ghl - 7 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

<

2.

<

3.

4.

5.

6.

ber bjh

7.

ulh IjhLl

8.

jhuskakhFj

9.

jah kakhFj

II.

10. bjh kakhFj

III.
11.

jah kakhFj

12. ku bjhf
13. 1991 bjhbfhif
14. bjhbr
15. iliy glf
IV.
16. ah
17. U v~F bjh
18. M
19. jhuhskakhFj, jahkakhFj cyfkakhFj (LPG)
20. bjhkakhFj
306

ghl - 8 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

2.

3.

<

4.

5.

6.

VWk/wFk

7.

buhf U j (CRR)

8.

ntshik

9.

1935

II.

10. Hf gz
III.
11. a r t
12. 3 Kj 15 rjj tiu
13. rlt Fiwjgr toj
14. tffSF tHfgLs tr
15. tf tf
IV.
16. a t
17. tf rKjha
18. a r t
19. a r t
20. iy
307

ghl - 9 ilf
gF-m
I.

1.

<

2.

3.

4.

5.

<

6.

mfhoia tila brj

7.

a jhuhskakhFj

8.

gz

9.

maehL thg

II.

10. MSe FG
III.
11.

<uh, <uh, Fit

12. thl
13. 1993
14. 2000 tUl
15. b#th
IV.
16. fh, njiy, rz, U jhJ, thrid bghUf, gU
17. maehL thg brYJ rkiy
18. 1983
19. gKf KjL cWl Kfik (MIGA)
20. mogil khwij rbr cj
308

ghl - 10 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.

<

2.

3.

<

4.

<

5.

6.

iy

7.

8.

bghUshjhu

9.

bjhlf f

II.

10. FHij
III.
11. f mf tsailj khy
12. mU g UgJ
13. ghd ntWghil Fiwj
14. bjhEg f Mf
15. w g Rfhjhu l
IV.
16. 1960
17. Fiw
18. M
19. M
20. 1986
309

ghl - 11 ilf
gF-m
I.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

m
M
M

6.

Kj iy

7.
8.

fbt
ilbt

9.

mltiz

II.

10. KfL
III.
11.

Size of (N+1/2)tJ cW

12. 3 iliy - 2 ruhr

13. cW nehFj
14. ika k
15. Wx
N
IV.
16. Mjhuf
17. fx
N
18.
L+

(m)

N
2

x
N
cf

xC
f
19. tifgLJj
20. jgil sfgl
310

ghl - 12 ilf
gF-m
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

m
<
M

6.
7.
8.

gut msit
R
x-x
n
gutgo
miu - ilfhk R

II.

9.
10.
III.

(x - x)2
n
12. l yf
13. Q3 - Q1
2
14. PF = PP x PL
15. Pp = ptqt
poqt

11.

IV.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

R
l yf
thif bry Fpbl / Efnth iy Fpbl

Fpbl
iy x ms = k
311