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(preemptive) (non-preemptive).

.
, ,
(Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP, Linux, OS/2),
( ).

58

2.

, .
SJN SRT. FCFS
. , ,
,
, .
57/'( Shortest Job Next
) ,
.

,
. , ] (Job Control Language
) .
,

( ),
.

, .
,

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, . ,
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,
, .
SRT (Shortest
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.

,
.

. ,
,
. ,
,
,
. , UNIX- ,
.
,
, , ,

59

, , .
, ,
(,
, ),
, .
,
(Round Robin, RR),
.
RR ,
, , (time slice) q.
q ,
. ,
. . 2.3.
,
.

. 2 . 3 .

q
( ,
)
. ,
, .
()
, ,
,
( ).
q ,
. q ,

60

2.

, .

,
. ,
OS/2 CONFIG.SYS TIMESLICE
q. , ,
TIMESLICE=32,256 , 32 ,
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, ( 32 ), ,
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62

2.

. ,
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Novell NetWare,
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64

2.

), .

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) .

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.

.
(CPU utilization).
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66

2.

UNIX .
, UNIX-,
.
RR
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68

2.

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IBM.
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Windows NT.

70

2.

.
,
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.

, PRIORITY = ABSOLUTE CONFIG.SYS
; PRIORITY
DYNAMIC.

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74

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76

3.

V^
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78

3.

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), ,
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MS DOS
, MS DOS^
IBM PC. , ,
, TSR-^,
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.
.
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1 .
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)^
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-.
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.
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.
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.
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.

80

3.

0000-003FF

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512

1
BIOS;
DOS

1
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10. SYS;
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32 ,
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, , , ,
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,
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, MS DOS
,

82

3.

, C0MMAND.COM .
,
,
.
, ,
,

C0MMAND.COM.
,
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/

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84

3.

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85

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360 (370).

86

3.

.
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88

3.

, ()
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(
)

612

11

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D (Destination)

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, -

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90

3.

).
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92

3.

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, -

93

OS/2 . OS/2 . ,
,
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94

3.

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.
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.

95

, -

17

32000

612

(Page)

i (index)

32017

. 3.5.

,
. , ,
,
. , .
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),

.

96

3.

LRU . ,
OS/2 Linux.
Windows NT/2000/XP ,
,
FIFO. -
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.
,
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dows NT/2000/XP , ,

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. ,
11 , Windows NT.
Windows 2000 PageFile.sys
.

, -

97

4 ,
128 .
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.

98

3.

(
)

32000

17

11

S (Segment) (Page)

612
i (index)

32017

20

R-X

/ 11000

/
/
/

11011

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Z
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23

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1. , ?
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DOS?
, MS DOS Windows NT/2000/XP.
3. MS DOS.
4. DOS-?
5. ,
,
.

100

3.

6. ?
?
7. ? ?
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10.
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12. ?
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13. 5^ ? Windows NT/
2000/
?

 4.

i80x86

, ,
32- ,
,
, ,
180x86 32- ,
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Intel 80386, ,
Intel. SSE,
,
. ,
,
, .

, ,
IBM PC, Intel 8088.
16- Intel (
8086), , , 8- , 16-
( 8086). -

102

4. i80x86

, ,

.
,
,
.

: (real mode)
16-
(protected mode), ,
- .
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( ,
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, ,
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CS

CS

0 0 0 0
0

15
+
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=

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,
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103

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.

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:
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IP;
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FLAGS;
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FFFFFFFFOOH, FFFFFFFFH.
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104

4. 180x86

EIP

IP
FLAGS

EFLAGS

31

31

15

16

ESP

SP

ESI

Si

EDX

DX

EDI

Di

63

15

47

CS

15

; ;

SS
1

161

0!

DS
'-----.-.-----.-.----J

ES
1

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FS
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GS

18,

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TR

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IDTR

47

16

CR3
CR2
CR1
CRO
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cal Descriptor Table Register, LDTR) (
) 64- ,
, ,
;
16- (Task Register, TR)
, ^ -

 32- 180x86

105

(Task State Segment, TSS)

,
;
48- GDTR (Global Descriptor Table Register)
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, , ,
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48- (IDTR)
, (IDT);
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.
CRO ,
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, [1, 8, 20]. ^
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== ,
.
CRO PG (PaGing) , (PG = 1)
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CR2
, ^

,
CR2.
CR3 ,
. , ,
, .

32-
180x86



,

,.

.
:

106

4. i8Qx86

(,
) ,
;
() .
i80x86
.
.
,
. . 4.3.

31

23

( 31-24)

19
15
11
D

19-16
Limit

( 15-0)
31

DPL

23-16

( - limit)
( 15-0)

15
()

. 4 . 3 .

( , )
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( i80286 16-
).
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), , ,
^ (
) .
LDT (Local
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) .
LDT GDT .

, ,
^ , , ,
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.

 32- i80x86

107

. ,
: , ,
. , CS,
SS, DS, ES, FS, GS .
(. 4.4).
(Index) 13 (3-15)
( ).
(Table Index, TI) 2
(
). TI = ,
(GDT),
. TI = 1,
; (LDT).

(Requested Privilege Level, RPL).
1
<ci
1 I

T
I
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r
I
I

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I
I
I

1
I
i

T
I
i

1
I
I

1
I
I

:-T
I
I

( )

1
I
I

1
I

1
'

1
'

^
^

TI

'
I

^
I

T
'
I

RPL

. 4.4.

, GDTR.
(GDT) . , GDT
.

, (.
1). I32
, .
, ,
(Task State Segment, TSS). TSS
. 4.5. , .
(Task Register, TR).
TR () GDT.
TSS.
(. . 4.2). TSS , ,
TSS ()
.
LDTR .
TR .
, LDTR ,
GDT.
LDTR LDT . ,

108

4. i8Qx86

, ,
^
. ,
.

,
(
)

31

16

15

68h
LTDR

60h

ES, CS, SS, DS, FS, GS

( 4 ^
2 )

48h

(, , EDX, , ESX,
, ESI. EDI)

>

TSS
(108 )

28h
EFLAGS

24h

( EIP)

20h

Link

. 4 . 5 .

TI ,
, GDT LDT
(), ( 3-15 . 4.4).
() CS.
EIP (Extended Instruction Pointer
) ,
,
, EIP ,
.
. , 180x86 ,
(S, d) 32- .

109

32- i80x86

, .
, (
),
. EIP
, ,
.
^--'''"^''.-''"'-^./'"'^v^j

EIP

CS

LTDR

> LDT

LDT

GDTR ( GDT)

. 4 . 6 .

> GDI

110

4. 180x86

. 4.6.
, ,
, ,
EIP
. ,
.
, ,
. ,

.
, ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, . ,

, .

i80386
. ,
(32 ),
.
, ,
, -,
. ,
.
,
, -
( , ),
. ,
(2^^ = 4096 = 4 ),
20 , ,
.
.
32 : 20
( , 12
),
, . 4.7. ,

.
.

111

32- i80x86
31

12

11

00

<
S
LD

00

(0

/)

(0

(0

3
. 4-7.

,
, ,
,
,
. , (dirty),
, ,
.
(access) ,
. ,
LRU LFU. ,
.
10 (Page Table
Entry, ), 10
.
,
.
. 4.8.
, ()
, (Page Directory
Entry, PDE).
CRO.
(PDE ) 1024 (2^^ = 1024).
, ( ) 4 (32 ),
.
.
4 . , ,
1024 , 4 .
, , 55 (
, ,
, ^),
14 (14 4 = 56 ),
. , PDE (
), 14 , Picture Element
. .

112

4. 180x86

. PDE ).
, 55
15 , 60 , .

CR3
. 4.8. 180x86

 32- i80x86

113

,
4 2^^ =
4 ! , .
, , TSS,
PDE .
2^^,
,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,

. 32-
, 180x86,
. , 64-
^ ,
32- ,
.

,
, 16- ,

. 16-
,
, ,
, ()
. , i80x86

. 16- DOS-
( ),
, DOS-,
32- .
180x86 (
18086, V86,
),
DOS-.

.

114

4. i8Qx86

VM
(Virtual Mode) EFLAGS.
, (
) 64 ,
1 ,
, .
16-
.
,
, 32- ,
.
, , 16-
,
.
. ,

18086. ,
, ,

.
, -,
(. ), .
(-) ,
,
. IN, OUT, INS, OUTS, CLI, STI ,

( ) ,

.
,
^ ,
, , ,
.
,
. , , Windows NT
, OS/2
DOS-, ,
Win 16. , ,
,
Win32 API.
, -, .

115

180x86 .
,
. ,
,
,
.

,
.
( )
. (
, , )
;
.

.

,
. ,
.
,

. ,
( )
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
. ,
,
. -

116

4. 180x86

: .
.
,
,
, ,
.
-
,
.
180x86
, ,
.
, , 3 .

( ),
.

. , () 1 , ,
, ,
-. 2
,
, ,
.
, , OS/2 :
,
-,
.
.
, 180x86
, PLO (Privilege Level
0). , ,
,
/
.
,
, .

.
, .
(. . 4.3),
DPL (Descriptor Privilege Level ,
),
. , DPL
(Current Privilege Level, CPL), -

117

. -
(. . 4.4) (Requested
Privilege Level, RPL)^

,
.
,
().
,
( ), CALL, JMP, INT, IRET, RET.
: (
) , .
CPL, RPL, DPL
(Effective Privilege Level, EPL)^
, ,
.
CPL < EPL.
,
. ,
, , , .

,
.
.
, :
CPL = DPL = RPL
)^ .
, ,
. , SS,
, .
,
, .

,

. ,
. ,
,
( , -, RPL ( ). DPL
RPL .
,
, RPL DPL.

118

4. 180x86

).
, .
.

180x86
, , , [1, 8].

,
, 180x86 ,
. 4.9.
,
,
.
,
. ,
....
,
, ,
(gates).
,
, . ,
,
.

( ),
(. 4.10).
,
, ( ),
, 32-
. . 4.11.
CALL FAR CALL (
). ,
, ( ) . ,
(FAR CALL), ,
, .

.

119

. 4 . 9 .

:
DPL ; CPL;
DPL
RPL ;
DPL DPL
;
DPL
CPL.


.
( , ,
),
( , ) . ,

.

120

4. i80x86

,
. ,
, , .

,
}^ ( ) .

, ( )
, .

.

CALL

. 4.10.

31

23

19
15
' 11

( 31-16)

DPL

1100

31

000

DWORD

( 15-0)

15
()
. 4 . 1 1 .

121

.
,

, [8].

.
, - .
(PLO-).
,
.
.
, ,
.
.

.
8- 16- , 32-
. ,
32-
.

. ,
,
( IF = 0).

.

DF .
Q RET RET
WC (Word Counter ) ;
= 4 X WC, , .
,
(. ).
.
Q (.
),
, .
.
, -
, ,
.

122

4. i80x86

.
, 13-^ PLO- .
-,
, ,
. PLO-
, - .

32-
i80x86
i80x86
, , ,
,
, ,
, .
.

,
, (
),
, , .
, , :
IP,
CS. 1024 .
, 256 . 18086
00000H-003FFH.
i80286 IDTR
(Interrupt Descriptor Table Register ).
i80x86 .
IDTR
.
()
, , , .
, ,
. , (
)
IDTR,
.
, 3. , 3.

 32- 180x86

123

, ,
. ,

.
IBM PC, ,
: .
, ,
, ,
(INT, INTO). :
( 0);
TF (Trap Flag )^
DEBUG (
1);
, INT (Interrupt
) INTO (Interrupt if Overflow ),
.
INT ,
, INT .
,
,
.
- .

,
. NMI (No Mask
Interrupt ) INTR (Interrupt Request
). ,
.

^. (
18259) () ;
^.
.
PSW (Program Status Word
),
.
PSW Intel 80x86 .
(
) ,
-.
, ,
,
.

124

4. 8086

,
. ^
, ; .
1. ; PSW.
2. - IF TF,
PSW,
.
3. CS IP PSW.
4. ,
, IP CS.
,
STI (Set Interrupt Flag
), IF 1,
,
, .
,
IRET (Interrupt Return), 16-
IP, CS PSW
. ,
, .

.
1.
, , INTR (
), .
2. IF PSW. 1,
3. .
, , ,
. ()
.
3. INTA ( ).

.
.

. , ,
, .

i80x86
. , ,

 32- 180x86

125

, (Interrupt
Descriptor Table, IDT). , ,
IDT
, (
), ()
. ( )
Morjrr ,
, IDTR (. . 4.2).
GDTR ,
. ,
IDTR , ,
18086, ()
4 32- . (CS:IP).
,
. ^
. , , IDTR
, .
IDTR
.
,
, 8- ,
, .
,
,
,
. IDT
, ,
- ,
.
,
.
:
(interrupt gate);
(trap gate);
(task gate).
, ,
(),
.
,
. ,
oc^ecec (
) / . ( ),
^
(TSS). .

126

4. 180x86

. 4.12.

()
)

CS

1
>

RPL

IDT

EFLAGS

GDT

225
71=0

5
!

j
0

LDT

2.3

^
^

2.2

Ti=1

2.1
0
. 4.12.

IDT,
IDTR ,
8 ( ).
,
, .
1. :
SS SP,
;
EFLAGS;
CS IP.
2. ,
( IF = EFLAGS).
,

.

 32- 180x86

127

3.
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
. ( ,
) , .
, .

( , )
.
, ,
, .

,
.
,
, ,
(. 4.13).
,

, (
) TSS.
,
.
1. TSS,
TR (. 32-
180x86 ).
2. .
3. TSS (
TR) .
, LDTR, EFLAGS,
, EIP .
4. NT (Next Task).
5. TSS .
6. CSrIP, TSS,
.
,
,
. TSS -

128

4. i80x86

(LDT),
LDTR . ,
,

.
, RPL CS,
TSS. ,

,
IFLAGS, CS IP,
,
.
I

GDT

TSS

TSS

|>
W

. 4 . 1 3 .

,
,
,
, .
,
.

1. 180x86
?

129

2.
180x86?
3. 180x86 - TR?
?
4. 180x86
?
5. ?
?
?
6.
?
180386 ,
?
7. ?
( , ) ?
8. ? 1
?
9. 180x86
?
10. ?
180x86?
?
. ? , ?
?
12.
.
13. . ,

?
14. 180x86
.
15.
180x86
?
16. ,
?
17. ,
?
18. ,
?

 5.
-

,
, ,

,
, -.
, -
, . ,
-,
, ,
. ,

-. , .
, -
. , -
,
. ,
, ,
( Linux FreeBSD,
),
API, -. ,
Windows Microsoft . ,
, .
. ,
, ,
- , , ,
, -

131

, ,
-, .

, -
,
. ,
- ,
.

-,
-,
,

. -,
, .
, ,
, , , -
. , -
, ,
.
:
-
.
.
, .
, - ,
. -
^,
.
,
-.
, , ,
, ,
-
,
.
- (
) .
. , -,
, -, , ,
, , .

132

5. -

,
-. .
, .
. ,
,
.
,

.

-. ,
.
,
,
, .
,
,
. -
- () -,

, .
-.
, /

( ) .
, ,
, , ,
.
- .
-
, - .
-
, - .
, -,

.
, -
, -.
, .
1. ,
,
, -. ,
, -

133

. ()
()
.
2. - -
.
3. -
, - (
- , ).
- ,
.
4. - - (
) -

, , .
5. -
(. 1)
.
6. - ,
-.
7. -
-, .
^, - ^,
-
(
).
, (
) -
, (
), ,
-
, .
-,
.
-,
( -,
). , , ,
, , ,
, -
. , ,
.
, ,
,
.

134

5. -

- API
, .
, -,
, API,
, . ,
,
,
.
( , ,
)
. ,
,
.
,
.

-
, -:
- (. 5.1).

_
-

'

. 5 . 1 . -

-
.

( ,
- ).
, ,

135

, - .
, ,
, .
, ,
, , -.
- ( )
, ,
.
-
( ),
,
. ,
, ^1 ,
. ,
,
. ,
. , ,
. , -,
-
.
-.
(. 1).

. (

), * ,
-
. ,
-
, -.
, ,
,
. /
.
, ,
: ,
.
-.
-
-.
( ,
,
) .
, , -

136

5. -

.
- ,
, , ,

.
,
,
.
-
.
-
~
.
. , Windows ( Windows 9, Windows NT/
2000)
, , ,
100- . ,
, , ,
,
,
.

,
-
, , ,
.
,
.
,
-.

-, ,
.
.
, ,
(spooling Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line,
).
-,

.
, , ,
,
, .

 , -

137

.
, ,
( )
( - spool-file) ,
,
-
, . ,
-, (spool-reader)
(spool-writer).

Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP Microsoft.
. Microsoft
. ,
, ,
. .

, .
,
,
.
, -
, .
,
. ,
, , -
.

( Microsoft ,
: , ).

.

. ,
,
. ,
, ( ), -,

.

,
.
, ,
.
, -

138

5. -

.

.
,
.

-
-
, ,
. ,
, :
- ;
,
-;
() -,
;
-
,
;

- , ;
, ;
, ,
- (
).
-,
, , .
-, (
, ) .
,
-, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
Hewlett Packard -.
-
, - -

139

,
.
( ) , .
(equipment table),
(Unit Control Block -).
UCB , ,
:
, ,
;
( , ,
. .);
( ),
;
, ,
;
,
, ( ) ,
;
- -;
;
, ;
, .
.
(, ,

), UCB

, ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
, .

- .
, (/
) -, (
) .
, -. ,

140

5. -

()
.
, C-H-S (Cylinder-Head-Sector
, ) .

, (. 6).

,
(, HDD IBM IC35L 120AW207-0,
WDI200JB -).
, ,
- .
,
.
,
. -
. ,
(),
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
. (Device
Reference Table, DRT).
() ,
( ).
, -
, (
) .
:
,
( )
, .
,
-.
UCB,
.
,
,
-. ,
-.
-,
. ,

141

(),
UCB.
.
,
32- ,
,
-. ,
, , (Data Control Block, DCB).
DCB -
,
. ,
- ,
, , .
,
,
-.
. 5.2.

1-

1-

1-

i-

j-

^
^

h-

j-

^
^

W.
W

. 5 . 2 . -

- ,
(. 5.3).
-
( 1).
API.
, .
, ,

142

5. -

. .

( 1-1).
, -
( 2). ()
DRT UCB .
, ,
-, , .
, - UCB
,
,
( 3),
- , -
( 4).
, -
( ) ,
( 5). ,
- ,
,
( 6). ,
, ,
. ,
,
-.

J
1

1
....

1-1

-
(
)

2'

>
DRT

> >
5

^
^

UCB

()

W
W

i
3

>

-
k

WW

-
(

. 5.3. -

143

,
- ( ),
,
- ,
.


.

-
, -,
.
, ,
,
. -. -
.
,
-.

,
-,
,
. )^
,
.
-. ,

-. ,
, , -, -
, -, -
, UCB.
.

, ,
- ( ).
,
-, ()
,
() ,
. (
,
, ),

144

5. -

. ,
-
-,
. ,
, ,
-.
, , , ( ),
(
)
.
, -
-,
.
-
, .
- , ,
.
-
, ,
().
. ,
( )
, ,
, -
. , -,
, ,
. ,
(
) {)
.
.

. ,
(. 7).
() (
) ,
.
(
),
( ).

,
.
,

145

, , ,
- . -
,
.

, , ,
-.

,
. , ,
().
, .
^ ,
-.



,
, .
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. , ,

, (
) ,
,
.

,
().
-
,

146

5. -

. -.
,
. , ,
, ,
(). ,

, ,
, (). ,
. ( )
.
, .
.
,
, { track),
(sectors).

512 . ,
,
. (), , .
() ,
, (cylinders).
.

(head) / , . ,

C-H-S , .
,
.
.
, () .

,
,
.
.
(partitions), .

; .
, , ,
. , UNIX- .

. -, . , -

147

,
. -,
, . ,
Linux \
( ) .
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
,
(Master Boot Record, MBR). MBR ,
0-0-1. , MBR,
(Non-System Bootstrap, NSB).
512
,
, , (Partition Table,
), 64 . MBR
0x1 BE .
. 5.1. ,
: C-H-S ,
LBA^ (Logical Block Ad
dressing) . ,

. MBR 0-0-1,
0-1-1 (
LBA 64).
Boot
Indicator ( , 128 (80(h)) ~ ).
, .

, Linux UNIX- ,
6 . (swap partition)
. () , /, /usr, /home,
/var /boot. .
,
: LBA = c x H + h)xS + s - l .
; S ; , h s
.

148

5. -

, .
, NSB, MBR.
5 . 1 .

,
. ,
,
. System ID (
),

.
, , . 5.2
, (
).
5.2.

OOOh

085h

Linux Extended, XOSL

001 h

FAT12

086h

FAT16 volume set

002h

Xenix root

087h

NTFS volume set

003h

Xenix /usr

08Ah

AiR-Boot

004h

FAT16(<32Mb)

08Bh

FAT32 volume set

005h

Extended

08Ch

FAT32 LBA volume set

006h

FAT16

08Dh

FreeFDISKFAT12

007h

NTFS, HPFS

08Eh

Unux LVM

008h

AIX Boot

090h

Free FDISK FAT16 (<32Mb)

009h

AIX Data

091 h

Free FDISK Extended

OOAh

OS/2 Boot Manager

092h

Free FDISK FAT16

OOBh

FAT32

093h

Amoeba native

149

OOCh

FAT32 LBA

094h

Amoeba BBT

OOEh

FAT16LBA

095h

MIT EXOPC

OOFh

Extended LBA

097h

Free FDISK FAT32

010h

Opus

098h

Free FDISK FAT32 LBA

011h

Hidden FAT12

099h

DCE376

012h

Compaq Setup

09Ah

Free FDISK FAT16 LBA

013h

B-TRON

09Bh

Free FDISK Extended LBA

014h

Hidden FAT16 ( < 3 2 M b )

09Fh

BSDI

016h

Hidden FAT16

OAOh

Laptop hibernation

017h

Hidden NTFS, HPFS

OAlh

NEC hibernation

018h

AST Windows Swap

0A5h

Free BSD, BSD/386

019h

Photon

0A6h

Open BSD

01 Bh

Hidden FAT32

0A7h

NextStep

01 Ch

Hidden FAT32 LBA

0A8h

Apple UFS

01 Eh

Hidden FAT16 LBA

0A9h

Net BSD

020h

0FS1

OAah

Olivetti service

022h

Oxygen

OAbh

Apple Booter

024h

NEC DOS

OAeh

ShagOS native

035h

O S / 2 JFS

OAfh

ShagOS swap

035h

Theos 3.x

OBOh

BootStar Dummy

039h

Theos 4.x spanned, Plan9

0B7h

BSDI old native

03Ah

Theos 4.x 4G

0B8h

BSDI old swap

03Bh

Theos 4.x Extended

OBBh

OS Selector

03Ch

Partition Magic

OBeh

Solaris 8 boot

040h

Venix 8 0 2 8 6

OCOh

CTOS, REAL/32 smal

041 h

Minix, PPC Boot

OCIh

DR-D0SFAT12

042h

LinuxSwp/DR-DOS, SFS,
Win2K D D M

0C6h

DR-DOS FAT16, FAT16 set

corrupt

043h

LinuxNat/DR-DOS

0C2h

Hidden Linux swap

045h

Eumel/Ergos 4 5 h , Boot-US

0C3h

Hidden Linux native

046h

Eumel/Ergos 46h

0C4h

DR-DOS FAT16 ( < 3 2 M b )

047h

Eumel/Ergos 47h

0C7h

Syrinx boot, NTFS set corrupt

048h

Eumel/Ergos 48h

OCBh

DR-DOS FAT32

04Dh

QNX 4.x first

OCCh

DR-DOS FAT32 LBA

04Eh

QNX 4.x second

OCDh

CTOS memdump

04Fh

QNX 4.x third, Oberon

OCeh

DR-DOS FAT16 LBA

050h

OnTrack D M R / 0 , Lynx RTOS

ODOh

REAL/32 big

150

5. -

5.2 ()

051 h

DM6Aux1,DMR/W

ODIh

Multiuser DOS FAT12

052h

CP/M, Microport System V

0D4h

Multiuser DOS FAT16 (<32Mb)

053h

OnTrack DM6 Aux3

0D5h

Multiuser DOS Extended

054h

OnTrack DM6 DDO

0D6h

Multiuser DOS FAT16

055h

EZ-Drive

0D8h

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152

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153

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154

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155

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156

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160

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162

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Disk Editor.
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164

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166

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168

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169

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170

6.

. . ,
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Partition Magic,
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DOS
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171

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172

6.

Microsoft ( Windows 95
Windows NT): VFAT ( FAT) FAT32,
Windows 95 Windows 98.
FAT32 , Windows Millennium
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NT, Linux.
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28 , ,
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173

FAT

;
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(512 ).
Windows 95 0SR2 Windows 98 VFAT,
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174

6.

, FAT32
.
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176

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177

20 (32)

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28 (37)

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HPFS (High Performance File System
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178

6.

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 HPFS

179

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180

6.

, .
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 HPFS

181

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182

6.

. , FAT
,
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1640 -

 HPFS

183

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184

6.

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 HPFS

185

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2 , 8
: D:.
IFS=E:\0S2\HPFS.IFS /:2048 /CRECL:4 /AUTOCHECK:CD

CONFIG.SYS :
RUN=E:\0S2\CACHE.EXE /Lazy:On /Bufferldle:2000 /D1skldle:4000 /MaxAge:8000 /DirtyMax:256
/ReaclAhead:On

,
,
,
. , Lazy
On , Off .
Bufferldle ,
,
. (
) 500 . Diskldle (
),
, .
1 .
.
( ),

. 5 .

186

6.

OS/2 Warp.
HPFS
, OS/2.
HPFS386.IFS.
HPFS.IFS, , ,


(ACL). , ,
NTFS. ,
HPFS386.IFS, HPFS.IFS, ,
. ,

, HPFS.IFS
, . ,
HPFS386.IFS
.
,
,
, /
. /


. ,
(C-Scan).
CONFIG.SYS,
HPFS386.IFS
:
IFS=E:\IBM386FS\HPFS386.IFS /AUTOCHECK:EGH
RUN=E:\IBM386FS\CACHE386.EXE /Lazy:On /Bufferldle:4000 /MaxAge:20000

.
, ,
, HPFS386.IFS
:, G: :.

20 .
, , ,
HPFS386.INI, E:\IBM386FS.
,
. , , HPFS386.INI
. [ULTIMEDIA]:
[ULTIMEDIA]
QUEUESORT={FIFO|ELEVATOR|DEFAULT|CURRENT}
QUEUEMETHOD={PRIORITY|NOPRIORITY j DEFAULT|CURRENT}
QUEUEDEPTH={1... 2551DEFAULT|CURRENT}

 HPFS

187

QUEUESORT .
FIFO, ELEVATOR, DEFAULT CURRENT. FIFO,
,
, .
.
ELEVATOR,
. ELEVATOR
( C-SCAN, [, 26]). ,
, /
(, ),
, .
QUEUESORT DEFAULT,
, ELEVATOR. CURRENT,
,
(DASD-manager).
QUEUEMETHOD ,
. PRIORITY, NOPRIORITY, DEFAULT
CURRENT. NOPRIORITY,
, . PRIORITY,
,
.
,
, . .
HPFS386.IFS, .
1.
- . .
2. .
3. (foreground session), ,

.
4. (background session), ,
,
(,
). 3 4 , CONFIG.SYS :
RIORITY_DISK_IO=NO

5. (
).
6. , .
7. . .
QUEUEMETHOD DEFAULT,
, PRIORITY. CURRENT,
,
.

188

6.

QUEUEDEPTH .
(1...255), DEFAULT CURRENT,
^ QUEUEDEPTH ,
,
. , SCSI-
,
. ,
, ,
SCSI- .
QUEUEDEPTH , ;
. QUEUEDEPTH
DEFAULT,
, .
CURRENT, .
CURRENT DEFAULT.
, HPFS386.IFS :
QUEUESORT=FIFO
QUEUEMETHOD=DEFAULT
QUEUEDEPTH=2

:
QUEUESORT=ELEVATOR
QUEUEMETHOD=PRIORITY
=< >

, ,
/QF:
BASEDEV=0S2DASD.DMD

/QF:{1|2|3}

: 1 QUEUESORT=FIFO, 2 QUEUEMETHOD=NOPRIORITY, 3 - QUEUESORT=FIFO QUEUEMETHOD=NOPRIORITY.

,
(Installable File System, IFS),
() ,
.

. , , OS/2 IFS-
VFAT (FAT ), FAT32, Ext2FS (
Linux), NTFS (, ).
- CDFS.IFS.
FTP.IFS, ftp- .
Windows NT.

NTFS
NTFS (New Technology File System
) . ,
NTFS FAT16 ( FAT32)

 NTFS

189

.
- ,
Windows (folders).
.

NTFS
NTFS ,
,
, .
OS/2 v.3,
HPFS.

,
NTFS. NTFS
.
, ,

.
()
. , ,
. , -
.
,
.
,
.
NTFS ,
, ,
HPFS,
. ,
, ,
,
.

NTFS
Windows NT ,
. NTFS
. , ,
,
. , ^ .

190

6.

(ACL) .
, ; 5^
. (. Win
dows NT/2000/XP 11)
Windows NT, .

NTFS .

, , ,
,
. ,
. , , NTFS
. , , ,
, ,
.
, Windows 2000/ ^
NTFS ,

.

NTFS .
300-400
. ,
, NTFS FAT16 FAT32.
( ) 16 ( 2^ , 16 000 ),
Windows NT/2000/XP FAT 16
4 , FAT32 32 .
NTFS .
NTFS ,
, NTFS
( FAT). ,
, NTFS
,
. ,
, (
).

NTFS
NTFS.
[16] [42]. .

 NTFS

191

, , NTFS,
(volume). ,
,
( ) .
. ,
, RAID-.
RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks,
. RAID-
,
,
, . ,
NTFS5, Windows 2000/, RAID-
, Windows
NT 4.0, , .
,
,
.
Microsoft
. ,
,
,
, Windows 2000//2003, .
,
( Microsoft
) .

,
.
Veritas Software.
Microsoft ,
.
, NTFS
, .
NTFS 512 64 ;
2 4 . ,
4
.
NTFS (. 6.6).
12 % MFT (Master File Table
). MFT (
), ,
. MFT ,
MFT . 88 %
.

192

6.

t
8

fr
^

IS
(0

<8

CD
Q.

. 6.6. NTFS

, , ,
. MFT
, MFT. MFT
1 ,
- ( ). 16

, MFT.
,
. 16 MFT ( ,
) . MFT
, ,
MFT.
MFT.
16 NTFS () ;
- .
NTFS. $,
- . . 6.6
. ,
, , ,
$MFT.
6 . 6 . NTFS

$MFT

MFT

$MFTmirr

16 MFT,

$LogFile

$Volume

, . .

$AttrDef

$Bitmap

$Boot

( )

 NTFS

193

$Quota

,
(
Windows 2000 NTFS 5.0)

$Upcase

.
NTFS Unicode (
65 ,
)

, MFT.
, : , ,
. .
MFT, ,
. ,
:
MET . ,
, ,

.
NTES
(file reference), 64- .
,
, .
, ,
NTES .
NTES
(streams)\ , .
( ), ,
. ,
( )
. , ,
, , , .
. , ,
,
, Windows 2000 (
).
HPES. ,

: (
) . , , ,
, -
(
) .
' (threads).

194

6.

( ),
.
, NTFS
, .
NTFS
(. 6.7).
6 . 7 . NTFS

( , ,
, ), ,
, ,

MFT,
.
, MFT

Unicode. ,
UNIX. ,
POSIX
8.3

,
(ACL) .
,

, . NTFS

.
,

,
,
(
)

HPFS

,
HPFS OS/2, OS/2- -
Windows NT

NTFS
NTFS (NTFS permissions)
(),
. ,
NTFS. ,
, ;
( ,
), , .

 NTFS

195

. ;
Windows NT/2000/
. ,
.
.
NTFS , ,
, , .
,
. ,
: ,
, .
. ,
,
,
, ,
. NTFS:
,
, No Access ( )^
.
NTFS :
. ,
,
, . , ,
ACL,
,
.
, .
,
. -,
, ,
.
NTFS.
, .

. .
,
.
.
( ) NTFS ,

, .
, NTFS .
Windows 2000/ No Access (deny)
.

196

6.

ACL. . NTFS
.
DACL (Discretionary ACL ).
,
,
. ,
(change permissions)
. ( permissions
).
SACL (System ACL
). ,
. SACL ,
. ,
,
SACL. :
SID - - /

SID Security Identifier (

). ,
(. 1 11).
. Windows NT
(2000/)
( SID).
SACL ,
.
,
SACL DACL
.
, , DACL,
.
(access mask).
(standard), (specific)
(generic) . ,
, .
,
. Read_Control
. Write_DAC
. Write_Owner
() . Synchronize
. ,
Delete, .
,
. , , Read_Data, Write__Data
Append_Data , ,
, . Read_Attributes, Write_Attributes

 NTFS

197

Read_EA, Write_EA , ,
. ,
, Execute,
.
;
. ,
Generic_Read, ,
: Read_Control, File_Read_Data, Fi4e_Read_Attributes,
Fi4e_Read_EA, Synchronize.
Ha ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
NTFS,
.
Windows 2000/
,
, , ,
,
NTFS, .
, NTFS - Win
dows NT 4.0 Windows 2000/. , ,
, (Explorer) -
,
.
Windows 2000/ ,
, ,
, Windows NT 4.0.
NTFS Windows NT 4.0.
, ,
.

NTFS Windows NT 4.0

NTFS Windows NT 4.0
^ .
.
, .
Windows NT 4.0 : Read (), Write (),
Execute (). Delete (). Change Permissions ( )
Take Ownership ( ). . 6.8

NTFS .

198

6.

6 . 8 .

NTFS

(R Read)

,
,
,

,
,

(W Write)

;
;
,

;
;

(X execute)

;
;

,
;
( )

(D Delete)

( change
Permissions)

( take Ownership)

NTFS.

.
NTFS .
of Access ( ) Fi4e Permissions Directory Permissions
Explorer () Windows NT.
.
,
NTFS, .
( Microsoft)
.

.
NTFS 4
(. 6.9).
NTFS,
.
, .
List (RX, ) .
( ) -

199

NTFS

, ,
.
Add (WX, ) .
,
.
Add & Read (RWX, RX) .
,
,
, ,
.
Change (RWXD, RWXD) . ,
,
.
Full Control ( , ) .
, ,
,
.

6.9.

No Access

Ust

(RX)

Read

(RX)

(RX)

Add

(WX)

Add & Read

(RWX)

(RX)

Change

(RWXD)

(RWXD)

Full Control

No Access ( ) ,
,
q)ynnbi, . No Access
, NTFS.
: ,
,
.
Full Control ( ) Change () ,
, ;
() (0).
. , .
R, W, X, D, , -

200

6.

. NTSF
(File Permissions Directory Permissions)
. ,
- NTFS,
-
.
(Special Directory Access), (Special File
Access). ,
NTFS.

NTFS
NTFS
, .
,
, .
NTFS
.
, , .
, Properties
() Security ().
. () Permissions (
) / ,
DACL. () Audit ()
SACL. , () Owner
() / .
, /
NTFS .
:
CACLS [/] [/] [/] [/G :] [/R [...]] [/
: [...]] [/D [...]]
:

;

;
/ ;
/ ;
/G
, :
R ,
(),
F ;
/R (
/);

 NTFS

201

/ ,
:
N ^,
R ,
(),
F ;
/D .
.
.
. ,
NTFS,
.
, ; .
Administrators (),
Administrators.
.
, ,
. , ACL,
, , DACL. DACL
(Access Control Entry ~ );
(SID)^
,
. ,
. ,
:
Everyone List;

Engineers Add & Read;

Managers Change;

Administrators Full Control.

:
, Engineers
, Managers
, Administrators
.
() , NTFS
. , ,
, , .
* 128- ,
. SID
, ,
.

202

6.

, Windows NT 4.0 NTFS

, . ,
Read () Write ()
, ,
.
() ,
NTFS ,
. No Access (
): .
; ,
Properties (),
Security () Permissions (),
, of Access ( )
.
, ,
.
(Not Specified).
, -
(, , ).
NTFS,
Everyone () Full Control (
) . , ,
.
, , ()
, , .
, -
Read, Everyone Change,
,
. ,
No Access. ,
, .
No Access ,
.
, Full Control ,
, (
No Access). ,
NTFS POSIX.1. (
),
,
R, W, X, D, 0. ^
, Full Control,
.
, , Change Permission,
,
.

 NTFS

203

, NTFS,
. ,
,
Full Control Take Ownership.

,
No Access. ,
Take Ownership , , ^
NTFS.

NTFS Windows 2000/

Windows 2000 Windows
,
NTFS5, , NTFS.
,
Windows NT 4.0
13 , ( )
, Microsoft ^
. (
) .

Traverse Folder/Execute File ( / ):

Traverse Folder ( )
,
(

, Everyone
);
Execute File ( ) (
).

List Folder/Read Data ( / ):

List Folder ( )
( );
Read Data ( ) (
).
Read Attributes ( ). ( )
, .
NTFS.
Read Extended Attributes ( ). (
) .
.
NTFS .

.

204

6.

Create Fi'les/Write Data ( / ):

Create Files ( ) (
);
Write Data ( )
( ).

Create Folders/Append Data ( / ):

Create Folders ( ) (
);
Append Data ( )
, , (
).
Write Attributes ( ). ( )
, .
NTFS.
Write Extended Attributes ( ). (
) .
.
Delete Subfolders and Fi4es ( ). (
) Delete.
Delete (). ( ) .
( )
Delete Subfolders and Files
.
Read Permissions ( ).
, Full Control, Read Write.
Change Permissions ( ).
, Full Control, Read Write.
Take Ownership ( ).
.
,
.

.
NTFS4.
NTFS4 NTFS5 , 6
5 .
.
(allow) (deny).
, ,
. ,
: ( ), , . ,

 NTFS

205

, DACL. ,
DACL , ,
, ,
, .
, . ,

, ,
,
.
,
.
Advanced ().
, .
Add (), Change () Delete (),
, .
, ,
.
.
,
.
( ) (
) .
Inherit from parent the permission entries that apply to child objects.
Include these with entries explicity defined here (
).
:
( ),

.
: ,
,
.

.
. , , ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
, Full Contorol (-

206

6.

) Everyone () Read & Execute (

). ^
. ,
, Change (). Read 8 Execute (
), Read () Write (). ,
, .
.
NTFS Windows 2000/
.
,
,
.
.
Full Control ( ),
.
, ,
.
1. . Security ()
Properties ( ).
2. Inherit from parent the permission
entries that apply to child objects (
) .
3. Add (),
, Add (),
. Security ()
Read & Execute (
), List (
) Read ().
4. Full Control (
), .
.
5. .
Read & Execute ( ),
.
6. .
Read & Execute ( ) Read (),
.
7.
,
Write ().
8. ,
-.
, . -

207

Advanced (), Advanced security settings for

( )
, - Full
Control ( ).
9. ( )
, Advanced security settings for
( )
. , Edit (/),
Deny ()
, .

, .
, , Edit (/), Per
mission Entry for ( )
Apply onto () ,
.

NTFS
Apply (
),
.
, , Cancel (
).

1. ?
?
?
2. FAT.
FAT? , ?
3. FAT16 FAT32.
?
4. HPFS.
HPFS ?
5. ? ?
6. NTFS.
NTFS.
7. ,

NTFS.

208

6.

8. ,
?
NTFS4.
9.
NTFS5. , Windows 2000/
.

1. Windows NT
Windows 2000/, ,

NTFS. .
2. (
) , ,
, , .
3. Examen, Students
,
, , .

 7.

^
, .

.

, .

, ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.

,
()
.

210

7.

,
. ,
,
-, ,

.

, , , ,
,
,
(
).
,
, -
. (independed processes)
(cooperating processes).
,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
.
()
, .
,
. ,

, ,
,

.
,
. ,
, .

,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
, .
, -

211

. , ,
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
. , .

.
1 2 X.
, , (, )
X, Ri\

(. 7.1). ,
, X.
.
7 . 1 .
1

R1:=X

R1:=R1 + 1

R2 := R2 + 1

X:=R2

X:=R1

2
R2:=X

,
. ,
1, 2 (. 7.1) , ,
4-6, 1-3, X
, X + 2.
1: (1) R1 :=; (2) R1 :=R1+1; (3) X:=R1;
2:

(4) R2:=X; (5) R2:=R2+1; (6)X:=R2;

. 7.1.

Ri i.

212

7.

1 3
4-6 (. 7.2), X
(X + 2), (X +1).
1: (1) R1 :=;
2:

(4)R2:=X;

(2) R1 :=R1+1;

(3) X:=R1;

(5)R2:=R2+1;

(6)X:=R2;

'

. 7.2.

, . , 1 2
X
,
. ,
, , .
,
.

( MS DOS)
TIME, (, Ctrl+T)
18:20:59, ,
, , , 18,20 59
, ( ,
, , ). TIME
59 ,
: 18:21:00.
TIME, ,
, : (21), (18).
: 18:21:59.

.
59 + 1 = 60 00
Ctrl+T,
, , , 18:20:00.
.
, ,
- [17].
,
.
. ,
. ,

, ,
.

213

, ,
, , , ,
.

,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
- (produces-consumer), ,
, -.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,

, .
, ,
() , . ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
, , (pool)^ ,
. ,
, .

, .
, .
, , ,
. , , ,
. ,
.
, . ,
, . ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
.

214

7.

. ,

(
). ,
, (Critical Section, CS).

,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
- ,
, , ,
. ,
() . ,
,
. ,
, ,
(
).

.
[17, 54].

.

.

. :
,
( ),
, ( ,
, ,
);
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
.

215

:
; ;

.

.
: ,
,
, , ,
.
,
, .
,
,
, [10]. ,
,
.
, , ,
.

(
) ,
.
( ) ,
. ,
. ,
,
,
( ,
).

, . ,
,

.
, , .

216

7.

,
.

, :
, ()
.
,
,
. . 7.3.

^
'1

:#-

CS1

CS2

(
1)

(
2)

PR1

PR2

(
1)

(
2)

. 7.3.

, , 1 2
.
, .
, , 7.1.
7.1.

Var : integer;
Begin := 1: { =1 1}
Parbegin

217

While true do
Begin
while = 2 da begin end:
CSl; { 1 }
:= 2:
PRl: { 1 }
End
And
While true do
Begin
while = 1 do begin end;
CS2; { 2 }
:= 1;

PR2; { 2 }
End
rend
End.

:
parbegin...Sll; S12: ... ; S1N1
and... S21; S22; ... ; S2N2
and... SKI: SK2: ... : SKNlk
parend

Sll; S12; ...; SlNl (

), .
,
:
while true do
begin SI: S2: SN end

, begin end .
, , 7.1,
.
PR1 , PR2, 1
PR1, 2
, 2
CS2, 1 CS1.
,

.
,
, ,
. 1
2 , true,
, false .
,
. true,
. -

218

7.

.
7.2.
7.2.
Var 1.2.: boolean;
begin nepeMl:=false;
nepeM2:=false;
parbegin
while true do
begin
while 2 do
begin
end;
1;;
CSl { 1 }
epel:=false;
PRl { 1 }
end
and
while true do
begin
while ! do
begin
end;
2:=1;
CS2 { 2 }
epe2:=false;
PR2 { 2 }
end
parend
end.

, ,
.
, , . ,
, 2 1
!
2 2 true,
! true. ,
.
() ( 7.3)
, 1 2
! true (
2).
7.3.
!. 2 : boolean:
begin 1:=fIse; 2:=15;
parbegin
1: while true do
begin
!:=true:

219

while 2 do
begin end;
CSl { 1 }
1:=1$;
PR1 { 1 }
end
and
2: while true do
begin
2::
while ! do
begin end;
CS2 { 2 }
epe2:=false;
PR2 { 2 }
end
parend
end.

, 7.3, .
, ,
true .
.
, , ,
,
.

,
, , .
,
; , ,
.

( 7.4):
!, 2 . - !
true , 1 (
2 ), ,
,
.
7.4.
label 1. 2:
van !. 2: boolean;
: integer;
Begin !:=false; 2:=1$;
:=!;
parbegin
while true do
begin !:=true;

220

7.

7.4 ()
1: i f 2=1 then
1f 0=1 then go to 1
else begin epel:=fa1se;
while 0=2 do
begin
end
end
else begin
CSl { 1 }
:=2; epel:=false
end
end
and
while true do
begin 2:=1:
2: i f 1 then
i f 0=2 then go to 2
else begin epe2:=false:
while 0=1 do
begin
end
end
else begin
CS2 { 2 }
:=1: epe2:=false
end
end
parend
end.

2 = true ! = false,
2 . 2 = false ! = true.
, 2 =
= true ! = true, ,
,
.
! 2
. ! 2 ,
; ,
,
,
.

- , ,
N .

, ,
, -

221

.
. , IBM 360 (370)
TS (Test and Set ). TS
(). ,
,
^ . TS
,
.
TS ,
common, ,
.
, -
. ,
, , ,
. TS
common common .
^
7.5.
7.5.
var common, local 1. local2 : integer;

begin
common:=0;
parbegin
1: while true do
begin
locall:=l;
whil e local 1=1 do TS(loca11,common)
CSl; { 111
common:=0;
PRl; { 1 }
end

and
2: while true do
begi n
loca 12:=1;
whil loca12=1 do TS(loca12.common)
CS2; { 112
common:=0;
PR2; { 2 }
end
parend
end.

, 1.
^ locall ,
TS(locall,common) . common
. 1 .
common ,
, 2
.

222

7.

, , ,
common := .
.
.

: common,
. ,
, 1

, 2, ,
. ,
1 , 2
.
ia32,
, ,
, BTS, BTR,
. BTS.
BTS (Bit Test and Reset )
[20].
, , CF (Carry Flag
)^ , 1.

BTS .
8- .
32, ,
31. .

.
^ ,
( 7.6).
7.6.

L:

JC L
:
AND .

,
31,
.

223

. 3
5 (3 16- , 5 32- ),
( ),
,
.
[20].
( 32- ), ^
:
Effective Address + (4 (BitOffset DIV 32))
( 16- ) ,
:
Effective Address + (2 (BitOffset DIV 16))
, .
,
. ,
-. MOV
BTS
.
, ,
,
, . ,
, ,
, -
-, .
,
, , '
,
.
, .
.
, ,
, , ,
.
().
,
.

,
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, ,
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224

7.

,
.
.
. ,
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
. , , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
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, ,
. ,
.

[10]. (sema
phore) ,
,
V\ ,
.
, V
.
,
, ,

.
.
.
. ,

,
.
.

,
.

[41]. ,
,
Proberen (), V Verhogen ().

225

, , ,
.
P(S)
S. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, - .
V(S)

.
, V
,
.
( 7.7).
.
,
. , . ,
, N-.
, ,
, ,
.
7.7.
PCS):
S:=S-1:
if S<0 then { S }:
V(s): if S<0 then { S
};
S:=S+1:

,
, .
InitSem; ,
,
InitSem ( _. __ );
1 2

. , ,
7.8.
7.8.
van S:semafor:
begin InltSem(S.l);
(. ).

226

7.

7.8 ()
parbegin
1: while true
begin
P(S);
CSl :
{
V(S)
end
and
2: while true
begin
P(S):
CS2 :
{
V(S)
end
parend
end.

do

1 }

do

2 }

S , 1. 1 2
P(S),
. , 2,
S, . 1
S.
.
V(S) 2 S ,
-
. 1
.
,

V:
( )
, ;

,
, , .
. 2
P(S). S .
1 P(S). 1
S, S ,
- 1 . 2
V(S), S ,
1 .
1 , ,
.
P(S), , S=0. 1 ,
- 1 . 2
P(S), . ,

227

, 1 2
.
. ,
2 V(S).
V(S) , S=0. 1
.
.
, .
1 V(S).
1 2 P(S), S
.
. V(S) 1
2 .
,
, ,
, .
:
P(S):

1f S>=1 then S:=S-1

else WAIT(S){ S }
V(S): if S<0 then RELEASE(S){ S
};
S-S+1.

WAn(S) ,
, S. RELEASE(S)

, S, .
, ,
,
. , 2
P(S). S .
1 P(S). 1
S, S=0, S .
2 V(S),
S , 1
. 1
, P(S) .
V
. S
( 7.9.).
S, ,
S.
7.9. V
type Semaphore = record

:integer;
:pointer;
#

228

7.

7.9 ()
end:
var S :Semaphore;
procedure P ( var S : Semaphore);
begi n _;
S.C4eT4MK:= S.C4eT4MK-l;
i f S. < 0 then
WAIT(S); { S.
}
_
end;
procedure V ( var S : Semaphore);
begin ;
S.C4eT4HK:= S.C4eT4HK+l;
i f S. <= 0 then
RELEASE ( S ) ;
{ S. }
_
end;
procedure InitSem (var S : Semaphore);

begin
S.C4eT4HK:=l;
S.yaaeb:=nil;
end;

,
. S }^ ,
,
. ,

.
,
.
(TS).
( 7.10).
7,10. V
type Semaphore = record
; integer;
: pointer;
; boolean;
end;
var S : Semaphore;
procedure InitSem (var S : Semaphore);
begin
With S do
begin
:=1;
;=nil;
:=true;
end;
end;

229

procedure ( var S : Semaphore):

var : boolean:
begin
_:
repeat 5(. .) until :
S.:=S.-1:
if S. < then WAIT(S): { S.
}
$.::
_
end:
procedure V ( var S : Semaphore ):
var : boolean:
begin
_:
repeat $(.$.) until :
S.:=S.C4eT4HK+l:
if S. <= 0 then RELEASE(S):
{
S. }
S.aoc:=true:
_:
end:

, 5(,5.) , .
, (
) .

(mutex). mutex
mutual exclusion semaphore,
.
,
( )
. ,
(
). - ,
, ,
. ,
.
( )
,
.
( ),
, ,
,
. (CreateMutex),
, , , -

230

7.

. true, ,
, , .
false
,
.
.
(CreateMutex), (OpenMutex), (WaitForSingleObject WaitForMultipleObjects) , ,
(ReleaseMutex).


.

.
,
.
.

-
-
.
.
,
,
.
7.11.
7 . 1 1 . -
var 5_.$_,5_ : semaphore;
begin
In1tSem(S_CBo6oflHO.N);
1115(5_.);
In115(5_ ) :
parbegin
: while true do
begin
{ }
(5_);
($_):
{ }
\/($_):
\/($_);
end
and

231

: while true do
begin
(5_);
(5_):
{ }
V(S_CBo6oflHO);
\/(5_);
{ }
end
parend
end.

$_, 5_ ,
5_ . 5_
, N, N ,
. ,
N; , .
5_ ,
, .
5_ 5_
.
, S_CBO (5_),
$_
\/($_). ,
5_
(5_), 5_
\/(5_). 5_, 5_
.
,
, 5_
(5_).
, $_
($_).

.
.

,
.
, 1 2. ,
1 2 , 1
, 2
. , ,
7.12.

232

7.

7.12.
var S : Semaphore:
begin
InitSemCS.O):
1: begin

: { 1 }
ON ( 2 ): { 2 }
P(S):
12: { 1 }
STOP
end:
2:

begin
2: { 2 }
V(S):
STOP
end

end

S . 1
, 2,
P(S) ,
. 2, ,
V(S) , 1
.

-
,
, -.
.
, - .
( , ).
,
, ).
, , ,
.
. .

. , ,
. ,
, .
,
.

-
.
. -

233

, .
, .
, ,
7.13.
.
7.13. -

var

R. W : semaphore;
N_R : integer;
procedure ;
begin
P(R);
Inc(NR);
{ NR:=NR +1 }
i f NR = 1 then P(W);
VCR);

Read_Data; { }
P(R);
Dec(NR);
if N_R = 0 then V(W);
VCR)
end;
procedure ;
begin
PCW);
Write_Data; { }
VCW)
end
begin
NR;=0;
InitSemCS.l); InitSemCW.l);
parbegin
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
parend
end.

R W,
NR, ,
. -

234

7.

W. R
.
,
P(W) .
, NR ,
, W,
. ,
, , V(W)
W. R
NR, P(W) V(W).
, W
, R.
W.
V(W), ,
.
,
, .
,
, ,

. .
7.14.
7 . 1 4 . -

var

S. W. R : semaphore;
NR : integer;
procedure ;
begin
PCS); P(R);
Inc(NR);
i f NR = 1 then P(W);
V(S); VCR);
Reacl_Data; { }
PCR);
DecCNR);
i f NR = 0 then VCW);
VCR)
end;

procedure ;
begin
PCS); PCW);
Write_Data; { }
VCS); VCW)
end;
begin
NR;=0;
InitSemCS.l); InitSemCW.l); InitSemCR.l);
parbegin

235

while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
parend
end.

, S ,
. ,
S .
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
.
, -,
, , ,
,
.
, .
, , ,
^ . ,

. , 7.15
-,
.
, ,
( ,
), , , .
7.15.
Var VI. V2 : integer:
Procedure ;
Begin
Inc(Vl);
Write_Data;
V2:=V1
End;

236

7.

7.15 ()
Procedure ;
Var V: i n t e g e r
Begin
Repeat
V:= V2;
Read_Data
U n t i l VI = V
End;

Begin
VI ;= 0;
V2 := 0;
Parbegin
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
and
while true do
parend
end.

,
VI V2.
1 VI, V2.
V2 , VI .
VI V2 , , .
, .
,
, ,

,
.

. ,
, V := V2
:
Repeat V ;= V2 Until VI = V
,
.

, ,
(, ,
), .
, -

237

, , .

,
.
,
,
,
.
, [52].
0
,
,
.
, , ,
- [17]. ,
- , -
. ,
, .
,
.
. -
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
- (,
) .

,
. , ,
, ,
.
.
, .
,
,
.
(
), (
).
; , , ,
, .

238

7.

.
,
.
,
, WAIT
. , ,
,
. , ,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
. ()
SIGNAL,
. (
) ,
, , ,
, , . ,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
, , .
,
.
,
.

.

( 7.16).
7.16.
monitor Resourse;
condition free; { - }
var busy : boolean; { }
procedure REQUEST; { }
begin
i f busy then WAIT ( free );
busy:=true;
TakeOff; { }
end;


procedure RELEASE:
begin
TakeOn; {
busy:=false:
SIGNAL ( free )
end;

239

begin
busy:=false:

end

,
REQUEST () RELEASE ().
REQUEST , ,
busy () true, REQUEST
WAIT(free). REQUEST,
, ,
, free ().
, , RELEASE,
SIGNAL , ,
.
REQUEST
WAIT(free), . SIGNAL(free)
, , free,
.


. ,
, , ,
.
(
,
).
, ;
.


,
. -, .
,
. ,

-
. -,


. -, -

240

7.

, .

, ,
,
. ,


.

,
, .
.

. , ,
. ,

1 2, 1
, ,
. 2
- , 1 ,
2 .
2 ,
( ). , 2
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
, , ^ , .
, ,
, ,
. ,
-,
.
, -
, -.
.

241

, ,
. ,
, (),
.
.

[17].
. 1 ,
. , 1 ,
. 2
, .
, , .


.
, ,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
, . - ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
,
.

, V - ,
( ),
, , .
SEND_MESSAGE ( . , )
,
. ,
SEND_MESSAGE, .
WAIT_MESSAGE ( . . )
, , ,
- .
, ,

. ,
.

242

7.

SEND_ANSWER ( . . )

, ,
, (
), .
, .
WAIT_ANSWER ( . . )

, , ,
; .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
( ) .
:
,
^ ;
;
,
, ;
- ,
.

, . .
)" :
.
, ,
.
Microsoft
(mailslots). ,
. ,
,
. . (first-class delivery)
;

. (second-class delivery) ,
.

(pipe), , , ,
, ,

243

. -
UNIX, , , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, UNIX-. , ,
, ,
. ,
( ) .
- .
, ,
FIFO, .
;
.
\ 64
. ,
, .
:
( head), ( tail).
.
,
, 1 ( ).
,
.
( ) (
)
. () ()
, ,
.

( ,
).
, ,
,
. . 7.4.
.
,
. .
,
. ,
, .
, UNIX-, 64 ,
16- -, ,
.

244

7.

'....:i^i/.jk'i-.*.>,f.'i

. 7.4.

, API OS/2.
:
DosCreatePipe (&ReaclHandle. &Wr1teHanclle. PipeSize);

ReadHandle , Wn'teHandle
, PipeSize .
:
DosRead (&ReadHandle, (PVOID)&Inforni. sizeof(Inform). &BytesRead);
ReadHandle , Inform
, sizeof(Inform) Inform, BytesRead
.
,
.
:
DosWrite (&WriteHandle. (PVOID)&Inform. sizeofCInform). SBytesWrite);

WriteHandle , BytesWrite
.
,
.
. , -

.

(queues)
,
.
-.
- , -

245

- .
, .
, .
. -,

:
FIFO , , ;
LIFO , , ;
;
.
FIFO.
-, ,
,
.
-, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
API,
,
, , .
- :
(Process Identifier, PID), ;
;
, ;
;
, .
, ,
( ,
):
CreateQueue ;
OpenQueue ;
ReadQueue ;
PeekQueue ;
WriteQueue ;
CloseQueue ;
PurgeQueue ;
QueryQueue .

246

7.

1.
? ,
?
2. ,
.
3. , .
BTS BTR, ia32.
4. .
V?
5. ,
?
6. ?
7. -
.
8. -
.
9. ? .
10. ?
. ( )?
12. ?
?

 8.

,
,
.
,
.

.
,
,
, .
, , .
-
, .
, (dead lock^), . ,
,
, . -

,
.
Dead lock (.) .

248

8.

:
(Reusable Resource, RR), (System Re
source, SR), )
, , (Consumable Resource, CR).
(SR)
, [54]:
;
,
( ,
, ,
);
( ),
,
, .

, ,
, () ,
, , ,
, ,
.
(CR) SR
[17].
CR ,
()
(). )
,
,
, .
,
() . ,
, ,
().
, , ,
,
CR . :
-; ; ,
,
.
, ,
.
[54].
() ,

249

.
^ .

.
() . ,
,
. , ,
. SR
, ,
,
. .
SR
. 8.1.
2

R2

. 8.1.

1 R1
R2. 2 R1,
R2. , 1 ^ R2.
, )^
, ,
1 : 1 ,
2 R1, 2
, 1 R2.
,
.

250

8.

CR
1, 2 ,
Ml, 2 .
CR. 1 , 2
Ml, 2 2.
, ,
, (. 8.2)
().

. 8.2.

, 8.1, .
^
( 8.2).
8 . 1 .
1:

(2. Ml. 2);

(. . 1);
2:
(. 2. ):
(1. Ml. 2);
:
(1. . 1):
(2. 2. );

251

8.2.
1:

(. . 1):
(2. Ml. 2);
2:

...
(1. Ml. 2):
(. 2. ):

...
(2. 2. );
(1. . 1):

,
, , ,
.

CR SR
1 2
R, 1
, 2
. R.

REQUEST(R, N) N R, RELEASE(R, N)
() N R.
MB. 1 2 8.3.
8.3. CR SR

1:

REQUEST ( R. 3 ) ;

SEND_MESSAGE ( 2. . MB ):
WAIT ANSWER ( . MB );
RELEASE ( R. 3 );

2:

WAIT_MESSAGE ( 1 . . MB ) :
REQUEST ( R. 2 ) ;
;
RELEASE ( R. 2 ) ;

252

8.

8.3 {)
SEND_ANSWER ( . MB );

, . ,
2, ,
1, R,
1. 1, R,
2, ,
2 R, 1.
, 2 1
R, . ,
, .

SR
, 1 2,
SR: R1 R2.
S1 S2 . 1 2
, . 8.3 [17].
1

1:

P(S2);

(5):

P(S1):

2:

P(S1);

(6):

P(S2);

3:

V(S1):

(7):

V(S1):

4:

V(S2):

(8):

V(S2);

. 8.3. ,

( ) .
, .
. 8.4.
1,
2. , 1 4,
1-4 1; , 5 8,
5-8 2.
. ,
, 1 , 1,
2 6, 7. -

253

, 1,
, 2.
2
I

r-f-

/V

'^0

5h

_ 1
1

. 8.4.

, R1 R2
, . 1-8
25 ,
.
-
1 2 R1 R2.
1-2-5-3-6-4-7-8,
1. 2 R1 ( 5),
( , ). 2
. 1 3, 2
R1. 2
R2 ( 6). 1
4, 2 R2.
, , 1-5-2-6, 1 X 2, 2
Y 6. 1 , 2
7, 2 , 1 4.
, 1, 2 .
, ,

254

8.

,
. : ,
D, .
,
[17,
54]:
,
;
, , , ,
. ,
;
,
, ;
,
, , .
, ,
Y (. . 8.4).

.

, .
,

,
.
,
,
.

35 ,
, 1962 1
[36].

, , .
, ,
, . -

255

,
.
( ),
( ),
, . ,
, ,
: . ,
, . , .

,
. :
- ;
- ( ) ,
, ;
.
-
( , )
/'= <5, >. 5
, 5=(, [/)> V , U . ^
, .
.
5 ,
:
5 = < , , F>.
, = {pj, i = 1, ;
, = {^^}, = t ^ ; U - = V, - = 0 ,
5; ,
S:
Ye(PT)[j(T'P).
5 ,
tj, j = \,, ^ G ,
: ( ) -^ {0,1, 2,...}
:( )-> {0,1,2,...},
[36] (
).
{Pi}ePy tj {(Pitj)i},
1 < \{(Pijtj)i : iyj = const}| < W, {^^} G ,
tj G _ {(tj,Pk)i}, 1 < \{(tj,Pk)i'-jyk = const}| < W.
W5; P , P
; (.,t^)^ v- , , -

256

8.

tp (tjyPf^X v- , tj ;^.
, S /^ :

S-<P,ZB,E>,

: P=^I\JO;ir\O^0.
/
:

I=

\Jl(tj);0=[jO(tj).

I(tj) = {, : B(p,aj) > 1, i = 1^}, j = un; 0(tj) = {p^ : E(tj,p,,) > 1,fe= }, j = t m ;
(Pi ,tj) w<W, , tp
i^jyPk) ~ w<W, tj ^,
/(^^) 0(tj) ^^
.
(
, ),
().
MQ ( ,
)
(),
, W = ||, - (1 < < )
m(Pi)y () {.
=((),(21"-.()^
=

(m(p,Xm(p^),...,m(pJ).

(.), (-) Z ;Z . (
)
,
. - = -_^ - I(t)
,
.

.
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, . tj ,

257

, G ^) : {,) > #(,, I{t^)) - W.

, , .
^(Pijl(tj)) Pi
tp , , w ,
. tj
MQ ^ :

:
Vp,. : (,) = (,) -#(,, )) + #{Pv ))
, , tj
, ,
, ,
.
(
)
(), (. ). -
- (
- ),
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
,
(),
( > 0).
, tj ,
\ ,
, \ tj
. , ;
,
. ,
, , (
) (
).
.
, ,
( ).

, ,
. , ,
, .

258

8.

, , ,
.
. 8.5.

;5

'^Pia

. 8.5.

,
1 2
R (. 8.3).
, . 8.5, (1, , , , , 4, , , 1, , , , 0).
2 , 1 R.
, PQ (
R), 3, t^
1 . ^2
1 2; t^
. pj , 2
1. t^
, 1.
,
^3, tiy tQ, t-j ^8 , 1 SR
(. . 8.3), , . 8.6.

259

. 8.6. SR

,
1 2, Pi ~ S1 S2,
V. . 8.6
, ,
.

.
,
.
, ,
^
[21]. () ,
, ,
, .

( [54]).
, ,
, .
, , .

260

8.

( - ).
, ,
(,
).
, .
,
( !),
. ,
.
.
<, 7i>,
{ Sj, 83, S3,..., S^ };
{ ^, , ,..., }
Pj ,
. :
Pj! -> { }.
Pj S, Pj
Pi(S). Sk Pi(Se), , Pj S^
Sk , Sg -> Sj,.
, S^ -> S^ , Se = S^, Sg -> S^
i, Se -> Sk i Sk, Sk -> S^.
, >
> Sg S^.
, ,
, ,
, . .
Pj Sg,
Sk, Se -> Sk, Pi(Se) = 0.
, , Pj Sg,
Sg ,
( ) , Pj
. .
Pj Sg, Sj,,
Se -> Sk, Pj Sk . <, >:
= { Sj, S2, S3, S4};

= { PJ, 2};

Pj(S3) = {S,);
P^S,) = {S3};

P3(S3) = 0;
P3(S,) = 0.

261

:
S, ^ - ^ 8; S, - ^ - > S,; S, - ^ - ^ S,.
Si -> S4 , ,
: Si ^> S2; S2 -> S^ Si ^> S^; S3 -> S4.
, Sg,
S4; S2 -> S4 S2
> Si, Pi
S4, Sj.
. 8.7.

. 8.7. <, >

S , Pj,
S.
, , ,
,
.
.
Si , S^, Sj -> Sj,, Sj,
.
<, >.
. 8.8. S2 S3 ;
. Si S4
, S5. SQ Sy
.
, <, >
SR,
. 8.3. Pi 2,
Ri R2 (. 8.1).
Sy , Pj Sj,
2 Sj.

262

8.

. 8.9.
Pi,
. : S22, S23
52. , S33.

. 8.8. <, > ,

. 8 . 9 .

263

8 . 1 . ^ Ri
Pi

Rg,

R,,

Rg

Ri

Ri, Rg

Rg, Ri

Ri Rg

Ri Rg

Rg
Ri

Rg
Ri

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292

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294

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304

9.
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305

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307

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// : processFile
// :
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// :
DWORD processF1le(LPV0ID IpFileName ) {
HANDLE handle; //
DWORD numRead. total = 0;
char buf;
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FILE_SHARE__READ. NULL. OPENJXISTING. FILE_AnRIBUTE_NORMAL. NULL);
//
do {

308

9.

9.1 ()
II
ReadFileC handle. (LPVOID) &buf. 1. &numRead. NULL):
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DWORD pid:
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/ /

/ / ,
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/ /
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finclude
#include
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<sys/stat.h>
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<stdio.h>

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/ / : -
i n t processFi1( char *fileName) {
i n t handle. numRead. total = 0:

 API

309

char buf;

// ( )
handle = ( fileName, 0_RDONLY);
//
do {
//
numRead = read( handle. &buf. 1);
if (buf == 0x20) total++:
} while (numRead > 0):
//
close( handle):
return( total);
// : main
// :
// :
// :
1nt maindnt argc. char *argv[]) {
1nt 1. pid. status;
// ,
for (1 = 1; 1< argc; 1++) {
//
pid = forkO;
if (p1d == 0) {
//
//
pr1ntf( "(PID: %6). File ^s. spaces = ^d\n".
getpidO. argv[ 1]. processFile( argv[ 1]));
//
exitO;
}
//
else
printf( "processFile started (p1d=^d)\n". pid);
//
if (pid != 0) while (wait(&status)>0);

return;
}

9.2 , ,
. , UNIX
, ^
,
.
, API.
, ,
, ,
, , .

310

9.

, . , ,
API -
,

,
.

1. ?
2.
.
3.
?
? ?
4. .
? , ,
?
5. ? ,
.
?
6. ,
.
7. ,
.
8. (API)?
9. API?
?
10. (RTL)?
11. POSIX? ,
, POSIX?

 10.

, ,
, ,
,

IBM PC.
, ,
Windows Microsoft.
Windows 95/98/, Windows NT/2000, Windows /
2003 (. 11).
,
Microsoft, UNIX- Linux FreeBSD,
QNX OS/2.
Linux FreeBSD,
,
UNIX,
UNIX-. QNX ,

. OS/2 .
3a6biTaS

,
.

,
, . -
,
.

312

10.

UNIX
UNIX
.

. UNIX
, , , ^
-
.
12
. UNIX

, ,
( ), UNIX, ,
, ().

, .

.
.
.
^:
, -
;
,
,
, ;

.
, ,
, .
,

, .
UNIX .

, MULTICS (MULTiplexed Information and
Computing System). UNIX UNICS (Uniplexed
Information and Computing System).

 UNIX

313

.

,
.
UNIX ,
. ,
, , UNIX

.

, ,
. UNIX- 30 ,

.
, UNIX-,
, ,
, ,
C++, , PERL, FORTRAN , (
), ,
, ,
.
,
( , ). ,

. ,
, .
UNIX- (kernel).
.
:
, , -
.
,
.
(
) .
, .

.
, . ,
,
, .
,
, .
UNIX
.

314

10.

UNIX ,
; . ,

UNIX ( Linux).
, [39]
, [23,43]. ,
,
,
, ^
UNIX, Windows.

UNIX .
( ) ,
: (
, ,
, ),
, , . ,
, . ,
. :
;
;
;
;
.
.
UNIX , -
. ,
(swapping).
, , ,
, ,
. , Linux ,
^ (swap-file),
,
. , ,
.
:
(
);
082h.

 UNIX

315

(
);
(

).
UNIX-
.
.
,
swapping.

, UNIX
. , UNIX
. ,
, ,
, (account name, login) (password). ,
, , ^ ,
.
.
, / .
.
UNIX
(User Identifier, UID), ,
. ,
,
(Group Identifier, GID). UID GID

, ,
.
, ,
, . .
UNIX
. UNIX
[39].
,
.
, (home)
.
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.

316

10.

, ,
, ,
, , .
UNIX
UID. UID (supeniser) root ().
. ,
.
.
^ . ^
, ,
, su. su
, , ,

. ,
, exit,
.

UNIX ,
.
, ,
,
. .
, .

UNIX
.
( ,
/etc/passwd).
,
.
UNIX (shell),
. Linux
bash. ,
.

, ,
.

,
,
.

 UNIX

317

, UNIX, ,
, ,
.
(shell scripts),
.

.

, UNIX
X-Window. X-Window ,

. Windows Microsoft,
UNIX- , .
, ,
.
, Linux,
,
.
UNIX- -.
X-Window - -,
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
, .
X-Window (
). ,
.
(GUI), X-Window .
Linux
KDE GNOME. X-Window UNIX
( Linux) startx.

, (shell) UNIX-
. ,
,
,
. , ,
,
, .

318

10.

(
), , .
.
, .
:
,
;
,
;
, .
,
( , vi, . .) ,
. ,
UNIX, ,
main ( main
, static).
,

, main.
main, , (
main),
, ,
.
main argc argv.
arge ,
, argv
, .
( arge
1). main
arge
.
,
, ,
:
#1nclucle <stdio.h>
main (argc, argv)
1nt argc:
char *argv[]:
{
i f (argc != 2)
{ printf("usage: ^s your-text\n". argv[0]):
exit:
}
pr1ntf("%s\n". argv[l]):

 UNIX

319

UNIX ,
,
. , ,
.
, ,
,
main. , ,
( main) . .

API fork() (__).
fork() ,
(
).
.
, fork() (
) ;
,
fork(). , (
) , fork() :
.

(PID). ,
.
, ,
exec,
, , , ,
,
main . exec ,

, main.
,
, fork,
, . .
,
. , exec,
.
,
, Is ,
.
ma1n()

{1f(fork()==0) wait(O):
/* */
else execlC'ls", "Is", 0); /* */

320

10.

, UNIX ,
fork().
()
fork(). ,
. () ,
.
1
. 1,
init,
.

, ,
UNIX-.

,
.
.

.
,
.
. .
,
, .
. ,
,
.
.
UNIX- (time sharing),
.
,

.
.

. ,
, , ,
, , .
.

.
.

 UNIX

321

-
- UNIX
: open, close, read, write seek.
:
f1le_descr1ptor - open (f1le_name. mode)
mode (, ); file^descriptor , ;
file_name .
:
after__reading_bytes - read (file_descr1ptor. buffer, bytes)
after^writlng'bytes - write (f1li_descr1ptor. buffer, bytes)

bytes , ;
after_read1ng_bytes after_writing_bytes
.
,
:
,
;
,
,
;
seek (. ),
, seek.
.
,
seek,
:
Seek (f11e^descri ptor,di splacement.di splacement_type)
displacement^type ( ) ,
,
512 .
, seek ,
, ,
UNIX-
.
, :
close (file^descriptor)

gtty, stty, stat

.
- .
UNIX-
. ,

322

10.

,
.
, ,
. login.
- UNIX
, .
(stream)^ , (
).

.
, ,
.
.
,
.

seek.
, ,
.

-
-
, UNIX. ,
, . UNIX
, 60- 70- ,
-
.
,


.

UNIX. -, -
.
( ,
). -,
( ).
. 1 (stdin),
2 (stdout),
3 (stderr). -
, , ,
.
, (thread).

 UNIX

323

,
.
(
),
^

.
exec ,
1, 2 3.
,
. , ,
-
,
stdin, stdout stderr. ,
- printf, scanf error
. printf
stdout, scanf stdin, error
stderr.

UNIX
. ,
, , ,
.

,
.
.
512 . ,
UNIX-, .
. , FFS
(Fast File System )
8192 .

(. 10.1):
;
, ,
;
-, , /-;
.

324

10.

1- 1
1-2
1-

>
i-

. 10.1. UNIX

f- :
;
;
;
, ;
;
;
(modification time) ;

 UNIX

325

(change time) ;
-, ;
(, ).
f- ,
. , ,
.
, UNIX ,

, -,
, , , .
.
^
i- ( f-
-). ,
.
.
-, ,
.
.
.
,
. .
UNIX .
, , , ,
, .
, ,
.
,
(/) () .
,
. ,
. , ../ (
), ,
. stuff () stuff
. /work/alex/stuff work
, alex work , ,
stuff alex. (/) .

, work (
), alex , stuff
alex.
, , ,
, . . .

326

10.

, . UNIX-
. . ,
,
() . , ,
. 1, ,
.
.

. -
,
, .
/dev.
, .
,
, . mount (
. .) .
mount ,
: .
,
, ,
.
. umount
,
. ,
,
.
^
,

. , ,
. , Linux
EXT2FS,
EXT3FS. , .

,
, .
: (read), (write) (execute).
:
, , , .
,
, , ,
.
,

 UNIX

327

(UID) (GID).
.
, .
, ,
( ),
.
(File System access User
ID, FSUID) (File System access Group ID, FSGID), a
(Effective User ID, EUID) (Ef
fective Group ID, EGID). ,
(capabilities), .
UID, FSUID
, , GID, FSGID
.
,
. : ,
.
(
) , ,
. . ,
.
(
). ,
, , ,
.

, . SUID SGID
: ,
(), () ,
. SUID (SGID),
FSUID EUID (FSGID EGID)
, , UID (GID) .

, .
, , SGID,
GID FSGID , GID
. : ^
,
. SVTX,
. , ,
, .
. (subdirectory).

328

10.

,
, .
:
- () ;
d ;
;
b ;
(named pipe);
a s (socket)^
I .
, ,
, .
, w, ,
- - ()
.
SUID (SGID) S
(), ,
S, .
,
, GUID
(4), SGID (2) SVTX (1), ,
. ,
4, 2, 1.
, /tmp
drwxrwxrwx, 041777 (; ,
; ^ SVTX). -r-S-xw-,
102412, , ,
, , (
) (
), ,
, .

, ,
.
(userfile-creationmask, umask),
. , u=rwx, g=rwx, o=r-x
: ,
. 002
( , ,
, TCP/IP,
UNIX. ,
.

 UNIX

329

; 4, 2, 1).
chmod.

UNIX
-.
, . ,
, , . .
-.
, -, UNIX
:
;
;
;
;
;
.
, .

[43].

,
,
, :
;
;
( ).
UNIX ,
,
(). ,
, ,
, .
,
, .

.
- .

, UNIX-,
, -

330

10.

.
UNIX :
;
,
;
, ;
, .
:
semget ;
semop (

);
semctl
.
semget :
id = semget(key. count, flag);
key flag .
count ,
.
.
semget
, ^ ,
( -
semctl).
semop:
oldva! = semopdd. oplist, count):
id , oplist
, count .
, ,
. oplist :
;
;
.
oplist
,
.
oplist
, .
, ( , ,
, ( UNIX).

 UNIX

331

, oplist.
, ,
, ,
{
UNIX).

,
. ,
() ,
.
, ,
, ()
.
,

, .
, semop, (
oplist),
, semop
- .
, - semop
IPC_NOWAIT, UNIX
,
1,
IPC_NOWAIT.
;
, .
semctl :
semctKid, number, cmd. arg);
id , number ,
cmd , arg ,
- . ,
semctl .
,

.

7.
, , , .
(pipes) UNIX
.

332

10.

,
FIFO (First In First Out ).
, , , ,
.
.
UNIX
(
, ).
UNIX
.
,
.
(
).
(
) open.
pipe
( ).

read, write close.
pipe :
plpe(fdptr):

fdptr ,
,
(
read) ( write).

,
. read
write
^ (,
- ).
(
) open.
,

,
, .
. .
(
, )
read write.
, ,
( ) .

 UNIX

333

( ,
) close.

, :
msgget
;
msgsnd (,
);
msgrcv (, );
msgctl .
(),
.
msgget :
msgqid - msgget(key. flag):
key flag , semget
.
msgget UNIX-
,
,
, ,
.
msgsnd:
msgsndCmsgqid. msg, count, flag);
msg ,
( );
count ; flag ,
.
msgrcv:
count - msgrcv(id. msg. maxcount. type, flag);
msg
, ; maxcount
( ) msg; type ,
; flag , ,
,
. ,
.

, (,
) :
msgctl(id. cmd. mstatbuf):

334

10.

:
shmget
;
shmat
;
shmdt
;
shmctl ,
.

,
,
.
shmget :
shmid = shmgetCkey. size, flag):
size .
.
, ,
,
(
,
shmctl). ^ ,
,
, , .
.

. ,

.

shmat:
virtaddr = shmat(id. addr. flags);
id ^ ; addr
,
.
(
addr). addr ,
.

shmdt:
shmdt(addr);

 UNIX

335

addr ,
shmat. (
),

.
shmctl:
shmctldd. cmd. shsstatbuf);
cmd ,
.
, .

, , , ,
.
,
shmget ,
, , -
.

.

. () ()
() ,
( -
). ,
.
(Remote Procedure Call, RPC). ,
, .
. UNIX
,
,
.
- , .

. RPC
,
.
(RPC) ,

, . ,
,
,
. , ^
.

336

10.

[39].
1. - ,
(stub). - ,
.
(marshalling).
2. ,

, (unmarshalling),
.
.

Linux
Linux UNIX-
, POSIX.
, Linux UNIX-,
(torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi) ().
,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, Linux
UNIX-, .
,
. Linux
GNU Free Software Foundation (, ).
.
Linux UNIX-
IBM PC i80386. Linux
,

. Linux
, .
.
Linux UNIX, ,
.
.
Linux
( , UNIX). ,
,
.
(

 UNIX

337

)),
. .
.
:
Mandrake Linux release 9.0 (dolphin) for i586
Kernel 2.4.16-16mdk on an i686 /ttyl
Vienna login:

BO ttyl ,
.
.

, Alt+F1, 1

. Linux ,

.
, -
Ctrl+Alt+F1.
.
Linux UNIX (
UNIX) ,
IEEE P0SIX.1, System V BSD.
.
UNIX Linux
^ , Linux, ,
, ,
. Linux
POSIX ( ,
csh bash), (pty),
.
Linux .
, EXT2FS,
Linux. , Minix-1
Xenix. , FAT,
,
. ISO 9660 CD-ROM
CD-ROM.
HPFS NTFS, , .
FAT32;
Linux VFAT.
, Linux
UNIX
Linux.
,
Linux .

338

10.

Linux, UNIX-,
TCP/IP . /

Ethernet, SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol), PLIP
(Parallel Line Internet Protocol), PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), NFS (Network File
System) . TCP/IP,
FTP, telnet, NNTP SMTP.
Linux 32 80386 80486 Intel. , Linux

ia32.
Linux
^ Intel.
, ,

-.
.
,
. ,
,
.
, .
UNIX-, Linux ,
.
,

. ,
.
,
. ,
() ,
.
UNIX,
, Linux
.
Linux .
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
, UNIX-, .
, Intel AMD
, ia32 32-
.

 UNIX

339

,
. 64-
Intel AMD.

.
, , ,
, . ,
,
.

(Dynamic Link Library, DLL),
, .
, ,
.
,
,
. Linux
,
.

FreeBSD
Linux
UNIX FreeBSD.
,
Linux ,
. .
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
\ , ,
, , .
, (
, - ).
, , Linux
, ,
. ,
, .
Linux , ,
( . install ).

340

10.

,
, . . ,
, (
UNIX-) , ,
Linux FreeBSD
, .
,
, , .
BSD .
, FreeBSD -- UNIX-
. ,
, Linux, . ,
, Linux,
BSD .
, , ,
FreeBSD.
, FreeBSD Linux ,
FreeBSD ,
Linux .

QNX
,
().

. ,
( , )
Windows . Novell NetWare ,

.
( ,
), .

.
IBM PC
Intel 80386 ,
(32-)
.
,
, . ,

,
/ . -

 QNX

341

,
( , )
. ,
cuoco6iiSi
,
. ,
.
QNX ,
ia32.
,
, . QNX

,
. ,
.
.
POSIX.
QNX
.
QNX, ^ ,
(). ,
.
UNIX,
POSIX. QNX UNIX, -
. QNX , ,
QNX Software Systems Limited 1989
, ,
UNIX.
QNX ,
.
( )
( ),
.
. ,
QNX [14].

. QNX ,
,
, (,
) . UNIX
,
. UNIX
(
Windows NT).

342

10.

QNX (embedded)
. ^ /dev ,
, UNIX-.
( ,
) , .
, ,
.
,
,
. ( )
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
FLEEP ,
,
.
Photon,
, ,
GUI ( Motif),
POSIX- 4
, i80386 .

QNX
, QNX
,
.
, ,
, ,
.

QNX , ,
.
QNX
( 10 , 32 ,
46 ),
. [26]:
IPC (Inter Process Commu
nication );
(redirector) ;
, .

 QNX

343

( , );
( Net).
IPC
,
, , .
QNX
(0-65 535 ) .
, , .
.
, . ,
, .
, ,
,
. , , ,
,
, . ,
, .
, ,
, QNX,
, . QNX
(proxy)
(signal).
'1, ,
.
qnx_proxy_attach() . ,
. ,
, Trigger(),
. Trigger() ,
.
, 65 535 .
,
, UNIX. QNX
, POSIX, ,
UNIX (
, QNX
), , QNX.
, ,
( , ).

.
.
.

.

344

10.

, .
,
, .

. ,
,
. ,
,
.


, .

.
:
.
.
QNX
,

, ,
, i :.

:
- ;
, ;
- .

() 31 (
).
(
). QNX :
(First In First Out, FIFO)
;
(Round Robin, RR)
, ;
( ).
FIFO .
, ,
.
-

 QNX

345

,
.
RR , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
:
,
,
1;

, 1;
, .
.
QNX. ,
,
. .
.
, . ,
( -
). -
-.
QNX
. , , ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
QNX,
,
.
. ,
, . , ,
,
, .

QNX ,
. , -

346

10.

,
Net. Net
. .
QNX
: Ethernet FastEthernet, Arcnet, IBM Token Ring . ,
.
QNX 4
-. , ,
, , ,
. , QNX
. (, , )
. QNX
Ethernet, Arcnet, Serial To
ken Ring, .
,
.
(on-line),
.

. QNX
( ) ;
. ,
, , ,
. ,
, .
FLEET.
QNX-. ,
,
.

.
, QNX
FLEET
FTL (FLEET Transport Layer).

IPX NetBios , .
FLEET,
:
Fault-Tolerant Networking QNX
,
;
Load-Balancing on the Fly
QNX
;

 QNX

347

Efficient Performance , QSSL

,
;
Extensable Architecture
;
Transparent Distributed Processing

- ,
.
FLEET QNX
.
,

RPC. , ,

[18].
, make QNX
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
(
QNX ).
, ,
- - , QSSL,
,
.
.
,
, Net,
.
, Net
. ,
,
,
. . Net
TCP/IP, SMB (Server Message Block)^ , , IBM
Microsoft .
Microsoft CIFS (Common Internet File System).

348

10.

.
QNX
, .
, ,
. QNX/Neutrino^

POSIX,
.
Neutrino;
. .
QNX .
, .
, - ,
.
, QNX
. .
, .
-. ,
, ( task)
.
, task , ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
, .

. , (
64 ), QNX .
, .
: , ,
.
,
.
()
, ^ ,
. ,
, .
, ^ Neutrino .

 QNX

349

,
,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
. , ,
.
, QNX
, .
, ,
.
, ,
1. ,
; ,
. (
) .
, .
. .
QNX

,
, .
, (
). ,
,
-, .
.
32 (
). 20 .
:
Q ,
G ,
Q .
.
,
, ,
.
, .,
. ,
.
.

350

10.

,
(, ).
.
, ^ - ; ,
.
, ,
. QNX ,
,
( ).
,
.
, () .
,
.
, ,
.
. , ,
. QNX 16
, ,
. 16
.
,

.
,
, .
(, ), .
.

.
, ,
.
QNX,
,
. . ,
,
. QNX
,
, , ,
-
. , ,
. .
.
, ,

 OS/2 Warp IBM

351

.
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
-, ,
. , ,
, , ,
.

OS/2
Warp IBM
,
OS/2 , .


, ,
, . (
, ,
), . -,
IBM
, ,

. ( )
,
, IBM PC
. -, IBM

, .
OS/2
IBM .
,
, ,
. ,
, OS/2.
, ,

,
Windows NT/2000/XP,
. :
OS/2.
32- OS/2 IBM-
OS/2 v 2.0

352

10.

1992 . 16-
OS/2, i80286.
, ,
. 16-
.
,
, ( ,
).
16- OS/2 1.x 32-
, 32-
OS/2 .
IBM , 4.5.
IBM , , OS/2,

.
OS/2
Warp, . OS/2
Warp 4.0 OS/2 Warp 3.0 ( 1994 )
DOS-
- . :
(preemptive multitasking) DOS Windows- (Win32s^) ;
Q -
;
OpenDoc;
Q OpenGL;
Java- Java;
True (TTF);
( Voice );
/, Com
puServe^;

IBM LAN Server, Windows, Lantastic, Novell Netware 4.1
( TOM );
;
Mobile File System
;
(Plug-andPlay), , Windows;
^ Win32s Windows.
^ .

 OS/2 Warp IBM

353

^ ( , ,
, , , ,, );
, ,
WarpGuide.

,
, .
OS/2 Warp
(API), ,
. OS/2 LAN
Server, OS/2 Warp OS/2 Warp Server 4.5,
, ,
.
, IBM

(FixPak). ,
.
, , ,
( Microsoft).
, , ~ Win
dows NT 4.0 Microsoft 6 (ServicePak), OS/2 Warp 3.0,
1994 , IBM
FixPak. OS/2 Warp 4.0 15
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
10 .
, ( BonusPak)
Microsoft Office, , ,
, ,
Microsoft Office.

354

10.

,
.

. ,

(, , ,

).
, ,
,
REXX, .
, , ,
(batch) DOS,
.
. , OS/2
. REXX
Visual REXX. -
REXX .
OS/2
- ,

VDM-
DOS-.

OS/2
.
,
: OS/2 ,
2.0, 1992 .
, OS/2
.
.
() 1995
OS/2 Warp Advanced Server.
Windows NT 4.0
( Pentium 90 Pentium 300),

, OS/2.

OS/2 Warp Server
Windows NT.

 OS/2 Warp IBM

355

OS/2
, 180x86. ,
1 ,
. .
, -,
,
. .
(
) .
OS/2
. 32- 16- OS/2

DDE OS/2.
DOS Winl6
. DDE
OLE 2.0 , DDE 32- OS/2.
, Win 16
Win 16,
, Windows 3.x. , ,
, API Win32, 90-
XX .
API OS/2, SOM (System Object
Model ),
DLL,
. OS/2
API,
, , .
DOS- (Virtual DOS Machine, VDM), VDM-,
DOS 8086, VDM.
.
.
OS/2
,
.
,
.
.
, .
,
, ,
.
,
. -

356

10.

,
, IPC
, .
,
.
, , .
,
() . (^)
, .
,
. ,
IPC .

.
,

. .
IPC ,
, ,
. .
, , .
.
- ,
.
. IPC
.
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , .
,
IPC- , .
-
OS/2 -,
, -
(Direct Memory Access, DMA), a 1
, .
:
, ,
, .
( ,
.

 OS/2 Warp IBM

357

,
), , ,
.
,
, .
.
,
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,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
. - ,
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, , ,
,
. - ,
, .
-
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,
, ,
, .
(
), - .
,
,
, .

OS/2 Warp
Workplace Shell (WPS),
, Windows-. Workplace Shell
(SOM) IBM ,
,

. Workplace Shell SOM,
,
, REXX.
GUI Windows, (shortcuts)
, WPS , (shadow^
Shadow (- ) OS/2, ,
.

358

10.

WPS),
.
.

. GUI, WPS
, ,
GUI ,
.
SOM ,
- ,
.
. OS/2
, SOM

. , , OS/2
90- ,
Windows Whistler.
- ()
,

, ,
.

, - .
SOM
. SOM
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture
),

.
OS/2 .
,
OS/2, FileBar,
,
4 , Object Desktop,
OS/2 .
, 1 OS/2,
, . ,
Xfree86 for OS/2 -Window,
UNIX-,
, UNIX OS/2. ,
, UNIX-
, , ,
Xfree86/OS2.

 OS/2 Warp IBM

359

OS/2 Warp 4.5

IBM,
1999 , OS/2
WarpServer for e-Business, .
(Aurora),
.
, OS/2
512 32-
. . , ; , ,
512 .
(,
Windows NT 4.0
2 ),
OS/2 v. 4.5
2 , VIRTUALADDRESSLIMIT=3072
CONFIG.SYS 3 .
OS/2 v. 4.5
16- ,
, 32- ,
. , 32-
(IFS),
32bit->16bit->32bit.
32-
16- API.
JFS (Journaling File System
),
HPFS386.IFS.
JFS ,
. JFS
.

, .
.
, , NTFS,
. ,
JFS
, ,
.
LVM (Logical Volume
Manager ). LVM
,
.
, .

360

10.

.
JFS
.

1.
UNIX. UNIX
Windows.
2. , UNIX-.
3. forkO?
UNIX ?
4. , UNIX.
5. NTFS, Windows NT/2000/XP,
, UNIX-.
6. UNIX.
?
7. (RFC)?
8. GNU
. .
.
9. Linux. , ,
Linux? Linux
FreeBSD.
10. -Window? ?
Linux ?
. QNX?
.
12. QNX , ?
FLEET?
13. QNX?
14. Windows NT 4.0,
, QNX?
15.
QNX.
16. OS/2.
?
17. OS/2,
?

 1 1 .
Windows
, Microsoft
.

.
,
Windows 2003,

.71. (
) Microsoft
Windows .
Pocket PC
Microsoft Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC. (
Windows Win32 API,
.)
Windows, , ,
, Microsoft
,

. Windows ,
MS DOS,
(. 4)
.
. ,
Apple.

, , , ,
.
(Graphical User Interface, GUI)
Microsoft ,
. -

362

11. Windows

Microsoft
,
, ,
.
, Windows,
.
. , Windows,
Windows 95, Windows . ,
,
. .
Windows ,
^
, .
, Linux, QNX OS/2,
, Windows
^ .
,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
^ , (batch)
Microsoft, bat,
C0MMAND.COM, DOS,
CMD.EXE, Windows NT/
2000/ .
CMD.EXE 32- .
,
. , ,
, ,
, -
.

, .
^ ,
,
.
,
,
UNIX (Linux, FreeBSD
. .), QNX, OS/2.
,
, , .

 Windows 9

363

Windows 9

, Windows,
1985 ,
i80286.
( Intel
, ,
),
.
32- (i80386 )
Windows 16-

32- . , i80386
1985 . ,
,
4.
16- i8086
i80286 ( ),
32- .
Windows, , Mi
crosoft
OS/2. , Windows NT
OS/2, 3.0.

, ,
, Microsoft Windows
,
IBM. Windows, 1990
Windows 3.0.
, i80386,
, ,
Winl6 API. ,
DOS-, .
MS DOS.
WIN.COM
Windows. ,
MS DOS. Windows 3.0
.
Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 , ,
Windows 3.11 for Workgroups.
, , , ,
16 ,
, 32--

364

11. Windows

; ,
.
Microsoft,
, Chicago.
1995 Windows 95.
Windows 95, ,
: 1992 . 32-
OS/2 2.0, 1995
2.2
. , .
, ,
IBM . ()
OS/2 .
, IBM, Microsoft
Windows 95
. 16-
Windows 3.x, .
, 32-
.
Windows 95
,
, ,
.
, ,
Windows 95 ,
, .
,
Window^s 95,
OS/2.
Linux .
1996 Windows 95 (
Nashville), Windows 95 OSR 2 (OEM Service
Release 2). ^
( FAT32),
.
1998 Microsoft ,
Windows 98. 32-
,
, 16- ,
. ,
32- WDM (Windows Driver Model)^
Windows,
.

 Windows 9

365

,
Windows NT.
USB (Universal Serial Bus
).
.
Windows 98 SE^ .
, ^ Microsoft
,
Windows 95. Windows Millennium Edition^ (ME).
Windows ME, Microsoft :

( ) ;
; ;
. ,
( , )
DOS,
. Windows ME
, ,
,
DOS, .
Microsoft
Windows Edition, Windows NT.

Windows 9 IBM-
.
( , ia32)
. Microsoft,
,
; ,
.
Windows 9 , ,
, .
.
(, ,
),
, 32- .
,
(desktop), (taskbar) (Start),
. ^ SE Second Edition .
^ 2000 .
^ millennium .

366

11. Windows

(profile),
^ Profiles,
. ,
, ,
.
pwl, ,
, ,
.

(
Plug and Play ).
(Configuration Manager). ,
, ,
IRQ (Interrupt Request ),
-,
. ,
.
Windows 9 ,
,
.
.
-

,
.
Windows 9
32- ()
.
. :
Kernel, User GDI. Kernel
, : ;
; ; ,
; ; -; ;
; 32- 16-
16- 32- ( )
; . User
( )
.
, , ,
,
. , ,
GDI (Graphical Device Interface (directory)
(folder).

 Windows 9

367

), ,
,
- . GDI
, .
Windows 9
,
,
.
(registry).
INI-, Windows 3.x.
system.dat user.dat,
. ,
, ,
user.dat ,
. user.dat
.
Windows 9
-.
.
Windows 9
. ,
,
.

, - ,

.
, -
, .
,
, Windows 9
.
, .
VxD (Virtual Device ),
,
, .
X , ,
, , .
VDD, .
VxD
, , ,
, , (
), , . -

368

11. Windows

,

, . Windows 9
,
.
.
,
/ . , , ,
,
- .

; ,
,
. Windows 9
, .
.
,

. - (Input/Output Supervisor, lOS).
,
.

. :
VFAT (Virtual FAT)
-;
CDFS -;
UDF (Universal Disk Format) ,
Optical Storage Technology Association,
DVD-ROM CD-ROM (
Windows 95);
Microsoft
Novell (Netware).

(IFS).
. , Windows 98
NTFS. ,
, .
NTFS ,
.
Windows 98 Windows ME
FAT12 ( ), FAT16 FAT32.
.

 Windows 9

369

Windows .
,
.
NetBIOS SMB (Server Message Blocks).
,
, Windows 95 Win
dows 98 -.
.
,
,
.

,
, Windows 9,
,
.
, .
, , ,

.
,
, - . ,
Windows NT, UNIX,
. Windows 3.x
, . ,
Windows 9
, Win
dows. ,
Microsoft
Windows 9 ,
, , Windows NT. Windows 3.1
.

. ,
.
,
,
, (thread).
,
. ,
, .
Windows 9 32-
.

370

11. Windows

( ).
-. Windows 95/98
,
.
-. ,
.
.
, (
)
,
,
,
.
,
^ :
, .
Windows 95/98 32-
. MS DOS
16- Windows API,
. MS DOS
. , 16- Windows
, ,
Windows
. 32-
, Windows 95/98

, Windows.

, .
32- ,
, ,
16-
32-.
,
Windows 3.x , ,
(cooperative multitasking). Windows 95/98
16-
, Win32
. 32-
(preemptive multitasking).
(scheduler).
. Windows 95/98
, ,
. ,

 Windows 9

371

. Windows
NT, Windows 95/98 ,
.
, , . ,
.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ( )
.
.
, .
(priority).
,
. , ,
, ()
, .

, .
, ,
, , ,
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.
.
( ) ,


.
.
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
.
. .
,
,
. Windows 95/98

.

372

11. Windows

Windows 9
: (primary scheduler)
; (timeslice
scheduler) , .
, ,
.
, , (suspended)
, .

(execution priority),
, 31.
,
, .
,

.
20 .
,
.
.

, .
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
32- ,

.
, ,

. .
() Windows 9
- ,
, , , ,
. . Windows 3.x
,
,
. Windows 95/98 ,
Win32, ,
^,
.

 Windows 9

373

Windows 95/98
MS DOS 7.0 (MS DOS 98), [Options] MSDOS.SYS
BootGUI = , (.
4). MS DOS 7.0 ,
DOS. GUI Windows 95/98

.
Windows 9 ( )
.
. Win
dows 9
.
, .
,
Windows 9,
() , .


, .
, ,
,
. ,

. Windows 9
LRU (Least Recently Used
), , ,
, .
,
. , , .
.
:
,
, ,
, ,
(DMA).
,
',
Windows 9 .
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
. -

374

11. Windows

, ,
, .
,
.
,
, . API GlobalMemorySatus()
,
,
.
-:
(
),
- .
. ,
32-
(DLL), .
,
, ,
,
(Page Descriptor, PD).
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, (virgin").
, , ,
Win32.
, (tainted)
(dirty), (clean), ,
.
,
, .

, , SYSMON.EXE (
). Windows
9,
.
.
,
,
,
, ,
.

 Windows 9

375

(small) [40]. 32-

, ,
.
, , ,
4- .
(, ,
, )
, .
Windows 9
.
,
16- Windows. ,
, ,
( , , )
, .
Windows 9 32-
,
32- .
. ,
, .
32-
. 16- Win
dows ,
, Windows ..
Windows 9 2 .
2 3 DLL,
. , 32-
180x86 ,
3. ,
. Windows 9,
,
3 4 . Windows,
,
(VxD).
2 4 32-
32-
. API

.
. , ,
, DLL,
.
2 3 16-
Windows. -

376

11. Windows

,
, Windows 3.x.
4
.

, .
.
( 64 ) 32-
,
, 16- , , , ,
.

. 11.1.
4

,

2 4

32-

3
- DLL
- Win 16
-
DLL
2

32-

.

, , ,

64

. 1 1 . 1 . Windows 95/98

 Windows 9

377

Windows (module)
, (
, ).
DLL. Windows
(module
database), ^ .

, .
,
Windows 9 . , ,
Word Internet Explorer,
Windows ,
,
, ,
.
Windows 9
.
, Windows 9
, .
, , , ,
, ,
.
,
, 4 Windows 95
8 Windows 98.
,
, .
,
, Windows
. ,
.
, ,
( ).
(
), [386Enh]
SYSTEM.INI , :
Pag1ngDrive=C:
Pag1ngPi1=:\PageFi 1 . sys
1nPagi ngF11eS1ze=65536
MaxPagi ngFi1eS1ze=262144

,
( ).

378

11. Windows

SYSMON.EXE^ ( ) ,
,
, , .

VCache,
. ,
,

. ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
VCache.
SYSTEM .INI.
[VCache].
,
.
, , :
MinFileCache=16384
MaxF1leCache=65536
ChunkSize=2048
NameCache=4096
D1rectoryCache=128

.
,
, .
, , ,
. 512 .
, 256 ,
[VCache] SYSTEM .INI .
- VCache
256 ,
.
.

Windows NT/2000/XP

Microsoft 1990
IBM PC- SYSMON.EXE Windows 9,
.

 Windows NT/2000/XP

379

, , ,
, :
Mach 3,
(Carnegie Mellone University),
;
(platform independent),
;
(
UNIX

);
,
, UNIX 16- OS/2;
;

;
.
OS/2 version 3.0,
Microsoft Windows NT. NT New Technology,
.
1993 . Windows NT
3.1 Windows NT Advanced Server 3.1.
. Windows NT 3.1
OS/2,
. , ,
FAT, .
Novell Netware 3.x.
Windows NT Microsoft Windows NT 3.5
.
Novell,
FAT,
.
Netware 3.x
Novell.
Netware 4.x,
,
.
.
Windows NT 3.x 3.5.1.
Windows NT 3.x
, ,
( ) .

380

11. Windows

, Windows NT
.
-, Windows NT 3.x,
.
, GDI, (Window Manager)
,
.
, ,

. ,
.
NT 16- Windows 3.x,
, Windows 95.
, Microsoft Cairo 1996 .
Windows NT 4.0 Sever Windows NT 4.0 Workstation.
Windows NT 4.0 .

.
.
16 , 12 ,
.

,
. ,
,
; NT.
, Microsoft
HPFS,
OS/2,
; ; Windows NT 3.x.
,
Microsoft OS/2.

Novell Netware 4.x Net
ware 5.x, Microsoft
NT, Windows NT 5.0,
Windows 2000.
.
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows NT.40 Workstation Windows 98.
2- .
Windows 2000 Server /
(, , , web / FTP, . .) -

 Windows NT/2000/XP

381

,
. 4- .
Windows 2000 Advanced Server , Windows 2000 Server,

.
, , .
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
,
. , 4- ,
16 ^
, (
Windows NT 4.0) Plug
and Play ( Windows 9)
-. Microsoft
Active Directory.
TCP/IP. , ,

, NTFS5^. ,
, HPFS.
Microsoft
Alpha (DEC), PowerPC, MIPS.
2001 Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro
fessional Windows (experience). .

. Windows Edition.
Microsoft
.
, , ,
. , ,
,
Win32 API: Windows 9, NT. Windows

. Windows
:
(), . ,
. , UNIX
, . Windows .
, 2003 Windows 2000
, 2003. ' , ,
, 32 .
^ . 6.

382

11. Windows

32-
1-32.
Windows Small Business Server 2003
.
Windows Server 2003 Web Edition ,
.
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition
, Windows 2000 Server.
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows 2000 Advanced Server.
a Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition.
64-
Itanium 2 Intel.
,
.
Microsoft ,
,
. ( ).

Windows 9 Win
dows NT , .

, :
( , ) (
). Windows NT Microsoft
kernel mode user mode .
,
, ,
. ,
,
, , () ,
.
.
Windows NT
, ,
,
Intel 180x86. ,
132
.
, (. 4),
. , .

383

Windows NT/200d/XP

,
, . ,
, ,
.
Windows NT . ,
,
QNX. Windows NT
,

-. ,
,

. ' ,
, (. 11.2).

,
, , .

Windows NT

. 11.2. Windows NT

384

11. Windows

() Windows NT (
, ), ,
,
, .
( Win
dows NT ^),
, .
,
HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer
), Win
dows NT, Win32 Executive. Windows NT 4.0
(Window Manager), User,
(GDI).
,
,
.
HAL.DLL.
Windows NT/2000/XP,

, (Win32 Executive).
, ,
, , ,
- ( , ,
). .
(Process Manager) ,
. ,
,
.
(Virtual Memory Manager)
.
,
,
, .
(Object Manager) .
, .
, , ,
.
(Security Reference Monitor)
, .
(logon)
Windows NT.
, <