Ud RtLWQUn [eYRp

RXjLs Gu YZeLlTu\],

CY

UjW

CXdLQm

GjLs JdLlTm LX A[d UjW Gu

TVo, Sm CVpTLd LiUlTRt Bm SWm
ApX LSlTRt Bm SWm J UjW Bm,

RtT
I. Gj
A) u YlLp Lt\Ytu dLm
UQdLW! TjRm Yll TPjhPjuT
CXdLQm LtLl mu. u YlLp Lt\
GjXdLQl TV ] ok RPok NpL,

Gju NV JdmT KN CUdLLm

GUdLLm NV Nok JdLlTm, LWm. LWm.
Lu. ALWm GuT] Gju NVLs Bm,
GjLs Tm NVLs jl u]od
LiTm,

EWjLs - 12
p
A
C
E
G

TkRr CXdLQm Ik YL, AY:

1, Gj
2, Np
3, Ts

4, Vl
5, A GuT]Ym,

RXj
"A@
Rp
"J[@
YWs[
TuWi
EWjLm "d@ Rp "u@ YWs[ T]h
UnVjLm BV lTm RXjLs
G]lTm,
"Em EPmUm lT RX@
-Sup 59
Ud Eo Tu\Y EWjLs, EPp
Tu\Y UnVjLs, CY 216 Eo
UnVjLs Ru\ AlTPVn Es[], CqY
1

Sp
B
D
F
H
I(C)
K
J[(E)

EWjLp V KNPV GjLs

Xj ApX t\j Gum iP KNPV
GjLs Sp Gj ApX ShPj Gum
YZeLlTm, XjLs JqYu\m J
UjW SWjm ShPjLs JqYu\m
CWi UjW SWjm JdL Yim,
XjLs
Nt
i
J j R
ShPjL[L Uu\], G]Y JqY
ShPjtm ARtV Xj C]YjRm,
I. J[ BV C ShPjLdm RV
t\juUVp ILWjt CLWm. J[LWjt
ELWm C]dXjRLd Ls[lTm, Eod
t\jLs LWm. LWm. Lu. BV u
NVL[m Tm,
2

G,L,
ALWm
ALWm
A*Lu

Eo ShPjLs LWm Gum NV Tm

I J[ BV CWi ShPjLm. LWm Gum
NV TYPu Lu NVm Tm,
G,L,

BLWm

- B

ILWm. ILu

- I

G,L

UnVjLs 18

L
d + ALWm = (d+A)LWm = LLWm

Yp]m

NoTjLs - 10
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,

EoUn
BnRm
EW[TP
Jt\[TP
tVLWm

6 tVLWm
7, ILWd dLm
8, J[LWd dLm
9, ULWddLm
10, BnRddLm

G]f NoTj Tj YLlTm. CY

RXjL[f Nok YRXm. RXjLu
. LWjRp \jRXm NoTjL[],

1, EoUn
CP]m

Up]m

d GuTRtL C]m e
f GuTRt C]m g

UnVjLs JqYum AW UjW

SWjp J-lPV],

- Yp]m
- Up]m
- CP]m
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u

G,L,

UnVjLs ALWm Gum NV Tm,

J[LWm. J[Lu - J[
L N P R T \
M O Q S U ]
V W X Y Z [

UnVjLp YuUV] KNPVY

Yp]Uum. UuUV] KNPVY Up]m
Gum. AY CWitm CPlThP KNPVY
CP]Uum YZeLlTm, AYt\ \V
YpXj. UpXj. CPVj Gue Yo,
JqY Yp] Gjtm AR]Vj Ym
Up] Gj C]YjRm,

Ko EWjm J UnVjm Nok \dLd

V Gj EoUnVjRm, JqY
EWjm T]h UnVjL[m
RjRV NoYRp 216 EoUnVjLs
\du\],
18 UnVjL[ Eodp Ikm RjRV
NoYRp (18x5) 90 EoUnd p GjLs \dm,
18 UnVjL[ EoShPjLs Hm
RjRV NoYRp (18x7) 126 EoUn Sp
GjLs \dm,
4

6 Yp-] UnVjL[m Eodt\jLs

Ikm RjRV NoYRp (6x5) 30 Yp-] EoUnd
p GjLm, Eo ShPjLs Hm
RjRV NoYRp (6x7) 42 Yp-] EoUn Sp
GjLm Rum,
UpXjLs BPu Eodp Ikm
RjRV NoYRp ( 6x5 ) 30 Up] EoUnd
p GjLs Rum; Eo Sp Hm RjRV
NoYRp (6x7) 42 Up] EoUn Sp GjLs
Rum,
6 CP] UnVjLPu Eodp Ikm
RjRV NoYRp ( 6x 5) 30 CP] EoUndp
GjLm. EoSp Hm RjRV AYtPu
NoYRp ( 6x7) 42 CP] EoUn Sp GjLs
Rum,
Ko GjRl TojRPu A EWu X?
SX? GuTRm UnVu Gq]m GuTRm
EoUnVu C]jR AYR X? SX?
GuTRm Am \] UQYoLs Y[ojd
Ls[p Yim,
EoUnVjdL[l jl TojRp Rp
Unm Aj Em Cdm,
G,L, L = d + A
CR] Uno Gu RX \Vm
Cp Nokdm EWju RXUm \le
L EoUn Gu YZeLlTu\,
EoUnVjLs AYtp Nokdm
EWju UjWV[Y JdLlTm, eLd u
EoUnd p J UjW; Eo Un Sp CWi
UjW
G,L

d + A = L -1 UjW
d + B = L - 2 UjW
5

2, BnRm
u sL[L GRlTm BnR Gjt
A*L]m. RX. s. Jt Gum Y TVoLm
Ei,
CqYjR]
R]du]o
J
X j R m u ] o J Y p ] E o U n
GjRm Tt\ EfNdLlTm,
G,L, A* - "A@ p "@ - Yp] EoUn
G* - "G@ - p "@ - Yp] Un,

3, EW[TP
Eo + A[TP = EW[TP, A[TP
GuTRt i J-jRp GuT Ts,
EWjLp ShPjLs Hm RUdV
CWi UjWk i J-lTRt EW[TP
Gu TVo, U Rp. CP. LP BV u
CPeLm EoSp A[Tdm, Ko EoSp
A[TlTRd
LhRt
AR]Vj
AqYjt C]U] p Gj GRlTm,
G,L,
1, KJRp Yim
2, LlTEmLhPodf NoYn
3, SpX TPA T\

- Rp
- CP
- LP

EW[TPV] (A) CN\V[TP ApX

NnNV[TP. (B) CuNV[TP (C)
NpNV[TP G] u YLlTm,

A) CN \V[TP
Nnp KN [Pj \kR KNV
\
NnRt
A[TlT
CN
\V[TPVm,
G,L, ""E\Aod Sn EWlTn@@

B) CuNV[TP
Nnp
KN
\VRPjm
KN
CUdLLd p SXn U A[TlT
CuNV[TPVm,
6

G,L ""LlTEm LhPodf NoYn@@

LlTEm - p SXn U A[TjR,
(l : Nnp KN \Rp. \VU j
VlXdLQjp h [dLlTm)

C) Np
NV[TP
Nnp KN \VR CPjm TVof NpX
]VfNf NpXL UtYRt A[TlT
NpNV[TP
G,L, ""EW]NC Es[m QVLf Nu\o@@
Cp SN (lTm) Gum TVofNp
A[TjRRp "m@ Gum TsRm
]VfNf NpXL UV,
CNLu U Rp CPLP X Sp
A[Tm AYt\Yt ]dp V,
- Sup 91

4, Jt\[TP
Jt + A[TP = Jt\[TP
Jt\j
iP-jRp,

R]dV

AWUjW-k

Nnp KN \Pj AR] \ NnV

UnVjLp e g i k m u q n p s GuT]m
BnRm Ud CP LP BV CPeLp
tm -Qu m A[Tdm CR]
Jt\[TP VuTo, Jt\j A[Tjs[Rd
LhP AqYj]Vj AR Gj GRlTm,

U + CVp + ELWm = tVLWm

U - V;
Gum Gj,

CVp - CN (KN) ELWm - E

J U j W V [ J d L Y i V E L W m
AWUjWV[YLd \kRlT tVLWUm,
d. f. h. j l t Gum Yp-] GjLPu
ELWmNokRp . . . . . Gum B GjLs
Rum, CkR B GjLp Ju R SP]
TX GjdL[j RPok CX YkRp
AqYjs[ ELWm AWUjWV[Y Jdm,
1, L
Cp R SPu. Yp-] UnV (f) NokR
ELWm () Yks[, AqLWm AW UjWV[Y
Jdm; A A[p J-lTpX,
2, Tk
Cp TX GjdL[j RPok Cp Yp]
UnPu (j) NokR ELWm () Yks[, CqLWm
AWUjWV[Y Jdm, "Tkj@ Gu Jdu\m,
CqY \k Jdm ELWU tVLWUm,

CXdLQm
R SP]. TX GjdL[j RPok
Npd Cp Yp] UnV Nok Ym
ELWm R]dV J UjW-k \k AW
UjWV[Y Jdm AR]d tVLWUuTo,

tVLWju YL

G,L,
1,
2,
3,
4,

5, tVLWm

Y* YodpX
Lii L[
LXee SgNpX
UPee LXkR Uu]
7

tr CP
t rdLP
Qdr CP
Qd rdLP

tVLWm ARu AVXjR SdL

1, St\Pod tVLWm, 2, BnRj RPo
tVLWm, 3, EoRPod tVLWm 4, Yu\Po
8

tVLWm, 5, Uu\Pod tVLWm 6, CPj

RPod tVLWm G] B YLlTm,
1, S - St\Po - Dt\Vp Gj R Sp
2, G* - BnRj RPo - Dt\Vp Gj BnRm
3, YW (o+A) - EoRPo - Dt\Vp Gj Eo
4, Tj - Yu\Po - Dt\Vp Gj Yp-] Un
5, Tk - Uu\Po - Dt\Vp Gj Up-] Un
6, Uo - CPjRPo - Dt\Vp Gj CP]
Un,
(l : J Npu Cp . . . . .
Gum B GjLp Ju Clu ARt
us[ GjL[d LYeLs, R SXj
CkRm YTX GjdLs CkRm Cs[
ELWm tVLWU)
Aj. tV-LWjRl k Ls[m Qof
Ls. VlXdLQm CYt\d LtLm tVLWjR
IVU\ Ak LsY CuVUVRRm,

6, tV-LWm
U + CVp
+ CLWm = tVLWm V
KNPV CLWm, CLWm R]dV J UjWk
AW UjWVLd \kR-lT tVLWUm,
S + V
C
(h + E)
S + V ? SV,

CXdLQm
XUu Dt\j tVLWUL Ck
YUu
RXj
VLWUL
CkRp
AYWim QmT XU Dts[
tVLWm CLWULj m, AqY kR CLWm
V Gum uXVNf Npp "@ -p Es[
CLWm AW UjWV[Y Jdm, AqY
\kRdm CLWm tVLWUm,
C
(d + E)
G,L 1, Ld + V ? = LdV
2, Ls + V = LiV

B) ILW. J[LW. ULW BnRd dLeLs

7 ILWd dLm
ILWm + dLm = ILWddLm, ILWm R]dV
CWi
U j W k
\k
Ju\W
UjWVLm J UjWVLm JlT ILWd
dLUm,
ILWm Ru]f hd mT UhU CWi
UjWV[ Jdm ILWm Ud Rp CP.
LP BV CPeLp YmT. Ud Rp
Ju\W UjWV[m. H]V CPeLp J
UjWV[m
J d m ,
ILWm
CqY
\kRlTR ILWd dLUm,
G,L
Ik - ILWm Ud R-p 1 UjW
Y[Vp
- ILWm Ud CPp 1 UjW
YX
- ILWm Udd LPp 1 UjW

UtLiP GjdLhp S GuT X U;

V? GuT YU, XUu C Gj
tVLWm, YUu RXj VLWm,
AYWim NmT tVLWm CLWUL
Uu\, AqY UV CLWm AW UjW A[Y
J-dm,
Um.
V
Gum
u X
ANfNp-s[ CLWm \kRdm CqY
\kRdm CLWm tV-LWUm,

J[LWm
ILWjRlTX
AR]f
hdmT UhU CWi UjWV[ Jdm
Ud Rp YmT Ju\W UjW A[Y

10

8, J[LWd dLm

J-dm AY J[LWd dLUm, J[LWm Ud

CPm LPm YW,
G,L,
J[Y - Ud Rp Ju\W UjW
""Rth P[T Im Ym
Sm J[m Rp At \m,@@

""X[t V]m BnRm A*m@@

-Sup 97
EoUn BnRm EW[ Tt\[
T*V CE I J[ U*Lu
RX Tjm NoTj Rm

-Sup 95

9, ULWddLm
ULWm + dLm = ULWddLm, "m@ Gum Gj
R]dV AW UjWk Lp UjWVLd
\kRlT ULWd dLUm, Nnp "Tm
Um@ BV NtLp Dt\Vp GjdLs[
ELWeLs Lhl Tpm Usm Gu\l Tum,
Uim Gu m, AqY kR ]LW. QLWeLu
u Es[ ULWm AW UjWk \k Lp
UjW A[Y Jdm,

-Sup 60

Tt
1, ILWd dLUY V? NuPu [dL,
2, J[LWd dLm GuT V? GjdLhj RL,
3, ULWddLjR GjdLhPu [dL,
4, BnRd dLUY V? [dL,
5, J[PRm. RXULu. gNX. IYo T*
UtLiP NtLp \kRdm GjdL[f hL,

Rm Y[Yu Ym Yi BV RPoLp X
Utp ULWm YU Rp YLWm Es[],
C Tp XUtp ULWm Ck YLW Rp
UV QmT XUts[ ULWm
\ k L p U j W V [ Y J d m , C q Y
\kRdm ULWm ULWddLm G]lTm,
"Q] um Y*Lu NUd m@
-Sup 96

10, BnRd dLm

BnRm + dLm = BnRd dLm BnR Gj

R]dV AWUjWkR Lp UjWVLd
\kRlT BnRd dLUm,
Lp + = L*
s + = *
UtLiP GjdLhLp XUp Rd
u r Ym XLWm [LWm RLW Ru UV
QmT BnRUL Us[], AqY UV
B n R m A W U j W k \ k L p
UjWV[ Jdm, AY BnRd dLUm,
11

12