DZj_g FZoh\_j

IJH?DLB<GUCJBKMGHDQ?EH<?D:
BA>:L?EVKL<H "KFUKE" FHKD<: 1996
QZklv
EBQGHKLG:Y IJH?DPBY < JBKMGD? Q?EH<?Q?KDHC NB=MJU
Ijh[e_fZ
< wlhc dgb]_ Z\lhjhf ij_^ijbgylZ ihiuldZ hibkZlv f_lh^ ZgZebaZ ebqghklb,
hkgh\Zgguc gZ bgl_jij_lZpbb jbkmgdh\ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju. >Z\gh ba\_klgh, qlh \
jbkmgdZo ex^_c ijhy\eyxlky kms_kl\_ggu_ hkh[_gghklb bo ebqghklb. G_^hklZlhqghc (b y
gZ^_xkv, qlh \uiheg_ggZy jZ[hlZ kfh`_l \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb \hkihegblv wlhl ijh[_e)
[ueZ kl_i_gv kbkl_fZlbaZpbb ZgZebaZ ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh^mdpbb, dhlhjZy ^he`gZ h^gh\j_f_ggh
[ulv \k_klhjhgg_c, ^hklmighc ihgbfZgbx b iha\heylv km^blv h ]em[bgguo ebqghklguo
ijh[e_fZo.
L_hj_lbq_kdb_ij_^ihkuedbN_ghf_gijh_dpbb
Ebqghklv, dZd gZf ba\_klgh, jZa\b\Z_lky g_ \ \Zdmmf_, Z ihkj_^kl\hf ^\b`_gby,
i_j_`b\Zgby b fure_gby ki_pbnbq_kdh]h l_eZ. Ijh_dlb\gu_ f_lh^u bkke_^h\Zgby
fhlb\Zpbb ihke_^h\Zl_evgh jZkdjueb ]em[bggu_, b, \hafh`gh, g_hkhagZ\Z_fu_
^_l_jfbgZglu kZfh\ujZ`_gby, dhlhju_ g_ fh]ml hldjulh ijhy\eylvky \ ijyfhc
dhffmgbdZpbb. Fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv, qlh \ky khab^Zl_evgZy ^_yl_evghklv g_k_l
ki_pbnbq_kdbc hli_qZlhd dhgnebdlh\ b ihlj_[ghkl_c, hdZau\Zxsbo ^Z\e_gb_ gZ l\hjys_]h
km[t_dlZ. >_yl_evghklv, \uklmiZxsZy dZd \uiheg_gb_ bgkljmdpbb "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ",
[_amkeh\gh, y\ey_lky l\hjq_kdbf hiulhf, dZd wlh fh`_l aZk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zlv kZf q_eh\_d,
\uihegyxsbc jbkmghd. ;h]Zlu_ b dhgp_gljbjh\Zggu_ i_j_`b\Zgby ijb jbkh\Zgbb
q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h l_kghc k\yab f_`^m jbkm_fhc nb]mjhc b ebqghklvx
jbkmxs_]h.
L_ehdZdkj_^kl\hkZfh\ujZ`_gby
Dh]^Z bg^b\b^ iulZ_lky j_rblv aZ^Zqm "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ", _]h ih[m`^_gb_ d wlhfm
ijhbkl_dZ_l ba g_kdhevdbo bklhqgbdh\. J_Zevgu_ nb]mju kebrdhf jZaebqgu ih k\hbf
l_e_kguf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf, qlh[u hgb fh]eb kZfb ih k_[_ ^Z\Zlv kihglZggh_ h[h[s_gb_,
h[t_dlb\gh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h q_eh\_d_. < g_dhlhjuc fhf_gl gZqbgZ_lky ijhp_kk hl[hjZ,
\dexqZxsbc b^_glbnbdZpbx ihkj_^kl\hf ijh_dpbb b bgljh_dpbb. Bg^b\b^ ^he`_g
hkhagZggh, Z lZd`_, dhg_qgh, [_kkhagZl_evgh bkihevah\Zlv \kx kbkl_fm k\hbo
ikboheh]bq_kdbo \hafh`ghkl_c. L_eh beb "Y" y\ey_lky gZb[he__ \Z`ghc hlijZ\ghc lhqdhc
ex[hc ^_yl_evghklb. Ih f_j_ lh]h, dZd fu \ajhke__f, fu gZqbgZ_f Zkkhpbbjh\Zlv jZaebqgu_
hsms_gby, \hkijbylby b wfhpbb k hij_^_e_ggufb hj]ZgZfb l_eZ. Ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ hj]ZgZo
l_eZ, beb \hkijbylb_ kh[kl\_gghc "ko_fu l_eZ", dZd hgh \ujZ[hlZehkv \ oh^_ gZdhie_gby
ebqgh]h hiulZ, ^he`gh dZdbf-lh h[jZahf gZijZ\eylv jbkmxs_]h q_eh\_dZ \ lhf, qlh dZkZ_lky
ki_pbnbq_kdhc kljmdlmju b kh^_j`Zgby, khklZ\eyxsbo hkgh\m bah[jZ`Z_fh]h bf
"q_eh\_dZ". Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, jbkh\Zgb_ q_eh\_dZ, \dexqZy ijh_dpbx "ko_fu l_eZ",
ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc _kl_kl\_ggh_ kj_^kl\h \ujZ`_gby l_e_kguo gm`^ b dhgnebdlh\ q_eh\_dZ,
\uihegyxs_]h wlhl jbkmghd. Mki_rgZy bgl_jij_lZpby jbkmgdZ [Zabjm_lky gZ ]bihl_a_, qlh
gZjbkh\ZggZy nb]mjZ klhev `_ bglbfgh k\yaZgZ k bg^b\b^hf, \uihegyxsbf jbkmghd, dZd b
_]h ihoh^dZ, ihq_jd beb ex[u_ ^jm]b_ wdkij_kkb\gu_ ^\b`_gby. F_lh^bdZ ZgZebaZ ebqghklb,
hibkZggZy \ wlhc dgb]_, ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ihiuldm \hkkha^Zlv hkgh\gu_ q_jlu lZdhc
kZfhijh_dpbb.
G_baf_gghklvijh_dpbb
GZkdhevdh j_ij_a_glZlb\_g _^bgbqguc jbkmghd? DZdb_ Zki_dlu jbkmgdZ l_kgh b
g_baf_ggh khhlghkylky k hkgh\ghc kljmdlmjhc ebqghklb bg^b\b^Z, b dZdb_ Zki_dlu
ih^^Zxlky khagZl_evghfm dhgljhex b baf_g_gbx? Ijb bamq_gbb ^\mo beb [he__ jbkmgdh\,
kh[jZgguo \ l_q_gb_ hij_^_e_ggh]h i_jbh^Z \j_f_gb, hlf_qZ_lky, qlh kljmdlmjgu_ b
nhjfZevgu_ Zki_dlu jbkmgdZ, lZdb_ dZd jZaf_j, dhglmj, jZaf_s_gb_ nb]mju gZ ebkl_, f_g__
ih^\_j`_gu baf_g_gbyf, q_f kh^_j`Zl_evgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb, lZdb_ dZd ^_lZeb l_eZ, h^_`^Z
b Zdk_kkmZju. Jbkm_l q_eh\_d [hevrmx beb fZe_gvdmx nb]mjm, \ dZdhf f_kl_ ebklZ hg __
jZaf_sZ_l, ijh\h^bl hg ^ebggu_ g_ij_ju\gu_ ebgbb beb dhjhldb_, hlju\bklu_, bf__l eb
wlZ nb]mjZ ijbagZdb Z]j_kkb\ghklb, ih^\b`gZ eb hgZ, dZdh\u hkgh\gu_ ijhihjpbb l_eZ,
kh[ex^_gZ eb kbff_ljby, _klv eb l_g^_gpby d g_aZ\_jr_gghklb, klbjZgbx gZjbkh\Zggh]h,
^_eZ_lky eb rljboh\dZ \k_ wlh q_jlu, dhlhju_ klZ[bevgh khhlghkylky kh kljmdlmjhc
ebqghklb. DZd ijZ\beh, jbkmgdb iZpb_glh\, gZ[ex^Z\rboky \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo e_l,
gZklhevdh _^bghh[jZagu, qlh gZihfbgZxl hljZ[hlZggu_ ebqgu_ ih^ibkb. G_baf_gghklv
ijh_dpbb \ ^Zevg_cr_f ke_^m_l ijh\_jblv k ihfhsvx wdki_jbf_glh\, dhlhju_ k_cqZk
bgl_gkb\gh jZajZ[Zlu\Zxlky k l_f, qlh[u \Zeb^babjh\Zlv l_ \u\h^u, dhlhju_ [ueb
ihemq_gu ijb bkihevah\Zgbb f_lh^Z \ debgbd_. < l_q_gb_ hij_^_e_ggh]h i_jbh^Z \j_f_gb
(q_j_a nbdkbjh\Zggu_ bgl_j\Zeu) ij_^iheZ]Z_lky kh[jZlv jbkmgdb h^gbo b l_o `_ km[t_dlh\.
GZkljh_gb_nb]mju
< ijhp_kk_ bgl_jij_lZpbb "ko_fu l_eZ" (beb ihkljh_gby fh^_eb ihau \ ]jZnbq_kdbo
l_jfbgZo) fh`gh km^blv, iheghklvx eb khhl\_lkl\m_l ihemq_ggZy ]jZnbq_kdZy ijh^mdpby
nbabq_kdbf b ikboheh]bq_kdbf i_j_`b\Zgbyf bg^b\b^Z. Hkh[_ggh \Z`gh, gZjbkh\ZgZ eb
nb]mjZ kqZkleb\h]h, wdkiZgkb\gh]h q_eh\_dZ beb jZkkljh_ggh]h, Zmlbklbqgh]h, aZ`Zlh]h,
bkim]Zggh]h, \hbgkl\_ggh]h, wfhpbhgZevgh h[^_e_ggh]h. Wlh kbevguc, wg_j]bqguc q_eh\_d
beb q_eh\_d jZkkeZ[e_gguc, gZoh^ysbcky \ khklhygbb miZ^dZ kbe? <h \eZklb eb hg
hij_^_e_ggh]h hj]Zgbq_kdh]h dhfie_dkZ? LZdh\u qm\kl\_gguc lhg beb p_gljZevgu_
l_g^_gpbb b ^bkihabpbb, dhlhju_, dZd k\b^_l_evkl\m_l hiul Z\lhjZ, hljZ`Zxl gZkljh_gby
jbkmxs_]h bg^b\b^Z. < khhl\_lkl\bb k wlbf iheh`_gb_f b [ue ihkljh_g wdki_jbf_gl.
Bkiulm_fuo ijhkbeb gZjbkh\Zlv kqZkleb\h]h, ]jmklgh]h, aeh]h beb [_kihfhsgh]h q_eh\_dZ.
>Ze__ bo ijhkbeb gZjbkh\Zlv h^gm nb]mjm, dhlhjZy i_j_^Z_l bo ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h kZfbo k_[_,
b _s_ h^gm hljZ`Zxsmx bo hlghr_gb_ d k\hbf ^jmavyf.
IkbobdZdZdbklhqgbdijh_dpbb
DZd hj]Zgu l_eZ kihkh[gu g_klb \ k_[_ hij_^_e_gguc kfuke, dhlhjuc fh`_l [ulv
hljZ`_g \ jbkmgd_ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju? WlZ ijh[e_fZ y\ey_lky qj_a\uqZcgh bgl_j_kghc.
>hklZlhqgh kdZaZlv, qlh, k wfibjbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby, lZdb_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ k\yab g_ aZ\bkyl hl
\hajZklZ, mf_gby jbkh\Zlv beb dmevlmju. H^gbf ba bklhqgbdh\ ijb khklZ\e_gbb aZdexq_gby
fh]ml ihkem`blv h[s_ijbgylu_ agZq_gby, dhlhjufb nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z gZ^_eyxlky \ oh^_
khpbZevguo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc. Hij_^_e_ggu_ l_e_kgu_ lbiu bf_xl l_g^_gpbx
Zkkhpbbjh\Zlvky kh ki_pbnbq_kdbfb ikbobq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb. :kl_gbq_kdbc lbi
l_ehkeh`_gby ijbgylh khhlghkblv k b^_Zebklbqghklvx, nbabq_kdhc keZ[hklvx, bays_kl\hf b
mlhgq_gghklvx, \ lh \j_fy dZd ibdgbq_kdbc lbi khhlghkblky k ijba_fe_gghklvx,
h[sbl_evghklvx. <ujZ`_gby aehklb, ex[\b, jZ^hklb b kbeu wlh khpbZevgh ijbgylu_
ij_^klZ\e_gby \ l_jfbgZo nbabq_kdbo b fhlhjguo ijhy\e_gbc. IjbagZgb_ ijZ\bevghklb
wlbo khpbZevguo ij_^klZ\e_gbc _s_ g_ hagZqZ_l ihegh]h ijbgylby l_hjbb dhjj_eypbc
kljh_gby l_eZ b l_fi_jZf_glZ. H^gZdh gZr_ hlghr_gb_ d ^jm]bf ex^yf b lh, dZd hgb, ih
gZrbf ij_^iheh`_gbyf, hlghkylky d gZf, k\yaZgh \ ba\_klghf kfuke_ k ih^h[gh]h jh^Z
dhjj_eypbyfb l_e_kgh]h b ikbobq_kdh]h. DZd ijZ\beh, fu hij_^_e_gguf h[jZahf hlghkbfky
d ex^yf, bf_xsbf hij_^_e_ggu_ \g_rgb_ q_jlu. <g_rgb_ ijhy\e_gby kbeu aZklZ\eyxl
ih^qbgylvky. < k\hx hq_j_^v, fu kZfb klj_fbfky d jZa\blbx hij_^_e_gguo \g_rgbo q_jl,
_keb fu ohlbf aZkem`blv khhl\_lkl\mxs__ khpbZevgh_ hlghr_gb_. Fu gbdm^Z g_ fh`_f
^_lvky hl khfZlbq_kdhc aZdj_ie_gghklb gZrbo `_eZgbc, dhgnebdlh\, dhfi_gkZpbc b
khpbZevguo mklZgh\hd. Wlhl nZdl gZoh^bl ih^l\_j`^_gb_ \ n_ghf_g_ kZfhijh_dpbb \
jbkmgd_ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju. Bkke_^h\Zgby, gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ ^Zevg_crmx \Zeb^baZpbx
hkgh\gh]h nmgdpbhgZevgh]h y^jZ bgl_jij_lZpbb jbkmgdh\, hkms_kl\eyxlky \ jmke_ ijh\_jdb
gZ hl^_evguo bkiulm_fuo dhg\_gpbhgZevguo kl_j_hlbih\ agZq_gbc, Zkkhpbbjh\Zgguo k
l_e_kgufb lbiZfb. Bkiulm_fuo kijZrb\Zxl h[ bo ZkkhpbZpbyo, k\yaZgguo k qZklyfb l_eZ,
jZaebqgufb ^_lZeyfb h^_`^u b Zdk_kkmZjZfb. Qlh, ih bo fg_gbx, fh]ml hagZqZlv [hevrhc
ghk, \uklmiZxsbc ih^[hjh^hd, rbjhdb_ ie_qb, lhgdb_ ]m[u beb [hevrb_ jmdb?
< ^h[Z\e_gb_ d h[s_c khpbZevgh h[mkeh\e_gghc kbkl_f_ agZq_gbc, h[km`^Z\r_cky
\ur_, ikbohkhfZlbq_kdZy dhjj_eypby l_e_kghc wdkij_kkbb fh`_l bkoh^blv ba kh[kl\_ggh]h
ki_pbnbq_kdh]h hiulZ bg^b\b^Z, hkgh\Zggh]h gZ wfhpbhgZevguo hkh[_gghklyo, ijbkmsbo
_fm ebqgh. Hl^_evgu_ hj]Zgu l_eZ ijbh[j_lZxl hkh[h_ agZq_gb_, ihkdhevdm \ gbo
ijhy\eyxlky hl]hehkdb wfhpbhgZevghc `bagb b khpbZevghc Z^ZilZpbb bg^b\b^Z. Ijbf_ju
wlhfm fh`gh \b^_lv \ qm\kl\_gghf lbi_ jlZ bah]gmlhc nhjfu, \k_]^Z bah[jZ`Z_fhf hq_gv
aZ\bkbfufb bg^b\b^Zfb, \ `b\hl_, dhlhjuc, \ khq_lZgbb k aZ^gbf ijhoh^hf, y\ey_lky
hj]Zgbq_kdbf dhfie_dkhf ^ey iZjZghb^guo i_j_`b\Zgbc bg^b\b^h\, ih^\_j`_gguo
]hfhk_dkmZevguf dhgnebdlZf, Z lZd`_ \h \gbfZgbb, qZklh m^_ey_fhf h[eZklb r_b
bg^b\b^Zfb, dhlhju_ k_jv_agh haZ[hq_gu khhlghr_gb_f l_e_kguo ih[m`^_gbc b \he_\uo
Zdlh\. M ex^_c k k_dkmZevgufb hldehg_gbyfb dhgp_gljZpby gZ ki_pbnbq_kdbo hj]ZgZo
fh`_l ijh\hpbjh\Zlv wjh]_gguc Zdp_gl, h[gZjm`b\Z_fuc \ jbkmgdZo.
>jm]bf bklhqgbdhf ikbobq_kdbo ^Zgguo y\eyxlky kbf\hebq_kdb_ p_gghklb,
ijh_pbjmxsb_ky \ jbkmgdZo. H[t_dlu, kbf\hebq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ dhlhjuo ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv
ijb ZgZeba_ jbkmgdh\, wlh: kb]Zj_lZ, hjm`b_, ljm[dZ, ljhklv, im]h\bpu, dZjfZgu, reyiZ,
\hehku, ghk b gh]b. Mkbeby, ijbeZ]Z_fu_ d lhfm, qlh[u mki_rgh ijhke_^blv agZq_gb_
kbf\heZ ^ey jbkmxs_]h _]h bg^b\b^Z, [ueb ieh^hl\hjgufb ebrv hlghkbl_evgh l_o
bg^b\b^h\, qv_ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ y\ey_lky kh\_jr_ggh ^hklmiguf ^ey ZgZebaZ, dZd gZijbf_j,
rbahnj_gbdb, beb ebpZ, ijhoh^ysb_ dmjk ikbohZgZebaZ. Bgl_jij_lZpbb kbf\hebq_kdbo
p_gghkl_c e_`Zl \ jmke_ h[sbo ikbohZgZeblbq_kdbo b nhevdehjguo ij_^klZ\e_gbc h
kfuke_.
Wlb bklhqgbdb fhlb\Zpbhgguo, fhlhjguo b b^_Zlhjguo hkh[_gghkl_c jbkmgdh\,
dhlhju_ \ghkyl k\hc \deZ^ \ ihgbfZgb_ kljmdlmju h[jZaZ l_eZ b, lZdbf h[jZahf, ij_\jZsZxl
jbkh\Zgb_ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju \ agZqbfh-wdkij_kkb\gh_ ^ey ebqghklb ^_ckl\b_, lhgdh
hljZ`_gu \ ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh^mdpbb. < gZr_c jZ[hl_ hgb [ueb \u^_e_gu ^ey ZgZebaZ b
h[km`^_gby.
< ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh^mdpbb fu \b^bf, dZd ba h[s_]h. hkgh\Zggh]h gZ ebqghf hiul_,
"[Z]Z`Z" bg^b\b^Z gZ ih\_joghklb hdZau\Z_lky mgbdZevguc h[jZaqbd b^_b, \ujZ`_gghc k
ihfhsvx ^\b`_gby dZjZg^ZrZ. ?]h agZqbfhklv ^ey ebqghklb hq_\b^gZ ba lh]h nZdlZ, qlh
a^_kv \h\e_q_gu ijhp_kku hl[hjZ ba \k_c kmffu hiulZ bg^b\b^Z, b \hh[jZ`_gb_ fh`_l
ihl_gpbZevgh \uklmiZlv \ dhf[bgZpbb k ^bgZfbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpb_c ^\b`_gby b
\hkijbylby.
Ijhp_kku hl[hjZ b hj]ZgbaZpbb fh]ml ijhbkoh^blv gZ jZaebqguo mjh\gyo hkhagZgby b
gZijZ\e_gghklb. ;hevrbgkl\h jbkmgdh\ \dexqZxl we_f_glu kZfhhp_gdb dZd \ ijyfhc, lZd b
\ dhfi_gkbjh\Zgghc nhjfZo ijh_dpbb, dZd gZ khagZl_evghf, lZd b gZ [_kkhagZl_evghf
mjh\gyo kZfhjZkdjulby. <_jbnbdZpby [_kkhagZl_evguo Zki_dlh\ fh`_l, dZd ijZ\beh, [ulv
hkgh\ZgZ gZ bamq_gbb debgbq_kdhc bklhjbb (ZgZfg_aZ) km[t_dlZ, gZ kljmdlmj_ ebqghklb,
\uy\e_gghc \ j_amevlZl_ jZ[hlu k ^jm]bfb l_klZfb, b g_j_^dh gZ ZkkhpbZpbyo, \hagbdZxsbo
m kZfh]h km[t_dlZ \ k\yab k _]h jbkmgdZfb.
BeexkljZpbbnmgdpbhgZevghchkgh\ufhlb\Zpbb\ jbkh\Zgbb
Gbdhbf h[jZahf g_ bf__lky \ \b^m, qlh, dh]^Z bg^b\b^ kZ^blky jbkh\Zlv, bf
h^gh\j_f_ggh \eZ^_xl \k_ khagZl_evgu_ b [_kkhagZl_evgu_ Zki_dlu _]h ij_^klZ\e_gby h
ko_f_ l_eZ. ;_amkeh\gh, \h\e_q_gu lZd`_ hij_^_eyxsb_ ijhp_kku [he__ \ukhdh]h mjh\gy.
LZd, gZijbf_j, k_gkblb\guc, ls_^mrguc, bklhs_gguc km[t_dl qm\kl\m_l ih[m`^_gb_
gZjbkh\Zlv bkiheg_ggmx kbeu W]h-fh^_ev k fhsgufb ie_qZfb. :gZeh]bqguf h[jZahf,
h[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\guc km[t_dl, dhlhjuc \ujZ`Z_l hkhagZggu_ `_eZgby b]ghjbjh\Zlv
dhgljhev kh klhjhgu k\h_]h fha]Z b jmdh\h^kl\h\Zlvky ]jm[ufb ih[m`^_gbyfb k\h_]h l_eZ,
h[uqgh bah[jZ`Z_l km[lbevgh_ l_eh k ^ebggufb h[_avygvbfb jmdZfb b fZe_gvdhc ]heh\hc,
g_gZ^_`gh [ZeZgkbjmxs_c gZ ie_qZo. >jm]hc ijbf_j ]em[bgghc fhlb\Zpbb \b^_g \
jbkh\Zgbb jhkeuf b kbevguf q_eh\_dhf, kljZ^Zxsbf Zedh]hebafhf, kfhjs_gghc,
gZdehg_gghc \ klhjhgm q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju k gh]Zfb, g_ bf_xsbfb hihju \ ijhkljZgkl\_,
\ khq_lZgbb k ]jZnbq_kdbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb g_aj_ehklb, qm\kl\Z \bgu b ih^Z\e_gghc
Z]j_kkbb. :edh]hev, [_amkeh\gh, g_h[oh^bf lZdhfm bg^b\b^m ^ey kfy]q_gby ebqghklguo
ijhlb\hj_qbc. Fu \b^bf, qlh jbkmgdb fh]ml kh^_j`Zlv hldjulh_ ijbagZgb_ keZ[hklb beb
^_n_dlZ, hij_^_e_ggu_ ihiuldb dhfi_gkZpbb ^_n_dlh\, Z lZd`_ khq_lZgby lh]h b ^jm]h]h.
Qlh[u ^Ze__ ijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv ij_bfms_kl\_ggmx ikboheh]bq_kdmx b
nmgdpbhgZevgmx knhdmkbjh\Zgghklv ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh_dpbb hkgh\Zgb_ ^ey ZgZebaZ
jbkmgdh\ fu fh`_f ijb\_klb kemqZc k ih^jhkldhf, dhlhjuc gZ \hijhk, ihq_fm hg jbkm_l
dZ[emqdb-"ribevdb" gZ gh]Zo, ijyfh Zkkhpbbjh\Ze wlh kh k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc g_m\_j_gghklvx
b g_kihkh[ghklv l\_j^h klhylv gZ gh]Zo. >jm]hc bkiulm_fuc g_ bah[jZabe jmdm gZ k\h_f
jbkmgd_ fZl_jb, ihlhfm qlh hgZ "ihevah\ZeZkv _x, qlh[u [jhkZlvky", Z lZd`_ h[tykgye
hlkmlkl\b_ jlZ l_f, qlh "hgZ ihevah\ZeZkv bf, qlh[u jm]Zlvky". < ^jm]hf kemqZ_ ijhimkd jmdb
h[tykgyeky l_f, qlh "k __ ihfhsvx ijbqbgyxl \j_^", Z jbkmghd [hevrhc ]heh\u
khijh\h`^Zeky dhff_glZjb_f: "\b^gh, dZdhc wlh [Zrdh\bluc iZj_gv". H^bg bkiulm_fuc
hlf_lbe, qlh hg fh`_l gZjbkh\Zlv jmdb g_ bgZq_, dZd kdjxq_ggufb, ohly hg b mf_e jbkh\Zlv
ohjhrh. <Z`gh lh, qlh hkgh\ghc bklhqgbd lj_\h]b km[t_dlZ ihklhyggZy [ehdbjh\Zgghklv
\k_o dhglZdlh\ b ^hklb`_gbc ba-aZ qj_af_jgh]h klj_fe_gby d kh\_jr_gkl\m b gZjpbkkbafZ.
JmdZ klj_fblky \h\g_ k kbehc b \^hogh\_gb_f, gh \k_]^Z ^he`gZ \ha\jZsZlvky d hkb l_eZ.
Ijh_dpby [Zah\uo ijh[e_f, yjdh \ujZab\rboky \ jbkmgd_, [ueZ ^Ze__ beexkljbjh\ZgZ
jbkmgdhf fheh^h]h q_eh\_dZ 19 e_l, dhlhjuc i_j_`b\Ze fmdb aZlygm\r_]hky ih^jhkldh\h]h
djbabkZ, d dhlhjuf ^h[Z\beky g_dhlhjuc rbahnj_gbq_kdbc "^mrhd". IZpb_gl gm`^Zeky \
h[ke_^h\Zgbb \ mkeh\byo klZpbhgZjZ, ihkdhevdm hg bagZkbeh\Ze 10-e_lgxx ^_\hqdm.
Bkke_^h\Zgb_ \uy\beh, qlh hg ij_^klZ\ey_l ba k_[y g_m^Zqeb\h]h, h[j_f_g_ggh]h qm\kl\hf
\bgu b kfms_ggh]h bg^b\b^Z, dhlhjuc iulZeky kdjulv k\hx g_aj_ehklv, kfms_gb_ b
\gmlj_ggxx g_mihjy^hq_gghklv, Z lZd`_ g_]em[hdb_ Z]j_kkb\gu_ bfimevku k ihfhsvx
ebohjZ^hqghc ihiuldb mklZgh\blv Zdlb\guc k_dkmZevguc dhglZdl. < k\hbo ZkkhpbZpbyo ih
ih\h^m fm`kdhc nb]mju iZpb_gl hlf_lbe, qlh gZjbkh\Zgguc bf fm`qbgZ (dZd b hg kZf)
m^h\e_l\hjy_l ihlj_[ghklv \ f_`ebqghklguo \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo k ihfhsvx meu[db b
ih\_joghklguo \g_rgbo ijbebqbc. Fm`qbgZ hibku\Z_lky dZd [_]msbc aZ Z\lh[mkhf
([_]ms__ l_eh gZijZ\e_gh \ klhjhgm lhc qZklb ebklZ, dhlhjZy k\yaZgZ k kh[kl\_gguf Y, q_fm
ijhlb\hj_qbl bah[jZ`_gb_ ]heh\u ZgnZk). IZpb_gl kZf kfms_g, ijhlb\hj_qb\ b klj_fblky
\h \k_o gZijZ\e_gbyo h^gh\j_f_ggh. GZb[he__ \u^_eyxsZyky hkh[_gghklv _]h jbkmgdZ
dZkljbjh\Zggh_ l_eh, dhlhjh_ bah[jZ`_gh h^ghc ebgb_c, k _^\Z gZf_q_ggufb jmdZfb b
gh]Zfb, \ lh \j_fy dZd ]heh\Z gZjbkh\ZgZ [hevrhc, b q_jlu ebpZ ijhjZ[hlZgu k
aZdhgq_gghklvx, m\_j_gghklvx b ba[ulhqghc ^_lZebaZpb_c, qlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ Zdlb\ghf
\hh[jZ`_gbb. Ih keh\Zf iZpb_glZ, hg ohq_l [ulv ihoh`bf gZ Kmi_jf_gZ, b ^_ckl\bl_evgh,
]heh\Z ihoh`Z gZ ]heh\m Kmi_jf_gZ. AgZq_gb_ ]heh\u dZd p_gljZ khpbZevghc dhffmgbdZpbb
b dhgljhey h[km`^Z_lky gb`_. < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ k __ ihfhsvx ih^q_jdb\Z_lky, qlh iZpb_gl
bah[jZ`Z_l dZkljZpbx, h[hagZqZy l_eh k ihfhsvx h^ghc-_^bgkl\_gghc ebgbb, \ lh \j_fy dZd
]heh\Z, d dhlhjhc iZpb_gl hlghkblky dZd d g_h[oh^bfhfm b ihqlb bkdexqbl_evghfm
nhjihklm \ k\h_c [hjv[_ ijhlb\ qm\kl\Z ^_abgl_]jZpbb, ijhjbkh\ZgZ k bkihevah\Zgb_f
nZglZabcguo ^_lZe_c. KljZob l_e_kghc ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb fh]ml [ulv hlg_k_gu d kbevghfm
qm\kl\m \bgu m iZpb_glZ, k\yaZgghfm k fZklmj[Zpb_c, d _]h qm\kl\m nbabq_kdhc
g_iheghp_gghklb, j_eb]bhaguf aZij_lZf, dZkZxsbfky ih^qbg_gby l_e_kguf bfimevkZf, d
\hafh`ghc ]hfhk_dkmZevghc lj_\h]_ \h \j_fy kem`[u \ Zjfbb, Z lZd`_ d _]h gug_rg_fm
ij_klmie_gbx bagZkbeh\Zgbx fZehe_lg_c.
Fh`gh i_j_qbkeblv _s_ lukyqb ih^h[guo ijbf_jh\, ij_^klZ\eyxsbo kh[hc ebrv
ki_pbnbq_kdb_ Zki_dlu jbkmgdh\, gh hgb, y gZ^_xkv, \ g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb ihkem`Zl
hagZdhfe_gbx k nmgdpbhgZevghc hjb_glbjh\dhc, e_`Zs_c \ hkgh\_ bgl_jij_lZpbb jbkmgdZ.
Jbkmgdb 1m b 1I dhjhev b dhjhe_\Z fm`qbgZ b `_gsbgZ. Wlb jbkmgdb,
\uiheg_ggu_ kljZ^Zxsbf rbahnj_gb_c iZpb_glhf, y\eyxlky ij_\hkoh^ghc ^_fhgkljZpb_c
f_oZgbafZ ijh_dpbb, Z lZd`_ l_o mjh\g_c, gZ dhlhjuo ijh_dpbb hkms_kl\eyxlky. Ohly wlhl
ZgZeba jbkmgdh\ ihf_s_g \ l_dkl_ g_kdhevdh ij_`^_\j_f_ggh, [h]Zlkl\h ^_lZe_c jZkiheZ]Z_l
d [hevr_fm, q_f ih\_joghklgh_ jZkkfhlj_gb_:
Jbkmghd 1m (gZ\_jom) [xkl dhjhey, dhlhjuc iZpb_gl kdhibjh\Ze k b]jZevguo dZjl,
ijhdhff_glbjh\Z\ "DZ`^uc q_eh\_d fh`_l [ulv dhjhe_f".
Nb]mjZ ij_^klZ\bl_evgZ b aZihegy_l \k_ ijhkljZgkl\h. Wlh g_ lhevdh ihfi_aguc [xkl
hg \^h[Z\hd ihf_s_g \ jZfdm. Ebph \ujZ`Z_l `_klhdhklv, kmjh\hklv, \eZklghklv b
ij_g_[j_`_gb_. H^_`^Z, dhjhgZ b f_q gZjbkh\Zgu k kbevguf gZ`bfhf b [h]Zlh
^_lZebabjh\Zgu, ij_^klZ\eyy fZl_jbZevgu_ kbf\heu \eZklb b kbeu. JmdZ mdZau\Z_l gZ
nb]mjm, dZd [u ijb\e_dZy \gbfZgb_ d ijhy\e_gbx W]h.
;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ ijb^Z_lky \hehkZf (k_dkmZevgZy ijb\e_dZl_evghklv) k g_kdhevdh
mlhgq_gguf \gbfZgb_f d ijbq_kd_.
Ih^[hjh^hd jZa^\h_g wlh \u^_e_gh, qlh[u ih^q_jdgmlv j_rbl_evghklv.
?keb [u wlhl jbkmghd [ue \uiheg_g kihglZggh, g_ kdhibjh\Zg, d g_fm ke_^h\Zeh [u
hlg_klbkv dZd d \ujZ`_gbx iZjZghb^ghfm, ]jZg^bhaghfm, k\_joh[mkeh\e_gghfm b
h[k_kkb\ghfm ih k\hbf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf.

Fu ijhkbfqblZl_eyba\bgblvgZkaZdjZldhklvki_pbnbqghklvb g_dhlhjmxnjZ]f_glZjghklvk
dhlhjhc^Z_lkybgl_jij_lZpbyjbkmgdh\:\lhjgZ^__lkyqlhiheghlZ[m^_l^hklb]gmlZ\ oh^_
^Zevg_cr_]hql_gbyqZklb
GZa\Zgb_ "Dhjhev" [ueh kihglZggh gZibkZgh iZpb_glhf (kblmZlb\ghklv) b y\gh
\ujZ`Z_l `_eZgb_ [ulv dhjhe_f
Jbk 1m
GZ gb`g_f jbkmgd_ 1m fm`qbgZ gZjbkh\Zg lZdbf, dZdbf hg j_Zevgh y\ey_lky
]hfmgdmemk, dhlhjuc gm`^Z_lky \ ZjfZlmj_, qlh[u ih^^_j`b\Zlv _]h. Nb]mjZ fZe_gvdZy,
[md\Zevgh "dh`Z ^Z dhklb" (k`Zlh_ W]h b qm\kl\h khfZlbq_kdhc ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb). Hg keZ[,
h[eZ^Z_l `_gkl\_ggufb ba]b[Zfb l_eZ, ihkdhevdm ghkbl h[ly]b\Zxsb_ iZglZehgu b ^Z`_
keZ[uc gZf_d gZ ihyk (k_dkmZevgZy g_Z^_d\Zlghklv)
Jbk. 1I
=heh\Z hlghkbl_evgh \_ebdZ (kbevgZy b^_ZpbhggZy Zdlb\ghklv, gZb[he__ yjdh
\ujZ`_ggZy \ jbkmgd_ "Dhjhev"). HgZ kem`bl lhfm, qlh[u dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv bklhs_gghklv
l_eZ. >Ze__, jZa^_e_gb_ f_`^m dhgljhebjmxs_c nmgdpb_c ]heh\u b bfimevkb\ghc `bagvx
l_eZ \ujZ`_gh ihkj_^kl\hf bkdexqbl_evgh ^ebgghc r_b b `bjghc ^\hcghc ebgbb,
]hjbahglZevgh ijhj_aZxs_c h[eZklv jZa^_e_gby. Jmdb, dhlhju_ gZjbkh\Zgu dhjhldbfb
(g_^hklZlhd Zf[bpbb), lhgdbfb b keZ[ufb (g_^hklZlhd fhlb\Zpbb ^hklb`_gby), y\gh
jZkiheh`_gu gZ^ l_ehf beb "bfimevkghc" ebgb_c, gZ lhqd_, ]^_ hgb fh]ml emqr_
dhgljhebjh\Zlvky @bjgu_ iZehqdb, h[hagZqZxsb_ iZevpu, iha\heyxl ij_^iheh`blv
gZebqb_ bgnZglbevghc Z]j_kkbb.
H^_`^Z h[hagZq_gZ \hdjm] [_^_j b h[eZklb [jxd \ fZg_j_, ih^l\_j`^Zxs_c kljZo
]hfhk_dkmZebafZ. ?s_ h^gh k\b^_l_evkl\h k_dkmZevgh]h \ha[m`^_gby hl^_evgZy fZe_gvdZy
ebgby, ^h[Z\e_ggZy, qlh[u aZdjulv hldjulh_ ijhkljZgkl\h \ h[eZklb [_^_j, Z lZd`_ e_]db_
ebgbb \gbam lmeh\bsZ (\b^ fZkdbjh\db, k\b^_l_evkl\mxs_c h kdjulhc lj_\h`ghklb).
Iheh`_gb_ jbkmgdZ b _]h jZaf_s_gb_ \ p_glj_ h[hagZqZxl y\gmx Z]j_kkbx.
<ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ ]emih_, ^_fhgkljbjm_l ^_eZggh_ ^jm`_ex[b_, k Zdp_glhf gZ jhl. Q_jlu
ebpZ gZjbkh\Zgu \ ijhklhc 'fZg_j_, koh^ghc k ^_lkdbfb jbkmgdZfb (bgnZglbevgh_
khpbZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_).
<hehku (iheh\Zy aj_ehklv) aZdju\Zxl [hevrmx qZklv ]heh\u (\ujZ`_gb_ i_j_`b\Zgbc
ih ih\h^m kh[kl\_gghc fm`_kl\_gghklb), gh gZjbkh\Zgu j_^dh (g_Z^_d\ZlgZy
fm`_kl\_gghklv).
Mrb g_ijhihjpbhgZevgh \_ebdb b gZklhjh`_gu (b^_b hlghr_gby, _keb g_
]ZeexpbgZlhjgu_ i_j_`b\Zgby).
Kj_^gyy ebgby nb]mju (dhgp_gljZpby gZ khfZlbq_kdbo kbfilhfZo) y\ey_lky hkgh\ghc
hkvx l_eZ. HgZ gZjbkh\ZgZ k gZ`bfhf, qlh[u ih^q_jdgmlv Z]j_kkb\gmx i_j_jZ[hldm
l_e_kguo dhgnebdlh\.
Im]h\bpu, dhlhju_ mdjZrZxl kj_^gxx ebgbx (aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb) ih^q_jdb\Zxl
oZjZdl_jgh_ ^ey iZpb_glZ ijhlb\hj_qb_ f_`^m keZ[uf, bgnZglbevguf fm`qbghc b kbevghc
Z\lhjblZjghc `_gkdhc nb]mjhc.
< \_jog_f jbkmgd_ 1I fu \b^bf \u^mfZgguc b^_Ze `_gsbgu "dhjhe_\m". K ^jm]hc
klhjhgu, gZ gb`g_f jbkmgd_ 1I, ij_^klZ\e_gZ "`_gsbgZ" dZd hgZ j_Zevgh \uklmiZ_l \ hiul_
iZpb_glZ.
LZd `_, dZd b "dhjhev", b^_Zebabjh\Zgguc \ZjbZgl wlh ihfi_aguc [xkl, gZf_j_ggh
ihf_s_gguc \ jZfdm. Hg baebrg_ ^_lZebabjh\Zg (h[k_kkb\_g), k ba[ulhqghc h^_`^hc
(dhgnebdl f_`^m ^_fhgkljZpb_c l_eZ b klu^eb\hklvx). Fu \b^bf p\_lhd (`_gkdbc kbf\he
j_ijh^mdlb\ghklb), dhlhjuc dhgljZklbjm_l k f_qhf (nZeebq_kdbf kbf\hehf) \ jbkmgd_
"dhjhey".
M "dhjhe_\u" kbevgh \u^_e_ggu_ ]eZaZ (iZjZghb^ghklv), lZd `_, dZd m "dhjhey", gh
\ujZ`_gb_ ]eZa "dhjhe_\u" g_`gh_ b [eZ]hq_klb\h_ ih dhgljZklm k dhexqbf \a]ey^hf
"dhjhey" (@_klhdbc hl_p \ ij_`g_f hiul_ ?).
Gb`gbc jbkmghd 1I bah[jZ`Z_l kbevgmx, `_kldmx, dZkljbjmxsmx b hl\_j]Zxsmx
`_gsbgm (h[jZa fZl_jb, \hafh`gh, h[j_f_gy_l iZpb_glZ qm\kl\hf \bgu b ij_ke_^m_l _]h
[_kihdhysbfb bgnZglbevgufb k_dkmZevgufb nZglZabyfb). @_gsbgZ gZfgh]h ij_\hkoh^bl
ih jZaf_jZf fm`qbgm b gZfgh]h kbevg__ _]h.
<hehku (k_dkmZevgZy wg_j]by) aZdju\Zxl agZqbl_evgmx qZklv __ ebpZ (khpbZevguc
h[ebd). Hgb jZa[jhkZgu \ [_kihjy^d_ b ^_eZxl __ ihoh`_c gZ ivygmx. (<aehofZq_ggu_
\hehku qZklh Zkkhpbbjmxlky k k_dkmZevguf [_kklu^kl\hf).
Jhl y\ey_lky dhfijhfbkkhf f_`^m ba]b[hf emdZ Dmib^hgZ b mkf_rdhc (ihohlv),
gZjbkh\Zg k kbevguf gZ`bfhf (Z]j_kkby b kZ^baf).
Ghk aZrljboh\Zg (kbf\he dZkljZpbb, ihy\ey_lky \ jbkmgdZo bgnZglbevguo fm`qbg,
dhlhju_ ijh_pbjmxl k\hb ^_n_dlu gZ `_gsbg).
L_eh \u]ey^bl lZd, dZd [m^lh _]h kgZqZeZ gZjbkh\Zeb h[gZ`_gguf, Z aZl_f
aZrljboh\Zeb. < dhgp_ h^_`^Z [ueZ ^h[Z\e_gZ dZd ihiuldZ dhfijhfbkkZ, qlh[u ijbdjulv
hldjh\_gghklv l_eZ (\mZc_jbklbq_kdb_ l_g^_gpbb b fZkdbjh\dZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c
haZ[hq_gghklb).
<u^_e_gb_ h[eZklb [_^_j, aZf_lgh_ kd\hav de_ldb, ihdZau\Z_l bo rbjbgm (ieh^h\blhklv
\ \ugZrb\Zgbb ^_l_c). =jm^b, h^gZdh, _^\Z h[hagZq_gu (kdmihklv \ \ujZ`_gbb ex[\b, eZkdb
b s_^jhklb d ^_lyf, ohly hgZ bf__l \hafh`ghklv jh`Zlv bo).
Jmdb (dhglZdlghklv) dhjhldb_ b kh]gmlu (hl\_j`_gp_), gh hgb gZjbkh\Zgu ly`_eufb
ebgbyfb (kbeZ) b aZrljboh\Zgu (gZdZaZgb_).
<g_rgb_ dhglmju l_eZ, \u^_eyxsb_ ]jm^v b h[eZklv [_^_j, ih^q_jdgmlu ly`_eufb
ebgbyfb (_s_ h^gh k\b^_l_evkl\h dhgnebdlZ \ kbkl_f_ hlghr_gbc "fZlv-^bly").
RbjhdZy lheklZy r_y `_gsbgu kbevgh dhgljZklbjm_l k ^ebgghc lhgdhc r__c fm`qbgu
(`_gsbgZ emqr_ kijZ\ey_lky k l_e_kgufb bfimevkZfb).
V-aacia ebgby \uj_aZ ]hjeh\bgu gZ h^_`^_ `_gsbgu gZjbkh\ZgZ l_fghc ebgb_c
(k_dkmZevgZy nbdkZpby gZ ]jm^b k \mZc_jbklbq_kdbfb l_g^_gpbyfb?), khhlghkblky k
ijhk\_qb\Zgb_f gh] kd\hav ieZlv_, qlh \Z`gh ^ey bgl_jij_lZpbb.
Rljboh\dZ ^_eZ_l ieZlv_ l_fguf b \ujZ`Z_l kbevgh_ ikbohfhlhjgh_ gZijy`_gb_ (_]h
\b^gh \ jbkmgdZo kZ^hfZahobklh\ fm`kdh]h iheZ, aZ^_j`Zgguo aZ k_dkmZevgu_
ihky]Zl_evkl\Z gZ `_gsbg). Gb`gbc jbkmghd 1I (fm`qbgZ) fh`_l jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd
kbf\he fZahobafZ, \ lh \j_fy dZd gb`gbc jbkmghd 1I (`_gsbgZ) y\ey_lky ]jZnbq_kdbf
\ujZ`_gb_f kZ^bafZ \ oZjZdl_j_ gZr_]h iZpb_glZ.
De_lqZlh_ ieZlv_ (nhjfZ jZpbhgZevghc fZkdbjh\db) aZdju\Z_l \k_ l_eh, djhf_ h[eZklb
]jm^b (gZ wlm h[eZklv ijh_pbjm_lky f_gvr_ Z]j_kkbb, q_f gZ qZklb l_eZ, jZkiheh`_ggu_
gb`_?). L_fgZy ]hjbahglZevgZy ebgby gZ mjh\g_ ihykZ ^_eZ_l ^hihegbl_evguc Zdp_gl gZ
]jm[uo i_j_dj_klvyo ieZlvy, qlh[u ih^q_jdgmlv jZa^_e_gb_ "\_joZ" b "gbaZ"
(^hihegbl_evgh_ \ujZ`_gb_ kbevghc k_dkmZevghc haZ[hq_gghklb).
IjhajZqghklv (jZajmr_gb_ aZsblu) gZ[ex^Z_lky \ lZdbo dhgnebdlguo lhqdZo, dZd
iheh`_gb_ jmd (fZl_jbgkdh_ hl\_j`_gb_) b qZklb l_eZ gb`_ l_fghc ebgbb, h[hagZqZxs_c
mjh\_gv ihykZ (\mZc_jbaf?).
Khq_lZgb_ jZaebqguo hkh[_gghkl_c \k_o q_luj_o jbkmgdh\ mdZau\Z_l gZ ^bZ]gha
"rbahnj_gby", \dexqZxsbc dZd ]_[_nj_gbq_kdb_, lZd b iZjZghb^gu_ we_f_glu. Jbkmgdb g_
y\eyxlky rmleb\hc j_ij_a_glZpb_c g_dhc b^_b. Hgb [ueb \uiheg_gu kh \k_c k_jv_aghklvx.
Fh`gh ^h[Z\blv, qlh ijZdlbdZ Z\lhjZ k\b^_l_evkl\m_l, qlh ^Z`_ om^h`_kl\_ggh
klbebah\Zggu_ b rmleb\u_ jbkmgdb g_ ^Zxl \hafh`ghklb ba[_`Zlv ijh_dlb\gh]h
gZiheg_gby, hlghkys_]hky d ]em[bgguf Zki_dlZf ebqghklb.
Ij_^r_kl\h\Z\r__bamq_gb_jbkmgdh\
Debgbq_kdbc bgl_j_k d jbkmgdZf \ ijhrehf [ue khkj_^hlhq_g gZ l_hj_lbq_kdbo
ijh[e_fZo, dZkZxsboky khhlghr_gby ]_gbZevghklb b [_amfby, Z lZd`_ koh^kl\Z ^_lkdh]h
l\hjq_kl\Z b l\hjq_kl\Z ^mr_\gh[hevguo b ijbfblb\guo ex^_c. < ebl_jZlmj_ hlf_q_gu
ihiuldb deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv oZjZdl_jbklbdb jbkmgdh\ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ikbobZljbq_kdhc
lbiheh]b_c. H^gZdh wlb lbiheh]bq_kdb_ hibkZgby [ueb klhev lmfZggufb b
\aZbfhi_j_k_dZxsbfbky, qlh :gZklZab b Nheb (1) \ k\h_f bkq_jiu\Zxs_f h[ahj_
ebl_jZlmju [ueb \ugm`^_gu aZdexqblv, qlh ^bnn_j_gpbZpby gZ hkgh\_ jbkmgdh\ fh`_l
[ulv hkms_kl\e_gZ ebrv \ kemqZ_ \ujZ`_gguo ^mr_\guo jZkkljhckl\ b lhevdh m l_o
bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ kha^Zxl i_jkhgZebabjh\Zggmx beb ijbqm^eb\mx ]jZnbq_kdmx
ijh^mdpbx. Dh]^Z ^bnn_j_gpbjmxsb_ \hafh`ghklb jbkmgdh\ gZklhevdh h]jZgbq_gu, hgb g_
fh]ml ijbg_klb gbdZdhc ihevau ^ey mklZgh\e_gby ^bZ]ghaZ.
WglmabZaf ih ih\h^m hldjh\_gbc, dhlhju_ kh^_j`Zlky \ jbkmgdZo b g_ fh]ml [ulv
h[gZjm`_gu k ihfhsvx ^jm]bo f_lh^h\ bkke_^h\Zgby, g_h^ghdjZlgh \ukdZau\Zeky fgh]bfb
debgbpbklZfb. Wlhl wglmabZaf g_ [ue, h^gZdh, gZijZ\e_g gZ jZkrbnjh\dm beb
dhgkljmbjh\Zgb_ ijbgpbih\ bgl_jij_lZpbb, dhlhju_ kfh]eb [u aZdexqblv \ k_[_ \_kv ki_dlj
ZgZebaZ ebqghklb. Bgl_j_k d \hafh`ghklyf, dhlhju_ lZbl \ k_[_ ]jZnbq_kdZy ijh^mdpby ^ey
ihgbfZgby ebqghklb, k_cqZk gZoh^blky gZ kZfhf ibd_. Debgbpbklu kh[bjZxl jbkmgdb
ih\kx^m, gh jZ[hlZ ih ZgZebam jbkmgdh\ dZ`_lky h]jZgbq_gghc \u^_e_gb_f ki_pbnbq_kdbo
ijh[e_f, hlghkysboky d bg^b\b^mZevguf kemqZyf, d mklZgh\e_gbx nhjfZevguo beb
kljmdlmjguo hkh[_gghkl_c b d i_j_qbke_gbx bahebjh\Zgguo q_jl, h[sbo ^ey ki_pbnbq_kdbo
]jmii. Bamq_gb_ jbkmgdh\ dZd kj_^kl\h p_ehklgh]h ZgZebaZ ebqghklb ^he`gh i_j_jZklb
klZ^bx bamq_gby b ihgbfZgby hl^_evghc ebqghklb b ]jmiih\uo oZjZdl_jbklbd b ^he`gh
[ulv khhlg_k_gh kh klZ[bevghc hkgh\hc. Jbkmgdb dZd bklhqgbd ikbohZgZeblbq_kdbo
ZkkhpbZpbc, [ueb hibkZgu E_\b (21), ij_^eh`b\rbf dhgl_dkl, dhlhjuc ^he`_g ij_^klZ\blv
\_ebdhe_igmx \hafh`ghklv \Zeb^babjh\Zlv g_dhlhju_ ba baeh`_gguo a^_kv ijbgpbih\.
<hagbdgh\_gb_f_lh^Z
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ijbgpbiu ZgZebaZ, ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ \ wlhc jZ[hl_, wfibjbq_kdb
\ujhkeb gZ hkgh\_ fgh]hh[jZagh]h debgbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ, kh[jZggh]h aZ i_jbh^ k\ur_ 15
e_l. I_j\hgZqZevgh bkke_^h\Zgby [ueb ]eZ\guf h[jZahf kdhgp_gljbjh\Zgu gZ
kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbb f_lh^bdb dZd debgbq_kdh]h bgkljmf_glZ ebqghklgh]h ZgZebaZ, Z g_
\hdjm] dZdbo-eb[h l_hj_lbq_kdbo ]bihl_a.
< oh^_ jZ[hlu k l_klhf =m^_gZn "Jbkmghd q_eh\_dZ" ^ey ^bZ]ghklbdb IQ [ueh
h[gZjm`_gh, qlh lsZl_evgh_ bamq_gb_ bg^b\b^mZevguo jbkmgdh\ qZklh ^Z\Zeh [h]Zluc
debgbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe, g_ bf_xsbc hlghr_gby d bgl_ee_dlmZevghfm mjh\gx km[t_dlZ. >_lb,
m dhlhjuo [ue \uy\e_g h^bgZdh\uc mfkl\_gguc \hajZkl, qZklh \uihegyeb ihjZabl_evgh
jZagu_, g_ ihoh`b_ ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z jbkmgdb. ;he__ lh]h, qZklh ijboh^behkv klZedb\Zlvky k l_f,
qlh khpbZevgh bahebjh\Zggu_, kljZ^Zxsb_ fmlbafhf ^_lb jZ^h\Zebkv \hafh`ghklb
\ujZablv k\hb kdjulu_ nZglZabb, k\hb lj_\h]b b qm\kl\h \bgu k ihfhsvx
h[t_dlb\bjh\Zgguo b [_aebqguo nb]mj, dhlhju_ hgb jbkh\Zeb, g_ kfmsZykv ^hklZlhqgh
ijhajZqghc fZkdbjh\db kZfhihjlj_lbjh\Zgby (Kf. jbk. 4mb 4I).
=jZnbq_kdb_ ijhy\e_gby m ^_l_c hdZaZebkv gZklhevdh debgbq_kdb \Z`gufb, qlh
jbkh\Zgb_ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju kdhjh ij_\jZlbehkv \ h[uqgmx debgbq_kdmx ijhp_^mjm b
klZeh ij_^eZ]Zlvky \ajhkeuf bkiulm_fuf \k_o \hajZklh\. GZ jZggbo wlZiZo hlf_qZeZkv
g_dhlhjZy jh[hklv \ \uy\e_gbb ZkkhpbZpbc \ jbkmgdZo \ajhkeuo. Hiul ^Zevg_cr_c jZ[hlu k
wlhc f_lh^bdhc ihdZaZe, qlh jh[hklv [ueZ \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ijh_dpb_c g_m\_j_gghklb
kZfh]h wdki_jbf_glZlhjZ. @b\hklv b [_]ehklv, k dhlhjhc fgh]b_ ex[ysb_ ih jZkkm`^Zlv
\ajhkeu_ ij_^eZ]Zxl l_fZlbq_kdb_ jZajZ[hldb, y\gh dhgljZklbjmxl k [_^ghklvx bo jbkmgdh\
b k l_f gZijy`_gb_f, dhlhjh_ khijh\h`^Zeh \uiheg_gb_ wlbo jbkmgdh\. Hq_\b^gh, qlh
\_j[Zevgu_ iZll_jgu kbf\hebqgu, f_g__ gZijZ\e_gu b [he__ ih^\_j`_gu khagZl_evguf
fZgbimeypbyf, q_f ]jZnbq_kdZy ijh_dpby. Bg^b\b^mZevgu_ jbkmgdb bgl_gkb\gh bamqZebkv \
khq_lZgbb k ZkkhpbZpbyfb, dhlhju_ ^Z\Ze bkiulm_fuc, b k khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb debgbq_kdbfb
^Zggufb. GZ hkgh\_ lZdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby [ueb jZajZ[hlZgu nhjfmebjh\db b hij_^_e_gby
ijbgpbih\ bgl_jij_lZpbb ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh^mdpbb. Mlhqg_gb_, \Zeb^baZpby b dhjj_dpby
wlbo ijbgpbih\ [ueb b gZoh^ylky \ ihklhygghf jZa\blbb. GZ^_xkv, qlh hibkZgb_ f_lh^Z \
^Zgghc jZ[hl_ klbfmebjm_l ^Zevg_crb_ bkke_^h\Zgby b \ dZdhc-lh kl_i_gb ihkem`bl \
dZq_kl\_ jmdh\h^kl\Z.
Dhfie_dkgucih^oh^
AZ bkdexq_gb_f jZkihagZgby bahebjh\Zgguo q_jl, ki_pbnbqguo ^ey jbkmgdh\
hij_^_e_gguo debgbq_kdbo ]jmii, fu g_ klZjZ_fky \ gZklhys__ \j_fy kdhgkljmbjh\Zlv
kibkhd "ijbagZdh\", dhlhju_ fh]ml [ulv f_oZgbq_kdb bkihevah\Zgu ^ey mklZgh\e_gby
^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h ^bZ]ghaZ. :dp_gl ^_eZ_lky ij_`^_ \k_]h gZ \gmlj_gg_ \aZbfhk\yaZggu_
iZll_jgu hkh[_gghkl_c jbkmgdZ, \ lhc f_j_, \ dZdhc hgb hljZ`Zxl ^bgZfbdm
kbfilhfhdhfie_dkZ \ hij_^_e_gghc ^bZ]ghklbq_kdhc dZl_]hjbb. Hkh[_gghklb jbkmgdZ
bf_xl l_g^_gpbx \aZbfhi_j_k_dZlvky ih^h[gh kbfilhfZf \ debgbq_kdb
^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgguo ]jmiiZo. LZd `_, dZd b ijb debgbq_kdhf bkihevah\Zgbb ex[uo
ijh_dlb\guo bgkljmf_glh\, \u^_e_gb_ f_oZgbq_kdbo ^_lZe_c ZgZebaZ jbkmgdZ g_ fh`_l
aZf_gblv kh[hx ihagZgby ebqghklghc ^bgZfbdb b debgbq_kdbo kbg^jhfh\, qlh lZd
g_h[oh^bfh ^ey Z^_d\Zlgh]h bkihevah\Zgby f_lh^Z.
IZlheh]bq_kdb_b ihimeyjgu_]jZnbq_kdb_hkh[_gghklb
>bZ]ghklbq_kdZy p_gghklv dhgdj_lghc hkh[_gghklb jbkmgdZ aZ\bkbl hl __ mgbdZevghklb
beb jZkijhkljZg_gghklb. GZijbf_j, _keb fu dhgklZlbjm_f "dhgnebdlgh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ jmd b
gh] \ dhgdj_lghf jbkmgd_" (gZ hkgh\Zgbb ij_^\Zjbl_evguo aZf_qZgbc, ijhimkdh\,
aZl_fg_gbc, klbjZgbc, rljboh\db beb ih^q_jdb\Zgby wlbo qZkl_c), fu ^he`gu hl^Z\Zlv k_[_
hlq_l, qlh wlh ^h\hevgh jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ ]jZnbq_kdh_ ijhy\e_gb_. Lhl nZdl, qlh wlh qZklh
ihy\ey_lky \ jbkmgdZo, g_ mfZey_l bgl_jij_lZlb\gmx agZqbfhklv, \ p_ehf ijbibku\Z_fmx
^Zgghc hkh[_gghklb jbkmgdZ. BkdZ`_gby \ bah[jZ`_gbb jmdb hklZxlky ijbagZdhf
g_^hklZlhqghc m\_j_gghklb \ ^hklb`_gbb b \ khpbZevguo dhglZdlZo, \ lh \j_fy dZd
bkdZ`_gby \ bah[jZ`_gbb gh]b k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ hsms_gbb g_gZ^_`ghklb hihju.
Dhgdj_lgh \ gZr_f h[s_kl\_ k _]h ^mohf dhgdmj_gpbb b fgh]hh[jZagufb ijhlb\hj_qbyfb
g_m\_j_gghklv, ijhy\eyxsZyky \ aZljm^g_gbyo ijb bah[jZ`_gbb jmd b gh] nb]mju. y\ey_lky
\_kvfZ jZkijhkljZg_gghc, "ihimeyjghc". LZdbf h[jZahf, ih^h[gu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb jbkmgdh\
g_ [m^ml y\eylvky ih^l\_j`^_gb_f ij_^iheh`_gby h g_\jha_ \ ^Zgghf dhgdj_lghf kemqZ_ ^h
l_o ihj, ihdZ hgb g_ [m^ml ih^dj_ie_gu ^jm]bfb ]jZnbq_kdbfb ijbagZdZfb ^_aZ^ZilZpbb. K
^jm]hc klhjhgu, dh]^Z lZdb_ hkh[_gghklb jbkmgdZ, dZd \gmlj_ggb_ hj]Zgu, ijhk\_qb\Zxsb_
kd\hav nb]mjm, eb[h ijhlb\hj_qb_ ijhnbevgh]h bah[jZ`_gby l_eZ b ebpZ ZgnZk,
ij_^eZ]Zxlky g_ ijbfblb\guf km[t_dlhf, Z \ajhkeuf q_eh\_dhf dZd k_jv_agh_ bah[jZ`_gb_,
fu bf__f \_kdb_ ijbqbgu ih^haj_\Zlv gZebqb_ ikbohaZ. Ijbqm^eb\hklv, [jhkZxsZyky \
]eZaZ g_khjZaf_jghklv, ba[ulhd kbf\hebdb b g_e_ihkl_c lZd`_ y\eyxlky ki_pbnbq_kdbfb
ijbagZdZfb ikbobq_kdhc iZlheh]bb.
IjbagZdbghjfZevghklbbebZ^Zilbjh\Zgghklb
Ihkdhevdm f_lh^ jZajZ[Zlu\Zeky \ debgbq_kdbo mkeh\byo, _kl_kl\_ggh, qlh hkh[h_
\gbfZgb_ m^_eyehkv bg^bdZlhjZf kljmdlmjghc keZ[hklb b dhgnebdlh\ \ fhlb\Zpbhgghc
kn_j_ dZd bklhqgbdh\ Z^ZilZpbhgguo aZljm^g_gbc. ;h]ZlZy ijh_dpby ebqghklghc ^bgZfbdb,
ijhy\eyxsZyky \ jbkmgdZo, hldju\Z_l ^ey f_lh^Z \hafh`ghklv ZgZebaZ ^hklhbgkl\ b
dhgkljmdlb\guo ihl_gpbc, jZ\gh dZd b ZgZebaZ gZjmr_gbc. GZ kh\j_f_gghf wlZi_ jZa\blby
f_lh^Z hp_gdb ijbkihkh[bl_evguo \hafh`ghkl_c b kl_i_gb ghjfZevghklb km[t_dlZ ^_eZxlky
gZ hkgh\_ \aZbfgh]h khq_lZgby q_jl ebqghklb, dhlhju_ hljZ`_gu \ jbkmgd_. Dhgnb]mjZpby
wlbo q_jl jZkkfZljb\Z_lky \ l_jfbgZo __ debgbq_kdh]h ijbeh`_gby. Gb hl h^gh]h
ijh_dlb\gh]h f_lh^Z g_evay h`b^Zlv, qlh hg iheghklvx ^bnn_j_gpbjm_l ghjfm b iZlheh]bx
\g_ khhlg_k_gby kh \j_f_g_f, f_klhf b h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb, bf_xsbfb hlghr_gb_ d
hp_ghqguf km`^_gbyf, dhlhju_ ^_eZxlky gZ hkgh\_ l_klZ.
< agZqbl_evghf dhebq_kl\_ kemqZ_\ jbkmgdb iha\heyxl ^Z\Zlv lhqgu_ aZdexq_gby
hlghkbl_evgh wfhpbhgZevghc b ikbohk_dkmZevghc aj_ehklb km[t_dlZ, _]h lj_\h`ghklb,
qm\kl\Z \bgu, Z]j_kkbb, Z lZd`_ fgh`_kl\Z ^jm]bo q_jl. Ijb\_eh eb beb ijb\_^_l
hij_^_e_ggh_ ijhy\e_gb_, kdZ`_f, k_dkmZevghc g_aj_ehklb d ljm^ghklyf \ Z^ZilZpbb wlh
fh`_l [ulv ij_^kdZaZgh k f_gvr_c m\_j_gghklvx, q_f gZebqb_ wlhc q_jlu, ihkdhevdm
kms_kl\m_l fgh]h jZaebqZxsboky f_`^m kh[hc q_jl b mkeh\bc, \ebyxsbo gZ ebqghklv.
GhjfZevghklv aZ\bkbl hl mjh\gy wg_j]bb, kl_i_gb dhgljhey, kihkh[ghklb d bgl_]jZpbb hiulZ
b, qlh \Z`g__ \k_]h, ]hlh\ghklb \klj_qZlv ijh[e_fu b ljm^ghklb. :gZeba jbkmgdh\
kemqZcghc ]jmiiu lZd gZau\Z_fuo ghjfZevguo ex^_c h[gZjm`be g_\jhlbq_kdb_ dhgnebdlu,
lj_\h]b, ikbohiZlbq_kdb_ l_g^_gpbb, iZjZghb^gu_ q_jlu, wfhpbhgZevgmx, khpbZevgmx b
ikbohk_dkmZevgmx g_aj_ehklv, gZqZevgmx beb ^Z`_ jZa\_jgmlmx klZ^bx rbahnj_gbb. Wlb
km`^_gby fh]ml ^Z`_ [ulv ih^l\_j`^_gu dhfi_l_glgufb gZ[ex^Zl_eyfb, dhlhju_ agZdhfu
k dhgdj_lguf km[t_dlhf. G_dhlhju_ ba wlbo km[t_dlh\ fh]ml g_ [ulv ihf_s_gu \ debgbdm \
kbem nZdlhjh\, g_ hlghkysboky d kljmdlmj_ beb ^bgZfbd_ ebqghklb. Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy,
^bnn_j_gpbZpby ghjfu b iZlheh]bb ihkj_^kl\hf ZgZebaZ jbkmgdh\ ]hjZa^h f_g__
j_ZevgZy ijh[e_fZ, q_f wnn_dlb\ghklv f_lh^Z hij_^_e_gby ebqghklb b ^bgZfbdb ih\_^_gby
bg^b\b^Z wnn_dlb\ghklv, dhlhjmx fh`gh emqr_ \k_]h hp_gblv ihkj_^kl\hf
\_jbnbdZpbhggh]h debgbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ, \uiheg_ggh]h hiulgufb gZ[ex^Zl_eyfb,
bkihevamxsbfb l_ `_ ihgylby, dhlhju_ mihlj_[eyxl ikboheh]b, ZgZebabjmxsb_ jbkmghd.
>ey lh]h, qlh[u \ dhgp_ dhgph\ ^h[blvky hp_gdb Z^Zilbjh\Zgghklb, g_h[oh^bfh
mqblu\Zlv lZdb_ nZdlhju, dZd \hajZkl, ihe, bgl_ee_dlmZevguc mjh\_gv, dmevlmjgu_ ghjfu, Z
lZd`_ \ha^_ckl\by hdjm`Zxs_c h[klZgh\db. Hij_^_e_gb_ mjh\gy Z^ZilZpbb kh]eZkgh
ki_pbnbq_kdbf djbl_jbyf hdZaZehkv \hafh`guf ijb jZ[hl_ k jbkmgdZfb, hkh[_ggh _keb
q_ldh hij_^_e_gh, h[ Z^ZilZpbb d q_fm b^_l j_qv. F_lh^u ^ey hp_gdb nZdlhjh\, bf_xsbo
agZq_gb_ ^ey Z^ZilZpbb beb ghjfZevghklb, ijh^he`Zxl bamqZlvky, h^gZdh hgb lj_[mxl [he__
ki_pbnbq_kdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby b jZajZ[hldb, _keb jbkmghqguc f_lh^ Z^Zilbjm_lky [he__
dhgdj_lgh ^ey ikboheh]bq_kdh]h dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby b ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h hl[hjZ.
KlZlmkf_lh^Z\ gZklhys__\j_fy
Ikboheh]bq_kdZy hjb_glZpby, dhlhjhc jmdh\h^kl\m_lky ZgZeba jbkmgdh\, m`_
aZljZ]b\ZeZkv b [m^_l h[km`^_gZ [he__ ^_lZevgh. <u^\b]Z_fu_ ijbgpbiu bgl_jij_lZpbb
[ueb fgh]hdjZlgh ijh\_j_gu \ debgbq_kdhc ijZdlbd_. Kbkl_fZlbq_kdbc ZgZeba ]jZnbq_kdbo
oZjZdl_jbklbd, h[sbo ^ey ki_pbnbq_kdbo debgbq_kdbo ]jmii, ij_^ijbgbfZeky \ khq_lZgbb k
ih^]hlh\dhc rbjhdh]h ki_dljZ bkke_^h\Zgbc debgbq_kdbo kemqZ_\. :\lhj khklZ\be
hkgh\Zl_evgmx ih^[hjdm jbkmgdh\ \k_o lbih\ b ijbkh\hdmibe d gbf aZf_qZgby, dhlhju_
^Zxl ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ i_jkhgZevghc bklhjbb, debgbq_kdbo ^Zgguo b kmffZjghf ZgZeba_
jbkmgdh\. Wlb jbkmgdb deZkkbnbpbjh\Zgu \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh fgh]bfb ^_lZeyfb dZd
kljmdlmju, lZd b kh^_j`Zgby nb]mj. LZdbf h[jZahf, hij_^_e_ggu_ hkh[_gghklb jbkmgdZ
fh]ml ^Z`_ bamqZlvky ^ey mykg_gby bo ki_pbnbq_kdh]h agZq_gby b ^ey mlhqg_gby ]jmii, \
dhlhjuo hgb \klj_qZxlky. P_ehklguc ZgZeba ebqghklb b "ke_ihc" ^bZ]gha, jZ\gh dZd b
^bZ]ghklbdZ l_o, qvy bklhjby [he_agb [ueZ ba\_klgZ, hdZaZebkv \iheg_ mki_rgufb.
G_dhlhjh_ dhebq_kl\h lZdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc ebqghklb, \uiheg_gguo "\ke_imx", hdZaZebkv \
m^b\bl_evghf khhl\_lkl\bb k g_aZ\bkbfufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb, ijh\_^_ggufb k l_fb `_
kZfufb km[t_dlZfb f_lh^hf JhjrZoZ, Z lZd`_ ]jZnheh]bq_kdhc wdki_jlbau. Ih ijhr_kl\bb
fgh]bo e_l jZ[hlu k jbkmgdZfb Z\lhjZ ih-ij_`g_fm kbevgh \i_qZley_l lh, dZd ex^b
ijhy\eyxl k_[y \ jbkmgdZo, g_aZ\bkbfh hl gZ\udZ b ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h h[mq_gby. Ijh]gha
ijhl_dZgby b e_q_gby ebqghklguo ijh[e_f beb ikbobq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ qZklh ^h\hevgh
lhqgh mklZgZ\eb\Zeky bkdexqbl_evgh gZ hkgh\_ bgl_jij_lZpbb jbkmgdh\. Ijh]ghklbq_kdb_
^Zggu_ fh]ml [ulv k [hevr_c lhqghklvx mklZgh\e_gu \ j_amevlZl_ kbkl_fZlbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ
jbkmgdh\, ihemq_gguo \ j_rZxsb_ fhf_glu e_q_gby.
IhiuldZ khihklZ\blv gZ[hju ba iylb Zghgbfguo jbkmgdh\ k gZ[hjZfb ba iylb
khhl\_lkl\mxsbo bklhjbc [he_agb [ueZ ij_^ijbgylZ \ g_[hevrhf wdki_jbf_gl_,
ijh\_^_gghf Z\lhjhf b ^jm]bf dhfi_l_glguf wdki_jlhf. Gb jbkmgdh\, gb aZibk_c wdki_jlu
jZg__ g_ \b^_eb. Ohly debgbq_kdb_ ]jmiiu, ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ \ dZ`^hc ih^[hjd_ jbkmgdh\, g_
[ueb kbevgh ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgu, [ue: ^hklb]gmlZ kl_i_gv lhqghklb khihklZ\e_gby ]hjZa^h
[hevrZy, q_f ijb kemqZcghf kh\iZ^_gbb. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ k. p_evx mlhqg_gby ijbgpbih\ \
oh^_ bamq_gby bg^b\b^mZevguo jbkmgdh\, deZkkbq_kdbo ]jmii b ZkkhpbZpbc ih ih\h^m
jbkmgdh\ gZoh^blky \ ihklhygghf jZa\blbb. ;ueh bkke_^h\Zgh 20 kemqZ_\ hjlhi_^bq_kdbo
gZjmr_gbc k p_evx \uy\e_gby \hafh`ghklb ijh_dpbb jZkkljhckl\ \ h[ jZa_ l_eZ.
Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ j_amevlZlu hdZaZebkv ihljykZxsbfb. Ijh_dpby jZaebqZeZkv \
khhl\_lkl\bb k [Zah\ufb ebqghklgufb hkh[_gghklyfb kljZ^Zxs_]h bg^b\b^Z, kl_i_gvx
jZkkljhckl\Z b ijh^he`bl_evghklvx [he_agb, gh \Z`g_crb_ hkh[_gghklb j_Zdpbb km[t_dlZ
gZ [he_agv [ueb ]jZnbq_kdb \ujZ`_gu \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\.
>ey ^Zevg_cr_]h ihgbfZgby n_ghf_gZ ijh_dpbb j_Zevgh kms_kl\mxsbo ki_pbnbq_kdbo
l_e_kguo ijh[e_f aZieZgbjh\Zgh bamq_gb_ k_gkhjgh g_iheghp_gguo bkiulm_fuo k l_f,
qlh[u m\b^_lv, hljZ`Z_lky eb b dZdbf h[jZahf \ ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh^mdpbb bo hlghr_gb_ d
gZjmr_gguf hj]ZgZf. < debgbq_kdhf hiul_ hlf_qZehkv, qlh ]emob_ ex^b, eb[h l_, dlh bf_e
hiul g_ghjfZevgh]h beb gZjmr_ggh]h kemoh\h]h \hkijbylby, ^h\hevgh qZklh m^_eyeb hkh[h_
\gbfZgb_ jbkh\Zgbx mr_c. GZjpbkkbq_kdb_ bg^b\b^u, dhlhju_ gbdh]^Z g_ gZijZ\eyeb k\hx
eb[b^hagmx wg_j]bx gb gZ qlh, djhf_ kh[kl\_ggh]h l_eZ, qZklh ^Zxl ki_pbnbq_kdh_
bah[jZ`_gb_ ^Z`_ kZfhc g_agZqbl_evghc l_e_kghc ljZ\fu, dhlhjZy fh]eZ kemqblvky \ oh^_
bo jZa\blby. ?^\Z meh\bfu_ b nmgdpbhgZevgh g_kms_kl\_ggu_ hklZlhqgu_ y\e_gby
ihebhfb_eblZ [ueb hlf_q_gu \ jbkmgdZo h^gh]h iZpb_glZ ba-aZ aZf_lgh]h mkbe_gby ebgbb
gZ`bfZ \ h[eZklb ijZ\hc eh^u`db. QZs_ \k_]h h[eZklv ljZ\fu \uy\ey_lky, gh lbi
gZjmr_gby g_ fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_g [_a h[jZs_gby d ZgZfg_am.
>ey nmg^Zf_glZevgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby, dZkZxs_]hky dhgljZklh\ h[jZaZ l_eZ, [ueh [u
p_e_khh[jZagh kjZ\gblv jbkmgdb lZgph\sbdh\ k jbkmgdZfb, kdZ`_f, Zjobl_dlhjh\ b
bg`_g_jh\, h[jZa l_eZ, bf_xsbcky m objmj]h\, k h[jZahf l_eZ m ikbobZljh\. Ke_^h\Zeh [u
h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ gZ j_adb_ jZaebqby \ bah[jZ`_gbb ihau m bkihegbl_e_c ijbfblb\guo
lZgp_\ b Zjlbklh\ [Ze_lZ, ihkdhevdm jZaebqgu_ \b^u lZgpZ hl\_qZxl jZaebqguf
ihlj_[ghklyf.
H[mqZ_fhklvf_lh^m
Debgbq_kdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^Z \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ij_^gZagZq_gh ^ey jZ[hlgbdh\
\ukhdh]h mjh\gy. K_fbgZju, e_dpbb ^ey ijhn_kkbhgZevguo ]jmii b k_jv_agh_ i_jkhgZevgh_
dmjbjh\Zgb_ \ bkihevah\Zgbb f_lh^Z, ij_^hklZ\ey_fh_ g_dhlhjuf debgbq_kdbf jZ[hlgbdZf,
rbjhdh jZkijhkljZgbeb agZdhfkl\h k f_lh^bdhc ^Z`_ \ hlkmlkl\b_ ij_^r_kl\mxsbo
im[ebdZpbc. F_lh^ aZgye \Z`gh_ f_klh \ l_klh\uo ijh]jZffZo fgh]bo ijh]j_kkb\guo
debgbq_kdbo mqj_`^_gbc ih \k_c kljZg_. B]jh\Zy ijbjh^Z f_lh^Z, ijhklhlZ ij_^ty\e_gby b
lhqguc oZjZdl_j bgl_jij_lZpbb \k_ wlh ihjh^beh kj_^b gh\bqdh\ l_g^_gpbx d
^h]fZlbq_kdhfm bkihevah\Zgbx njZ]f_glZjgh]h agZgby. Bf_ggh ihwlhfm Z\lhjhf ^\b`_l
q_ldh_ klj_fe_gb_ ij_^hl\jZlblv ihimeyjbaZpbx. H^gZdh ijb khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ih^]hlh\d_
b hiul_ bkdmr_gghklv \ bkihevah\Zgbb f_lh^Z fh`_l [ulv ^hklb]gmlZ \ hlghkbl_evgh
dhjhldh_ \j_fy. M Z\lhjZ _klv hiul, dh]^Z \uimkdgbdb ikboheh]bq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ [ueb \
khklhygbb \hkijbgylv \ h[sbo q_jlZo [Zah\u_ ijbgpbiu, bkihevam_fu_ \ f_lh^_, ihke_
g_kdhevdbo hjb_glbjh\hqguo e_dpbc, dhlhju_ [ueb bf ijhqblZgu.
Wdhghfbqghklvf_lh^Z
< kj_^g_f ^ey jbkh\Zgby ^\mo nb]mj lj_[m_lky hl 10 ^h 20 fbgml. ?keb nbdkbjmxlky
ZkkhpbZpbb ih ih\h^m gZjbkh\Zggh]h, ke_^m_l ^h[Z\blv _s_ hl 10 ^h 20 fbgml. H[hjm^h\Zgb_
khklhbl lhevdh ba [mfZ]b b dZjZg^ZrZ. F_lh^ fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zg \ ]jmiiZo, _keb
bkiulm_fu_ jZ[hlZxl g_ kebrdhf [ebadh ^jm] d ^jm]m. Ihwlhfm wlh ih^oh^ysZy f_lh^bdZ
^ey \uy\e_gby ijh[e_f \ kn_j_ h[jZah\Zgby, ijhfure_gghklb beb l_jZibb.
Ijb[ebabl_evgh_ \j_fy, dhlhjh_ lj_[m_lky Z\lhjm ^ey ih\_joghklghc bgl_jij_lZpbb,
gZ[jZku\Zgby ijb[ebabl_evguo oZjZdl_jbklbd hl 10 ^h 15 fbgml. Wlh g_ khihklZ\eyehkv k
ihdZaZl_eyfb ^jm]bo ki_pbZebklh\. P_ehklgh_ b kbkl_fgh_ hibkZgb_ ebqghklb lj_[m_l
[hevr_ \j_f_gb, gh agZqbl_evgZy wdhghfby wg_j]bb b \j_f_gb ^hklb]Z_lky ijb
g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc jZ[hl_ "hl ijh^mdlZ", ih kjZ\g_gbx k ihbkdhf kbf\hebq_kdbo agZq_gbc. <
^Zevg_cr_f fh`_l hdZaZlvky g_h[oh^bfuf jZajZ[hlZlv g_dmx kbkl_fm dhebq_kl\_ggh]h
ih^kq_lZ ^ey p_e_c h[mq_gby, gh d gZklhys_fm \j_f_gb \uykgbehkv, qlh ^ey bgl_jij_lZpbb
[he__ ieh^hl\hjgZ jZ[hlZ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k jbkmgdhf.
Ij_^ty\e_gb_
< gZklhys__ \j_fy ihke_ g_kdhevdbo fh^bnbdZpbc f_lh^bdZ ij_^ty\e_gby l_klZ
khklhbl \ lhf, qlh[u ijhklh ihijhkblv bkiulm_fh]h "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ". Bkiulm_fhfm
^Z_lky [mfZ]Z, ij_^ihqlbl_evgh klZg^Zjlgh]h nhjfZlZ (8,5 o 11 ^xcfh\) b dZjZg^Zr kj_^g_c
l\_j^hklb k j_abgdhc. GZ[ex^_gb_ aZ ijhp_kkhf jbkh\Zgby hkms_kl\ey_lky gZklhevdh
g_gZ\yaqb\h, gZkdhevdh wlh \hafh`gh. B^_glbnbpbjmxsb_ k\_^_gby, ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_
\hijhku d bkiulm_fhfm, ijb[ebabl_evgh_ \j_fy, ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv bah[jZ`_gby qZkl_c
jbkmgdZ b kihglZggu_ dhff_glZjbb nbdkbjmxlky gZ ^jm]hf ebkl_. Hlf_qZ_lky lZd`_, nb]mjZ
dZdh]h iheZ [ueZ gZjbkh\ZgZ i_j\hc. Dh]^Z h^bg jbkmghd aZdhgq_g, bkiulm_fhfm qbklhc
klhjhghc ij_^ty\ey_lky ebkl, gZ dhlhjhf [ueb k^_eZgu aZf_ldb wdki_jbf_glZlhjZ ih
i_j\hfm jbkmgdm, b ^Z_lky bgkljmdpby gZjbkh\Zlv nb]mjm ^jm]h]h iheZ, l._. khhl\_lkl\_ggh
"l_i_jv gZjbkmcl_ fm`qbgm" beb "l_i_jv gZjbkmcl_ `_gsbgm". Bgkljmdpbb gZjbkh\Zlv
"hkh[m `_gkdh]h iheZ" beb "hkh[m fm`kdh]h iheZ" ^h\hevgh qZklh bkihevah\Zebkv, qlh[u
ij_^hl\jZlblv dZdh_-eb[h ki_pbnbq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ nb]mju, dhlhjmx lj_[h\Zehkv
gZjbkh\Zlv, ihkdhevdm km[t_dl fh`_l aZohl_lv gZjbkh\Zlv ^_\hqdm beb fZevqbdZ, Z g_
\ajhkeuo fm`qbgm beb `_gsbgm. Ijb jZ[hl_ k hq_gv fZe_gvdbfb ^_lvfb emqr_ ij_^eh`blv
bf "gZjbkh\Zlv dh]h-gb[m^v". NjZaZ, dhlhjZy ij_^hklZ\ey_l gZb[hevrmx k\h[h^m ^ey
ijh_dpbb, ^h kbo ihj _s_ g_ hij_^_e_gZ. ?keb bah[jZ`_gb_ ]heh\u ij_^eZ]Z_lky dZd
aZdhgq_gguc jbkmghd q_eh\_dZ, h[uqgh ke_^m_l m[_^blv bkiulm_fh]h aZ\_jrblv jbkmghd.
<k_]^Z, dh]^Z wlh \hafh`gh, ^he`gu [ulv ihemq_gu h[Z jbkmgdZ, gh _keb _klv \j_fy lhevdh
^ey h^gh]h, ij_^ihqlbl_evgh, qlh[u bkiulm_fuc jbkh\Ze q_eh\_dZ k\h_]h iheZ.
Khijhlb\e_gb_ jbkh\Zgbx, dhlhjh_ klZgh\blky f_gvr_ ih f_j_ lh]h, dZd wdki_jbf_glZlhj
klZgh\blky [he__ hiulguf b bkdmr_gguf, fh`_l [ulv e_]dh ij_h^he_gh aZ kq_l m\_j_gby
bkiulm_fh]h, qlh aZ^Zgb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l qbklh wdki_jbf_glZevguc bgl_j_k b g_ bf__l
gbdZdh]h hlghr_gby d mf_gbx jbkh\Zlv. Bkiulm_fhfm ]h\hjyl: "Wlh g_ bf__l gbdZdh]h
hlghr_gby d \Zrbf om^h`_kl\_gguf kihkh[ghklyf. Fg_ bgl_j_kgh agZlv, dZd \u
ihiulZ_l_kv bah[jZablv q_eh\_dZ". ?keb bkiulm_fuc ijhimkdZ_l kms_kl\_ggmx qZklv l_eZ,
fh`gh, ij_^\Zjbl_evgh wlh hlf_lb\, gZklZb\Zlv, qlh[u hg \k_ `_ gZjbkh\Ze wlm qZklv l_eZ, k
l_f qlh[u m\b^_lv, [m^_l eb mql_gZ ih^kdZadZ, Z lZd`_ ihgylv, ihq_fm hg khijhlb\eyeky
jbkh\Zgbx wlhc qZklb l_eZ.
:kkhpbZpbb
Ohly ZkkhpbZpbb bf_xl ebrv ^hihegbl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey bgl_jij_lZpbb, hgb \Z`gu
^ey ihgbfZgby kfukeh\ b ki_pbnbq_kdbo ijh[e_f, kh^_j`Zsboky \ jbkmgd_. Bkihevah\Zgb_
ZkkhpbZpbc lZd`_ ij_^hklZ\ey_l ij_djZkgmx \hafh`ghklv ^ey khimlkl\mxs_]h g_ijyfh]h
bgl_j\vx.
;hevrbgkl\h bkiulm_fuo h[jZsZ_l fZeh \gbfZgby gZ ]jZnbq_kdmx fh^_ev, \ukdZau\Zy
ZkkhpbZpbb ih gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mj_. Hgb [ukljh i_j_dexqZxlky gZ k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_
^_n_dlu, dhfi_gkZpbb b ]j_au. I_jkhgZebaZpby qZklh ij_^klZ\e_gZ g_ hq_gv hkhagZggh b \
lhgdh aZfZkdbjh\Zgguo nhjfZo. J_Zevgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ f_klhbf_gby "Y" fh`_l \dexqZlvky
\ j_qv bkiulm_fh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh. Bkihevam_lky ^h\hevgh rZ[ehgguc gZ[hj \hijhkh\ (kf.
[eZgd gZ klj.32), gZijZ\e_gguc gZ \uy\e_gb_ hlghr_gby km[t_dlZ d k_[_ kZfhfm b d ^jm]bf.
Wlb \hijhku gZi_qZlZgu gZ ebkl_, dhlhjuc bkihevam_lky ^ey aZf_qZgbc wdki_jbf_glZlhjZ.
Bkiulm_fhfm ^Z_lky bgkljmdpby: ">Z\Zcl_ khqbgbf jZkkdZa h[ wlhf q_eh\_d_, dZd [m^lh wlh
i_jkhgZ` jhfZgZ beb iv_ku." ?keb bkiulm_fuc khijhlb\ey_lky, wdki_jbf_glZlhj fh`_l
ih^lhedgmlv _]h k ihfhsvx \hijhkh\: "Kdhevdh _fm ijbf_jgh e_l?", "Ihoh` eb hg gZ
`_gZlh]h q_eh\_dZ?" LZdbf h[jZahf, bkiulm_fhfm fh`_l ihfhqv aZbgl_j_kh\Zggh_ mqZklb_
wdki_jbf_glZlhjZ, ihdZ hg g_ h[jZlblky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh d nb]mj_. G_dhlhju_ ba \hijhkh\
lZdh\u: "Kdhevdh e_l gZjbkh\Zgghfm \Zfb q_eh\_dm?", "Q_f hg aZgbfZ_lky?", "@_gZl eb hg?",
"DZdh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ hg ihemqbe?", "Mfguc eb hg q_eh\_d?" "Ijb\e_dZl_e_g eb hg?", "Kbe_g
eb hg?", "DZdmx qZklv _]h l_eZ \u kqblZ_l_ emqr_c? Ihq_fm?", "DZdmx qZklv _]h l_eZ \u
kqblZ_l_ om^r_c? Ihq_fm?", "G_j\guc eb hg?" "Qlh aZklZ\ey_l _]h k_j^blvky?", "DZdh\u _]h
kZfu_ om^rb_ ijb\uqdb?", "DZdh\u _]h hkgh\gu_ `_eZgby?". <dexqZxlky dhjhldb_ k_jbb
\hijhkh\, dZkZxsb_ky khpbZevguo b k_dkmZevguo mklZgh\hd km[t_dlZ. AZl_f bkiulm_fh]h
kijZrb\Zxl, gZihfbgZ_l eb _fm gZjbkh\Zgguc q_eh\_d dh]h-lh dhgdj_lgh]h, b ohl_e [u hg
kZf [ulv ihoh`bf gZ gZjbkh\Zggh]h q_eh\_dZ, beb ohl_e [u hg `_gblvky (\uclb aZfm`) aZ
q_eh\_dZ lZdh]h lbiZ. >Ze__ _]h ijhkyl hij_^_eblv, dZdb_ ba k^_eZgguo bf ml\_j`^_gbc
fh]ml hlghkblvky d g_fm kZfhfm jZ\gh dZd b d gZjbkh\Zgghfm q_eh\_dm?
< l_o kemqZyo, dh]^Z ZkkhpbZpbb bkihevamxlky \ ^bZ]ghklbq_kdbo beb l_jZi_\lbq_kdbo
p_eyo, hgb fh]ml [ulv jZkijhkljZg_gu gZ ki_pbnbqgu_ ^ey bg^b\b^Z ijh[e_fu.
Bkiulm_fh]h lZd`_ ijhkyl ^Zlv ihykg_gby ih l_f q_jlZf, dhlhju_ h[hagZq_gu g_y\gh.
BgnhjfZpby, dhlhju_ ^Zxl lZdb_ ZkkhpbZpbb, ij_^klZ\ey_l h]jhfgmx debgbq_kdmx
p_gghklv. ?_ kbkl_fZlbaZpbb b h[km`^_gbx [m^ml ihk\ys_gu ihke_^mxsb_ im[ebdZpbb.
Jbkmghqgucl_klFZoh\_j :kkhpbZpbb
Bfy<hajZkl >ZlZ' Ihe F -@ : 1-2
Ijh[e_fZ >bZ]gha
(GZjbkmcl_ q_eh\_dZ) AZf_qZgby b
\uiheg_gb_

:kkhpbZpbb
(Qlh ^_eZ_l) (<hajZkl) (K_f_cgh_ iheh`_gb_)
(>_lb) (K d_f `b\_l) (D dhfm [he__ ijb\yaZg)
(;jZlvy beb k_klju) (OZjZdl_j jZ[hlu)
(H[jZah\Zgb_) (Klj_fe_gby)
(Mfguc) (Kbevguc) (A^hjh\uc)
(Ijbylghc gZjm`ghklb) (Emqr__ \ g_f) (Om^r__ \ g_f)
(G_j\guc lbi) (Qlh m g_]h gZ mf_)
(KljZob) (I_qZevguc beb jZ^hklguc)
(Qlh _]h jZa^jZ`Z_l) (KZfh_ kbevgh_ `_eZgb_)
(Ijbylgu_ q_jlu) (G_ijbylgu_ q_jlu)
(Ij_bfms_kl\_ggh h^bghd beb h[sZ_lky k ex^vfb)
(H g_f ]h\hjyl)(KZfhkhagZgb_)
(>h\_jy_l ex^yf)(;hblky bo)
(@b\_l k `_ghc beb jh^bl_eyfb)(@b\_l hl^_evgh)
(Mr_e hl kmijm]Z)(Kmijm] mr_e hl g_]h)
(K_dkmZevgu_ hlghr_gby k `_ghc)(I_j\uc k_dkmZevguc hiul)
(Lbi ^_\mrdb k dhlhjhc \klj_qZ_lky)
(K_dkmZevgu_ hlghr_gby k fm`qbgZfb) (Bf_eb eb f_klh)
(QZklh eb aZgbfZ_lky hgZgbafhf)(Qlh ^mfZ_l h[ wlhf)
(Dh]h hg \Zf gZihfbgZ_l?)
(Ohl_ehkv eb [ulv gZ g_]h ihoh`bf)
KZfhhp_gdZ iZpb_glZ
(Om^rZy qZklv l_eZ) (EmqrZy qZklv l_eZ)
(Qlh \ g_f ohjhr_]h) (Iehoh]h) Ijbf_qZgb_: <k_
\hijhku ^he`gu [ulv Z^Zilbjh\Zgu d \hajZklm b ihem bkiulm_fh]h. Ihablb\gu_ hl\_lu,
ij_^klZ\eyxsb_ debgbq_kdbc bgl_j_k, ^he`gu nbdkbjh\Zlvky. Hlf_lvl_ \uau\Zxsb_
khfg_gb_ ^_lZeb nb]mju b h^_`^u. Hlf_lvl_, dZdh]h iheZ nb]mjZ gZjbkh\ZgZ i_j\hc, h[\_^y
"F" beb "@", Z lZd`_ "1" beb "2", gZijbf_j F-@; 1 - 2 hagZqZ_l, qlh kgZqZeZ [ue gZjbkh\Zg
fm`qbgZ. Kijhkbl_ bkiulm_fh]h, g_ y\eyxlky eb dZdb_-lh bah[jZ`_ggu_ q_jlu koh^guf k
_]h kh[kl\_ggufb.
QZklv ,,
IJBGPBIUBGL?JIJ?L:PBB
Bgl_jij_lZpby
Ohly ihgylby, e_`Zsb_ \ hkgh\_ f_lh^bdb ZgZebaZ jbkmgdh\, \hagbdeb kjZ\gbl_evgh
g_aZ\bkbfh \ oh^_ bamq_gby lukyq jbkmgdh\ \ debgbq_kdhf dhgl_dkl_, bo nhjfmebjh\dZ \h
fgh]hf hij_^_ey_lky keh`b\rbfbky ijh_dlb\gufb f_lh^Zfb ZgZebaZ ebqghklb, Z lZd`_
ikbohZgZeblbq_kdhc l_hjb_c.
Ohly g_dhlhju_ ^hims_gby g_^hklZlhqgh ih^l\_j`^_gu wdki_jbf_glZevgh, bo
\Zeb^ghklv ^hdZaZgZ debgbq_kdb. Ijbgpbiu bgl_jij_lZpbb [Zabjh\Zebkv \ hkgh\ghf gZ
bamq_gbb debgbq_kdbo lbih\, ijb dhlhjhf hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ m^_eyehkv ]jZnbq_kdbf
ijhy\e_gbyf debgbq_kdh]h Zdp_glZ.
Ih^[hjdb jbkmgdh\, khhlg_k_ggu_ \ ^_lZeyo k ZgZfg_ahf b bklhjb_c [he_agb,
bkihevah\Zebkv ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby hl^_evguo ]jZnbq_kdbo hkh[_gghkl_c jbkmgdZ. <
bkke_^h\Zgb_ [ueb \dexq_gu lZd`_ `_gsbgu b ^_lb, h^gZdh h[klhyl_evkl\Z, k\yaZggu_ k
ijhn_kkbhgZevgufb debgbq_kdbfb h[yaZgghklyfb Z\lhjZ, h[mkeh\beb ih^[hj jbkmgdh\ \
hkgh\ghf fm`qbg klZjr_ 16 e_l, dhlhju_ bamqZebkv \ k\yab k ljm^ghklyfb Z^ZilZpbb b
wfhpbhgZevgufb ijh[e_fZfb. AgZqbl_evgh_ qbkeh wlbo ih^[hjhd jbkmgdh\ khhlghkblky k
bg^b\b^mZevgufb ijhlhdheZfb l_klZ JhjrZoZ, ihemq_ggufb ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb wlbo `_
bkiulm_fuo, qlh kha^Z_l hkgh\m ^ey [m^msbo bkke_^h\Zgbc khhlghr_gby wlbo ^\mo f_lh^h\.
Fu g_ kqblZ_f, qlh ^_lZeb jbkmgdh\, hlh[jZggu_ ^ey h[km`^_gby, bkq_jiu\Zxl \k_
\hafh`gu_ Zki_dlu jZkkfhlj_gby. Gh\u_ Zki_dlu jZkkfhlj_gby b ZgZebabjm_fu_
hkh[_gghklb jbkmgdh\ ihklhyggh ^h[Z\eyxlky, k l_f, qlh[u k^_eZlv f_lh^ [he__
mlhgq_gguf, h[h]Zlblv _]h. Hl^_evgu_ q_jlu jbkmgdh\ ihklhyggh \dexqZxlky \ ihe_ aj_gby
jZ^b khhlg_k_gby bg^b\b^mZevgh]h ZgZfg_aZ k jbkmgdhf bkiulm_fh]h.
Fu kgh\Z ih\lhjbf hkgh\gh_ iheh`_gb_, fgh]hdjZlgh ijh\_j_ggh_ \ oh^_ debgbq_kdbo
bkke_^h\Zgbc: q_eh\_q_kdZy nb]mjZ, bah[jZ`_ggZy bg^b\b^hf, ihemqb\rbf bgkljmdpbx
"gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ", hlq_leb\h khhlghkblky k ih[m`^_gbyfb, lj_\h]Zfb, dhgnebdlZfb b
dhfi_gkZpbyfb, oZjZdl_jgufb ^ey wlh]h bg^b\b^Z. < g_dhlhjhf kfuke_, gZjbkh\ZggZy
nb]mjZ _klv kZf wlhl q_eh\_d, b hdjm`Zxs__ _]h gZ [mfZ]_ ihe_ khhlghkblky k _]h j_Zevguf
hdjm`_gb_f. <hafh`gh, wlh mijhs_ggZy nhjfmebjh\dZ, gh hgZ kem`bl ohjhr_c jZ[hq_c
]bihl_ahc. >ey km[t_dlZ ijhp_kk jbkh\Zgby q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju y\ey_lky, hkhagZ_l hg wlh
beb g_l, ijh[e_fhc g_ lhevdh (b g_ klhevdh) ]jZnbq_kdh]h gZ\udZ, gh ijh[e_fhc ijh_dpbb
k_[y \h \k_o l_e_kguo kfukeZo b hlghr_gbyo, dhlhju_ ZdlmZebabjmxlky b j_ij_a_glbjmxlky
\ _]h h[jZa_ l_eZ. Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, ki_pbZebkl, ZgZebabjmxsbc jbkmghd, ^he`_g [ulv \
khklhygbb \uqe_gblv ba ]jZnbq_kdhc ijh^mdpbb lh kh^_j`Zgb_, dhlhjh_ bkiulm_fuc \eh`be
\ g__. Hg ^he`_g [ulv ]hlh\ bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv l_ Zki_dlu, dhlhju_ qZklh k ihljykZxs_c
lhqghklvx b h^ghagZqghklvx \uk\_qb\Zxl j_Zevgu_ `bag_ggu_ ijh[e_fu b mdZau\Zxl gZ
klbev ih\_^_gby jbkmxs_]h. Jbkmghd wlh k\h_]h jh^Z ij_^klZ\e_gb_ jbkmxs_]h bg^b\b^Z.
LZd, _keb bkiulm_fuc bah[jZ`Z_l jmdb ih^gylufb b g_kdhevdh jZa baf_gy_l bo iheh`_gb_,
wlh fh`_l [ulv bgl_jij_lbjh\Zgh dZd lh, qlh \ k\h_f j_Zevghf ih\_^_gbb hg g_ agZ_l, dm^Z
^_lv jmdb. ?keb dmeZdb gZ jbkmgd_ k`Zlu, wlh fh`_l [md\Zevgh \ujZ`Zlv \hbgkl\_gghklv,
Z]j_kkb\ghklv km[t_dlZ. ?keb ]eZaZ m gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mju bf_xl f_qlZl_evgh_ eb[h
kdjulgh_ \ujZ`_gb_, beb \ujZ`_gb_ kfms_gby, wlh qZklh fh`_l [ulv oZjZdl_jbklbdhc
ijh_pbjmxs_]hky bg^b\b^Z.
JZaf_j nb]mju, __ jZkiheh`_gb_ gZ ebkl_, kdhjhklv ^\b`_gbc jbkmxs_c jmdb, gZ`bf,
l\_j^hklv b baf_gqb\hklv bkihevam_fuo ebgbc, aZ\_jr_gghklv hl^_evguo qZkl_c, ihaZ
nb]mju, bkihevah\Zgb_ hihju beb ^jm]bo wnn_dlh\, kha^Zxsbo \i_qZle_gb_ hihju,
bah[jZ`_gb_ jmd ijb`Zlufb d l_em beb \ulygmlufb, kihglZgghklv beb jb]b^ghklv,
gZjbkh\ZgZ eb nb]mjZ \ ijhnbev beb ZgnZk, \k_ wlh kms_kl\_ggu_ Zki_dlu
kZfhij_a_glZpbb km[t_dlZ. < oh^_ ZgZebaZ ijb^Z_lky agZq_gb_ ijhihjpbyf dZ`^hc qZklb
l_eZ, l_g^_gpbb d g_aZ\_jr_gghklb, kl_i_gb ^_lZebaZpbb, lhfm, ]^_ kdhgp_gljbjh\Zgu
^_lZeb, dhebq_kl\m b ehdZebaZpbb mkbe_ggh]h gZ`bfZ, klbjZgbc b baf_g_gbc
i_j\hgZqZevghc ebgbb, kl_i_gb kbff_ljbb, kh[ex^_gbx kj_^g_c ebgbb b, gZdhg_p,
gZkljh_gbx, \ujZ`_gghfm \ ebp_ b iha_ nb]mju. @_gkdb_ b fm`kdb_ nb]mju, bah[jZ`_ggu_
bkiulm_fuf, kjZ\gb\Zxlky ih \k_f wlbf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf.
Kh^_j`Zgb_, \dexqZy ^_lZeb l_eZ b h^_`^u, bgl_jij_lbjm_lky \ l_jfbgZo
nmgdpbhgZevghc agZqbfhklb, ijb^Z\Z_fhc wlbf ^_lZeyf. NmgdpbhgZevgZy b
wdki_jbf_glZevgZy hp_gdb lZdbo ^_lZe_c [ueb ijh\_^_gu k ihfhsvx bkiulm_fuo,
bkdmr_gguo \ bgljhki_dpbb b Zkkhpbbjh\Zgbb gZ khagZl_evghf mjh\g_, Z lZd`_ k ihfhsvx
ikbohlbq_kdbo bkiulm_fuo, qvb [_kkhagZl_evgu_ ih[m`^_gby gZoh^bebkv gZ ih\_joghklb b
[ueb ^hklmigu ^ey ZgZebaZ. >ey ^Zevg_cr_c \Zeb^baZpbb [Zah\uo nmgdpbhgZevguo
djbl_jb_\ bgl_jij_lZpbb jbkmgdh\ jZajZ[Zlu\Z_lky dhfie_dkguc hijhkgbd, dZkZxsbcky
kl_j_hlbiguo agZq_gbc, Zkkhpbbjmxsboky kh ki_pbnbq_kdbfb lbiZfb l_eZ, k hl^_evgufb
^_lZeyfb h^_`^u, Z lZd`_ k lZdbfb qZklyfb l_eZ, dZd [hevrhc ghk, [hevrb_ klmigb, lheklZy
r_y, \uklmiZxsbc ih^[hjh^hd, rbjhdb_ ie_qb, lhgdb_ ]m[u, [hevrb_ jmdb, Z lZd`_ fgh]b_
^jm]b_ ^_lZeb q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju.
=heh\Z
DZdh\h fh`_l [ulv nmgdpbhgZevgh_ agZq_gb_ ]heh\u k lhqdb aj_gby bkiulm_fh]h,
jbkmxs_]h "q_eh\_dZ"? =heh\Z \Z`g_crbc p_glj ehdZebaZpbb "Y". < hkgh\ghf, bf_ggh
]heh\_ m^_ey_lky gZb[hevr__ \gbfZgb_, aZ bkdexq_gb_f jbkmgdh\ l_o iZpb_glh\, dlh
kljZ^Z_l g_\jhaZfb, ^_ij_kkb_c, Z lZd`_ khpbZevgh ^_aZ^Zilbjh\Zgguo bg^b\b^h\. =heh\Z
kj_^hlhqb_ bgl_ee_dlZ, khpbZevghklb b dhgljhey gZ^ l_e_kgufb bfimevkZfb. Wlh
_^bgkl\_ggZy qZklv l_eZ, dhlhjZy ihklhyggh hldjulZ \a]ey^m ^jm]bo ex^_c b, lZdbf h[jZahf,
\h\e_q_gZ \ ijhp_kk khpbZevguo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc. Bkiulm_fu_, dZd ijZ\beh, ih^l\_j`^Zxl
wlm nmgdpbhgZevgmx bgl_jij_lZpbx ]heh\u, dh]^Z bo ijhkyl kgZqZeZ mdZaZlv, dZdZy bf_ggh
qZklv l_eZ Zkkhpbbjm_lky m gbo k q_eh\_dhf, Z aZl_f h[tykgblv, ihq_fm bf_ggh wlm qZklv l_eZ
(]heh\m) hgb mdZau\Zxl ij_`^_ \k_]h. H[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\gu_ bkiulm_fu_ [m^ml
ihklhyggh ih^q_jdb\Zlv nbabq_kdmx kbem bah[jZ`Z_fhc bfb nb]mju (^_eZy __ ihoh`_c gZ
h[_avygvx), g_ m^_eyy hkh[h]h \gbfZgby bah[jZ`_gbx ]heh\u. < wlhf ieZg_ ]heh\Z
hij_^_ey_lky dZd hj]Zg, hl\_lkl\_gguc aZ lhl dhgnebdl, dhlhjuc bf__lky m km[t_dlZ
dhgnebdl, k\yaZgguc kh k\h[h^hc ijhy\e_gby bfimevkb\gh]h ih\_^_gby.
G_ijhihjpbhgZevgh [hevrb_ ]heh\u [m^ml, dZd ijZ\beh, jbkh\Zlv bkiulm_fu_,
kljZ^Zxsb_ hj]Zgbq_kdbf ihjZ`_gb_f ]heh\gh]h fha]Z, ih^\_j]Z\rb_ky
g_cjhobjmj]bq_kdhfm \f_rZl_evkl\m, Z lZd`_ l_, dlh kljZ^Z_l hl kbevguo ]heh\guo [he_c
beb ^jm]h]h jh^Z ih\ur_gghc qm\kl\bl_evghklb \ wlhc h[eZklb. Wlh fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k
l_f, qlh hkeZ[e_gb_ bgl_ee_dlmZevghc kbeu b bgl_ee_dlmZevgh]h dhgljhey nbdkbjm_l
khagZgb_ km[t_dlZ gZ ]heh\_ dZd gZ \Z`g_cr_f hj]Zg_ l_e_kghc b_jZjobb. Fh`gh, dhg_qgh,
hkiZjb\Zlv, qlh \ kemqZyo hj]Zgbq_kdh]h ihjZ`_gby fha]Z [hevrh_ \gbfZgb_, m^_ey_fh_
bkiulm_fuf ]heh\_, h[yaZgh k\hbf ijhbkoh`^_gb_f gZjmr_gbx ijhkljZgkl\_gghc
hjb_glZpbb, \hagbdZxs_c gZ [Za_ bgl_ee_dlmZevgh]h ^_n_dlZ. H^gZdh lhl nZdl, qlh bf_ggh
]heh\Z, Z g_ ^jm]b_ qZklb l_eZ, \u^_ey_lky \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v, ^he`_g jZkkfZljb\Zlvky \ k\_l_
lhc nmgdpbhgZevghc agZqbfhklb, dhlhjZy ijbibku\Z_lky ]heh\_.
Ihkdhevdm g_ijhihjpbhgZevgh [hevrb_ ]heh\u qZklh \klj_qZxlky \ jbkmgdZo, [ueh [u
ihe_agh bkke_^h\Zlv jZaebqgu_ ikboheh]bq_kdb_ hkh[_gghklb bkiulm_fuo, jbkmxsbo
[hevrb_ ]heh\u. Fheh^u_ ex^b, qvy wfhpbhgZevgZy b khpbZevgZy Z^ZilZpby gZjmr_gZ \
j_amevlZl_ qj_af_jgh]h ql_gby, Z lZd`_ l_, dlh kljZ^Z_l ^jm]bfb \b^Zfb gZjmr_gbc
ebqghklghc Z^ZilZpbb, qZklh jbkmxl [hevrmx ]heh\m m bah[jZ`Z_fhc bfb nb]mju (kf.
nb]mjm 4m). :kkhpbZpbb, \hagbdZxsb_ m bkiulm_fh]h ih ih\h^m bah[jZ`_gghc bf nb]mju,
qZs_ \k_]h y\eyxl kh[hc \_j[Zevgh_ ih^l\_j`^_gb_ lhc agZqbfhklb, dhlhjmx .^Zgguc
fheh^hc q_eh\_d ijb^Z_l h[jZah\Zgbx b ^hklb`_gbyf \ bgl_ee_dlmZevghc kn_j_, Z lZd`_ lhc
njmkljZpbb, hl dhlhjhc hg kljZ^Z_l \ wlhc h[eZklb. Mfkl\_ggh g_iheghp_ggu_ bkiulm_fu_
qZklh jbkmxl [hevrmx ]heh\m ih l_f `_ ijbqbgZf. Njmkljbjh\Zggu_ bgl_ee_dlmZevgu_
klj_fe_gby, _kl_kl\_ggh, g_ ijhy\eyxlky \ jbkmgdZo mfkl\_ggh hlklZeuo km[t_dlh\ lZd
hldjulh, dZd wlh kemqZ_lky ijb Zkkhpbbjh\Zgbb ih ih\h^m jbkmgdh\ m ex^_c k ghjfZevguf
bgl_ee_dlhf. IZjZghb^guc, gZjpbkkbqguc, bgl_ee_dlmZevgh [_amij_qguc b ls_keZ\guc
km[t_dl fh`_l jbkh\Zlv [hevrmx ]heh\m dZd \ujZ`_gb_ k\h_]h ij_m\_ebq_ggh]h "W]h".
>jm]hc lbi bkiulm_fh]h, \ jbkmgdZo dhlhjh]h h[gZjm`b\Z_lky ^bkijhihjpbhgZevgh [hevrZy
]heh\Z, g_Z^_d\Zlguc fm`qbgZ, jbkmxsbc `_gkdmx nb]mjm, dZd ijZ\beh, hljZ`Zxsmx
h[jZa fZ-]_jb, k ]heh\hc, ij_\hkoh^ys_c jZaf_ju \k_c fm`kdhc nb]mju. Ijb jZaebqghf
bah[jZ`_gbb fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mj \ jbkmgdZo lZdh]h lbiZ ihe, gZ^_ey_fuc [hevr_c ih
jZaf_jZf ]heh\hc, wlh lhl ihe, dhlhjhfm ijbibku\Z_lky [he__ \ukhdbc bgl_ee_dl b
khpbZevgZy agZqbfhklv.
KZfZy [hevrZy ]jmiiZ bkiulm_fuo, jbkmxsbo djmigu_ ]heh\u, fZe_gvdb_ ^_lb. < bo
jbkmghqguo ijh_dpbyo l_em \k_]^Z m^_ey_lky ]hjZa^h f_gvr_ \gbfZgby. H^gZdh g_ \iheg_
ihgylgh, qlh k nmgdpbhgZevghc lhqdb aj_gby, bf__l ]eZ\gh_ agZq_gb_ mf_gvr_gghklv l_eZ
beb `_ m\_ebq_gghklv ]heh\u. NmgdpbhgZevguc ZgZeba jheb ]heh\u \ khagZgbb fZe_gvdh]h
j_[_gdZ iha\hey_l ij_^iheh`blv, qlh, \ke_^kl\b_ aZ\bkbfh]h iheh`_gby j_[_gdZ, \ [hevr_c
kl_i_gb ^_eZ_lky Zdp_gl gZ khpbZevghf (\ ihgylbyo f_`ebqghklguo hlghr_gbc), g_`_eb gZ
Zdlb\ghklb "W]h", hljZ`_gghc \ agZq_gbb, ijbibku\Z_fhf ]heh\_ gZ jbkmgd_ [he__ klZjr_]h
j_[_gdZ beb `_ \ajhkeh]h. G_ykgh lZd`_, ihq_fm fZe_gvdbc j_[_ghd 3-4 e_l qZklh jbkm_l
[hevrmx ]heh\m k dhg_qghklyfb, \ujZklZxsbfb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ba g__ ("]heh\hgh]"), dZd
ihegmx j_ij_a_glZpbx q_eh\_dZ. Wlh fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k l_f, qlh, ihkdhevdm
i_j_^\b`_gb_ b fZgmZevgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ hdjm`Zxs_]h ijhkljZgkl\Z (b kh[kl\_ggh]h l_eZ)
y\eyxlky \Z`g_crbfb hkh[_gghklyfb jZa\blby j_[_gdZ \ jZgg_f \hajZkl_, lh ihy\e_gb_ \
jbkmgd_ jmd b gh] jZgvr_, q_f l_eZ, nmgdpbhgZevgh hijZ\^Zgh. Ihkdhevdm jZa\blb_ "W]h"
j_[_gdZ, _]h qm\kl\Z "Y" \ ihgylbyo bgl_ee_dlmZevghc kbeu b bgl_ee_dlmZevgh]h dhgljhey
gZoh^blky ebrv \ klZ^bb aZjh`^_gby, fu ^he`gu bkke_^h\Zlv nmgdpbhgZevgh_ \u^_e_gb_
]heh\u ih^ ^jm]bf m]ehf aj_gby. J_[_ghd ij_^eZ]Z_l bah[jZ`_gb_ ]heh\u dZd aZdhgq_gguc
jbkmghd q_eh\_dZ, gh hg gbdh]^Z g_ ij_^klZ\bl q_eh\_dZ \ p_ehf k ihfhsvx jbkmgdZ
hl^_evgh lmeh\bsZ, r_b, jmd beb gh]. G_ dZ`_lky eb, qlh ]heh\Z bf__l [hevrbc jZaf_j
ihlhfm, qlh wlh hkhagZ\Z_fuc p_glj nmgdpbc iblZgby, k_gkhjghc klbfmeypbb b j_q_\hc
Zdlb\ghklb, beb `_ ]heh\Z ijbh[j_lZ_l \ khagZgbb j_[_gdZ hkh[mx \Z`ghklv [eZ]h^Zjy lhfm
nZdlm, qlh gZb[he__ h^mohl\hj_ggZy qZklv khpbZevgh]h hdjm`_gby ebph \ajhkeh]h
q_eh\_dZ? Bf_ggh ]heh\Z dhgp_gljbjm_l gZ k_[_ meu[dm, h^h[j_gb_, g_h^h[j_gb_ beb [jZgv.
=heh\Z \ajhkeh]h gZb[he__ \Z`guc hj]Zg, k\yaZgguc k wfhpbhgZevguf dhfnhjlhf
j_[_gdZ. <hafh`gh, [hevrZy ]heh\Z, dhlhjhc aZ\bkbfuc fm`qbgZ gZ^_ey_l bah[jZ`Z_fmx bf
`_gkdmx nb]mjm, hljZ`Z_l _]h wfhpbhgZevgmx nbdkZpbx gZ ih^^_j`b\Zxs_f _]h h[jZa_
fZl_jb, ih^h[gh lhfm, dZd wlh ijhbkoh^bl k ghjfZevguf j_[_gdhf \ hij_^_e_gghc nZa_ _]h
jZa\blby,
=m^bgZn (17) hlf_lbeZ hkgh\gu_ jZaebqby f_`^m jbkmgdZfb fZevqbdh\ b ^_\hq_d,
ihemqb\rbo h^bgZdh\mx bgkljmdpbx "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ". Wlb jZaebqby aZkem`b\Zxl
lh]h, qlh[u jZkkfhlj_lv bo k nmgdpbhgZevghc lhqdb aj_gby. Hlf_qZ_lky, qlh ^_\hqdb jbkmxl
[he__ djmigu_ ]heh\u, [he__ dhjhldb_ jmdb, f_gvrb_ ih jZaf_jm dbklb jmd, [he__ dhjhldb_
gh]b b f_gvrb_ ih jZaf_jm klmigb, g_`_eb fZevqbdb (kf. jbk. 4m). LZdh]h jh^Z jZaebqb_
fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k khhl\_lkl\mxsbf hiulhf, dhlhjuc ijbh[j_lZxl, \ujZklZy \ gZr_c
dmevlmj_, fZevqbdb b ^_\hqdb. < lh \j_fy, dZd hl ^_\hq_d lj_[m_lky ebrv [ulv
ohjhr_gvdbfb b baysgufb, ^Z[u ijb\e_dZlv \gbfZgb_ \ h[s_kl\_, hl fZevqbdh\ h`b^Zxl
[ukljuo mki_oh\ \ nbabq_kdhf b k_dkmZevghf jZa\blbb, \ h\eZ^_gbb kihjlb\gufb gZ\udZfb,
k l_f, qlh[u kbevg__ \u^_eylvky \ k\h_f hdjm`_gbb, ^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv [he__ \i_qZleyxsb_,
hq_\b^gu_ ^hklb`_gby. Fgh]b_ debgbpbklu hlf_qZeb, qlh wfhpbhgZevgu_ ljm^ghklb,
gZjmr_gby ih\_^_gby b aZljm^g_gby \ mq_[_ qZs_ ijhy\eyxlky m fZevqbdh\, g_`_eb m
^_\hq_d. Lj_[h\Zgby, ij_^ty\ey_fu_ d fZevqbdm, \ur_. Khj_\gh\Zgb_ k hq_gv
agZqbl_evgufb, ih^qZk g_^hklb`bfufb mki_oZfb, ijbibku\Z_fufb "h[jZam hlpZ", fh`_l
^h\_klb fZevqbdZ ^h mgugby, haeh[e_gghklb b qZklh hlklmie_gby ih^ hi_dm fZl_jb. Bf__l
f_klh ijhy\e_gb_ lZdbo ijh[e_f, hl dhlhjuo ^_\hqdb, ih [hevrhfm kq_lm, ba[Z\e_gu.
KhpbZevgu_q_jlu qZklbebpZ
Ebph gZb[he__ \ujZabl_evgZy qZklv l_eZ. Wlh \Z`g_crbc p_glj dhffmgbdZpbb.
=heh\Z b ebph k gZb[hevr_c ]hlh\ghklvx \hkijbgbfZxlky, km[t_dlb\gh e_]q_ \k_]h
bah[jZ`Zxlky, Z \ ]jm[uo bah[jZ`_gbyo gZjbkh\Zgu, dZd ijZ\beh, lsZl_evg__ \k_]h ijhq_]h.
Bkiulm_fu_ \k_o \hajZklh\ qZklh ij_^eZ]Zxl ebph (beb ]heh\m) dZd aZdhgq_gguc jbkmghd
q_eh\_dZ, \ lh \j_fy dZd lmeh\bs_ beb ex[Zy ^jm]Zy qZklv l_eZ kZfb ih k_[_ gbdh]^Z g_
ij_^eZ]Zxlky dZd aZf_s_gb_ ihegh]h bah[jZ`_gby nb]mju. >ey bkiulm_fuo, jbkmxsbo
]heh\m \ ihke_^gxx hq_j_^v, h[uqgh oZjZdl_jgu gZjmr_gby \ f_`ebqghklguo hlghr_gbyo.
Ebph fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_gh dZd khpbZevgZy qZklv jbkmgdZ. Bkiulm_fuc, gZf_j_ggh
mimkdZxsbc bah[jZ`_gb_ q_jl ebpZ, \ lh `_ \j_fy lsZl_evgh b gZjhqblh Z]j_kkb\gh
\u^_eyxsbc dhglmj b ^_lZebaZpbx hklZevguo qZkl_c nb]mju, dZd ijZ\beh, klj_fblky d
moh^m hl ijh[e_f, k\yaZgguo k dhgnebdlZfb \ f_`ebqghklguo hlghr_gbyo. LZdhc jbkmghd
]jZnbq_kdh_ ijhy\e_gb_ ba[_]Zgby ijh[e_fu. Ih\_joghklghklv, gZklhjh`_gghklv b
\jZ`^_[ghklv oZjZdl_jbamxl khpbZevgu_ dhglZdlu bg^b\b^h\ lZdh]h lbiZ. Fu klZedb\Zebkv
lZd`_ k himkdZgb_f q_jl ebpZ \ jbkmgdZo "ghjfZevguo" km[t_dlh\. Jh[db_, g_kf_eu_,
kdehggu_ d moh^m hl ijh[e_f bg^b\b^u qZklh kbevgh aZlmr_\u\Zxl q_jlu ebpZ, ih^q_jdb\Zy
dhglmj ]heh\u (agZqbfhklv "Y" b kbevgh_ klj_fe_gb_ d khpbZevghfm ijbgylbx,
aZ[ehdbjh\Zggh_ w]hp_gljbafhf.) K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, fu hlf_qZ_f lZd`_ \u^_e_gb_ b
ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ q_jl ebpZ m l_o km[t_dlh\, dhlhju_ \ kh[kl\_gghc nZglZabb dhfi_gkbjmxl
k\hx g_Z^_d\Zlghklv b keZ[hklv kZfhml\_j`^_gby, kha^Z\Zy h[jZa "Y" Z]j_kkb\gh]h b
khpbZevgh ^hfbgZglgh]h bg^b\b^Z. LZdZy ihabpby qZklh ijhy\ey_lky \ jbkh\Zgbb ijhnbey b
\ dhf[bgZpbb ijhnbey k g_ykgh \u^_e_gghc kj_^g_c ebgb_c nb]mju.
H^bg ]em[hdh ^_aZ^Zilbjh\Zgguc ih^jhklhd, gZjbkh\Z\rbc [hevrmx ]heh\m, gZihegbe
k\hc jbkmghd [h]Zluf nZglZabcguf kh^_j`Zgb_f b kbf\hebq_kdbf \ujZ`_gb_f k_dkmZevghc
\blZevghklb (h]jhfgZy, kbevgh aZrljboh\ZggZy reyiZ, qj_a\uqZcgh lheklu_, lZd`_ kbevgh
aZlmr_\Zggu_ ]m[u, b iurgu_, lsZl_evgh ijhjbkh\Zggu_ \hehku). =heh\Z [ueZ bah[jZ`_gZ
ijZdlbq_kdb hl^_evgh hl l_eZ gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mju. HgZ gZoh^beZkv \ klhjhg_ hl kj_^g_c
ebgbb l_eZ b [ueZ ihoh`Z gZ ]heh\m klZlmb, hl[blmx b g_eh\dh aZgh\h ijbdj_ie_ggmx. <
ZkkhpbZlb\guo k\yayo bkiulm_fh]h \uy\behkv, qlh gZjbkh\Zgguc q_eh\_d hq_gv mf_g, b ohly
hg q_jghdh`bc b gZoh^blky \ kl_kg_gguo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo, hg klj_fblky klZlv ^hdlhjhf
([hevrZy ]heh\Z ^Zgv bgl_ee_dlm, Z baebrg_ ijhjZ[hlZggu_ ^_lZeb ]heh\u ^Zgv
nZglZabb). HklZevgZy qZklv nb]mju [ueZ gZjbkh\ZgZ \ lsZl_evgh ih^h[jZgghc, dZd m ^_g^b,
h^_`^_ kxjlmd, hlmlx`_ggu_ [jxdb b hkljhghku_ lmneb. Kbevgh ih^q_jdb\Zehkv gbq_f
g_ k^_j`b\Z_fh_ \ujZ`_gb_ lh]h, qlh `bagv bg^b\b^Z gZijZ\ey_lky fhsgufb bfimevkZfb.
K debgbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby, ^ey wlh]h km[t_dlZ oZjZdl_jgZ ^\hckl\_gghklv: k h^ghc
klhjhgu, ihdZagZy, djbqZsZy, qj_af_jgh Zdlb\gZy b g_k^_j`ZggZy ^_fhgkljZpby
kbxfbgmlguo ihlj_[ghkl_c, b, k ^jm]hc klhjhgu, hlhj\ZggZy hl `bagb nZglZaby, \ dhlhjmx
km[t_dl iheghklvx ih]jm`Z_lky b dhlhjZy ij_\jZsZ_l aZ^Zgb_ "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ" \
gZklhysbc l\hjq_kdbc Zdl, bf_xsbc ^ey km[t_dlZ agZq_gb_ dZlZjkbkZ.
<ujZ`_gb_ebpZ
MklZgh\e_gh, qlh \ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ y\ey_lky h^ghc ba lZdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd jbkmgdZ,
dhlhju_ fh`gh bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k ^hklZlhqghc lhqghklvx.
Bg^b\b^mZevgu_ hp_gdb \ujZ`_gby ebpZ gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mju [m^ml jZaebqZlvky \ ^_lZeyo,
h^gZdh hiul Z\lhjZ ihdZau\Z_l, qlh g_aZ\bkbfhklv km`^_gbc hl ebqghklb hibku\Zxs_]h
jbkmghd kdhj__ ijZ\beh, q_f bkdexq_gb_. Fu h[gZjm`b\Z_f, qlh, g_aZ\bkbfh hl mf_gby
jbkh\Zlv, bkiulm_fuc [m^_l [_kkhagZl_evgh ijb^Z\Zlv k\h_fm jbkmgdm hij_^_e_ggh_
\ujZ`_gb_ g_gZ\bklb, kljZoZ, kfms_gby, Z]j_kkbb, \uah\Z, mfbjhl\hj_gby, djhlhklb beb
^Z`_ g_Z^_d\Zlghc Znn_dlb\ghklb. H^gZdh ihiuldZ bkiulm_fh]h gZjbkh\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb
k bgkljmdpb_c kfms_ggh]h eb[h kqZkleb\h]h q_eh\_dZ fh`_l hdZaZlvky g_m^Zqghc.
AZieZgbjh\Zgu wdki_jbf_glu, \ dhlhjuo ijh_dpby jZaebqguo \ujZ`_gbc ebpZ [m^_l
ke_^kl\b_f ki_pbnbq_kdhc bgkljmdpbb, Z lZd`_ [m^_l \hagbdZlv ih^ \ebygb_f
ki_pbnbq_kdh]h gZkljh_gby, \gmr_ggh]h ih^ ]bighahf. M rbahb^guo km[t_dlh\ h[uqgh
gZ[ex^Z_lky dhf[bgZpby hkh[_gghkl_c jbkmgdZ, \dexqZxsZy \ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ, hljZ`Zxs__
Zmlbklbq_kdmx b gZjpbkkbq_kdmx ih]ehs_gghklv, [hevrb_ jZaf_ju bah[jZ`_gby, Z lZd`_
h]jZgbq_ggmx ih^\b`ghklv, qlh ih^q_jdb\Z_l kdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghklv km[t_dlZ gZ k_[_. <
lZdh]h jh^Z jbkmgdZo h[_a^\b`_gguo nb]mj \hh[jZ`Z_fh_ ^\b]Zl_evgh_ ih[m`^_gb_ kbevgh,
h^gZdh nb]mjZ hklZ_lky aZ`Zlhc \ jZfdZo gZjpbkkbafZ b wdk]b[bpbhgbafZ km[t_dlZ. ;he__
q_f qZklh j_amevlZlhf [u\Z_l klZlbqgZy ihaZ, qlh hsmlbfh dhgljZklbjm_l k hq_\b^guf
\gmlj_ggbf ih[m`^_gb_f d ^\b`_gbx.
;hevrh_ jZaghh[jZab_ ]jZnbq_kdbo hkh[_gghkl_c. hlghkysboky d bg^b\b^mZevguf
oZjZdl_jbklbdZf ebpZ, khklZ\ey_l h^bg ba hkgh\guo bklhqgbdh\ ZgZebaZ kh^_j`Zgby.
Bgljhki_dlb\gu_ hlq_lu, ihemq_ggu_ m hl^_evguo bkiulm_fuo b dZkZxsb_ky bo gZ\udh\
jbkh\Zgby. \uy\eyxl ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv d aZdj_ie_gguf ij_^ihql_gbyf ki_pbnbq_kdbo
kihkh[h\ bah[jZ`_gby jlZ. ]eZa, ghkZ b ^jm]bo ^_lZe_c ebpZ. Wlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l, qlh
hij_^_e_gguc klbev, ba[jZgguc ^ey bah[jZ`_gby jZaebqguo q_jl ebpZ, klZ[bevgh
khhlghkblky k [Zah\ufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb ebqghklb. WlZ ]bihl_aZ ijh\_jy_lky iml_f
bamq_gby dhgklZglghklb jbkh\Zevguo rZ[ehgh\.
< jbkmgd_ ijbkmlkl\mxl b ^jm]b_ hq_\b^gu_ ijbagZdb \ukhdhjZa\blhc
bgljZikbobq_kdhc ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb. Wlh hkh[_ggh ohjhrh aZf_lgh, dh]^Z bkiulm_fuc
jbkm_l ^hihegbl_evgu_ ebgbb, qlh[u h[hagZqblv fhjsbgu beb ijb^Zlv ebpm hkh[mx
\ujZabl_evghklv. LZdh]h lbiZ ebgbb h[uqgh aZf_lgu \ h[eZklb ghkh]m[guo kdeZ^hd b gZ e[m.
P_evx lZdh]h jh^Z ]jZnbq_kdh]h Zdp_glZ y\ey_lky ^h[Z\e_gb_ k_jv_aghklb b aj_ehklb
bah[jZ`Z_fhfm ebpm. Ki_pbZevgh_ ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ e[Z, bah[jZ`_gb_ _]h hq_gv \uimdeuf
(qlh hkh[_ggh ohjhrh \b^gh gZ ijhnbevguo jbkmgdZo) \ p_ehf Zkkhpbbjm_lky bkiulm_fuf k
bgl_ee_dlmZevgufb kihkh[ghklyfb. Ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ \uimdehklb \ h[eZklb aZluedZ, qlh lZd`_
bgh]^Z \b^gh gZ jbkmgd_, bf__l, \_jhylgh, lZdh_ `_ agZq_gb_.
Jhl
Jhl ihy\ey_lky gZ ^_lkdbo jbkmgdZo ijZdlbq_kdb lZd `_ jZgh, dZd b ]heh\Z. Wlh l_kgh
k\yaZgh k nmgdpbhgZevgufb hkh[_gghklyfb jhklZ b jZa\blby j_[_gdZ. Ih^h[gh ^jm]bf
^_lZeyf ebpZ, jhl fh`_l hlh[jZ`Zlv rbjhdbc ki_dlj jbkmghqguo ijh_dpbc. Jhl fh`_l [ulv
\u^_e_g iml_f ijhimkdZ _]h (hldZa hl bah[jZ`_gby jlZ \hh[s_), ih^q_jdb\Zgby, g_h[uqgh]h
jZaf_jZ, hkh[uo hq_jlZgbc, rljboh\db, klbjZgby beb bah[jZ`_gby _]h \ g_h[uqghf f_kl_.
<u^_e_gb_ hjZevghc h[eZklb hlf_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c, Z lZd`_ hlklZeuo b
^_]jZ^bjh\Z\rbo bg^b\b^h\, Zedh]hebdh\. Ihkdhevdm jhl y\ey_lky bklhqgbdhf qm\kl\_ggh]h
beb wjhlbq_kdh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby, hg hlq_leb\h \u^_ey_lky \ jbkmgdZo bg^b\b^h\, bf_xsbo
k_dkmZevgu_ ijh[e_fu. Qj_af_jgh kbevgh_ \u^_e_gb_ jlZ h[uqgh k\yaZgh k nbdkZpb_c gZ
ibs_, k `_em^hqghc kbfilhfZlbdhc, Z lZd`_ kdehgghklvx d kd\_jghkeh\bx b
ih^\_j`_gghklvx \kiurdZf ]g_\Z. Jhl k ^_lZevgh ijhjbkh\Zggufb am[Zfb \ jbkmgd_
\ajhkeh]h q_eh\_dZ kqblZ_lky ijbagZdhf bgnZglbevghc, hjZevghc Z]j_kkb\ghklb (kf. jbkmgdb
3m b 3I). QZklh fh`gh \b^_lv lZdhc jhl gZ jbkmgdZo bkiulm_fuo, kljZ^Zxsbo ijhklhc
nhjfhc rbahnj_gbb, Z lZd`_ y\guo bkl_jbdh\. >_lb b ^_n_dlb\gu_ bkiulm_fu_ g_\ukhdh]h
mjh\gy qZklh ^_fhgkljbjmxl lZdhc kihkh[ bah[jZ`_gby jlZ, h^gZdh, \ hlebqb_ hl jbkmgdh\
rbahnj_gbdh\, hjZevgZy Z]j_kkby, h[hagZqZ_fZy lZdbf h[jZahf, y\ey_lky kdhj__ ihdZaZl_e_f
jZa\blby, g_`_eb j_]j_kkbb. Bgh]^Z h[hagZq_g lZd`_ b yaud, qlh ih^q_jdb\Z_l hjZevgmx
dhgp_gljZpbx gZ ijbfblb\ghf mjh\g_. Wlbf ijb\ghkblky lZd`_ wjhlbq_kdZy ghlZ.
Bah]gmluc, qm\kl\_gguc jhl h[uqgh hlf_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo bgnZglbevguo, aZ\bkbfuo bg^b\b^h\. Bo
aZ\bkbfhklv qZklh ih^q_jdb\Z_lky lZd`_ \u^_e_gb_f im]h\bp. NmgdpbhgZevgh jhl lZdh]h
lbiZ bagZqZevgh iZkkb\_g b hldjul ^ey ijbgylby ibsb. H[uqgh lZdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ hjZevghc
aZ\bkbfhklb ^_fhgkljbjmxl lj_[h\Zl_evgu_ b iZjZablbq_kdb gZkljh_ggu_ \ajhkeu_
bkiulm_fu_. K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, fu \uy\beb \ jbkmgdZo ^jm]hc lbi jlZ bah[jZ`_gb_ _]h
j_adhc, ]jm[hc ebgb_c (dZd s_ev). < jbkmgd_ lZdhc jhl i_j_^Z_l Z]j_kkb\ghklv. LZdhc kihkh[
bah[jZ`_gby jlZ, dZd ijZ\beh, ^hklh\_jgh Zkkhpbbjm_lky k \_j[Zevgh-Z]j_kkb\ghc,
k\_jodjblbqghc b ih^qZk kZ^bklbq_kdhc ebqghklvx. <ZjbZglu lZdhc ebgbb fh`gh \b^_lv \
l_o kemqZyo, dh]^Z bkiulm_fuc gZqbgZ_l jbkh\Zlv ih^ hsmlbfuf ^Z\e_gb_f, gh [ukljh
aZdZgqb\Z_l jZ[hlm gZ^ ebklhf [mfZ]b. < j_amevlZl_ jhl h[hagZqZ_lky dZd dhjhldZy, ]jm[Zy
ebgby. Bgl_jij_lZpby lZdh]h lbiZ jbkmgdh\ khklhbl \ lhf, qlh ih[m`^_gb_ d \_j[Zevghc
Z]j_kkbb kbevgh, gh h`b^Z_fuc hlihj aZklZ\ey_l bg^b\b^Z ij_^mkfhljbl_evgh hl g__
hldZaZlvky. Bkiulm_fu_, gZoh^ysb_ky \ khklhygbb gZijy`_gghklb, bah[jZ`Zeb jhl h^ghc
ebgb_c gZ ijhnbevguo jbkmgdZo lZd, dZd [m^lh jhl [ue iehlgh k`Zl, aZdjul hl q_]h-lh.
Hkh[_ggh wlh [ueh aZf_lgh \ jbkmgdZo l_o bkiulm_fuo, dhlhju_ bf_eb Zdlb\guc hiul
n_eeypbb. Koh^guc lbi bah[jZ`_gby, gh k f_g__ \ujZ`_gghc gZijy`_gghklvx, hlf_qZeky m
iZpb_glZ, dhlhjuc ebrbeky j_qb \ j_amevlZl_ hi_jZpbb gZ ]hje_. < wlhc k\yab [ueh [u
ihe_agh bamqblv kihkh[u bah[jZ`_gby jlZ m ex^_c, kljZ^Zxsbo hl aZbdZgby b ^jm]bo
^_n_dlh\ j_qb. Bah[jZ`_gb_ jlZ k ihfhsvx rbjhdhc ijbih^gylhc (gZ dhgpZo) ebgbb, dZd gZ
dehmgkdhc fZkd_, qZklh hlf_qZ_lky \ ^_lkdbo jbkmgdZo b bguo nb]mjZo, gZjbkh\Zgguo \
bgnZglbevghc fZg_j_. < aZ\bkbfhklb hl ^jm]bo Zki_dlh\ jbkmgdZ wlh bgl_jij_lbjm_lky dZd
ih^q_jdgmlh_ klj_fe_gb_ d h^h[j_gbx eb[h dZd Znn_dl g_Z^_d\Zlghklb. < jbkmgd_, dhlhjuc
[ue g_^Z\gh \uiheg_g iZpb_glhf, kljZ^Zxsbf iZlheh]bq_kdhc ^_ij_kkb_c, hlkmlkl\b_ jlZ
kh\iZ^Zeh k \ujZ`_gguf qm\kl\hf \bgu \ k\yab k hjZevghc Z]j_kkb_c, k\yaZgghc \ khagZgbb
iZpb_glZ k kZ^bklkdbfb gZdehgghklyfb. LZdZy nhjfmebjh\dZ kh\iZ^Z_l k
ikbohZgZeblbq_kdhc l_hjb_c ^_ij_kkbb. Ijhimkd jlZ oZjZdl_j_g lZd`_ ^ey ZklfZlbdh\.
=m[u
>_lZebaZpby ]m[, ihy\eyxsboky gZ jbkmgd_, qZklh aZ^Z_l lhg \ujZ`_gbx ebpZ.
Ijb^Zggu_ fm`kdhc nb]mj_ ihegu_ ]m[u jZkp_gb\Zxlky dZd ihdZaZl_ev `_gkl\_gghklb (kf.
jbk. 6m). Hgb fh]ml qZklh bah[jZ`Zlvky gZjy^m k ^jm]bfb q_jlZfb, hljZ`Zxsbfb ls_keZ\b_
b gZjpbkkbq_kdb_ bgl_j_ku. Bgh]^Z ]m[u bah[jZ`Zxlky hkh[h qm\kl\_ggufb b fh]ml [ulv
bgl_jij_lbjh\Zgu bf_ggh lZdbf h[jZahf. < j_^dbo kemqZyo ]m[u ki_pbnbq_kdb bah]gmlu,
qlh[u ihoh^blv gZ nZeehk, ^ey wlbo bkiulm_fuo [ue ZdlmZe_g hiul hjZevghc
k_dkmZevghklb. Bah[jZ`_gb_ ]m[, lZd `_, dZd b ^jm]bo ^_lZe_c, qZklh aZf_lgh jZaebqZ_lky \
jbkmgd_ fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mju. Wlb jZaebqby [m^ml h[km`^Zlvky \ h^ghf ba ke_^mxsbo
jZa^_eh\. LsZl_evgh \ujbkh\Zggu_ ]m[u \ nhjf_ emdZ Dmib^hgZ \ khq_lZgbb k ^jm]bfb
h[bevgh ijbmdjZr_ggufb q_jlZfb bah[jZ`_gghc nb]mju fh`gh \b^_lv \ jbkmgd_
ij_`^_\j_f_ggh k_dkmZevgh jZa\b\r_cky ^_\hqdb. H \ujZ`_gghklb k_dkmZevgh]h
ih[m`^_gby fh`gh km^blv, bkoh^y ba ^jm]bo Zki_dlh\ jbkmgdZ. G_mf_klgZy ebgby,
gZoh^ysZyky f_`^m ]m[Zfb, gZih^h[b_ khehfbgdb beb am[hqbkldb, hlf_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo l_o
bkiulm_fuo, \ qv_c k_dkmZevghc kn_j_ bf__lky ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv d hjZevghfm wjhlbafm.
;he__ ]jm[Zy b ki_pbnbq_kdZy wjhlbq_kdZy dhgp_gljZpby gZ ]m[Zo b h[eZklb jlZ bf__lky \
jbkmgdZo hq_gv g_aj_euo bg^b\b^h\ bo jbkmgdb kZfb ih k_[_ \_kvfZ ]jm[u. ;he__
bahsj_gguc \ZjbZgl hjZevgh-wjhlbq_kdh]h Zdp_glZ ^hklb]Z_lky \dexq_gb_f hq_gv aZf_lghc
kb]Zj_lu beb ljm[db.
Ih^[hjh^hd
< ij_^klZ\e_gbb h djZkhl_ ebpZ ih^[hjh^hd b]jZ_l kjZ\gbl_evgh g_[hevrmx jhev. <
j_Zevghc `bagb ijhklh jZaebqZxl keZ[uc b kbevguc ih^[hjh^hd. < jbkmgdZo `_ hg qZklh
Zdp_glbjm_lky. Jhev ih^[hjh^dZ \ h[jZa_ l_eZ h[mkeh\e_gZ ij_bfms_kl\_ggh _]h
kbf\hebq_kdbf agZq_gb_f \ dZq_kl\_ khpbZevgh]h kl_j_hlbiZ, Z g_ ijhbkl_dZ_l ba _]h
dhgdj_lghc nmgdpbhgZevghc jheb. < ijhnbevguo bah[jZ`_gbyo ih^[hjh^hd qZklh \a^_jgml,
gZijy`_g beb aZf_lgh \uklmiZ_l. LZdh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ fh`_l jZkp_gb\Zlvky dZd dhfi_gkZpby
keZ[hklb, g_j_rbl_evghklb, [hyagb hl\_lkl\_gghklb. Hgh bgl_jij_lbjm_lky dZd hljZ`_gb_
kbevgh]h klj_fe_gby d ij_\hkoh^kl\m b khpbZevghc agZqbfhklb. G_j_^dh wlh klj_fe_gb_ _s_
[he__ ihegh ijhy\ey_lky \ \b^_ ijhjbkh\db k gZ`bfhf \k_]h ebp_\h]h ijhnbey \
ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv e_]dbf ebgbyf \h \k_o hklZevguo f_klZo. < lZdbo kemqZyo ^Zggh_
ih[m`^_gb_ h[uqgh g_ ijhy\ey_lky \h \g_rg_f ih\_^_gbb. Z dmevlb\bjm_lky \ \hh[jZ`_gbb.
< p_ehf, ebgby, \uiheg_ggZy ij_ju\bklh beb k gZ`bfhf k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h \gbfZgbb d
ih^[hjh^dm. G_j_^dh ih^[hjh^hd `_gkdhc nb]mju bah[jZ`Zeky bgZq_, q_f fm`kdhc. DZd
ijZ\beh, aZ\bkbfu_ fm`qbgu qZklh kbf\hebq_kdb hlh[jZ`Zxl ijh_dpbx [hevr_c kbeu,
ijbibku\Z_fhc `_gsbg_, g_ lhevdh jbkmy `_gkdmx nb]mjm [hevr_]h jZaf_jZ, q_f fm`kdmx,
gh lZd`_ gZ^_eyy __ ]hjZa^h [he__ kbevgh \uklmiZxsbf ih^[hjh^dhf.
=eZaZ
< nmgdpbb khpbZevghc dhffmgbdZpbb, dhlhjZy ijbibku\Z_lky ]heh\_, kms_kl\_ggZy
qZklv kdhgp_gljbjh\ZgZ \ ]eZaZo bg^b\b^Z. D ]eZaZf hlghkylky g_ lhevdh dZd d "a_jdZem
^mrb", hljZ`Zxs_fm \gmlj_ggxx `bagv bg^b\b^Z. Wlh hkgh\ghc hj]Zg dhglZdlZ k \g_rgbf
fbjhf. "M\b^_lv agZqbl ih\_jblv" \hl lhevdh h^gZ ba fgh]hqbke_gguo ih]h\hjhd,
dhlhju_ ih^q_jdb\Zxl p_gljZevgmx jhev ]eZa \ nmgdpbb ijbgylby beb hl\_j`_gby fbjZ
q_eh\_dhf. Bg^b\b^, mljZlb\rbc kemo, khojZgy_l Zdlb\guc dhglZdl k hdjm`Zxsbf fbjhf,
[ulv fh`_l \ g_kdhevdh jZa^jZ`bl_evghc b iZjZghb^ghc fZg_j_. Hg ijh^he`Z_l [hjhlvky. AZ
g_kdhevdbfb hkh[ufb bkdexq_gbyfb, q_eh\_d, mljZlb\rbc aj_gb_, l_jy_l dhglZdl k \g_rgbf
fbjhf, hg g_kihkh[_g d [hjv[_, ihkdhevdm hg nbabq_kdb ihiZ^Z_l \ ihegmx aZ\bkbfhklv hl
k\h_]h hdjm`_gby. Hg eb[h \hh[s_ \udexqZ_lky ba khpbZevgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by, eb[h
klZgh\blky qj_a\uqZcgh aZ\bkbfuf. =eZaZ wlh ]eZ\gZy lhqdZ dhgp_gljZpbb qm\kl\Z "y" b
h^gh\j_f_ggh lhqdZ fZdkbfZevghc mya\bfhklb wlh]h qm\kl\Z. H[s_ba\_klgh_ \ujZ`_gb_
"aZkehgblv `b\hl\hjysbc k\_l hl q_eh\_dZ" ih^l\_j`^Z_l lhl nZdl, qlh q_eh\_d fh`_l
ih]b[gmlv, _keb h]jZgbq_gZ _]h kihkh[ghklv ihevah\Zlvky aj_gb_f. =eZaZ kem`Zl ij_`^_
\k_]h ^ey ij_^mij_`^_gby bg^b\b^Z h[ m]jh`Zxsbo beb hiZkguo we_f_glZo hdjm`Zxs_c
_]h kj_^u. Wlh lZ nmgdpby. dhlhjmx, dZd ijZ\beh, \u^_ey_l ij_`^_ \k_]h iZjZghb^guc
km[t_dl, kbevgh ]jZnbq_kdb ih^q_jdb\Zxsbc ]eZaZ. IZjZghb^guc bg^b\b^ k\_jogZklhjh`_g
d ex[hc ^_lZeb. dZkZxs_cky _]h. Wlb b^_b fh]ml ihjh`^Zlvky kljZohf lh]h, dZd ex^b
j_Z]bjmxl gZ _]h kh[kl\_ggmx \jZ`^_[ghklv ih hlghr_gbx d gbf, b hkh[_gghklb ]eZa
y\eyxlky p_gljZevguf hlebqb_f wlh]h lbiZ k_gablb\ghklb. Bg^b\b^ fh`_l \ hl^_evguo
kemqZyo bah[jZablv ijbdjulu_ q_f-eb[h ]eZaZ, eb[h ijb^Zlv bf \ujZ`_gb_
ih^hajbl_evghklb ijbagZd gZebqby b^_c hlghr_gby. Fu \b^bf lZd`_ ijhgbau\Zxsbc
\a]ey^ \ jbkmgd_, ]^_ \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb hlf_qZ_lky nmgdpby ]eZaZ dZd Z]j_kkb\gh]h
khpbZevgh]h bgkljmf_glZ, g_`_eb wkl_lbq_kdZy nmgdpby eb[h nmgdpby ihemq_gby [he__
ihegh]h \bamZevgh]h hiulZ (kf. jbk. 3I). =eZaZ fh]ml lZd`_ \ujZ`Zlv aeh[ghklv, kbem beb
]bighlbq_kdbc dhgljhev, b \ wlhf kfuke_ bo ke_^m_l jZkp_gb\Zlv dZd ij_^klZ\bl_e_c
khagZgby. Dh]^Z q_eh\_d nbdkbjh\Zg gZ q_f-eb[h, wlh kfmsZ_l _]h fukeb. =eZaZ bf_xl
hlghr_gb_ d gZr_c wfhpbhgZevghc `bagb, qm\kl\m [_ahiZkghklb, ihkdhevdm fu qblZ_f
ijbgylb_ beb hl\_j`_gb_ \ ]eZaZo ^jm]bo ex^_c. < ebl_jZlmj_ \k_]^Z m^_eyehkv fgh]h
\gbfZgby ]eZaZf q_eh\_dZ ijb hibkZgbb _]h oZjZdl_jZ. =eZaZ bf_xl qj_a\uqZcgh [hevrh_
agZq_gb_ \ b_jZjobb hp_ghd nbabq_kdhc djZkhlu b k_dkmZevghc ijb\e_dZl_evghklb. =eZa
keh`guc hj]Zg, iha\heyxsbc gZf ihemqZlv fgh]h m^h\hevkl\by b fgh]h agZgbc.
=jZnbq_kdb_ kihkh[u bah[jZ`_gby ]eZa, \_jhylgh, klhev `_ jZaghh[jZagu, dZd bo
nmgdpby. < jbkmgd_ iZjZghbdZ fu \b^bf [hevrb_, l_fgu_, khkj_^hlhq_ggu_ beb bf_xsb_
m]jh`Zxs__ \ujZ`_gb_ ]eZaZ, kha^Zxsb_ \i_qZle_gb_ \jZ`^_[ghklb b ih^hajbl_evghklb.
>_\hqdb \ hkgh\ghf bah[jZ`Zxl [hevrb_ ih jZaf_jm b [he__ lsZl_evgh ijhjbkh\Zggu_
]eZaZ, q_f fZevqbdb. NmgdpbhgZevgh ]eZaZ `_gsbgu fh]ml [ulv [he__ agZqbfu ^ey
khpbZevghc Z^ZilZpbb b k_dkmZevghc klbfmeypbb. @_gsbgu lZd`_ h[uqgh [he__ hldjulu
khpbZevguf dhglZdlZf, g_`_eb fm`qbgu. =hfhk_dkmZevgh hjb_glbjh\Zgguc fm`qbgZ, qZklh
hq_gv wdkljZ\_jlbjh\Zgguc \ khpbZevghf ieZg_, fh`_l bah[jZablv [hevrb_ ]eZaZ k
j_kgbpZfb \ khq_lZgbb k h[m\vx gZ \ukhdhf dZ[emd_ \k_ wlh \ jbkmgd_ fm`kdhc nb]mju.
< ^jm]bo kemqZyo h[eZklv ]eZa, h[\_^_ggZy hkh[hc ebgb_c, fh`_l [ulv ^h\hevgh [hevrhc, gh
kZfb ]eZaZ ijb wlhf fh]ml [ulv hlghkbl_evgh g_[hevrbfb. < wlhf kemqZ_ bg^b\b^ fh`_l
^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv \ujZ`_ggmx ex[hagZl_evghklv, gh ijb wlhf bkiulu\Zlv g_dhlhjh_ qm\kl\h
\bgu, k\yaZggh_ k wlhc nmgdpb_c: \hafh`gh, wlh dhj_gblky \ ijbjh^_ \mZc_jbklbq_kdh]h
dhgnebdlZ. FZe_gvdb_ ]eZaZ qZklh ihy\eyxlky \ jbkmgd_ \ khq_lZgbb k ^jm]bfb
]jZnbq_kdbfb ijbagZdZfb ih]ehs_gghklb kh[kl\_ggufb i_j_`b\Zgbyfb. Fu hlf_qZeb
lZd`_ bkiulm_fuo, jbkmxsbo nb]mjm k aZdjulufb ]eZaZfb, dZd [u klj_fysboky
hl]hjh^blvky hl fbjZ. qlh[u emqr_ kdhgp_gljbjh\Zlvky gZ k\h_f kh[kl\_gghf l_e_kghf
gZjpbkkbaf_. F_g__ ijhba\hevgZy b [he__ lhgdZy ijh_dpby "g_ \b^_gby" ijhy\ey_lky \
ijhimkd_ ajZqdZ b jbkh\Zgbb lhevdh dhglmjZ ]eZaZ. < wlhf kemqZ_ km[t_dl g_ hl]hjZ`b\Z_lky
Zdlb\gh hl fbjZ, gh fbj ij_^klZ\ey_lky _fm lmfZggh, dZd g_^bnn_j_gpbjh\ZggZy klbfmevgZy
fZkkZ, k g_agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gvx hij_^_e_gghklb ^_lZe_c (kf. jbk. 4I, 4m). "G_\b^ysbc"
]eZa fh`gh kqblZlv kbfilhfZlbqguf ijb wfhpbhgZevghc g_aj_ehklb b w]hp_gljbaf_, <
hl^_evguo kemqZyo bah[jZ`_gb_ "imkluo ]eZa" ^h\h^blky ^h djZcghklb: \ \b^_ h^bgZdh\uo
fZe_gvdbo djm`hqdh\ bah[jZ`Zxlky ]eZaZ, ghk, jhl b im]h\bpu. LZdb_ jbkmgdb \klj_qZxlky m
^_]jZ^bjh\Z\rbo. \iZ\rbo \ ^_lkl\h \ajhkeuo, ]em[hdh hlklZeuo, Z lZd`_ bgh]^Z m
fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c, qlh \_jhylgh y\ey_lky hljZ`_gb_f aZ\bkbfhklb, g_]em[hdhc
wfhpbhgZevghklb, g_^hklZlhqghc kihkh[ghklb d jZaebq_gbx. < jbkmgd_ fm`kdhc nb]mju,
\uiheg_gghf h^ghc iZpb_gldhc, hlkmlkl\h\Zeb ]eZaZ, qlh [ueh k\yaZgh k __ kZ^bklkdbfb
nZglZabyfb h ebd\b^Zpbb [jZlZ-dhgdmj_glZ iml_f _]h hke_ie_gby.
;jh\b
AgZq_gb_ [jh\_c g_ \iheg_ \uykg_gh. <klj_qZebkv bg^b\b^u, m^_ey\rb_ hkh[h_
\gbfZgb_ jbkh\Zgbx [jh\_c, h^gZdh khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ZkkhpbZpbc hl gbo ihemq_gh g_ [ueh.
Bgl_j_k d [jh\yf, \_jhylgh, khhl\_lkl\m_l lhfm agZq_gbx, dhlhjh_ ijb^Z_lky ^jm]bf
\hehkbkluf ^_lZeyf. :ddmjZlgu_ [jh\b, dZd b ZddmjZlgZy ijbq_kdZ, wlh h^bg ba
khpbZevguo kl_j_hlbih\, hljZ`Zxsbo moh`_gghklv b baukdZgghklv, \ lh \j_fy dZd
dmklbklu_ [jh\b ij_^iheZ]Zxl [he__ ijbfblb\gu_, ]jm[u_ b g_ hlj_]mebjh\Zggu_
ebqghklgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb. Kfukeh\Zy gZ]jmadZ, dhlhjmx g_kml ZddmjZlgu_ [jh\b,
djblbq_kdh_ hlghr_gb_ d lhfm, dlh iha\hey_l k_[_ k\h[h^gh_ kZfh\ujZ`_gb_, lZd `_ dZd
ih^gylu_ [jh\b Zkkhpbbjmxlky k gZ^f_gghklvx, \ukhdhf_jb_f eb[h g_^hmf_gb_f.
Moh
Moh, dZd ijZ\beh, \u^_ey_lky ki_pbZevgh ^ey h[hagZq_gby dZdh]h-eb[h dhgnebdlZ.
NmgdpbhgZevgh moh y\ey_lky hlghkbl_evgh iZkkb\guf hj]Zghf. Hgh g_ \b^gh iheghklvx ijb
dhglZdl_ "ebphf d ebpm", Z m `_gsbg qZklh kdjulh \hehkZfb. < l_o kemqZyo, dh]^Z moh
gZoh^blky gZ \b^m, `_gsbgu ghkyl k_jv]b [hevr_ ^ey lh]h, qlh[u hl\e_qv \gbfZgb_ hl moZ,
g_`_eb qlh[u ih^q_jdgmlv _]h. K_jv]b kem`Zl \u^_e_gbx b ih^q_jdb\Zgbx h\ZeZ ebpZ. ?keb
moh g_ [jhkZ_lky \ ]eZaZ ba-aZ jZaf_jZ beb dZdh]h-eb[h hkh[h]h ^_n_dlZ, hgh ij_^klZ\ey_l
fZeuc wkl_lbq_kdbc bgl_j_k. Mrb aZ\_^hfh h[j_q_gu gZ ij_g_[j_`_gb_ ijb ih^^_j`Zgbb bo
qbklhlu, b dh\ujygb_ \ mrZo kqblZ_lky lZdbf `_ \mev]Zjguf, dZd b dh\ujygb_ \ ghkm. Moh
ihy\ey_lky gZ jbkmgd_ \ [he__ iha^g_f \hajZkl_, g_`_eb ex[Zy ^jm]Zy q_jlZ ebpZ. LZdbf
h[jZahf, ij_^iheZ]Z_lky, qlh hlkmlkl\b_ mr_c gZ jbkmgd_ bf__l f_gvr__ agZq_gb_, q_f
ijhimkd bkiulm_fuf [he__ Zdlb\ghc qZklb l_eZ.
?keb moh \u^_ey_lky k\hbf jZaf_jhf, nhjfhc, f_klhiheh`_gb_f, eb[h hllhiuj_gh beb
\uklmiZ_l kd\hav \hehku, fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv, qlh jbkmxsbc ijb^Z_l _fm hij_^_e_ggh_
agZq_gb_. ?]h ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv fh`_l \Zjvbjh\Zlv hl e_]dhc j_Zdlb\ghklb gZ djblbdm
^h Zdlb\guo kemoh\uo ]ZeexpbgZpbc. Kl_i_gv ^_nhjfZpbb moZ qZklh dhjj_ebjm_l k
bgl_gkb\ghklvx kemoh\h]h hiulZ.
Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ d jbkh\Zgbx moZ fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k ]emohlhc, h^gZdh wlhfm
khh[jZ`_gbx g_ ijb^Z_lky agZq_gb_ \ kemqZcgh \u[jZgguo ]jmiiZo. QZklh hkh[h \u^_eyxl
moh ih^hajbl_evgu_ b g_^h\_jqb\u_ iZjZghbdb, gh bo jbkmghd kfy]q_g ih kjZ\g_gbx k l_fb
iZpb_glZfb, dhlhju_ kljZ^Zxl, beb kljZ^Zeb kemoh\ufb ]ZeexpbgZpbyfb (kf. jbk. 3m).
Rbahb^guc bg^b\b^ k Zfhjngufb b^_yfb hlghr_gbc qZklh ]jZnbq_kdb hljZ`Z_l wlhl
kbfilhf iml_f \u^_e_gby moZ (kf. jbk. 2m). H^ghfm xghr_, kljZ^Z\r_fm rbahnj_gb_c,
dhlhjuc ij_^eh`be hq_gv bkdmkguc jbkmghd q_eh\_dZ, g_ kh^_j`Z\rbc [hevrh]h dhebq_kl\Z
iZlheh]bq_kdbo q_jl, [ue ihklZ\e_g ^bZ]gha \ j_amevlZl_ "ke_ih]h" bkke_^h\Zgby _]h
jbkmgdZ [eZ]h^Zjy g_h[uqghfm kihkh[m bah[jZ`_gby mr_c. Moh [ueh gZjbkh\Zgh hq_gv
[hevrbf, bf_eh ebgbb, jZkoh^ysb_ky jZ^bZevgh ba p_gljZ, b [ueh wdkij_kkb\gh aZlmr_\Zgh.
Ih j_amevlZlZf l_klZ JhjrZoZ hg, dZd [ueh \ihke_^kl\bb \uy\e_gh, b^_glbnbpbjh\Ze dZjlm
III iheghklvx dZd moh: "L_fgh_ fh`_l [ulv \gmlj_gg_c qZklvx, l_gyfb \gmljb mrghc
jZdh\bgu, Z djZkgh_ fh`_l [ulv k\_lhf, hk\_sZxsbf _]h". QZklh bg^b\b^, bf_xsbc
]hfhk_dkmZevguc dhgnebdl, ijh_pbjm_l b^_b hlghr_gby b iZjZghb^gu_ j_Zdpbb \
ki_pbnbq_kdh_ ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ mr_c. Bg^b\b^, dhlhjuc e_]dh h[b`Z_lky b khijhlb\ey_lky
Z\lhjbl_lZf, fh`_l ^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv gZ wlhc hkgh\_ mkbe_ggh_ \u^_e_gb_ moZ. H^bg ba
mfkl\_ggh g_iheghp_gguo bg^b\b^h\, dhlhjh]h ihfbfh \k_]h ijhq_]h gZau\Zeb "hkehf", b
dhlhjuc Zdlb\gh j_Z]bjh\Ze gZ k\hx g_ihimeyjghklv, mobljbeky kgZ[^blv k\hb jbkmgdb
[jhkZxsbfbky \ ]eZaZ hkebgufb mrZfb.
<hehku
<u^_e_gb_ \hehk gZ ]heh\_, gZ ]jm^b, \ \b^_ [hjh^u beb mkh\ \ p_ehf bgl_jij_lbjm_lky
dZd klj_fe_gb_ ih^q_jdgmlv fm`_kl\_gghklv. :dp_gl fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_g iml_f
jZaf_s_gby \hehk gZ hlghkbl_evgh [hevrhc iehsZ^b l_eZ (kf. jbk. 8I, lsZl_evghc
ijhjbkh\db ijbq_kdb (kf. jbk. 2I, eb[h bgl_gkb\ghc rljboh\db mqZkldZ, h[hagZqZxs_]h
\hehku (kf. jbk. 6I) Kbf\hebq_kdZy agZqbfhklv \hehk dZd bg^bdZlhjZ k_dkmZevghc aj_ehklb
(fm`_kl\_gghklb) ljZ^bpbhggh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky nhevdehjhf b fh^hc. >hklZlhqgh \kihfgblv
\ k\yab k wlbf deZkkbq_kdmx bklhjbx KZfkhgZ b >Zebeu. QZklh gZ[ex^Zxlky [mjgu_
i_j_`b\Zgby, \hagbdZxsb_ m ih^jhkldh\ \ k\yab k ihy\e_gb_f \hehk gZ ebp_ b l_e_. >ey
g_aj_eh]h bg^b\b^Z oZjZdl_jgh hljZsb\Zlv mku beb [hjh^m \ ihiuld_ m[_^blv ^jm]bo \
kh[kl\_gghc aj_ehklb, g_\abjZy gZ lhl nZdl, qlh jZklbl_evghklv aZklZ\ey_l aZih^hajblv
fZkdbjh\dm keZ[hklb ebpZ. ;Zd_g[Zj^u, d dhlhjuf g_dhlhju_ ih^jhkldb hlghkylky dZd d
q_fm-lh klbevghfm b fm`_kl\_gghfm, lh]^Z dZd hgb kem`Zl ebrv ^ey \u^_e_gby q_jl "^_g^b"
\ bah[jZ`Z_fhc fm`kdhc nb]mj_, Zkkhpbbjmxlky k "\heqv_c" ljZ^bpb_c \ khagZgbb
jbkmxs_]h bg^b\b^Z.
Fh^Z gZ `_gkdb_ ijbq_kdb ^h[Z\ey_l ^hihegbl_evgu_ ih^jh[ghklb, hkh[_ggh _keb wlh
Zkkhpbbjm_lky kh ki_pbnbq_kdbfb oZjZdl_jZfb. Fh`gh kjZ\gblv ohly [u qhihjgmx, kljh]mx
b kdmqgmx ijbq_kdm klZjhc ^_\u k ih^q_jdgmlhc jhkdhrvx b k\h[h^hc ijbq_kdb,
Zkkhpbbjmxsmxky k k_dkmZevgh ijb\e_dZl_evghc b Zdlb\ghc `_gsbghc. :kkhpbZpbb,
^Z\Z_fu_ bkiulm_fufb-fm`qbgZfb (\ hkgh\ghf, ih^jhkldZfb beb fheh^ufb ex^vfb),
bah[jZ`Zxsbfb `_gkdmx nb]mjm k jhkdhrgufb, jZkims_ggufb \hehkZfb, \ lh \j_fy dZd
fm`kdZy nb]mjZ bah[jZ`ZeZkv k ZddmjZlghc b kljh]hc ijbq_kdhc, mdZau\Zeb gZ lh, qlh
[_kihjy^hqghc ijbq_kd_ ijb^Z_lky kfuke k_dkmZevghc jZkims_gghklb (kf. gb`gbc jbk. 1I)
I_j_njZabjmy ml\_j`^_gby fgh]bo iZpb_glh\, fh`gh kdZaZlv: "?_ kimlZggu_ \hehku
hagZqZxl, qlh hgZ g_ZddmjZlgZ, jZa\yagZ b g_a^hjh\Z". (M ikbohk_dkmZevgh g_aj_euo fm`qbg
qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky ijh_dpby ZfhjZevghklb.) @_gsbgZ k h[bevguf h\hehk_gb_f qZklh
jZkp_gb\Z_lky dZd k_dkmZevgh g_\ha^_j`ZggZy. JZaebqgh_ hlghr_gb_ d \hehkZf m fm`kdhc b
`_gkdhc nb]mju \ hkgh\ghf gZ[ex^Z_lky m ikbohk_dkmZevgh g_aj_euo fm`qbg, dhlhju_ kZfb
ih k_[_ kdehggu d gZjpbkkbafm b k hiZkdhc hlghkylky d `_gsbgZf (kf. jbk. 6m b 6I.)
:dp_gl gZ \hegbkluo, gbkiZ^Zxsbo hqZjh\Zl_evguf dZkdZ^hf \hehkZo \ khq_lZgbb k
^jm]bfb y\gufb we_f_glZfb mdjZrZl_evkl\Z bf__l f_klh \ jbkmgdZo k_dkmZevgh
jZkims_gguo ^_\hq_d, Z lZd`_ l_o, dlh ij_^Z_lky \ha[m`^Zxsbf nZglZabyf. LZdh_
hlghr_gb_ qZklh \klj_qZ_lky \ ih^jhkldh\hf \hajZkl_, gh lZd`_ \klj_qZ_lky m ^_l_c,
ij_`^_\j_f_ggh jZa\b\rboky khpbZevgh beb k_dkmZevgh. LZdb_ jbkmgdb qZklh \dexqZxl
x\_ebjgu_ mdjZr_gby b ih^h[gu_ ^_lZeb. Wg_j]bqgZy jZklmr_\dZ \hehk gZjy^m kh keZ[h
\ujZ`_gghc nhjfhc ijbq_kdb qZklh y\ey_lky \ujZ`_gb_f dhgnebdlZ fm`_kl\_gghklb,
i_j_jZklZxs_]h \ hldehgyxs__ky k_dkmZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_. H[hagZq_gb_ \hehk gZ q_exklb
ihy\eyehkv \ jy^_ jbkmgdh\ ih^jhkldh\, q_c dhgnebdl, k\yaZgguc k fm`_kl\_gghklvx, bf_e
rbahb^gmx hkgh\m. < h^ghf kemqZ_ hkljh_ ijhy\e_gb_ rbahnj_gbq_kdh]h \ha[m`^_gby,
\dexqZxs_]h kljZo dZkljZpbb, \hagbdZeh \ iZjbdfZo_jkdhc, ]^_ bkiulm_fhfm hkljb]Zeb
\hehku. Khq_lZgby \hagbdZxl \ l_o kemqZyo, dh]^Z `_gkdZy nb]mjZ gZjbkh\ZgZ k aZf_lgh
\u^_e_ggufb \hehkZfb, \ lh \j_fy dZd fm`kdZy m\_gqZgZ g_kmjZaghc reyihc.
>bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ wlh]h j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rbc beb rbahb^guc oZjZdl_j, hklZ\rbcky
k_dkmZevgh bgnZglbevguf b ih^\_j`_gguc yjdhfm nZglZabjh\Zgbx gZ l_fu
fm`_kl\_gghklb. < ih^[hjdZo jbkmgdh\, ^_fhgkljbjmxsbo lZdhc lbi ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zggh]h
hlghr_gby d \hehkZf b reyi_, `_gkdZy nb]mjZ h[uqgh ij_^klZ\e_gZ dZd [he__ kbevgZy \
iZj_. Kbf\hebq_kdZy agZqbfhklv lZdbo khq_lZgbc \hehk b reyiu \ jbkmgdZo
j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rbo bkiulm_fuo g_ \iheg_ ykgZ. <hafh`gh, reyiZ kem`bl p_eb k^_eZlv
fm`qbgm [he__ ij_^klZ\bl_evguf, kdju\Zy _]h bfihl_gpbx, b \ wlhf kfuke_ ij_^klZ\ey_l
kh[hc [_kkhagZl_evgmx k_dkmZevgmx dhfi_gkZpbx. Bgl_j_kgh, qlh h[jZlgh_ hlghr_gb_, l._.
jbkh\Zgb_ \hehk m fm`kdhc nb]mju b reyiu m `_gkdhc, \klj_qZ_lky djZcg_ j_^dh.
Ghk
Ghk gZ jbkmgdZo ijbgylh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd k_dkmZevguc kbf\he. Ih^h[gh i_gbkm, ghk
gZoh^blky gZ kj_^g_c ebgbb l_eZ b \u^Z_lky \i_j_^, b _]h i_j_f_s_gb_ g_ y\ey_lky
g_h[uqguf. ;hevrbgkl\h bkiulm_fuo fm`kdh]h iheZ m^_eyxl agZqbl_evgh_ \gbfZgb_ ghkm
dZd ijb jbkh\Zgbb, lZd b ijb \_j[Zevghf hibkZgbb gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mju. Ih^jhkldb hq_gv
qZklh jZkp_gb\Zxl ghk dZd gZbom^rmx qZklv k\h_]h ebpZ b l_eZ. G_j_^dh ijboh^blky
keurZlv hl ih^jhkldZ, qlh hg hldZau\Z_lky f_kypZfb ihdb^Zlv k\hx dhfgZlm, ihlhfm qlh
[he_ag_ggh haZ[hq_g nhjfhc k\h_]h ghkZ.
H^bg fheh^hc q_eh\_d, kljZ^Zxsbc rbahnj_gb_c, kh\_jrb\rbc kZ^bklkdh_ m[bckl\h
gZ k_dkmZevghc ihq\_, `Zeh\Zeky gZ kfms_gb_, \hagbdZxs__ \ k\yab k \hh[jZ`Z_fuf
^_n_dlhf ghkZ, dhlhjh_ hg ijhg_k kd\hav ih^jhkldh\uc \hajZkl. WlZ haZ[hq_gghklv [ueZ
hij_^_e_ggh k\yaZgZ k qm\kl\hf \bgu ih ih\h^m fZklmj[Zpbb. < jbkmgd_ ^jm]h]h iZpb_glZ gZ
f_kl_ ghkZ ihf_s_g jhl. Wlh aZf_s_gb_ [ueh hkh[_ggh agZqbfh, ihkdhevdm wlhl iZpb_gl [ue
Zj_klh\Zg aZ kh\_jr_gb_ dmggbebg]mkZ k ^_lvfb. < _]h k_dkmZevghf ih\_^_gbb _]h i_gbk [ue
^_ckl\bl_evgh aZf_s_g jlhf, b \ jbkmgd_ jhl [ue gZjbkh\Zg bf_ggh lZf, ]^_ iheZ]Zehkv
[ulv ghkm (kbf\hem i_gbkZ). < oh^_ ZgZebaZ jbkmgdh\ \klj_qZehkv fgh]h ^jm]bo kemqZ_\
bkihevah\Zgby ghkZ dZd kbf\heZ i_gbkZ. KhpbZevguc kl_j_hlbi \hkijbylby ^ebggh]h ghkZ
dZd ih^l\_j`^_gby k_dkmZevghc kbeu b ghkZ - "im]h\db" dZd ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z bgnZglbevghklb
hljZ`_g \ [hevrhf dhebq_kl\_ Zg_d^hlh\.
Ihkdhevdm [hevrbgkl\h iZpb_glh\ k ikbobq_kdbfb jZkkljhckl\Zfb bf_xl k_dkmZevgu_
gZjmr_gby: g_aj_ehklv, i_j_`b\Zgby g_iheghp_gghklb b bfihl_gpbb, ]hfhk_dkmZevghklv,
ihklhevdm ij_\Zebjh\Zgb_ \u^_e_gby ghkZ \ jbkmgdZo y\ey_lky \_kvfZ aZf_lguf. < ijhnbe_
ghk fh`_l [ulv ih^q_jdgml, m\_ebq_g, eb[h mf_gvr_g, ih^l_jl, aZlmr_\Zg, i_j_q_jdgml,
eb[h k^_eZg kebrdhf ^ebgguf. < p_ehf, ghk fh`_l [ulv aZlmr_\Zg, ih^q_jdgml beb
ijhims_g. Dhgnebdlgh_ hlghr_gb_ d ghkm fh`_l [ulv ijb^Zgh h[_bf nb]mjZf \ iZj_
jbkmgdh\. < ^jm]bo kemqZyo km[t_dl hlghkbl lZdh]h jh^Z dhgnebdlgh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ d nb]mj_
ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h iheZ. Kihkh[, k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h km[t_dl jZkij_^_ey_l k\hb
kh[kl\_ggu_ q_jlu f_`^m fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mjhc, fh`_l ijhbkl_dZlv ba iZll_jgZ _]h
k_dkmZevguo b^_glbnbdZpbc. Bgl_j_kgh lZd`_ hlf_lblv, qlh qZklh ijhimkdZgb_ ghkZ m h^ghc
nb]mju khijh\h`^Z_lky qj_af_jguf ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ ghkZ m ^jm]hc nb]mju \ dhfie_dl_
jbkmgdh\. Bfihl_gpby ih`beh]h fm`qbgu qZklh kbf\hebq_kdb h[hagZqZ_lky iml_f
jbkh\Zgby qj_af_jgh ^ebggh]h ghkZ, \ lh \j_fy dZd k_dkmZevgh g_m\_j_gguc ih^jhklhd
\_jhylg__ [m^_l ijh_pbjh\Zlv k\hb k_dkmZevgu_ ljm^ghklb \ y\guo kbf\heZo, lZdbo dZd ihyk,
\u^_eyxsbcky deZiZg gZ [jxdZo, eb[h aZl_g_gb_ beb h[j_aZgb_ ghkZ. Hiul iha\hey_l
ml\_j`^Zlv, qlh aZrljboh\Zgguc beb kj_aZgguc ghk hlghkblky \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb d kljZom
dZkljZpbb b hijZ\^Zgbx ZmlhwjhlbafZ (kf. jbk. 6m), \ lh \j_fy dZd \u^_e_gguc ghk y\ey_lky
ih^l\_j`^_gb_f [he__ ijyfhc dhfi_gkZpbb g_Z^_d\Zlghc k_dkmZevghklb. Wlh gZ[ex^_gb_
lj_[m_l ^Zevg_cr_c ijh\_jdb. ?keb gha^jb h[hagZq_gu dZd-eb[h hkh[h, lh wlh kqblZ_lky
ijhy\e_gb_f Z]j_kkbb. LZdZy bgl_jij_lZpby iheghklvx ih^l\_j`^Z_lky bamq_gb_f ^jm]bo
hkh[_gghkl_c jbkmgdZ.
R_y
R_y qZklh ih^q_jdb\Z_lky k ihfhsvx ]jZnbq_kdh]h \u^_e_gby l_fb bg^b\b^Zfb,
dhlhju_ h[_kihdh_gu g_kh]eZkh\Zgghklvx k\hbo bfimevkh\ b nmgdpbc khagZl_evgh]h
dhgljhey. >ey bo ebqghklb oZjZdl_jgh hkhagZgb_ g_dhc jZa^\h_gghklb. Ij_^iheZ]Z_lky
gZebqb_ dhgnebdlZ, hlghkys_]hky d kbe_ Cmi_j-w]h. Kljmdlmjgh r_y y\ey_lky k\yamxsbf
a\_ghf f_`^m l_ehf (bfimevkb\ghc `bagvx) b ]heh\hc (bgl_ee_dlmZevguf, jZpbhgZevguf
dhgljhe_f). K wkl_lbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby r_y, ih^h[gh mrZf, ijZdlbq_kdb g_ ijb\e_dZ_l
\gbfZgby, _keb hgZ g_ kebrdhf ^_nhjfbjh\ZgZ. Ijbfblb\gu_ ex^b ba[bjZxl wlm h[eZklv
^ey mdjZrZl_evkl\Z. Q_f \ur_ mjh\_gv bkiulm_fh]h, l_f [he__ \u^_ey_lky \hjhl, k l_f,
qlh[u ih^q_jdgmlv hl^_e_gb_ ]heh\u hl l_eZ. Bgl_j_kgh, qlh j_eb]bhagu_ kbf\heu b
Zfme_lu ghkylky gZ r__ agZqbl_evgh qZs_, q_f gZ aZiyklvyo beb eh^u`dZo. "L\_j^heh[u_" b
dmevlmjgu_, "aZ`Zlu_", jb]b^gu_ b k\_jo-fhjZevgu_ bkiulm_fu_, dhlhju_ jZ^b k\h_]h
kh[kl\_ggh]h ij_\hkoh^kl\Z hl^_eyxl hl k_[y k\hb bfimevku, Zkkhpbbjmxlky k \ukhdhc
^ebgghc r__c, \ lh \j_fy dZd bg^b\b^u ibdgbq_kdh]h l_ehkeh`_gby, bf_xsb_ dhjhldmx
r_x kqblZxlky ]jm[ufb, ijyfhebg_cgufb, bo ih\_^_gb_ [he__ gZijZ\ey_lky ih[m`^_gbyfb,
g_`_eb bgl_ee_dlhf. M[jZgkl\h r_b jZaebqgufb mdjZr_gbyfb hnhjfey_lky kdhj__ jZ^b
lh]h, qlh[u hl\e_qv hl g__ \gbfZgb_ b i_j_g_klb _]h gb`_ gZ ebgbx ]jm^b eb[h gZ ebph. <
hl^_evguo kemqZyo ihy\ey_lky g_mf_klgZy ]hjbahglZevgZy ebgby, dZd [u hlj_aZxsZy ]heh\m
hl r_b, dhlhjmx bkiulm_fu_ g_ \ khklhygbb h[tykgblv. ;he__ lhgdbc kihkh[ lZdh]h
hl^_e_gby hkms_kl\ey_lky aZ kq_l ihy\e_gby l_kgh]h djZofZevgh]h \hjhlgbdZ gZ `_gkdhc
r__, ijbq_f hklZevgZy h^_`^Z g_ ijhjZ[hlZgZ (kf. jbk.7I).
Dhgnebdlgh_ hlghr_gb_ d r__, ih^jZamf_\Zxs__ g_ kdhhj^bgbjh\Zgghklv f_`^m
bfimevkZfb b jZpbhgZevguf dhgljhe_f, ijhy\ey_lky \h fgh]bo jbkmgdZo, ihkdhevdm
jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m kZfh\ujZ`_gb_f b khpbZevgufb ij_^ibkZgbyfb hkh[_ggh au[dh \
keh`ghc b ijhlb\hj_qb\hc dmevlmjghc kj_^_. R_y qZklh jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd gZb[he__
\Z`gZy qZklv l_eZ bkiulm_fufb, dh]^Z hgb \ukdZau\Zxl ZkkhpbZpbb ih ih\h^m k\hbo
jbkmgdh\. H^bg ba bkiulm_fuo h[tykgbe wlm \Z`ghklv l_f, qlh r_y y\ey_lky f_klhf
ehdZebaZpbb Z^Zfh\Z y[ehdZ. H^bg iZjZghb^guc bg^b\b^ ml\_j`^Ze, qlh [_a r_b "\u g_
fh`_l_ ih\_jgmlv \Zrm ]heh\m, qlh[u m\b^_lv, dlh gZoh^blky b qlh ^_eZ_lky ihaZ^b \Zk".
Bkl_jbq_kdbc dhf \ ]hje_ ^Z_l _s_ h^gh hq_\b^gh_ ih^l\_j`^_gb_ lh]h, qlh r_y ba[bjZ_lky
dZd nhdmk dhgnebdlZ. GZb[he__ k_jv_agu_ ihiuldb kZfhm[bckl\Z gZijZ\e_gu gZ ^_ckl\by k
r__c. G_dhlhju_ ikbohlbq_kdb_ iZpb_glu k qm\kl\hf \bgu ih ih\h^m bf_\r_]h jZg__ f_klh
hiulZ n_eeypbb ^_fhgkljbjh\Zeb kbfilhfu hkljh]h ^bkdhfnhjlZ, k\yaZggh]h k r__c. H^bg
j_[_ghd, dhlhjh]h kh[bjZebkv l_klbjh\Zlv, fheqZ ihkfhlj_e gZ bkke_^h\Zl_ey b ihdZaZe, qlh
_fm lhevdh qlh ^_eZeb lhgabewdlhfbx. <kdhj_ \uykgbehkv, qlh wlhl j_[_ghd ih^\_j]ky
h[j_aZgbx \ k\yab k gZ\yaqb\hc fZklmj[Zpb_c, b qlh kbf\hebq_kdZy dZkljZpby k ]hlh\ghklvx
[ueZ i_j_g_k_gZ gZ r_x. G_kfhljy gZ lh, qlh jbkh\Zgb_ r_b g_ lj_[m_l dZdh]h-eb[h hkh[h]h
mf_gby, wlh h^gZ ba l_o ^_lZe_c, dhlhju_ iha`_ \k_]h \dexqZxlky \ ^_lkdbc jbkmghd.
HimkdZgb_ r_b y\ey_lky ijbagZdhf g_aj_ehklb \ jbkmgdZo ^_l_c, \ajhkeuo ^_n_dlb\guo
bkiulm_fuo b j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rbo bg^b\b^h\. Wlbf bg^b\b^Zf ^_ckl\bl_evgh g_^hklZ_l
kihkh[ghklb ijhba\hevgh j_]mebjh\Zlv k\hb ih[m`^_gby.
>ebggZy b qZklh hq_gv lhgdZy r_y, bah[jZ`ZxsZy jZaju\ f_`^m l_ehf b ]heh\hc,
hkh[_ggh qZklh \klj_qZ_lky gZ jbkmgdZo rbahb^guo beb ^Z`_ rbahnj_gbq_kdbo bg^b\b^h\.
Debgbq_kdb fgh]b_ ba gbo kljZ^Zxl hl qm\kl\Z l_e_kghc keZ[hklb, dhlhjh_ hgb \ujZ`Zxl \
dhfi_gkZlhjguo klj_fe_gbyo d nbabq_kdhc kbe_ b Z]j_kkbb. < bo \_j[Zevguo ZkkhpbZpbyo
hgb hlf_qZxl ]jm^v b ie_qb dZd emqrb_ qZklb gZjbkh\Zgghc bfb fm`kdhc nb]mju b
ijbgb`Zxl agZq_gb_ ]heh\u. Hgb y\eyxlky nbabq_kdb g_iheghp_ggufb b ikbohk_dkmZevgh
bgnZglbevgufb, b jy^ ij_^klZ\bl_e_c wlhc ]jmiiu bamqZeky \ k\yab k bo dhfi_gkZlhjgufb
ZdlZfb Z]j_kkbb. Qj_a\uqZcgh ^ebggZy r_y h^ghc ba nb]mj \ dhfie_dl_ jbkmgdh\ fh`_l
qZklh khq_lZlvky k hlkmlkl\b_f r_b eb[h hq_gv dhjhldhc r__c m ^jm]hc nb]mju \ iZj_.
:^Zfh\hy[ehdh
:^Zfh\h y[ehdh ihy\ey_lky \ jbkmgdZo kjZ\gbl_evgh j_^dh. < hkgh\ghf _]h fh`gh
m\b^_lv gZ jbkmgdZo fheh^uo fm`qbg dZd \ujZ`_gb_ kbevghc fm`_kl\_gghklb beb
fZkdmebgguo ih[m`^_gbc. Hkh[Zy aZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklv \ Z^Zfh\hf y[ehd_ gZ[ex^ZeZkv ebrv
m k_dkmZevgh keZ[h]h bg^b\b^Z, dhlhjuc h[gZjm`b\Z_l fZeh jZaebqbc f_`^m fm`kdbfb b
`_gkdbfb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb b g_m\_j_gghklv \ k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc jheb. Baj_^dZ Z^Zfh\h
y[ehdh bah[jZ`Zehkv m `_gsbgu (_c ijbibku\ZeZkv fm`_kl\_gghklv). IZpb_glu, dhlhjuo
kijZrb\Zeb h lhf, qlh hgb agZxl h nmgdpbb Z^Zfh\Z y[ehdZ, ijbibku\Zeb _fm jhev \
]ehlZgbb, b g_ [ueb m\_j_gu \ lhf, bf_xl eb _]h `_gsbgu, lZd `_ dZd b fm`qbgu. L_f g_
f_g__, hgb hq_\b^gh [_kkhagZl_evgh bkihevah\Zeb _]h dZd bg^bdZlhj fZkdmebgghklb.
DhglZdlgu_q_jlu
Fu kljhbf gZr h[jZa "Y", bkoh^y ba gZrbo ih[m`^_gbc, gZr_]h ih\_^_gby b
j_Zevghklb \hdjm] gZk. J_ij_a_glZpby h[jZaZ l_eZ \ jbkmgdZo bf__l l_g^_gpbx ]jZnbq_kdb
hljZ`Zlv ex[hc dhgnebdl, dhlhjuc fh] [ulv i_j_`bl \ ex[hc ba wlbo kn_j. H[jZa l_eZ
f_gy_lky ijb ikbobq_kdhf beb nbabq_kdhf aZ[he_\Zgbb, ijb njmkljZpbb b aZljm^g_gbyo
Z^ZilZpbb. KljmdlmjZ fh^_eb l_eZ \ p_ehf ihkl_i_ggh jZa\b\Z_lky ih f_j_ h[h]Zs_gby b
bgl_jbhjbaZpbb hiulZ. < p_ehf [he__ dZq_kl\_ggh_ b ^_lZebabjh\Zggh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ ]heh\u
ih kjZ\g_gbx k l_ehf \ jbkmgdZo fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c b ^_]jZ^bjmxsbo bg^b\b^h\
k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h lhf, qlh h[jZa l_eZ nhjfbjm_lky ihkl_i_ggh, b qlh hg mya\bf i_j_^ ebphf
ikbobq_kdh]h jZkkljhckl\Z, dhgnebdlZ beb ebqghklghc ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb. >\b`_gb_ b
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k \g_rgbf fbjhf mdj_ieyxl h[jZa l_eZ. L_ bg^b\b^u, dhlhju_ ba-aZ
nbabq_kdhc beb ikbobq_kdhc [he_agb h]jZgbq_gu \ ^\b`_gbb beb dhglZdlZo k \g_rgbf
fbjhf b \ugm`^_gu ^h\hevkl\h\Zlvky \ hkgh\ghf \hkijbylbyfb b hsms_gbyfb,
bkoh^ysbfb ba bo kh[kl\_ggh]h l_eZ, fh]ml lZd`_ ijh_pbjh\Zlv wdkij_kkbx \gmlj_gg_c
nZglZabcghc Zdlb\ghklb, beb, _keb bf g_^hklZ_l Zdlb\guo nZglZabcguo dhfi_gkZpbc, fh]ml
jbkh\Zlv ihjlj_l imklh]h, \ujh^b\r_]hky, b ih^qZk ]emih]h q_eh\_dZ, k\h^y h[jZa ebqghklb d
ijhkl_crbf b ]jm[_crbf hkgh\Zgbyf. < p_ehf fh`gh kdZaZlv, qlh ^\b`_gb_ dZd \ujZ`_gb_
nZglZabb \ jbkmgdZo bf__l l_g^_gpbx d mf_gvr_gbx k \hajZklhf lZd `_, dZd wlh ijhbkoh^bl
k j_Zevghc ^\b]Zl_evghc Zdlb\ghklvx bg^b\b^Z. >_lb b fheh^u_ ex^b [he__, q_f hklZevgu_,
ihdZau\Zxl ^\b`_gb_ \ k\hbo jbkmgdZo dZd j_Zevgh_ nmgdpbhgZevgh_ ^\b`_gb_, lZd b
aZjh^ur ^\b`_gby, hlghkysbcky d nZglZabcguf jZajZ[hldZf. >ey gbo lZd`_ [he__
_kl_kl\_ggu ijh_dpbb khpbZevgh-]_jhbq_kdbo kl_j_hlbih\.
JZaebqgu_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ ijbagZdb keZ[h]h dhglZdlZ k \g_rgbf fbjhf b \hajZklZxsbc
moh^ \ hkv l_eZ \b^gu m ^_aZ^Zilbjh\Zgguo bg^b\b^h\. Hij_^_e_ggZy kl_i_gv khfZlbq_kdhc
dhgp_gljZpbb, bgl_gkb\gh]h gZjpbkkbafZ b hkeZ[e_gby dhglZdlguo q_jl h[gZjm`b\Z_lky \
[hevrbgkl\_ jbkmgdh\ g_\jhlbdh\ beb ikbohlbdh\. LZdb_ jbkmgdb qZklh khq_lZxl
bgnZglbevghklv k Zdlb\ghc nZglZab_c \ nhjf_ ohjhrh jZa\blhc ^_lZebaZpbb \ h[eZklb l_eZ,
gh jmdb g_ hl^_e_gu hl l_eZ, ]eZaZ kfhljyl \gmljv b jhl qZklh ij_^klZ\ey_lky \h]gmluf,
\hkijbgbfZxsbf. <h fgh]hf `bagv b h^mr_\e_gghklv nb]mju fh`_l aZ\bk_lv hl
aZ\_jr_gghklb bah[jZ`_gby gZjy^Z b mdjZr_gbc ijb iheghf hlkmlkl\bb ]b[dhklb nb]mju.
AZklu\r__ beb aZfhjh`_ggh_ ^\b`_gb_, dh]^Z bgl_gpby d ^\b`_gbx ykgZ, gh nb]mjZ
gZoh^blky \ eh\mrd_ kZfhkha_jpZgby, iZ^Z_l gZ ]jmiim jbkmgdh\ "keZ[h dhglZdlguo"
bkiulm_fuo.
Jmdbb dbklb
< nmgdpbhgZevghf hlghr_gbb jmdb b dbklb khhlghkylky k ikboheh]bq_kdbfb kfukeZfb,
hlghkysbfbky d jZa\blbx W]h b khpbZevghc Z^ZilZpbb. Bf_ggh k ihfhsvx jmd b dbkl_c fu
_^bf, h^_\Z_fky, ^_fhgkljbjm_f jZaebqgu_ gZ\udb, bamqZ_f gZr_ l_eh b dhglZdlbjm_f k
ex^vfb \hdjm] gZk. Bf_ggh k ihfhsvx jmd fu ex[bf b aZ[hlbfky, [v_f b m[b\Z_f,
jZajmrZ_f b ijbkihkZ[eb\Z_f. Bf_y \ \b^m klhev h[rbjgmx kn_jm ijbf_g_gby jmd b dbkl_c,
g_m^b\bl_evgh, qlh fgh]b_ bkiulm_fu_ klZedb\Zxlky k aZljm^g_gbyfb \ ijh_pbjh\Zgbb bo
gZ jbkmgdZo. GZb[he__ qZklh ijhimkdZ_fZy q_jlZ dbklb jmd; klmigb gh] ijhimkdZxlky \h
\lhjmx hq_j_^v. ?keb dbklb gZjbkh\Zgu, hgb qZklh fh]ml bf_lv jZkieu\qZlu_ hq_jlZgby beb
[ulv aZl_fg_gu (g_^hklZlhqgZy dhfi_l_glghklv \ khpbZevguo dhglZdlZo, g_^hklZlhqgZy
ijh^mdlb\ghklv, beb `_ b lh, b ^jm]h_). Hgb fh]ml [ulv kbevgh aZrljboh\Zgu
k\b^_l_evkl\my h qm\kl\_ \bgu ih hlghr_gbx d Z]j_kkb\guf bfimevkZf beb fZklmj[Zlhjghc
Zdlb\ghklb. Hgb fh]ml [ulv kijylZgu aZ kibghc. Wlh qZklh \b^gh \ jbkmgdZo `_gkdbo nb]mj,
dhlhju_ \uiheg_gu ^_\hqdZfb, klj_fysbfbky hqZjh\u\Zlv, gh h[dmku\Zxsbfb k\hb gh]lb.
Nb]mjZ qZklh h^_lZ \ \_q_jg__ ieZlv_, k jmdZfb aZ kibghc. JmdZ fh`_l [ulv ihf_s_gZ \
dZjfZg, lZdh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ qZs_ \k_]h gZ[ex^Z_lky m ij_klmigbdh\ beb ikbohiZlbq_kdbo
fheh^uo fm`qbg dZd \ujZ`_gb_ kdjulghklb. < ZkkhpbZpbyo jmdb \ dZjfZgZo k\yau\Zxlky k
fZklmj[Zpb_c, k ijZa^ghklvx, \hafh`gh, kh kijylZgguf \ dZjfZg_ hjm`b_f. < hl^_evguo
kemqZyo fZe_gvdb_ fZevqbdb jbkmxl jmdb ^h\hevgh [hevrbfb dZd \ujZ`_gb_ kbeu.
G_h[uqguc jZaf_j h[hagZqZ_l dhfi_gkZpbx keZ[hklb beb j_Zdpbx gZ qm\kl\h \bgu,
k\yaZggh_ k fZgbimeypbyfb jmdZfb.
>ey hij_^_e_gby \aZbfh^_ckl\by bg^b\b^Z k hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^hc qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gh
gZijZ\e_gb_, \ dhlhjhf jZkiheh`_gu jmdb. Lygmlky eb jmdb ijhqv hl l_eZ, ih gZijZ\e_gbx d
hdjm`_gbx? <bkyl eb hgb \yeh \^hev l_eZ? Ijb`Zlu eb hgb iehlgh b gZijy`_ggh d l_em (kf.
jbk. 6m), beb hgb ojZ[jh ijhklbjZxlky \h\g_, ebrv \ha\jZsZykv d hkb l_eZ? Bgl_jij_lZpby
wlbo jZaebqguo bah[jZ`_gbc ^he`gZ [ulv khhlg_k_gZ k ^jm]bfb hkh[_gghklyfb jbkmgdZ,
jZkkfZljb\Z_fufb dZd ihdZaZl_eb kl_i_gb gZjpbkkbafZ, moh^Z, kZfh^_fhgkljZpbb beb
ls_keZ\by, eb[h gZijy`_gghklb. < p_ehf, gZijZ\e_gb_ b ]b[dhklv ebgbc jmdb khhlghkylky kh
kl_i_gvx b kihglZgghklvx Zdlb\gh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by kh kj_^hc. Jmdb, dhlhju_ jZkijhkl_jlu
f_oZgbq_kdb, ]hjbahglZevgh, ih^ ijyfufb m]eZfb d ebgbb l_eZ, g_ fh]ml, ih-\b^bfhfm,
kqblZlvky ih^ebgguf \g_^j_gb_f \ kj_^m. LZdhc kihkh[ bah[jZ`_gby h[uqgh k\yaZg k
ijbfblb\gufb jbkmgdZfb b oZjZdl_jbam_l \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ih\_joghklguc b [_a
wfhpbhgZevguc dhglZdl, g_`_eb ]b[dh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ kh kj_^hc. G_j_^dh gZijZ\e_gb_ b
lhgmk jmd hij_^_eyxl gZkljh_gb_ nb]mju.
Jmdb fh]ml [ulv gZjbkh\Zgu \ h^ghf baf_j_gbb, eb[h hgb fh]ml [ulv ojmidbfb beb
bklhs_ggufb, qlh h[hagZqZ_l keZ[hklv dZd nbabq_kdmx j_Zevghklv beb dZd ikbobq_kdmx
j_Zdpbx. M bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ nmgdpbhgZevgh h]jZgbqbeb wnn_dlb\ghklv k\hbo jmd eb[h \
kbem h[klhyl_evkl\, eb[h \ j_amevlZl_ kZfhh]jZgbq_gby, h[uqgh h[hagZq_gh kljh_gb_ jmd,
ohly wlh bah[jZ`_gb_ b g_kh\_jr_ggh. Ijhimkd jmd gbdh]^Z g_ fh`_l kqblZlvky kemqZcghc
hiehrghklvx. Jmdb ihy\eyxlky \ ^_lkdbo jbkmgdZo hq_gv jZgh. J_Zdpbb gZ jbkmgdb m fgh]bo
bkiulm_fuo ih^l\_j`^Zxl lhl nZdl, qlh jmdb \k_]^Z Zdlb\gh hkhagZxlky, jZa\_ lhevdh
ijh[m`^Zxl g_^h\hevkl\h, qlh bo ljm^gh jbkh\Zlv. Bkiulm_fu_, kljZ^Zxsb_ rbahnj_gb_c
beb ]em[hdhc ^_ij_kkb_c, fh]ml ijhimkdZlv jmdb \ agZd y\gh]h hlkljZg_gby hl ex^_c b
\_s_c. < j_^dbo kemqZyo ikboh]_gghc hkgh\hc ijhimkdZ jmd \uklmiZ_l \bgZ. Bgh]^Z fh]ml
[ulv ijhims_gu jmdb `_gkdhc nb]mju. LZdhc kihkh[ bah[jZ`_gby gZ[ex^Zeky lhevdh m
\ajhkeuo fm`qbg, dhlhju_ qm\kl\h\Zeb k_[y hl\_j]gmlufb k\hbfb fZl_jyfb b, \ k\hx
hq_j_^v, qm\kl\h\Zeb k_[y h[hkh[e_ggufb hl `_gsbg b g_ijb_fe_fufb ^ey `_gsbg \ k\h_f
kh\j_f_gghf hdjm`_gbb. Jmdb fm`kdhc nb]mju \ ih^h[guo kemqZyo fh]ml ijhklbjZlvky
\h\g_, [ulv qj_af_jgh \ulygmlufb (kf. jbk. 3m b 3I). KljZ^Zxsbc Zklfhc j_[_ghd, dhlhjuc
bkdZe ijbagZgby m k\h_c fZl_jb, \u^\b]Zy qj_af_jgu_ lj_[h\Zgby d g_c, gZjbkh\Ze
g_ghjfZevgh ^ebggu_ jmdb, dhlhju_, ohly b [ueb h^bgZdh\u ih jZaf_jZf, [ueb
\heghh[jZagufb, \ gbo g_ [ueh kbeu. LZdhc kihkh[ jbkh\Zgby ]jZnbq_kdb g_ [ue ihoh` gZ
dZdmx-eb[h ^jm]mx qZklv jbkmgdZ. Ki_pbZevgh_ ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ beb ijbagZdb bgl_j_kZ d
fmkdmeZf jmd h[uqgh \b^gu \ khq_lZgbb k ^jm]bfb ijbagZdZfb klj_fe_gby d nbabq_kdhc
kbe_, lZdbfb dZd ih^[hjh^hd b ih^q_jdgmlh rbjhdb_ ie_qb. Hq_gv ^ebggZy jmdZ
Zkkhpbbjh\ZeZkv kh klj_fe_gb_f dZd d ^hklb`_gbx, lZd b d ijbh[j_l_gbx, \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl
^jm]bo Zki_dlh\ jbkmgdZ. JmdZ, "aZklu\rZy" \ h[eZklb ]_gblZebc, qZs_ \k_]h
Zkkhpbbjh\ZeZkv k bg^b\b^Zfb, kdehggufb d gZ\yaqb\hfm Zmlhwjhlbafm. Wlh iheh`_gb_
bgh]^Z jZpbhgZebabjh\Zehkv dZd ijbagZd jZkdZqb\Zgby jmd ijb oh^v[_.
IZevpu
IZevpu b]jZxl qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gmx jhev \ hiul_ q_eh\_dZ. Wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh
dhglZdlgu_ lhqdb: gZijbf_j, hli_qZldb bf_ggh iZevp_\, Z g_ dZdhc-gb[m^v ^jm]hc qZklb
l_eZ, bkihevamxlky ^ey b^_glbnbdZpbb ebqghklb. IZevpu gZklhevdh \Z`gu, qlh dZ`^uc ba
gbo bf__l kh[kl\_ggh_ gZa\Zgb_. Bfb ihevamxlky ijb we_f_glZjghf kq_l_. Hgb \uklmiZxl \
jheb mdZaZl_e_c, h[uqgh gZijZ\ey_fuo gZ lh, qlh fu \b^bf. Hgb ih^\b`gu b y\eyxlky
bgkljmf_glhf fZgbimeypbc. Hgb g_kml \ k_[_ ihl_gpbZevgmx \hafh`ghklv Z]j_kkbb (iZe_p,
gZ`bfZxsbc gZ kimkdh\hc djxqhd; "i_jkl mdZamxsbc" b l. i). IZevpu bkihevamxlky
g_fufb ^ey h[s_gby b fh]ml bah[jZ`Zlv fgh]b_ kbf\hebq_kdb_ agZdb (kdj_s_ggu_ iZevpu
qlh[u hl\_klb [_^m; iZevpu \ nhjf_ [md\u V agZd ih[_^u, b l.i.). IZevpu lZd`_
ihf_sZxlky \ jZaebqgu_ hl\_jklby l_eZ ^ey ^hklb`_gby dhfnhjlZ beb \ha[m`^_gby, b \
k\yab k wlbf fh]ml [ulv \h\e_q_gu \ ihjh`^_gb_ qm\kl\Z \bgu.
<Z`ghklv iZevp_\ \ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbb l_eZ g_\hafh`gh i_j_hp_gblv. IZevpu, dZd
ijZ\beh, ihy\eyxlky \ ^_lkdbo jbkmgdZo jZgvr_, q_f jmdb. M \ajhkeuo jbkh\Zgb_ iZevp_\
[_a bah[jZ`_gby jmd jZkp_gb\Z_lky dZd ijbagZd bgnZglbevghc Z]j_kkbb. LZdb_ iZevpu qZs_
\k_]h jbkmxlky h^gh]h jZaf_jZ, k kbevguf gZ`bfhf b \ khq_lZgbb k ^jm]bfb j_]j_kkb\gufb
b ijbfblb\gufb q_jlZfb jbkmgdZ. IZevpu, gZihfbgZxsb_ ih \b^m e_i_kldb beb
\bgh]jZ^bgu, dhjhldb_ b hdjm]eu_ (qlh ghjfZevgh ^ey jbkmgdh\ ^_l_c), \ jbkmgdZo \ajhkeuo
h[uqgh Zkkhpbbjmxlky k debgbq_kdbfb ijbagZdZfb [_^ghklb fZgmZevguo gZ\udh\ b
bgnZglbevghklb. Kbevgh aZrljboh\Zggu_ beb ih^q_jdgmlu_ iZevpu \ p_ehf jZkp_gb\Zxlky
dZd bg^bdZlhju qm\kl\Z \bgu. < bamq_gguo gZfb kemqZyo qm\kl\h \bgu hlghkbehkv \
hkgh\ghf d \hjh\kl\m b fZklmj[Zlhjghc Zdlb\ghklb. Dhiv_\b^gu_ beb ihoh`b_ gZ dh]lb
iZevpu gZ[ex^Zxlky \ khq_lZgbb k iZjZghb^gufb q_jlZfb \ jbkmgdZo, qlh ih^l\_j`^Zeh
ij_^iheh`_gb_ h[ ba[ulhqghc Z]j_kkb\ghklb (kf. jbk. 3m). K`Zluc dmeZd, hkh[_ggh gZ jmd_,
\ug_k_gghc ^Ze_dh hl l_eZ, ihy\eyeky, ]eZ\guf h[jZahf, \ jbkmgdZo fheh^uo
ijZ\hgZjmrbl_e_c, qv_ [mglZjkl\h y\ey_lky \_kvfZ ih\_joghklguf ih\_^_gb_f. Dh]^Z
k`Zluc dmeZd l_kgh ijb`Zl d l_em, kfuke aZdexqZ_lky [he__ \h \gmlj_gg_c b ih^Z\e_gghc
l_g^_gpbb d [mglm, dhlhjZy gZoh^bl \ujZ`_gb_ [hevr_ \ kbfilhfZo, g_`_eb \ ih\_^_gbb.
Bah[jZ`_gb_ jmdb b iZevp_\ \ \b^_ i_jqZldb lZd`_ Zkkhpbbjm_lky k ih^Z\e_gghc Z]j_kkb_c,
gh hgZ [he__ mdehgqb\Z b g_ hnhjfe_gZ ih oZjZdl_jm, Zkkhpbbjm_lky kdhj__ kh kdjulufb
\kiurdZfb Z]j_kkbb, q_f k khfZlbq_kdhc kbfilhfZlbdhc. JmdZ k lsZl_evgh \u^_e_ggufb
iZevpZfb, gh h[\_^_ggufb h^ghc ebgb_c, hlk_dZxs_c bo dhglZdlgu_ \hafh`ghklb,
bgl_jij_lbjm_lky dZd _s_ h^gh \ujZ`_gb_ ih^Z\e_gghc Z]j_kkbb (kf. jbk. 2m). Wlh
gZ[ex^Z_lky m bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ kdehggu d ba[_]Zgbx wfhpbhgZevguo dhglZdlh\ ba
kljZoZ, qlh bo Z]j_kkb\gu_ bfimevku klZgml y\gufb. < hl^_evguo kemqZyo fh`gh \b^_lv
g_ghjfZevgh ^ebggu_ iZevpu dZd [jhkZxsmxky \ ]eZaZ q_jlm j_]j_kkb\guo jbkmgdh\ (kf.
jbk. 3m). Wlh k\yaZgh k ih\_joghklgufb, g_]em[hdbfb b ijbfblb\gufb lbiZfb ebqghklgh]h
jZa\blby m \ajhkeuo, dhlhju_ g_ bkihevah\Zeb k\hb iZevpu ^ey ijhn_kkbhgZevghc beb
khpbZevghc Z^ZilZpbb. Lhqgh_ agZq_gb_ lZdbo iZevp_\ g_ ykgh, ihkdhevdm hgb qZklh g_
Zkkhpbbjmxlky k hldjulh Z]j_kkb\gufb ebqghklyfb, gh _klv \_jhylghklv lh]h, qlh hgb fh]ml
bf_lv agZq_gb_ dZd k_dkmZevgZy kbf\hebdZ \ khq_lZgbb k ^jm]bfb q_jlZfb jbkmgdZ.
:f[bpbhagu_ b Z]j_kkb\gu_ bg^b\b^u k mklZgh\dZfb gZ kly`Zl_evkl\h fh]ml jbkh\Zlv
[hevr_ iylb iZevp_\ gZ jmd_. Wlh qZklh \klj_qZ_lky \ ^_lkdbo jbkmgdZo. IZevpu, dhlhju_
bah[jZ`_gu k lsZl_evgh ijhjbkh\Zggufb kmklZ\Zfb b gh]lyfb (kf. jbk. 3m),
bgl_jij_lbjmxlky dZd h[hagZqZxsb_ h[k_kkb\guc dhgljhev Z]j_kkbb kh klhjhgu km[t_dlZ.
>jm]h_ \ujZ`_gb_ Z]j_kkbb \b^gh \ iZevpZo, dhlhju_ hnhjfe_gu \ \b^_ dh]l_c beb
f_oZgbq_kdbo bgkljmf_glh\. < jbkmgdZo bg^b\b^h\, kdehgguo d fZklmj[Zpbb, mdZaZl_evguc
beb [hevrhc iZe_p fh`_l g_klb ih^hajbl_evghklv beb jb]b^ghklv, beb `_ fh`_l
h[gZjm`blvky aZ[u\Zgb_ (dZkljZpby) \Z`gh]h \ wlhf kfuke_ iZevpZ.
Gh]bb klmigb
DZd m`_ hlf_qZehkv, gh]b, Z hkh[_ggh klmigb, y\eyxlky bklhqgbdZfb dhgnebdlZ b
aZljm^g_gbc \h fgh]bo jbkmgdZo. Bkke_^my wlb qZklb l_eZ gZ ij_^f_l bo nmgdpbhgZevghc
agZqbfhklb, fu fh`_f ihgylv, ihq_fm [md\Zevgh ihgbfZ_fZy g_mklhcqb\hklv \b^gZ \
[hevrbgkl\_ ijh[e_fguo jbkmgdh\. < ^h[Z\e_gb_ d ihl_gpbZevguf \hafh`ghklyf ^ey
dhglZdlZ, dhlhjmx gh]b b klmigb jZa^_eyxl k jmdZfb b dbklyfb, hgb b]jZxl ^hihegbl_evgmx
jhev ih^^_j`db b mjZ\gh\_rb\Zgby l_eZ \ ijZ\bevghf iheh`_gbb b h[_ki_q_gby
i_j_^\b`_gby l_eZ. Ijbdh\Zggu_ d ihkl_eb, ^_ij_kkb\gu_, mgueu_ beb aZfdgmlu_ bg^b\b^u
fh]ml khijhlb\eylvky jbkh\Zgbx klmig_c b ^Z`_ gh], Z bgh]^Z fh]ml ij_^eZ]Zlv dhfijhfbkk,
bah[jZ`Zy kb^ysmx nb]mjm. < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo lZdb_ bg^b\b^u fh]ml ijh_pbjh\Zlv
dhfi_gkZlhjgh_ ih[m`^_gb_ d ^\b`_gbx b ^_yl_evghklb \ k\hbo jbkmgdZo, dhlhjh_ fh`_l
[ulv hp_g_gh, bkoh^y ba ^jm]bo Zki_dlh\ jbkmgdZ (hkh[_ggh k\_joaZ\_jr_gghklb), dZd \
agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb bf_xs__ nZglZabcguc oZjZdl_j. QZklh km[t_dl, kljZ^Zxsbc
k_dkmZevgufb jZkkljhckl\Zfb, fh`_l hldZaZlvky aZdhgqblv jbkmghd gb`_ ebgbb ihykZ, beb
_^\Z gZf_lblv g_kdhevdh hij_^_e_gguo ebgbc ^ey wlhc qZklb l_eZ. F_g__ \ujZ`_ggZy
rhdh\Zy j_Zdpby \b^gZ \ f_oZgbq_kdhc, `bjghc ebgbb jZa^_e_gby gZ mjh\g_ lZebb \
jbkmgdZo, ]^_ wlh _^\Z eb fh`gh h[tykgblv bah[jZ`_gb_f ihykZ dZd ^_lZeb h^_`^u. <
hl^_evguo kemqZyo g_`_eZgb_ m^_eylv \gbfZgb_ gh]Zf b h[eZklb [_^_j m ikbohk_dkmZevgh
g_aj_euo fm`qbg \ujZ`Z_lky k ihfhsvx jbkh\Zgby \g_rgbo dhglmjh\ gh] (ijb \b^_
ki_j_^b), qlh kha^Z_l g_qlh \jh^_ x[db, b aZl_f ijh\_^_gby ebgbb \ k_j_^bg_, qlh[u
jZa^_eblv wlm x[dhh[jZagmx nb]mjm b ihdZaZlv gh]b \ [jxdZo.
Ihegu_ l_eZ k fZe_gvdbfb, g_^hjZa\blufb, lhgdbfb, ljykmsbfbky beb
aZrljboh\Zggufb gh]Zfb \b^gu gZ jbkmgdZo ^_]jZ^bjh\Z\rbo b fZjZafZlbqguo bg^b\b^h\
dZd \ujZ`_gb_ hsms_gby miZ^dZ b g_^hklZlhqghklb. < jbkmgdZo \ajhkeuo fm`qbg, ]^_
bf_xlky ^jm]b_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ ijbagZdb k_dkmZevguo gZjmr_gbc, aZrljboh\dZ gh] beb
hq_jqb\Zgb_ (h[uqgh ^\mf_jgh_) gh], ijhk\_qb\Zxsbo kd\hav ijhajZqgu_ [jxdb (kf.
nb]mjm 3m), y\eyxlky ^hihegbl_evguf k\b^_l_evkl\hf ]hfhk_dkmZevguo kljZoh\.
Gh]b `_gkdbo nb]mj, \ hlebqb_ hl fm`kdbo, h[uqgh y\gh ihdZaZgu b bf_xl
ki_pbnbq_kdb k_dkmZevgmx agZqbfhklv. < ZkkhpbZpbyo d gZjbkh\Zgghc `_gkdhc nb]mj_ gh]b
qZklh oZjZdl_jbamxlky dZd emqrZy beb om^rZy qZklv l_eZ, b qZklh ihemqZxl dhgnebdlgmx
hdjZkdm \ nhjf_ klbjZgbc, mkbe_gby beb baf_g_gbc ebgbb. GZjpbkkbq_kdbc b
ikbohk_dkmZevgh g_aj_euc fm`qbgZ qZklh [m^_l ij_^eZ]Zlv bah[jZ`_gb_ ^h[jh]h, fy]dh]h
fm`qbgu b \jZ`^_[ghc, jZkims_gghc `_gsbgu k oZjZdl_jgh ih^q_jdgmlufb gh]Zfb, lZd
qlh g_\hafh`gh kdZaZlv, \ dZdhf jZdmjk_ bah[jZ`_gZ nb]mjZ. Gh]b \ lZdbo kemqZyo fh]ml
[ulv \iheg_ fm`_ih^h[gufb b fmkdmebklufb. Ijbgylh kqblZlv, qlh lZdhc lbi bah[jZ`_gby
bf__l g_dhlhjmx k_dkmZevgmx agZqbfhklv, \dexqZxsmx jZafulhklv k_dkmZevguo
oZjZdl_jbklbd.
Hkh[_gghklb bah[jZ`_gby klmig_c [he__ aZf_lgu \ fm`kdbo nb]mjZo, g_`_eb \
`_gkdbo. Klmigb, gZjbkh\Zggu_ k gZf_j_gghc lhqghklvx, qlh[u bo nhjfZ khhl\_lkl\h\ZeZ
nZeebq_kdhc, fh]ml oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv bg^b\b^h\, m dhlhjuo bf_xlky ^jm]b_ ]jZnbq_kdb_
ijbagZdb k_dkmZevghc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb b haZ[hq_gghklb. LZdh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ klmig_c, jZ\gh
dZd b kbf\hebq_kdb djZkghj_qb\h_ jbkh\Zgb_ qj_a\uqZcgh ^ebggh]h ghkZ, ihy\ey_lky qZs_ \
jbkmgdZo fm`qbg, dhlhju_ ij_h^he_eb 35-e_lgbc jm[_`, q_f m [he__ fheh^uo fm`qbg.
Klmigyf fh`_l [ulv m^_e_gh hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ ihkj_^kl\hf klbjZgbc, m^ebg_gby,
mdhjhq_gby, baf_g_gby oZjZdl_jZ ebgbb beb rljboh\db. K_dkmZevguc kbf\hebaf klmigb
g_h^ghdjZlgh ih^l\_j`^Zeky \ ZkkhpbZpbyo, ^Z\Z_fuo d ih^h[guf jbkmgdZf, \ ebl_jZlmj_,
hlghkys_cky d k_dkmZevguf bkdZ`_gbyf, b \ ihimeyjguo Zg_d^hlZo. Ihoh`_, qlh wlh
k_dkmZevgh_ agZq_gb_ k\yaZgh b k l_f nZdlhf, qlh ^_\hqdb bf_xl l_g^_gpbx jbkh\Zlv
fZe_gvdb_ klmigb, \ lh \j_fy dZd fZevqbdb, dZd ijZ\beh, jbkmxl hlghkbl_evgh [hevrb_
klmigb. LZdh_ jZagh_ ]jZnbq_kdh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ klmig_c ij_^klZ\ey_lky hlghkysbfky lZd`_ d
ijh[e_fZf h[s_c agZqbfhklb hihju gZ klmigx \ hdjm`Zxs_f fbj_. Klmigy ij_^klZ\ey_lky
lZd`_ bf_xs_c Z]j_kkb\gh_ agZq_gb_, bkoh^y ba __. nmgdpbb ijb\_^_gby \ ^\b`_gb_ b
gZijZ\e_gby l_eZ \i_j_^, Z lZd`_ dZd bgkljmf_glZ gZiZ^_gby.
IZevpugh]
Dh]^Z iZevpu gh] h[hagZq_gu m nb]mju, dhlhjmx g_ kh[bjZebkv bah[jZ`Zlv
h[gZ`_gghc, bo ke_^m_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ Z]j_kkb\ghklb, ihqlb
iZlheh]bq_kdhc ih k\h_c ijbjh^_. IZevpu gh], \ hlebqb_ hl iZevp_\ gZ jmdZo, j_^dh \b^gu,
djhf_ dZd \ kZg^Zebyo beb dmiZevguo re_iZgpZo, b \ ghjf_ hgb g_ ihy\eyxlky \ jbkmgd_
h^_lhc nb]mju. < khhl\_lkl\bb k bgl_jij_lZlb\ghc agZqbfhklvx, hlghkys_cky d ihy\e_gbx
iZevp_\ gh] \ jbkmgdZo, l_g^_gpby kh\j_f_gguo `_gsbg djZkblv gh]lb gZ gh]Zo b
^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv bo \ lmneyo k hldjulufb ghkdZfb fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_gZ dZd \ujZ`_gb_
\hajhkr_c n_fbgghc Z]j_kkbb. Wlh kqblZ_lky g_khfg_gguf ^Z`_ [he__ dhgk_j\Zlb\gufb
bkke_^h\Zl_eyfb. LZd `_, dZd \ kemqZ_ k iZevpZfb jmd, h]jZgbq_gb_ iZevp_\ gh], ihdZaZggh_
gZ jbkmgd_ ebgb_c, h[t_^bgyxs_c bo gZjm`gu_ djZy, kqblZ_lky h[hagZqZxsbf ijblmie_gb_
beb ih^Z\e_gb_ Z]j_kkb\guo l_g^_gpbc.
JZaebqgu_qZklbl_eZ
Lmeh\bs_
Bah[jZ`_gb_ lmeh\bsZ qZklh h]jZgbqb\Z_lky ijhklhc ijh^he]h\Zlhc, d\Z^jZlghc beb
djm]ehc nhjfhc. Hdjm]eZy nb]mjZ Zkkhpbbjh\ZeZkv k f_g__ Z]j_kkb\gufb, [he__
g_jZa\blufb b [he__ `_gkl\_ggufb jbkmgdZfb, \ lh \j_fy dZd nb]mjZ, \dexqZxsZy m]eu,
kqblZ_lky [he__ fZkdmebgghc, khhlghkys_cky k ijbgpbiZfb wdkij_kkb\gh]h ^\b`_gby,
dhlhju_ bf_xl hlghr_gb_ dh \k_f dj_Zlb\guf ijh_dpbyf. Lmeh\bs_ bgh]^Z \ jbkmgd_
ijhimkdZ_lky. Hl\_^_gb_ dhg_qghkl_c hl ]heh\u ijb hlkmlkl\bb lmeh\bsZ m`_ jZg__
hlf_qZehkv \ k\yab k jbkmgdZfb hq_gv fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c, ijb wlhf hkh[h_ agZq_gb_
ijb^Z\Zehkv \hajZklghfm mjh\gx jZa\blby. <ajhkeu_ j_^dh ijhimkdZxl lmeh\bs_. IZpb_glu
k bg\hexpbhgghc beb kde_jhlbq_kdhc kbfilhfZlbdhc \ hl^_evguo kemqZyo g_ ijb^Zxl
fm`kdhc nb]mj_ lmeh\bs_, ijb wlhf lmeh\bs_ `_gkdhc nb]mju aZrljboh\u\Z_lky [he__
kbevgh (hl\_j`_gb_ kh[kl\_ggh]h l_eZ b Z]j_kkb\ghklv ih hlghr_gbx d `_gsbg_). M
dmevlmjgh h]jZgbq_gguo bg^b\b^h\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb debgbq_kdbfb q_jlZfb [ueb
jb]b^ghklv b gZjpbkkbaf. Bgh]^Z lmeh\bs_ b^_glbnbpbjm_lky gZ hkgh\_ _]h iheh`_gby \
jbkmgd_ nb]mju, Z g_ gZ hkgh\_ hij_^_e_ggh]h ]jZnbq_kdh]h kihkh[Z bah[jZ`_gby. < wlbo
kemqZyo lmeh\bs_ ijhklh h[hagZqZ_lky dZd \_jogyy qZklv ^\mo iZjZee_evguo ebgbc, b^msbo
g_ij_ju\gh hl ]heh\u d klmigyf. LZdbf h[jZahf, hlkmlkl\m_l dZdhc-eb[h dhglmj,
ij_^klZ\eyxsbc lmeh\bs_, b, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, nb]mjZ hklZ_lky [_a dZdh]h-eb[h
km[klZgpbhgZevgh]h l_eZ \hh[s_. LZdb_ jbkmgdb h[uqgh g_\_ebdb b gZ[ex^Zxlky m
j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rbo, ijbfblb\guo beb ^_ahj]Zgbah\Zgguo bg^b\b^h\. >jm]hc lbi
bah[jZ`_gby hlf_qZ_lky \ g_`_eZgbb h]jZgbqb\Zlv gb`gxx qZklv lmeh\bsZ gZ l_o jbkmgdZo,
]^_ gb`gyy qZklv \k_ `_ bah[jZ`_gZ. Wlh bgl_jij_lbjm_lky dZd bg^bdZlhj k_dkmZevghc
haZ[hq_gghklb. Bgh]^Z h]jZgbq_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky k ihfhsvx hl^_evghc k\yamxs_c ebgbb,
dhlhjZy k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ haZ[hq_gghklb, hlghkys_cky d wlhc h[eZklb.
Hq_gv om^h_ l_eh ijb bah[jZ`_gbb q_eh\_dZ k\h_]h iheZ h[uqgh hagZqZ_l g_dhlhjmx
g_m^h\e_l\hj_gghklv l_f lbihf l_eZ, dhlhjuf h[eZ^Z_l jbkmxsbc bg^b\b^. Wlh fh`_l [ulv
ijyfhc j_ij_a_glZpb_c l_e_kghc ojmidhklb beb keZ[hklb, eb[h wlh fh`_l y\eylv kh[hc
dhfi_gkZpbx g_`_eZgghc iheghlu. < h^ghf kemqZ_ hq_gv ]jZpbhagZy nb]mjZ \ujZ`ZeZ
bf_xsbcky m bkiulm_fhc kljZo klZlv lheklhc. HgZ Zkkhpbbjh\ZeZ l_e_kgmx iheghlm kh
aj_ehklvx, b __ p_gljZevgZy ijh[e_fZ khklhyeZ \ khijhlb\e_gbb \ajhke_gbx. >jm]hc j_[_ghd
^_kylb e_l, dhlhjuc aZf_lgh hlklZ\Ze \ jhkl_, `b\h nZglZabjh\Ze ih ih\h^m i_j_`b\Zgbc
jhklZ, b gZjbkh\Ze ^\_ iZjZee_evgu_ ebgbb [ebadh ^jm] d ^jm]m, hl gbaZ ^h kZfh]h \_joZ
ebklZ, qlh[u h[hagZqblv \ukhdh_ l_eh. >\hcghc beb g_jh\guc l_e_kguc dhglmj, hkh[_ggh \
jbkmgdZo `_gsbg, kdehgguo d nZglZabyf gZ l_fu k\h_]h hqZjh\Zgby, h[uqgh
k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ haZ[hq_gghklb ijh[e_fhc \_kZ, hkh[_ggh \ dhgl_dkl_ ih^q_jdb\Zgby
hjZevghc h[eZklb \ jbkmgdZo.
=jm^v
Ih\ur_gguc b agZqbfuc bgl_j_k d bah[jZ`_gbx ]jm^b hlf_q_g \ jbkmgdZo
wfhpbhgZevgh b ikbohk_dkmZevgh g_aj_euo fm`qbg. =jm^b klbjZxlky, aZlmr_\u\Zxlky, d
gbf qZklh \ha\jZsZxlky ^ey ^h[Z\e_gby g_kdhevdbo ^hihegbl_evguo g_aZf_lguo ebgbc, qlh
hlf_qZ_l haZ[hq_gghklv wlhc qZklvx nb]mju (kf. jbk. 8I). < hl^_evguo kemqZyo ]jm^b y\gh
hl\_j]Zxlky b ljZgknhjfbjmxlky \ lsZl_evgh ijhjbkh\Zggu_ gZ]jm^gu_ dZjfZgu. <
g_kdhevdbo jbkmgdZo ]jm^b [ueb y\gh \b^gu kd\hav dZjfZgu, ijbq_f gbdZdbo ^jm]bo
ijhk\_qb\Zgbc \ jbkmgd_ g_ [ueh. Bf__l agZq_gb_, bah[jZ`_gZ eb ]jm^v gbadhc, k\bkZxs_c,
qlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l j_ij_a_glZpbx h[jZaZ fZl_jb, beb \ukhdhc, dj_idhc, dZd m fheh^hc
`_gsbgu. :dp_glbjh\ZggZy ]jm^v h[uqgZ \ dhgl_dkl_ kbevgh]h b >hfbgZglgh]h
fZl_jbgkdh]h h[jZaZ \ jbkmgdZo bkiulm_fuo h[h_]h iheZ (kf. jbk. 8m b 8I). @_gsbgZ,
dhlhjZy ijb^Z_l bah[jZ`Z_fhc _x nb]mj_ [hevrb_ ]jm^b b ijhjbkh\u\Z_l h[eZklv lZaZ,
fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_gZ dZd kbevgh b^_glbnbpbjmxsZyky k ijh^mdlb\guf b ^hfbgZglguf
fZl_jbgkdbf h[jZahf, ih^qZk \ fZljbZjoZevghf kfuke_. H^gZ ^_\hqdZ-ih^jhklhd, dhlhjZy
aZ\b^h\ZeZ jZa\blhc ]jm^b k\h_c fZl_jb, gZjbkh\ZeZ gbadmx ebgbx ]jm^b, k hkh[h ly`_ehc
[jhrvx, ij_^iheZ]Zxsmx [hevrmx ]jm^v ih^ h^_`^hc. >jm]Zy ^_\mrdZ klZjr_]h
ih^jhkldh\h]h \hajZklZ, dhlhjZy kljZrbeZkv aj_ehklb, h[hagZqbeZ djhr_qgmx ebgbx
aZjh`^Zxs_cky ]jm^b, dZd m j_[_gdZ ij_^-ih^jhkldh\h]h \hajZklZ, \ jbkmgd_ nb]mju
\ajhkehc `_gsbgu. H^bg \ajhkeuc g_\jhlbd, dhlhjuc [ue hq_gv h[_kihdh_g k\hbf lZcguf
k_dkmZevguf bgl_j_khf d k\h_c fheh`Z\hc fZq_o_ b dhlhjuc bf_e hiul g_aj_ehc
k_dkmZevghc ijZdlbdb, gZjbkh\Ze ]jm^v \ ijhnbev, k y\guf h[hagZq_gb_f hldjulh]h
dhgnebdlZ. Hg klbjZe b i_j_jbkh\u\Ze ebgbx ]jm^b fgh]h jZa, f_gye __ jZaf_j b hq_jlZgby
^h l_o ihj, ihdZ hgZ g_ hdZaZeZkv lhjqZs_c gZ l_e_ ih^h[gh wj_]bjh\Zgghfm nZeehkm. Dh]^Z
hg hkfhlj_e ijh^mdl k\hbo ijbe_`guo mkbebc, wlh ih[m^beh _]h gZkf_reb\h aZf_lblv: "Of,
hgZ g_ fh`_l klhylv lZd kZfZ ih k_[_".
Ie_qb
RbjbgZ b fZkkb\ghklv ie_q kqblZ_lky gZb[he__ h[sbf ]jZnbq_kdbf \ujZ`_gb_f
nbabq_kdhc kbeu b nbabq_kdh]h kh\_jr_gkl\Z. < jbkmgdZo fm`qbg fZkkb\gu_ ie_qb,
\u^_e_ggu_ aZ kq_l ^jm]bo qZkl_c nb]mju, \klj_qZxlky m ih^jhkldh\ b qZklh m k_dkmZevgh
Zf[b\Ze_glguo bg^b\b^h\ dZd k\_jodhfi_gkZpby qm\kl\Z l_e_kghc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb.
Bkiulm_fmx `_gkdh]h iheZ, jbkmxsmx `_gkdmx nb]mjm k fhsgufb ie_qZfb (kf. jbk. 7m b
7I), fh`gh ih^haj_\Zlv \ g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb fZkdmebggh]h ijhl_klZ, _keb wlZ bgl_jij_lZpby
kh]eZkm_lky k Zdp_glbjh\Zgb_f b ^jm]bo ^_lZe_c jbkmgdZ, dhlhju_ hlghkylky d
fm`_kl\_gghklb. GZdeZ^gu_ ie_qb rbjhdh bkihevamxlky \ fm`kdhc h^_`^_. @_gsbgu
i_j_gyeb wlh iha^g__, gZjy^m k ^jm]bfb ljZ^bpbhggh fZkdmebggufb ^_lZeyfb h^_`^u.
Ijh[e_fZ nbabq_kdhc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb gZklhevdh qZklh y\ey_lky ij_^f_lhf fmqbl_evghc
haZ[hq_gghklb wfhpbhgZevgh g_mjZ\gh\_r_ggh]h fm`qbgu, qlh ihjh`^Z_l dhgnebdlgmx
g_m\_j_gghklv \ lhf, dZdhc rbjbgu ie_qb ke_^m_l gZjbkh\Zlv m fm`kdhc nb]mju, wlh
kemqZ_lky ^hklZlhqgh qZklh. Dh]^Z ie_qb hlf_q_gu klbjZgbyfb, ih^q_jdb\Zgbyfb b
g_m\_j_gghc ebgb_c, fh`gh k m\_j_gghklvx k^_eZlv \u\h^, qlh ih[m`^_gb_ d jZa\blbx l_eZ
dZd \ujZ`_gb_ fZkdmebgghklb y\ey_lky ij_^f_lhf hkh[hc haZ[hq_gghklb. < g_dhlhjuo
jbkmgdZo bkiulm_fuo-fm`qbg, ij_^klZ\e_gguo dZd ZgnZk, lZd b \ ijhnbev, ihiuldZ ^hklbqv
wnn_dlZ rbjhdbo ie_q m fm`kdhc nb]mju \ueb\Z_lky \ bo koh^kl\h k `_gkdhc ]jm^vx, \ lh
\j_fy dZd iZjgZy `_gkdZy nb]mjZ fh`_l [ulv ijhklh y\gh kgZ[`_gZ rbjhdbfb ie_qZfb.
LZdh_ kf_r_gb_ nbabq_kdhc kbeu b fZl_jbgkdhc kbf\hebdb \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_ h[uqgh
khq_lZ_lky k ^jm]bfb q_jlZfb k_dkmZevghc g_hij_^_e_gghklb \ jbkmgd_.
;_^jZb y]h^bpu
B [_^jZ, b y]h^bpu fh]ml ihemqZlv g_h[uqgh_ \gbfZgb_ \ jbkmgdZo kdehgguo d
]hfhk_dkmZebafm beb dhgnebdlguo fm`qbg. G_j_^dh fh`gh m\b^_lv fm`kdmx nb]mjm
i_j_djmq_gghc \ i_jki_dlb\_, k l_f, qlh[u knhdmkbjh\Zlv \gbfZgb_ gZ qj_af_jgh jZa\bluo
y]h^bpZo. Wlh fh`_l [ulv \b^gh dZd gZ h[gZ`_gguo, lZd b gZ h^_luo nb]mjZo, bah[jZ`_gguo
dZd \ ijhnbev, lZd b ZgnZk. QZklh \ h[eZklb [_^_j [m^ml aZf_lgu kf_r_gby, jZaju\u beb
baf_g_gby ebgbc, beb hkh[_ggh_ jZkrbj_gb_ bo \ khq_lZgbb k \u^_eyxsbfky bah[jZ`_gb_f
y]h^bp. Wlhl dhgnebdl \ hlghr_gbb d [_^jZf fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_g [he__ lhgdh \
Zdp_glbjh\Zgghc ]hjbahglZevghc \uklmiZxs_c gZjm`m gb`g_c qZklb fm`kdhc dmjldb,
jZkijhkljZgyxs_cky aZ ij_^_eu kh[kl\_ggh h[eZklb l_eZ, ijb lhf, qlh dmjldZ y\gh
aZkl_]gmlZ. DZdbf h[jZahf ]hfhk_dkmZevgu_ l_g^_gpbb ijhy\eyxlky \ ih\_^_gbb, fh`_l
[ulv \uykg_gh bgh]^Z ba dhgl_dklZ jbkmgdZ. < `_gkdbo nb]mjZo, gZjbkh\Zgguo `_gsbgZfb,
ih^q_jdgmlZy ebgby [_^_j fh`_l [ulv Zkkhpbbjh\ZgZ k khagZgb_f kbeu, hlghkys_cky d
nmgdpbhgZevguf ihl_gpbyf h[bevgh]h jZa\blby lZah\uo hj]Zgh\.
LZeby
Ebgby lZebb bgh]^Z ^Z_lky dZd _^bgkl\_ggh_ mdZaZgb_ gZ h^_`^m nb]mju. OZjZdl_jgh,
qlh hgZ kem`bl jZa^_e_gbx lmeh\bsZ gZ \_jo b gba. K nmgdpbhgZevghc lhqdb aj_gby, wlh
jZa]jZgbq_gb_ hl^_ey_l kms_kl\_ggh jZaebqZxsb_ky h[eZklb l_eZ. ?keb wlh fm`qbgZ, "\_jo"
wlh h[eZklv ]jm^b, dhlhjZy ho\Zlu\Z_l i_j\bqgu_ l_e_kgu_ ijbagZdb nbabq_kdhc kbeu,
l._. rbjbgm ]jm^b b l_e_kgmx fmkdmeZlmjm. "Gba" khhlghkblky ij_`^_ \k_]h k h[eZklvx
k_dkmZevgh]h nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby, k gh]Zfb, lZd`_ bf_xsbfb agZq_gb_ k_dkmZevghc kbeu gZ
[he__ kbf\hebq_kdhf mjh\g_. NmgdpbhgZevgh "\_jo" `_gkdhc nb]mju khhlghkblky k
nZdlhjZfb dhjfe_gby, dhlhju_ jZkihagZxlky ij_`^_ \k_]h ih jZajZ[hld_ ]jm^b. Wlh h[eZklv
gZb[he__ qZklh \u^_ey_lky hjZevgh aZ\bkbfufb, nbdkbjh\Zggufb gZ fZl_jb fm`qbgZfb.
"Gba" `_gkdhc nb]mju hlghkblky \ hkgh\ghf d k_dkmZevghc b j_ijh^mdlb\ghc nmgdpbyf k
jZkrbj_gb_f [_^_j \ h[eZklb lZaZ, qlh [he__ dhgdj_lgh dZkZ_lky j_ijh^mdlb\guo Zki_dlh\.
LZd beb bgZq_, hl gh] `_gkdhc nb]mju \h fgh]hf aZ\bkbl h[s__ khpbZevgh_ \i_qZle_gb_
k_dkmZevghc ijb\e_dZl_evghklb. >_\hqdb-ih^jhkldb, gZoh^ysb_ky gZ ihjh]_ \ajhkehc
k_dkmZevghklb, ^_fhgkljbjmxl \ h]jhfghf dhebq_kl\_ dhgnebdlgh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ gh].
Dhgnebdl gZ ebgbb lZebb fh`_l ihemqblv \ujZ`_gb_ jZaebqgufb imlyfb b ijbf_jgh
khhlghkblvky k bgl_gkb\ghklvx b ljZdlh\dhc dhgnebdlZ. LZd, y\gZy aZ^_j`dZ \ jbkh\Zgbb
lZebb \ khq_lZgbb k g_l_ji_gb_f gZjbkh\Zlv __ m ^jm]hc nb]mju ba iZju ijhy\blky \
ijhlb\hiheh`guo djZcghklyo gbadhc b \ukhdhc ebgbb lZebb, \ujZ`Zy [ehdbjh\Zgb_
h[hagZq_gby l_e_kghc h[eZklb k_dkmZevghklb. Ih^q_jdgmlZy ebgby lZebb, eb[h jZahj\ZggZy
ebgby fh]ml kem`blv mdZaZgb_f gZ jZa^jZ`bl_evgh_ b qj_a\uqZcgh ijyfh_ ijhy\e_gb_
gZijy`_gby, k\yaZggh]h k wlhc ijh[e_fhc "ahgbjh\Zgby" l_eZ. ;hevrbc dhgljhev b [hevrZy
jZpbhgZebaZpby wlh]h gZijy`_gby fh]ml ijhy\blvky \ lsZl_evgh ijhjbkh\Zgghf ihyk_, qlh
mdZau\Z_l gZ l_g^_gpbx ij_h[jZah\Zgby gZijy`_gby \ wkl_lbq_kdb_ b ^_fhgkljZlb\gu_
nhjfu. LZeby, kbevgh klygmlZy ihykhf, ^ZxsZy wnn_dl dhjk_lZ b kdh\Zgghklb,
k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h g_gZ^_`ghklb dhgljhey, qlh fh`_l gZclb \uoh^ \ Znn_dlb\guo \kiurdZo.
< hl^_evguo kemqZyo ljb ahgu l_eZ ]heh\Z, lmeh\bs_ b h[eZklv gb`_ lZebb
bah[jZ`Zxlky jZkkh]eZkh\Zggh. Wlh jZkp_gb\Z_lky dZd ijhy\e_gb_ ojhgbq_kdh]h gZjmr_gby
dhhj^bgZpbb ]eZ\guo baf_j_gbc h[jZaZ l_eZ, mdZau\Zxs__ gZ g_Z^_d\Zlghklv ebqghklghc
bgl_]jZpbb, dhlhjZy l_f k_jv_ag__, qlh hgZ \dexqZ_l jZat_^bg_gb_ f_`^m k_dkmZevgufb
ihlj_[ghklyfb, klj_fe_gb_f d nbabq_kdhc kbe_ b jZpbhgZevguf dhgljhe_f.
:gZlhfbq_kdb_ijhy\e_gby
Y\gu_ ZgZlhfbq_kdb_ ijhy\e_gby \gmlj_ggbo hj]Zgh\ l_eZ g_ \klj_qZxlky ihqlb gb]^_,
djhf_ jbkmgdh\ rbahnj_gbdh\ beb Zdlb\gh fZgbZdZevguo iZpb_glh\. Ih^haj_gb_ h gZebqbb
khfZlbq_kdbo fZgbc (nbdkZpbc), dhlhjh_ \uau\Zxl lZdb_ bah[jZ`_gby, h[uqgh
ih^l\_j`^Z_lky. ;he__ mf_j_gguc lbi khfZlbq_kdhc haZ[hq_gghklb fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_g k
ihfhsvx g_kms_]h kfukeh\mx gZ]jmadm ihf_s_gby g_kdhevdbo dhjhldbo ebgbc gZ ]jm^b
beb h[eZklb lZaZ. H[hagZq_gb_ j_[_j ebgbyfb lZd`_ g_ h[yaZl_evgh iZlheh]bqgh, ihkdhevdm
hgb kem`Zl ^_fhgkljZpbb nbabq_kdhc kbeu. <dexq_gb_ iheh\uo hj]Zgh\ \ ij_^eZ]Z_fuc
jbkmghd \ dZq_kl\_ j_Zdpbb gZ bgkljmdpbx "gZjbkmcl_ q_eh\_dZ" j_^dh \klj_qZ_lky ]^_-eb[h,
djhf_ dZd gZ jbkmgdZo klm^_glh\ om^h`_kl\_gguo ki_pbZevghkl_c, ex^_c, ijhoh^ysbo dmjk
ikbohZgZebaZ b rbahnj_gbdh\. Ijhjbkh\dZ qZkl_c l_eZ kd\hav ijhk\_qb\Zxsmx h^_`^m
y\ey_lky bguf ijbagZdhf, g_`_eb jbkh\Zgb_ \gmlj_ggbo hj]Zgh\. < i_j\hf kemqZ_ l_eh
h[uqgh jbkm_lky i_j\uf, b \ ^Zevg_cr_f ^h[Z\e_ggZy h^_`^Z ijhklh g_ fh`_l kdjulv _]h.
Wlh g_ ihablb\gZy ijhjbkh\dZ hj]Zgh\. < lZdhf \b^_ qZs_ \k_]h \klj_qZxlky gh]b fm`kdhc
nb]mju, ijhk\_qb\Zxsb_ kd\hav [jxdb (qZklh aZlmr_\Zggu_ b y\eyxsb_ky ijbagZdhf
]hfhk_dkmZevguo kljZoh\), eb[h dhglmju `_gkdh]h l_eZ, \b^gu_ kd\hav x[dm (qZs_ \k_]h
Zkkhpbbjmxlky k lZcgufb k_dkmZevgufb nZglZabyfb eb[h ijhy\e_gbyfb ^_\bZglgh]h
oZjZdl_jZ m bkiulm_fuo-fm`qbg, dhlhju_ qj_a\uqZcgh haZ[hq_gu bgnZglbevgufb
k_dkmZevgufb bfimevkZfb). <lhjhc lbi bah[jZ`_gby \b^_g ]eZ\guf h[jZahf \ jbkmgdZo
bkiulm_fuo-fm`qbg k bg\hexpbhggufb k_dkmZevgufb ijh[e_fZfb.
KmklZ\u
Djhf_ l_o kemqZ_\, dh]^Z bkiulm_fuc jbkm_l "kd_e_lZ" \ dZq_kl\_ klbebklbq_kdh]h
h[jZaZ l_e_kguo ijh[e_f, k dhlhjufb hg klhedgmeky, hg j_^dh h[hagZqZ_l ehdhlv, ie_qh,
dhe_ggu_ kmklZ\u beb dhklyrdb iZevp_\ \ k\hbo jbkmgdZo (kf. jbk. 3m). M bg^b\b^h\,
dhlhju_ h[hagZqZxl kmklZ\u, fh`gh aZih^hajblv hsms_gb_ \bgu b g_m\_j_gghklb \ k\yab k
l_e_kghc bgl_]jZpb_c. KmklZ\u ijb^Zxl nb]mj_ dZq_kl\h "kiZygghklb". Wlh f_oZgbq_kdZy b
bkdmkkl\_ggZy ghlZ, dhlhjZy ihjh`^Z_l khfg_gby \ ghjfZevghf ^bgZfbq_kdhf
nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbb b klZ[bevghc hj]ZgbaZpbb h[jZaZ l_eZ. Rbahb^u, y\gh rbahnj_gbq_kdb_
bg^b\b^u b \ hl^_evguo kemqZyo ex^b k y\e_gb_f l_e_kgh]h gZjpbkkbafZ \ khklhygbb
mom^r_gby [m^ml jbkh\Zlv ih^q_jdgmlu_ kmklZ\u, qlh[u aZfZkdbjh\Zlv hsms_gb_ l_e_kghc
^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb. H[hagZq_gb_ kmklZ\h\ fh`_l [ulv lZd`_ \b^gh \ jbkmgdZo, \dexqZxsbo
aZklu\r__, \hh[jZ`Z_fh_ ^\b`_gb_. ;hevrbgkl\h jbkmgdh\, dhlhju_ kh^_j`Zl \u^_e_gb_
kmklZ\h\, k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h aZ\bkbfhklb hl fZl_jb, ikbohk_dkmZevghc g_aj_ehklb b
gZoh^ylky \ iZj_ k `_gkdhc nb]mjhc, dhlhjZy [he__ Z]j_kkb\gZ, [hevr_ ih jZaf_jm b [he__
^hfbgZglgZ, q_f nb]mjZ fm`qbgu.
H^_`^Z
H[jZa l_eZ fh`_l [ulv jZkrbj_g, baf_g_g beb ijh^he`_g k ihfhsvx h^_`^u. ;hevrZy
qZklv gZr_]h l_eZ h[uqgh aZdjulZ h^_`^hc. ;_ahlghkbl_evgh d hl^_evguf l_hjbyf,
dZkZxsbfky nmgdpbb h^_`^u, \ p_ehf ijbgylh kqblZlv, qlh h^_`^Z \k_]^Z bf_eZ g_dhlhjmx
eb[b^hagmx agZqbfhklv. H^_`^Z y\ey_lky \ g_dhlhjhf kfuke_ dhfijhfbkkhf f_`^m
kdjhfghklvx b ijyfhc ^_fhgkljZpb_c l_eZ \h \k_o h[klhyl_evkl\Zo, djhf_ l_o kemqZ_\, dh]^Z
hgZ hij_^_e_ggh bf__l nmgdpbb aZsblu. ;hevrbgkl\h bkiulm_fuo klj_fylky mdehgblvky hl
ijh[e_fu h^_\Zlv beb g_ h^_\Zlv nb]mjm, dhlhjmx hgb jbkmxl. ;hevrbgkl\h
hklZgZ\eb\Zxlky gZ dhfijhfbkk_ \ \b^_ ]jm[h]h, lmfZggh]h beb kbf\hebq_kdh]h
h[hagZq_gby h^_`^u. ?keb q_eh\_d aZ^Z_l ij_^\Zjbl_evguc \hijhk: dZd hg ^he`_g jbkh\Zlv
nb]mjm \ h^_`^_ beb [_a g__, wlh fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_gh dZd ijhy\e_gb_ kbevghc
haZ[hq_gghklb b i_j_`b\Zgbc, k\yaZgguo k l_ehf. Kfms_gb_, k dhlhjuf aZ^Z_lky \hijhk, b
debgbq_kdb_ ^Zggu_, hlghkysb_ky d bg^b\b^mZevghfm kemqZx, ih^l\_j`^Zxl
kijZ\_^eb\hklv lZdhc bgl_jij_lZpbb. G_j_^dh b^_glbqghklv ijh_pbjmxs_]hky q_eh\_dZ,
^Z`_ _keb ijh_dpby y\ey_lky [_kkhagZl_evghc, fh`_l [ulv \u\_^_gZ ba oZjZdl_jZ h^_`^u.
LZd, ijyfhc gZjy^ gZ `_gsbg_, dhlhjuc ^hklb]Z_l sbdhehlhd, fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_g dZd
h[hagZq_gb_ lh]h, qlh nb]mjZ ij_^klZ\ey_l h[jZa fZl_jb (kf. jbk. 5I). G_dhlhju_
bkiulm_fu_-fm`qbgu jbkmxl gZ nb]mj_ fheh^h]h q_eh\_dZ h^_`^m lhc fh^u, dhlhjZy [ueZ
\h \j_f_gZ fheh^hklb hlpZ, lZdbf h[jZahf ih^l\_j`^Zy kbevgmx b^_glbnbdZpbx k hlphf.
Bamq_gb_ jbkmgdh\ \ khhlg_k_gbb k debgbq_kdbfb ^Zggufb \uy\ey_l g_[hevrmx, gh
kms_kl\_ggmx ]jmiim bg^b\b^h\, ^ey dhlhjuo oZjZdl_j_g ba[ulhd beb g_^hklZlhd h^_`^u
gZ gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mj_ ijb lhf, qlh d jbkmgdm hgb hlghkylky k [hevrhc k_jv_aghklvx b
\deZ^u\Zxl \ g_]h fgh]h kbe. >ey m^h[kl\Z l_, dlh jbkm_l ba[ulhd h^_`^u, fh]ml [ulv
hlg_k_gu d gZjpbkkbklZf h^_`^u, Z l_, dlh jbkm_l fZeh h^_`^u d gZjpbkkbklZf l_eZ. Ohly
^ey h[_bo wlbo ]jmii oZjZdl_jgZ bgnZglbevgZy b w]hp_gljbq_kdZy wfhpbhgZevghklv b
ih\ur_ggZy kl_i_gv k_dkmZevghc ^_aZ^ZilZpbb, bo hlebqZxl bgl_j_kgu_ jZaebqby \
jbkmgdZo b, khhl\_lkl\_ggh, \ ebqghklb. GZjpbkkbklu h^_`^u bkihevamxl h^_`^m \
hkgh\ghf \ kfuke_ khpbZevghc b k_dkmZevghc ijbfZgdb. L_e_kguc wdk]b[bpbhgbaf b
kZfh^_fhgkljZpby ^hihegyxlky ^_dhjbjh\Zgb_f, \ lh \j_fy dZd kh[kl\_ggh l_eh g_
h[u]ju\Z_lky. K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, gZjpbkkbkl l_eZ, _keb wlh fm`qbgZ, qZs_ \k_]h
^_fhgkljbjm_l \ jbkmgd_ jZa\blmx fmkdmeZlmjm, hl^Z\Zy ^Zgv h^_`^_ ebrv \ \b^_ dhjhldbo
kihjlb\guo ieZ\hd (kf. jbk. 2m). Jbkmghd `_ fm`qbgu-gZjpbkkbklZ h^_`^u qZs_ ihoh` gZ
beexkljZpbx ba `mjgZeZ fh^ \ baysghf dhklxf_ k ih^eh`gufb ie_qZfb, ghkh\uf
ieZldhf, lsZl_evgh keh`_gguf \ gZ]jm^ghf dZjfZg_ b ^jm]bfb ^_lZeyfb ij_\hkoh^gh]h
r\_cgh]h bkdmkkl\Z b moh`_gghklb. >h\hevgh bgl_j_kgh lh, qlh `_gkdZy nb]mjZ \ iZj_
fh`_l [ulv h^_lZ \ dmiZevguc dhklxf b [ulv [he__ fmkdmebklhc, g_`_eb kh[eZagbl_evghc.
K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, `_gkdZy nb]mjZ gZjpbkkbklZ l_eZ \k_]^Z iheghklvx h^_lZ, gh lZd, qlh[u
ih^q_jdgmlv k_dkmZevghklv h^_`^u (kf. jbk. 2mb 2I).
Wlbf dhgljZklbjmxsbf lbiZf bah[jZ`_gby h^_`^u khhl\_lkl\mxl kms_kl\_ggu_
jZaebqby \ ebqghklb. GZjpbkkbkl h^_`^u \g_rg_ \iheg_ khpbZe_g b wdkljZ\_jlbjh\Zg.
H^gZdh khpbZevghklv [he__ fhlb\bjh\ZgZ kbevghc ihlj_[ghklvx \ khpbZevghf h^h[j_gbb b
ij_\hkoh^kl\_, g_`_eb
bklbgguf bgl_j_khf d h[t_dlm. Jbkmgdb nb]mj k\h_]h iheZ, \uiheg_ggu_ `_gsbgZfb,
ijbgZ^e_`Zsbfb d lbim gZjpbkkbklh\ h^_`^u, oZjZdl_jbamxlky qj_af_jguf \gbfZgb_f d
^_lZeyf dhkf_lbdb, mdjZr_gbyf b moh`_gghklb. < p_ehf, lZdb_ bg^b\b^u bf_xl l_g^_gpbx
d ikbohiZlbq_kdhfm lbim Z^ZilZpbb. GZjpbkkbklu l_eZ, \uklZ\eyxsb_ gZ i_j\uc ieZg
fmkdmevgmx kbem, khhlghkylky [he__ k rbahb^guf, kZfhm]em[e_gguf b bgljh\_jlbjh\Zgguf
lbihf ebqghklb. Hgb haZ[hq_gu k\hbf l_ehf, qZklh ^h lZdhc kl_i_gb, qlh ij_^Zxlky ^he]bf
b gZijy`_gguf mijZ`g_gbyf ih jZa\blbx l_eZ jZ^b kZfh]h wlh]h j_amevlZlZ. K_dkmZevgh
hgb, \hafh`gh, \ hkgh\ghf h]jZgbqb\Zxlky Zmlhwjhlbq_kdhc klbfmeypb_c. Hgb g_ ihemqZxl
bklbggh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby hl khpbZevguo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc, ij_^ihqblZy k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_
nZglZabcgu_ jZafure_gby.
Im]h\bpu
<u^_e_gb_ im]h\bp ihkj_^kl\hf aZlmr_\u\Zgby, ki_pbZevgh]h gZ^Z\eb\Zgby, eb[h
kemqZcgh]h beb g_ijZ\bevgh]h jZkiheh`_gby gZ nb]mj_ \klj_qZ_lky \ hkgh\ghf m aZ\bkbfuo,
bgnZglbevguo b g_Z^_d\Zlguo ex^_c. Wlh \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb \b^gh \ jbkmgdZo fm`qbg,
g_`_eb \ jbkmgdZo `_gsbg, b [hevr_ m ^_l_c, hkh[_ggh fZevqbdh\, g_`_eb m \ajhkeuo. M
wfhpbhgZevgh ^_]jZ^bjh\Z\rbo \ajhkeuo f_oZgbq_kdbc b g_ hq_gv mf_klguc jy^ im]h\bp,
jbkm_fuc kljh]h ih k_j_^bg_ nb]mju, \hafh`gh \ khq_lZgbb k g_]Zjfhgbjmxs_c reyihc,
kem`bl ^ey ihegh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby h^_`^u. Bgh]^Z im]h\bpu kem`Zl ijhjZ[hld_ kbevgh
\u^_e_gghc kj_^g_c ebgbb, hljZ`Zy w]hp_gljbq_kdmx b khfZlbq_kdmx haZ[hq_gghklv. <
hl^_evguo kemqZyo [hevrZy b ih^q_jdgmlZy im]h\bpZ ihf_s_gZ gZ f_kl_ imidZ, [_a dZdbo-
eb[h ^jm]bo h[hagZq_gbc h^_`^u.
Ihkdhevdm im]h\bpu ihy\eyxlky gZ klhev fgh]bo jbkmgdZo ^_aZ^Zilbjh\Zgguo
bg^b\b^h\, [ueh [u ihe_agh bkke_^h\Zlv nmgdpbhgZevgh_ b kbf\hebq_kdhc agZq_gb_
im]h\bp k jZaguo lhq_d aj_gby. Lhl nZdl, qlh im]h\bpZ qZklh \ nhjf_ djm]ehc ijy`db,
bgh]^Z ihf_sZ_lky gZ f_kl_ imidZ, Z lZd`_ lhl nZdl, qlh \u^_e_gb_ im]h\bp; ijhbkoh^bl \
hkgh\ghf \ jbkmgdZo ijb\yaZgguo d fZl_jb bg^b\b^h\, iha\heyxl ij_^iheh`blv, qlh
ikboheh]bq_kdZy agZqbfhklv im]h\bp fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgZ k imidhf kbf\hehf aZ\bkbfhklb
hl fZl_jb. Imihd y\ey_lky p_gljhf l_eZ, b \Z`gu_ \_sb [_jml k\h_ gZqZeh \ p_glj_. Wlh
gZb[he__ ijb\e_dZxsZy \gbfZgb_ lhqdZ `b\hlZ, dhlhjZy fh`_l ih \g_rg_fm \b^m [ulv
Zkkhpbbjh\ZgZ k khkdZfb. >ey feZ^_gpZ khkhd h[eZ^Z_l fZ]bq_kdbf k\hckl\hf ih^^_j`db
`bagb, lj_[mxsbf hl g_]h kjZ\gbl_evgh fZeh]h mkbeby. Bf_ggh wlZ ZkkhpbZpby k nmgdpb_c
dhjfe_gby iha\hey_l k ^hklZlhqghc \_jhylghklvx ]h\hjblv h[ bgl_jij_lZpbb aZ\bkbfhklb.
Im]h\bpu y\eyxlky aZf_lghc ^_lZevx mgbnhjf, b hkh[_ggh mgbnhjf r\_cpZjh\ b
dZ^_lh\, qlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l g_dhlhjmx bo \aZbfhk\yav k dhfie_dkhf ih^qbg_gby Z\lhjbl_lm
(kf. jbk. 3m). Wlh k ^jm]h]h dhgpZ ih^l\_j`^Z_l kfuke aZ\bkbfhklb. <eZklv b dhgljhev k bo
ke_^kl\byfb ih^qbg_gb_f b aZ\bkbfhklvx mihfbgZxlky \h fgh]bo ih]h\hjdZo,
dZkZxsboky im]h\bp. LZd. gZ`Zlv gZ im]h\bpm (dghidm)' agZqbl ih^qbgblv k_[_ dZdh]h-
eb[h q_eh\_dZ beb \_sv ihkj_^kl\hf ^bklZgpbhggh]h mijZ\e_gby. Dh]^Z \k_ aZkl_]gmlh, hgh
gZoh^blky ih^ dhgljhe_f. NmgdpbhgZevgh im]h\bpu jZkkl_]b\Zxlky, qlh[u ihdZaZlv l_eh, b
aZkl_]b\Zxlky, qlh[u kdjulv _]h, b \ wlhf kfuke_ hljZ`Zxl hlghr_gb_ d l_em. Im]h\bpu gZ
fZg`_lZo ^h[Z\eyxl h[k_kkb\gmx ghlm d q_jlZf aZ\bkbfhklb.
DZjfZgu
Ih^h[gh im]h\bpZf, g_Z^_d\Zlgh_ \u^_e_gb_ dZjfZgh\ \b^gh \ jbkmgdZo bgnZglbevguo
b aZ\bkbfuo bg^b\b^h\, b [hevr_ m fm`qbg, g_`_eb m `_gsbg. Hkh[h_ hlghr_gb_ d
dZjfZgZf wfibjbq_kdb Zkkhpbbjm_lky [he__ dhgdj_lgh k Znn_dlb\ghc beb fZl_jbZevghc
^_ijb\Zpb_c dZd hkgh\hc ikbohiZlbq_kdh]h lbiZ Z^ZilZpbb (kf. jbk. 4I b 4m). FZevqbdb-
ih^jhkldb, Zj_klh\Zggu_ aZ dZjfZggmx djZ`m, qZklh \dexqZxl ki_pbZevgu_ dZjfZgu \ k\hb
jbkmgdb, eb[h ijb^Zxl Zdk_kkmZj \ \b^_ dgb`db dZjfZggh]h nhjfZlZ `_gsbg_, lZdbf
h[jZahf ij_^eZ]Zy ]jZnbq_kdmx beexkljZpbx qZklh g_\jhlbq_kdhc b kbf\hebq_kdhc
ijbjh^u ijZ\hgZjmr_gby. :kkhpbZpbb bkiulm_fuo ih ih\h^m dZjfZgh\ hibku\Zxl dZjfZgu
dZd f_klh ^ey ojZg_gby ebqgh]h bfms_kl\Z, dZd ij_^hklZ\eyxsb_ \hafh`ghklv kijylZlv
h]g_klj_evgh_ hjm`b_, eb[h dZd kn_jm fZklmj[Zpbb. H^bg ba iZpb_glh\, dhlhjuc gZjbkh\Ze
nb]mjm k jmdZfb \ dZjfZgZo, hlf_lbe: "M f_gy \k_]^Z [ueZ wlZ ^mjgZy ijb\uqdZ. Fhy fZfZ
kdZaZeZ, qlh fZevqbd, dhlhjuc ^_j`bl k\hb jmdb \ dZjfZgZo, gbdh]^Z gb gZ qlh g_ [m^_l
]h^_g". >ey ih^jZklZxs_]h fZevqbdZ [hevrhc dZjfZg, iheguc jZagh]h ^h[jZ, y\ey_lky
kbf\hehf jZkrbj_gby W]h b aj_ehklb. LZdbf h[jZahf, dZjfZgu fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky
ih^jhkldZfb dZd \ujZ`_gb_ klj_fe_gby d fm`_kl\_gghklb, dhlhjh_ \klmiZ_l \ ijhlb\hj_qb_
k wfhpbhgZevghc aZ\bkbfhklvx hl fZl_jb. @_gsbgu j_^dh h[hagZqZxl dZjfZgu gZ k\hbo
jbkmgdZo. Hgb kdehggu d [hevr_c g_aZ\bkbfhklb, b bo h^_`^Z, aZ bkdexq_gb_f ieZlv_\
"jm[Zr_qgh]h" ihdjhy b ib^`ZdZ, krblh]h ih nZkhgm fm`kdh]h, j_^dh bf__l dZjfZgu.
=Zeklmd
=Zeklmd y\ey_lky jZkijhkljZg_gguf k_dkmZevguf kbf\hehf, hg qZs_ \k_]h \klj_qZ_lky
gZ jbkmgdZo fZevqbdh\ b fheh^uo fm`qbg (kf. nb]mjm 4m). K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, m fm`qbg
klZjr_ khjhdZ dhgnebdl ih ih\h^m k_dkmZevghc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb bf__l l_g^_gpbx d
]jZnbq_kdhfm \ujZ`_gbx \ \hibxs_f m^ebg_gbb ghkZ, eb[h \ qj_a\uqZcghf \gbfZgbb d
bah[jZ`_gbx ghkZ, eb[h \ ^jm]hf lbi_ g_Z^_d\Zlgh]h bah[jZ`_gby wlh]h hj]ZgZ beb klmigb.
Ihke_^gbc rljbo, dhlhjuc ^h[Z\ey_l d k\h_c \g_rghklb fheh^hc q_eh\_d, b^msbc gZ
k\b^Zgb_, hg ihijZ\ey_l ]Zeklmd b, \hafh`gh, jZkijZ\ey_l ghkh\hc ieZlhd \ gZ]jm^ghf
dZjfZg_. <gbfZgb_ dZd d ]Zeklmdm, lZd b d ghkh\hfm ieZldm qZklh \klj_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo
k_dkmZevgh g_Z^_d\Zlguo fm`qbg. @_gkl\_ggu_ b mlhgq_ggu_ fm`qbgu ba\_klgu k\hbfb
dhee_dpbyfb klbevguo ]Zeklmdh\. =h\hjyl, ]hfhk_dkmZebklu ih\yau\Zxl ]Zeklmdb lZd, qlh[u
ijb\e_qv \gbfZgb_. < jbkmgdZo ]Zeklmdb \Zjvbjmxl hl g_y\gh]h, fZe_gvdh]h b \u]ey^ys_]h
hkeZ[e_gguf ]ZeklmdZ m bg^b\b^Z, dhlhjuc \ hlqZygbb hl k\h_c keZ[hc k_dkmZevghklb, ^h
^ebggh]h b [jhkZxs_]hky \ ]eZaZ ]ZeklmdZ, bgh]^Z mdjZr_ggh]h ^_lZeyfb nZeebq_kdh]h lbiZ,
qlh [u\Z_l m k_dkmZevgh Z]j_kkb\gh]h bg^b\b^Z, ih[m`^Z_fh]h d k\_jodhfi_gkZpbb kljZohf
bfihl_gpbb. < jbkmgdZo, kh[jZgguo Z\lhjhf, bf__lky hlghkbl_evgh fZeh ]Zeklmdh\ \ \b^_
[ZglZ, b \hafh`gZy k\yav k debgbq_kdbfb ^Zggufb g_ fh]eZ \ke_^kl\b_ wlh]h [ulv bamq_gZ.
< hl^_evguo kemqZyo ]Zeklmd gZjbkh\Zg lZd, dZd [m^lh hg hle_lZ_l hl l_eZ. Wlh [ueh \b^gh \
kemqZyo y\ghc k_dkmZevghc Z]j_kkbb b h[uqgh hagZqZ_l kbevgmx k_dkmZevgmx haZ[hq_gghklv.
DklZlb, hlf_lbf, qlh q_jguc beb [_euc ]Zeklmd-[Z[hqdZ \k_]^Z ghkblky \ nhjfZevghc,
j_]eZf_glbjh\Zgghc b dhgk_j\Zlb\ghc h[klZgh\d_, \ lh \j_fy dZd yjdbc ]Zeklmd-[Zgl
gZ^_\Zxl \ kemqZyo, lj_[mxsbo Zlfhkn_ju xghklb b [_aaZ[hlghklb.
H[m\vb reyiZ
Kbf\hebq_kdh_ nZeebq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ h[m\b, \ujZ`_ggh_ ]jZnbq_kdb \ [_ahrb[hqgh
magZ\Z_fhf klbe_, Z lZd`_ \ dhgnebdlghf bah[jZ`_gbb, \dexqZxs_f klbjZgby, baf_g_gby,
aZlmr_\dm beb baf_g_gb_ ebgbb, qZs_ \k_]h hlf_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo ih`beh]h bkiulm_fh]h-
fm`qbgu, dhlhjuc \ g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb kljZ^Z_l hl bfihl_gpbb. G_j_^dh h[m\b m^_ey_lky
hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ \ \b^_ ijhjZ[hldb i_l_ev, rgmjdh\ beb [Zglbdh\ ijb lhf, qlh l_g^_gpby d
ijhjbkh\d_ g_ oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey hklZevguo qZkl_c jbkmgdZ. Wlh qZs_ \k_]h \b^gh \
bah[jZ`_gbyo fm`qbg, \uiheg_gguo ^_\hqdZfb-ih^jhkldZfb, b, ihoh`_, ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc
Zdp_gl gZ h[k_kkb\ghklb, dhlhjZy h[uqgh kdhgp_gljbjh\ZgZ gZ k_dkmZevgh kbf\hebq_kdbo
^_lZeyo h^_`^u, qlh fh`_l [ulv Zkkhpbbjh\Zgh k k_dkmZevgufb bfimevkZfb. H[k_kkb\gZy
^_lZebaZpby h[m\b ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc y\gh `_gkdmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm \ ]jZnbq_kdhc
wdkij_kkbb.
Dh]^Z gZ nb]mj_ ihy\ey_lky reyiZ ijb hlkmlkl\bb ^jm]hc h^_`^u, \ jbkmgd_ fh`gh
gZclb b ^jm]b_ q_jlu j_]j_kkbb. Reyiu h[uqgh bah[jZ`Zxlky \ lZdhc fZg_j_, dhlhjZy
ih^l\_j`^Z_l nZeebq_kdh_ agZq_gb_, ijbibku\Z_fh_ reyiZf \ ikbohZgZeblbq_kdbo
bkke_^h\Zgbyo. < h^ghf kemqZ_, m wdk]b[bpbhgbklZ, hkm`^_ggh]h aZ gZjmr_gb_
h[s_kl\_gghc gjZ\kl\_gghklb, ihey reyiu, ijb \a]ey^_ \ ijhnbev, [ueb gZjbkh\Zgu lZd,
qlh bo \uklmiZxsb_ aZ ij_^_eu lmevb djZy bf_eb ihjZabl_evgh_ koh^kl\h k wj_]bjh\Zgguf
nZeehkhf. QZklh reyiZ fh`_l [ulv ki_pbZevgh ^_dhjbjh\ZgZ, qj_a\uqZcgh \_ebdZ, beb
kd\hav g__ \b^gu \hehku eb[h eh[. Ihke_^gbc lbi ijhk\_qb\Zgby h[uqgh bf__l f_klh \
dhgl_dkl_ \ p_ehf ijbfblb\gh]h b g_jZajZ[hlZggh]h kihkh[Z bah[jZ`_gby nb]mju \ p_ehf b
\_kvfZ qZklh y\ey_lky kbfilhfZlbdhc ijbfblb\gh]h k_dkmZevgh]h ih\_^_gby km[t_dlZ.
ReyiZ ijZdlbq_kdb gbdh]^Z g_ ijb^Z_lky h[_bf nb]mjZf (b fm`kdhc, b `_gkdhc)
h^gh\j_f_ggh. @_gkdZy nb]mjZ h[uqgh bf__l iurgu_ \hehku, Z fm`kdZy reyim.
>jm]bfb k_dkmZevgufb kbf\heZfb, qZs_ \k_]h \klj_qZxsbfbky \ jbkmgdZo, y\eyxlky
ljm[dZ, kb]Zj_lZ, ibklhe_l b, j_`_, ljhklv. Ljm[dZ b kb]Zj_lZ \klj_qZxlky, \ hkgh\ghf, \
jbkmgdZo fheh^uo fm`qbg b ih^jhkldh\. Ibklhe_l qZs_ ihy\ey_lky gZ jbkmgdZo fZevqbdh\
ij_^ih^jhkldh\h]h b ih^jhkldh\h]h \hajZklZ, \ lh \j_fy dZd ljhklv j_^dh fh`gh \b^_lv m
km[t_dlh\ feZ^r_ khjhdZ. Kbf\hebaf ljm[db, kb]Zj_lu b ibklhe_lZ kebrdhf hq_\b^_g,
qlh[u gm`^Zlvky \ h[km`^_gbb. Dh]^Z hgb ^_eZxlky g_h[uqgh [hevrbfb, [jhkZxsbfbky \
]eZaZ, eb[h Zdlb\gh ^ufysbfbky, hgb h[uqgh hagZqZxl k_dkmZevgmx haZ[hq_gghklv,
gZklhevdh kbevgmx, qlh hgZ Zdlb\gh [_kihdhbl km[t_dlZ. WlZ bgl_jij_lZpby g_ hlghkblky d
jbkmgdZf fZe_gvdbo fZevqbdh\, dhlhju_ jZajZ[Zlu\Zxl ^jZfZlbq_kdmx l_fZlbdm klj_ev[u.
H^bg iZpb_gl, dhlhjuc gZ k_dkmZevghc ihq\_ kh\_jrbe ihdmr_gb_ gZ m[bckl\h kh[kl\_gghc
g_\_klu, \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v gZjbkh\Ze reyim m fm`kdhc nb]mju, khijh\h^b\ wlh [_]euf
gZ[jhkdhf ijhnbey. <ke_^ aZ wlbf hg kjZam \hldgme ljm[dm \ jhl, ij_`^_ q_f aZgylvky
^jm]bfb qZklyfb jbkmgdZ. Ljm[dZ [ueZ hq_gv [hevrZy, ih^q_jdgmlZy b Zdlb\gh ^ufysZyky.
Dh]^Z iZpb_glZ kijhkbeb, `_gZl eb gZjbkh\Zgguc bf fm`qbgZ, hg hl\_lbe: "Hg, ^he`gh
[ulv, `_gZl, jZa lZd dmjbl ljm[dm". Ljhklv ihy\ey_lky gZ jbkmgdZo ex^_c kj_^gbo e_l beb
klZjr_, dhlhju_ g_hohlgh ijbgbfZxl k\h_ m\y^Zgb_. HgZ j_^dh h[gZjm`b\Z_lky gZ jbkmgdZo
ex^_c [he__ fheh^h]h \hajZklZ. < ]jmii_ jbkmgdh\, ihemq_gguo hl i_j_f_s_gguo
_\jhi_ckdbo ki_pbZebklh\ ih`beh]h \hajZklZ, ljhklv y\eyeZkv \_kvfZ agZqbfhc q_jlhc. <
hl^_evguo kemqZyo lheklZy dhjhldZy ljhklv gZjbkh\ZgZ \ jZchg_ k_dkmZevghc h[eZklb nb]mju
\ ij_l_gpbhaghf bkiheg_gbb, h[hagZqZy ihiuldm aZf_gblv bgl_ee_dlmZevgmx kbem gZ
g_Z^_d\Zlgmx k_dkmZevgmx kbem.

Ke_^mxsbckhgjZkkdZaZggucijhoh^b\rbfdmjkikbohl_jZibbiZpb_glhfdhlhjuch[gZjm`b\Ze
k_jv_agu_k_dkmZevgu_ljm^ghklbbeexkljbjm_lkbf\hebq_kdh_bkihevah\Zgb_ihjln_eyb h[m\bY b^mih
mebp_b ohqmk d_flh\klj_lblvky<g_aZighy ihkfhlj_egZk\hxh^_`^mb m\b^_eqlhy h^_l\ ib`Zfm
AZl_fy aZr_e\ fZ]Zabgqlh[udmiblvihjln_evM ijh^Z\pZg_[uehlZdh]hdZdhcy ohl_eY bkdZe
ihjln_ev[hkhcihkdhevdmfhblmneb[uebhklZ\e_gum kZih`gbdZ\ lhf`_fZ]Zabg_IZpb_glhq_gv
fgh]hkeh\_gbgl_ee_dlmZebabjm_l\k_k\hbijh[e_fub bf__l\ujZ`_ggh_\e_q_gb_d wdk]b[bpbhgbafm

<u^_e_gb_ rbjbgdb gZ [jxdZo \b^gh m bg^b\b^h\, haZ[hq_gguo fZklmj[Zpb_c, aZ

bkdexq_gb_f l_o kemqZ_\, dh]^Z bah[jZ`Z_lky kihjlb\guc dhklxf, m dhlhjh]h wlh
kms_kl\_ggZy qZklv.
Kljmdlmjgu_b nhjfZevgu_Zki_dlu
>h kbo ihj ijbgpbiu, e_`Zsb_ \ hkgh\_ ijh_dpbb fh^_eb l_eZ, khhlghkbebkv ]eZ\guf
h[jZahf k kh^_j`Zgb_f jbkmgdZ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju. H^gZdh nhjfZevgu_ Zki_dlu g_ f_g__
\Z`gu ^ey ^bZ]ghaZ b ZgZebaZ. G_dhlhju_ lbiu jbkmgdh\ gZklhevdh [_^gu ih kh^_j`Zgbx,
qlh hkgh\gZy ^hey ZgZebaZ ijboh^blky gZ kljmdlmjgu_ q_jlu. Wlb kljmdlmjgu_ q_jlu
\dexqZxl jZaghh[jZab_ b ijhjZ[hldm ^_lZe_c, [hevrZy qZklv dhlhjuo ih^e_`bl
wdki_jbf_glZevghc \_jbnbdZpbb. >ey g_dhlhjuo hkgh\guo nZdlhjh\ \\h^gh]h h[ahjZ [m^_l
ij_^ijbgylZ ihiuldZ djZldh]h jZkkfhlj_gby.
L_fZ
Dh]^Z bg^b\b^Z ijhkyl "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ", ijh_pbjm_l eb hg Zghgbfgmx nb]mjm,
dhlhjZy ijbh[j_lZ_l hq_jlZgby ih^ \ebygb_f _]h ZkkhpbZpbc, k\yaZgguo k g_c? Y\ey_lky eb
nb]mjZ kl_j_hlbihf, dhgdj_lguf ebphf beb hldjulh ijbagZ\Z_fuf h[jZahf k_[y kZfh]h?
Bg^b\b^u, dhlhju_ khagZl_evgh klZjZxlky ih^l\_j^blv k\h_ ghjfZevgh_ ikbobq_kdh_
khklhygb_, fh]ml h[hagZqblv gZjbkh\Zggmx nb]mjm dZd "kj_^g_]h" beb "ghjfZevgh]h"
q_eh\_dZ. ?keb ba[jZg oZjZdl_jguc kl_j_hlbi, lZdhc dZd khe^Zl, dh\[hc, ihebp_ckdbc beb
]Zg]kl_j, fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv, qlh gZ mjh\g_ nZglZabjh\Zgby \h\e_q_gZ g_dhlhjZy kl_i_gv
Zmlhb^_glbnbdZpbb. Wlh ij_^iheh`_gb_ h[ Zmlhb^_glbnbdZpbb ijbf_gbfh \ jZ\ghc kl_i_gb
d ^_lyf, dhlhju_ jbkmxl Kmi_jf_gZ beb >bdZ Lj_ckb, ohly wlhl kl_j_hlbi y\ey_lky
khpbZevgh jZkijhkljZg_gguf b g_ bf__l ^ey j_[_gdZ hkh[hc bg^b\b^mZevghc agZqbfhklb,
dZd ^ey \ajhkeh]h. ;ueh hlf_q_gh, qlh ^_fh[bebah\Zgguc \_l_jZg, hkh[_ggh _keb m g_]h
[ueb g_dhlhju_ ljm^ghklb Z^ZilZpbb \h \j_fy kem`[u, qZklh [m^_l jbkh\Zlv khe^ZlZ beb
fZljhkZ k y\ghc Zmlhb^_glbnbdZpb_c. < wlbo kemqZyo `_gkdZy nb]mjZ \ iZj_ g_ ij_^klZ\ey_l
kh[hc kl_j_hlbi. GZjbkh\Zgguc khe^Zl beb fZljhk h[uqgh [hevrhc b kh^_j`bl ^jm]b_
ijbagZdb nZglZabcgh]h jZa\blby. <_jhylgh, wlb bg^b\b^u jmdh\h^kl\h\Zebkv \ k\hbo
gZf_j_gbyo \klmiblv \ \hhjm`_ggu_ kbeu nZglZabyfb kebrdhf gZjpbkkbq_kdbfb b
g_j_Zevgufb, qlh[u h[_ki_qb\Zlv ihke_^mxsmx Z^ZilZpbx. ?keb kg_]h\bd, "]heh\h-gh]"
beb gZ[hj ebgbc ij_^eZ]Z_lky dZd k_jvzagh_ \hiehs_gb_ "q_eh\_dZ", hlf_qZ_lky mdehg_gb_
hl l_e_kguo ijh[e_f. LZdb_ nb]mju qZklh f_gvr_ ih jZaf_jZf b k^\bgmlu d
bgljh\_jkb\ghfm (e_\hfm) djZx ebklZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k [he__ iheguf bah[jZ`_gb_f,
\hafh`gh \ke_^kl\b_ gZijy`_gby, k\yaZggh]h k mdehg_gb_f. < kemqZ_ k iZpb_glhf,
h[\bgy_fuf \ m[bckl\_, kg_]h\bd, dZd wlh [ueh ih^l\_j`^_gh ZkkhpbZpb_c, [ue kbf\hehf
g_gZ^_`gh]h dhgljhey, dhlhjuc km[t_dl bf_e gZ^ bgl_]jbjh\Zgghklvx k\h_]h kh[kl\_ggh]h
l_eZ. IZpb_gl qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y, ih^h[gh kg_]h\bdm, bkdmkkl\_ggh ke_ie_gguf b bf_xsbf
l_g^_gpbx lZylv ih^ \g_rgbf \ha^_ckl\b_f. Wlhl iZpb_gl [ue kdehg_g d ikbohlbq_kdbf
\kiurdZf, \h \j_fy dhlhjuo i_jbh^bq_kdb g_dh_ ihk_sZeh g_dh_ haZj_gb_. >jm]hc \Z`ghc
hkh[_gghklvx y\ey_lky ijh_dpby nb]mju, dhlhjZy ih \k_f k\hbf ]jZnbq_kdbf
oZjZdl_jbklbdZf agZqbl_evgh fheh`_ beb klZjr_, q_f kZf km[t_dl. ?keb nb]mjZ feZ^r_, gh
lh]h `_ iheZ (qlh bkiulm_fuc), fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv g_dhlhjmx wfhpbhgZevgmx nbdkZpbx
gZ wlhf \hajZkl_ beb `_eZgb_ \_jgmlvky \ fheh^hklv (kf. jbk. 7I b 8m). ?keb nb]mjZ klZjr_,
fh`gh hlf_lblv b^_glbnbdZpbx k h[jZahf jh^bl_ey (k\h_]h iheZ).
>_ckl\b_beb^\b`_gb_
>_ckl\by beb ^\b`_gby bah[jZ`_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ [he__, q_f hg kZf, hlh[jZ`Zxl
jZaghh[jZab_ l_f. Nb]mjZ fh`_l [ulv ihabjmxs_c, b^ms_c, kjZ`Zxs_cky, ^Zxs_c qlh-lh
dhfm-lh, ijhbaghkys_c j_qv beb ijb\_lkl\mxs_c dh]h-gb[m^v. ;hevrbgkl\h jbkmgdh\,
ihemq_gguo \ [hevgbp_ ^ey \ajhkeuo beb m debgbq_kdh]h dhglbg]_glZ, klZlbqgu beb, \
emqr_f kemqZ_, bah[jZ`Zeb q_eh\_dZ, dhlhjuc "]mey_l". >_ckl\b_ [he__ oZjZdl_jgh ^ey
jbkmgdh\ fZevqbdh\ ij_^ih^jhkldh\h]h \hajZklZ. >_\hqdb ^_fhgkljbjmxl y\gh_
ij_^ihql_gb_ nb]mjZf, \uklZ\e_gguf gZihdZa. Dh]^Z aZ^mfu\Z_lky ohjhrh jZajZ[hlZggh_
^_ckl\b_, dhlhjh_ g_ \iheg_ khhlghkblky k \hajZklhf km[t_dlZ, _]h IQ, ijhn_kkb_c beb
ijbkmsbfb _fm bgl_j_kZfb, fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv ih]ehs_gghklv km[t_dlZ k\hbfb
nZglZabyfb. H lhf, bf__l eb wlZ nZglZaby dhgkljmdlb\gmx beb iZlheh]bq_kdmx ijbjh^m,
ke_^m_l km^blv ih ^jm]bf Zki_dlZf jbkmgdZ. Lhl nZdl, qlh ^_ckl\b_ b nZglZaby [he__
oZjZdl_jgu ^ey jbkmgdh\ fZevqbdh\, kh]eZkm_lky k gZ[ex^_gb_f, qlh ^_\hqdb kqblZxlky
[he__ j_Zebklbqgufb, ijZdlbqgufb b hjb_glbjh\Zggufb gZ khpbZevgu_ lj_[h\Zgby, \ lh
\j_fy dZd fZevqbdb ij_^Zxlky nZglZabyf h kbe_ b ijbdexq_gbyo. Jbkmghd, dhlhjuc
kh^_j`bl y\gh_ ih[m`^_gb_ d ^\b`_gbx, gh ijb wlhf _]h [ehdbjmxl klZlbqgu_,
Zmlbklbq_kdb_ beb bgljh\_jkb\gu_ q_jlu (kf. jbk. 2m), gZ[ex^Z_lky ij_bfms_kl\_ggh m
rbahb^h\ beb rbahnj_gbdh\, qvb klj_fe_gby d ^hklb`_gbx b \eZklb kbevgu, gh k\yaZgu
bkdexqbl_evgh k nZglZabyfb.
Ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv
Ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv ijhp_^mju jbkh\Zgby y\ey_lky \Z`ghc. Wlh lhl Zki_dl, h dhlhjhf
g_evay km^blv, _keb g_ >_eZlv aZf_ldb ih f_j_ lh]h, dZd km[t_dl jbkm_l. ;hevrbgkl\h ex^_c
ke_^mxl ghjfZlb\guf beb eh]bq_kdbf h]jZgbq_gbyf \ k\h_f jbkh\Zgbb. G_dhlhju_, l_f g_
f_g__, jZ[hlZxl \ kfms_gbb, [_kihjy^hqgh jZa[jZku\Zykv ih jbkmgdm. Wlh fh`_l [ulv
k\yaZgh k jZkkljhckl\hf ih[m`^_gbc, fZgbZdZevguf \ha[m`^_gb_f beb rbahnj_gbq_kdbf
fure_gb_f.. Qj_af_jgh hklhjh`guc, kdh\Zgguc bg^b\b^ qZklh jZajZ[Zlu\Z_l dZ`^mx
g_[hevrmx qZklv jbkmgdZ [beZl_jZevgh, \ ijb\yad_ d klbfmem, g_ j_rZykv jbkdgmlv \ p_ehf
h[hagZqblv dhglmju hkgh\ghc b^_b (kf. jbk. 6m b 6I). Km[t_dlu, gZqbgZxsb_ k q_jl ebpZ b
aZl_f hdjm`Zxsb_ bo, l_, dlh gZqbgZ_l kh reyiu, Z g_ k ]heh\u, l_, dlh jbkm_l ]heh\m \
ihke_^gxx hq_j_^v, b l_, dlh gZqbgZ_l k gh] b ^\b]Z_lky gZ\_jo \k_ hgb ^_fhgkljbjmxl
g_dhlhjmx kl_i_gv f_`ebqghklghc ^_aZ^ZilZpbb, \dexqZxsmx g_`_eZgb_ beb
g_kihkh[ghklv [jZlv gZ k_[y wfhpbhgZevgu_ h[yaZl_evkl\Z (kf. jbk. 5m b 5I). Bgh]^Z bg^b\b^
fh`_l ij_j\Zlv jbkh\Zgb_, qlh[u ^hihegbl_evgh \u^_eblv g_dhlhjmx hkh[mx h[eZklv
dhgnebdlZ, b fh`_l ^Z`_ \ha\jZsZlvky d wlhc h[eZklb g_kdhevdh jZa \ ijhp_kk_ jbkh\Zgby.
Dhe_[Zgby, k\yaZggu_ k jbkh\Zgb_f aZ ij_^_eZfb ]heh\u beb gb`_ ebgbb lZebb, hagZqZxl
g_`_eZgb_ klZedb\Zlvky k dhgnebdlZfb, hlghkysbfbky d wlhc h[eZklb.
Kbff_ljby
Kljh_gb_ q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju bagZqZevgh kbff_ljbqgh. We_f_glZjgh_ h[mq_gb_
jbkh\Zgbx ih^q_jdb\Z_l wlh, b l_f g_ f_g__ g_dhlhju_ bg^b\b^u, dZd h[mq_ggu_, lZd b
g_h[mq_ggu_, qj_af_jgh ih^q_jdb\Zxl [beZl_jZevgmx (^\mklhjhggxx) ^_lZebaZpbx.
Baebrgyy kbff_ljby ihjh`^Z_l wnn_dl jb]b^ghklb. Jb]b^ghklv nb]mju qZklh dhjj_ebjm_l k
khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb ihaZfb km[t_dlZ, m dhlhjh]h, k lhqdb aj_gby ikbohkhfZlbdb, fh`gh
ij_^iheh`blv ]bi_jlhgbq_kdmx fmkdmevgmx aZsblm ijhlb\ \uk\h[h`^_gby ih^Z\e_gguo
wfhpbhgZevguo khklhygbc, k h^ghc klhjhgu, b k ^jm]hc ijhlb\ m]jh`Zxs_]h hdjm`_gby.
Ih^q_jdgmlZy kbff_ljby fh`_l ihjh`^Zlv f_oZgbq_kdb_, nhjfZebklkdb_ b ih^qZk
ijbqm^eb\u_ wnn_dlu, dZd wlh [u\Z_l \ jbkmgdZo iZjZghb^guo rbahnj_gbdh\. Bgh]^Z
km[t_dl gZqbgZ_l k\hc jbkmghd k gZ[jhkdZ kd_e_lZ beb k jZaf_ldb (kf. jbk. 6m). LZdb_ hihju
bkihevamxlky ^ey dhgljhey [beZl_jZevghklb l_fb bg^b\b^Zfb, dhlhju_ [hylky l_e_kgh]h
^bk[ZeZgkZ, dhlhju_ fh]ml kljZ^Zlv hl g_dhlhjhc ^_i_jkhgZebaZpbb, beb dhlhju_
i_j_`b\Zxl dhfimevkb\gh_ ih[m`^_gb_ d dhgljhex gZ^ [mcgufb b kihglZggufb
bfimevkZfb, m]jh`Zxsbfb p_ehklghklb "Y". Klj_fe_gb_ d aZ\_jr_gghklb b ih[m`^_gb_ d
wdk]b[bpbhgbafm dhjj_ebjmxsb_ q_jlu \ lZdbo jbkmgdZo. Bg^b\b^u, ^_eZxsb_
qj_af_jgh kbff_ljbqgu_ jbkmgdb, h[uqgh kdh\Zggu_, wfhpbhgZevgh oheh^gu_ b
hlkljZg_ggu_, g_mklhcqb\u_ ebqghklb (kf. jbk. 2m). Bgl_j_kgh hlf_lblv, qlh lZdb_ hj]Zgu
dZd k_j^p_, `_em^hd, fha], r_y, i_gbk, dhlhju_ oZjZdl_jbamxl [hevrbgkl\h khfZlbq_kdbo
jZkkljhckl\ m wfhpbhgZevgh dhgnebdlgh]h bg^b\b^Z, g_ y\eyxlky q_ldh ^\mklhjhggbfb. >ey
dhfimevkb\gh]h oZjZdl_jZ wlh hlkmlkl\b_ [beZl_jZevghklb fh`_l \uklmiZlv m]jhahc
bgl_]jbjh\Zgghklb [ZeZgkZ l_eZ b, lZdbf h[jZahf, ihjh`^Z_l kbfilhfu.
AZf_lgh_ gZjmr_gb_ kbff_ljbb fh`gh \b^_lv \ jbkmgdZo g_\jhlbdh\ dZd \ujZ`_gb_
l_e_kghc g_mdex`_klb, qm\kl\Z g_kdhhj^bgbjh\Zgghklb, beb h[s_c nbabq_kdhc
g_Z^_d\Zlghklb. Nb]mjZ fh`_l \u]ey^_lv h^gh[hdhc lZd, qlh wlh ^h\hevgh qZklh m^b\bl_evgh
\_jgh hljZ`Z_l \g_rghklv kZfh]h km[t_dlZ. KZfZy [hevrZy ]jmiiZ, \ dhlhjhc hlf_q_gh
g_kh[ex^_gb_ kbff_ljbb, khklhbl ba l_o, dlh kljZ^Z_l hl gZjmr_gbc eZl_jZevghc
^hfbgZglghklb (kf. jbk. 4I b 4m). Wlb bg^b\b^u g_mdex`b \ k\hbo fhlhjguo dhhj^bgZpbyo.
< bo jbkmgdZo q_eh\_dZ h^gh ie_qh \k_]^Z [m^_l aZf_lgh m`_ ^jm]h]h. JZkklhygb_ f_`^m
]jm^vx b f_klhf dj_ie_gby jmd fh`_l aZf_lgh jZaebqZlvky. QZklh jmdb b gh]b jZaebqZxlky
ih ^ebg_, rbjbg_, eb[h b lhfm b ^jm]hfm. =bihfZgbZdZevguc beb bkl_jbqguc bg^b\b^, lhl,
dlh kljZ^Z_l hl g_dhlhjh]h jZkkljhckl\Z ih[m`^_gbc, \hh[s_ l_, m dhlhjuo bf_xlky
wdkp_kku kihglZggh]h ih\_^_gby, fh]ml ^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv gZjmr_gb_ kbff_ljbb,
ij_bfms_kl\_ggh gZ hkgh\_ g_\gbfZgby, keZ[h]h dhgljhey, ]bi_jZdlb\ghklb b
g_kh[jZgghklb.
Qlh dZkZ_lky \Z`ghklb hldehg_gby hl kbff_ljbb. g_h[oh^bfh hij_^_eblv, dZdZy
klhjhgZ, k lhqdb aj_gby jbkmxs_]h, m nb]mju ijZ\Zy, Z dZdZy e_\Zy. WlZ ijh[e_fZ [ueZ
bkke_^h\ZgZ jZaebqgufb imlyfb. >ey [hevrbgkl\Z bkiulm_fuo ijZ\Zy b e_\Zy klhjhgZ
hjb_glbjh\Zgu k lhqdb aj_gby km[t_dlZ, dhlhjh]h jbkmxl, Z g_ k lhqdb aj_gby gZ[ex^Zl_ey.
Kj_^gyyebgby
Ijh[e_fZ \u^_e_gby kj_^g_c ebgbb \ jbkmgdZo, lZd`_ bgh]^Z hlghkbfZy d Zki_dlm
kbff_ljbb, h[uqgh b]jZ_l g_kdhevdh bgmx jhev. Kj_^gyy ebgby bagZqZevgh y\ey_lky hkvx
l_eZ, b, dZd \ l_kl_ JhjrZoZ, fh`_l \dexqZlv ijh[e_fu, ih^khagZl_evgu_ ih k\h_c ijbjh^_.
Kj_^gyy ebgby fh`_l [ulv lsZl_evgh bah[jZ`_gZ k ihfhsvx :^Zfh\Z y[ehdZ, ]ZeklmdZ,
im]h\bp, ijy`db beb ^Z`_ rbjbgdb gZ [jxdZo (kf. jbk. 6m), beb hgZ fh`_l [ulv h[hagZq_gZ
e_]dhc ebgb_c \^hev k_j_^bgu lmeh\bsZ. HaZ[hq_gghklv l_e_kgufb ijh[e_fZfb, qm\kl\h
l_e_kgh]h g_kh\_jr_gkl\Z. wfhpbhgZevgZy g_aj_ehklv b aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb hlf_qZxlky \
debgbq_kdbo ^Zgguo fgh]bo bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ ih^q_jdb\Zxl kj_^gxx ebgbx. Jbkmgdb
wlhc ]jmiiu bkiulm_fuo \u^_eyxlky k\hbfb hq_gv Z]j_kkb\gufb `_gkdbfb nb]mjZfb b
km[lbevgufb, `_ghih^h[gufb b h[_kkbe_ggufb fm`kdbfb. <_j[Zevgu_ ZkkhpbZpbb h[uqgh
khhl\_lkl\mxl ]jZnbq_kdbf ihjlj_lZf fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mj. Jy^ g_mf_klguo im]h\bp
qZklh kem`bl \u^_e_gbx kj_^g_c ebgbb. LZdhc kihkh[ qZklh \klj_qZ_lky m rbahb^guo
bg^b\b^h\ beb rbahnj_gbdh\, m dhlhjuo ^hfbgbjmxl nbabq_kdh_ g_kh\_jr_gkl\h b
aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb. BgnZglbevgu_, gZjpbkkbq_kdb_ km[t_dlu klZjr_]h \hajZklZ, dhlhju_
ijb[eb`Zxlky d bg\hexpbhgghfm jZkiZ^m b g_ kihkh[gu ijbgylv wlh, fh]ml ^_eZlv ]jm[h_
\u^_e_gb_ kj_^g_c ebgbb nb]mju, hljZ`Zy k\hx haZ[hq_gghklv l_e_kgufb ijh[e_fZfb.
JZaf_jb f_klhiheh`_gb_
< p_ehf bgl_jij_lZpby jZkiheh`_gby nb]mju gZ ebkl_ koh^gZ k lhc, dhlhjmx
bkihevah\Ze FbjZ-b-Ehi_k \ k\h_f fbhdbg_lbq_kdhf f_lh^_, Z lZd`_ k gZmqghc ]jZnheh]b_c.
?keb ijh_pbjm_fZy nb]mjZ gZ ebkl_ kf_s_gZ \ijZ\h hgZ hjb_glbjh\ZgZ \h\g_. ?keb \e_\h
hgZ hjb_glbjh\ZgZ gZ k_[y. Ih^gylZ \ \_jogxx qZklv ebklZ kdehggZ d hilbfbafm,
hims_gZ \ gb`gxx qZklv ebklZ ly]hl__l d ^_ij_kkbb. WlZ ]jm[Zy deZkkbnbdZpby ihfh]Z_l
debgbq_kdhfm ZgZebam. <hafh`gh, qlh jZaf_j b jZkiheh`_gb_ nb]mju f_g__ ih^\_j`_gu
khagZl_evghfm dhgljhex b baf_gqb\hklb, q_f ^jm]b_ kljmdlmjgu_ Zki_dlu jbkmgdZ.
FZgbZdZevgu_ bg^b\b^u g_ fh]ml ihklmiblv bgZq_, dZd jZag_klb nb]mjm gZ \kx kljZgbpm k
wdkiZgkb\guf bkihevah\Zgb_f [mfZ]b b ba[uldhf wg_j]bb. Wdki_jbf_gl ih bamq_gbx
dhgklZglghklb ijh_dpbb jZaf_jZ b f_klhiheh`_gby nb]mju mki_rgh ijh^he`Z_lky. :\lhj
bf_e \hafh`ghklv bamqblv dhee_dpbx ^bZ]jZff de_lhqguo l_e, kdhibjh\Zgguo klm^_glZfb-
[bheh]Zfb b ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zgguo lhc `_ \u[hjd_. ;ueZ ij_^ijbgylZ ihiuldZ \uy\blv
ebqghklgu_ q_jlu hl^_evguo klm^_glh\ gZ hkgh\Zgbb jZaf_jZ, jZkiheh`_gby, oZjZdl_jZ
ebgbb, ^_lZebaZpbb b g_aZ\_jr_gghklb. J_amevlZlu gZ[ex^_gbc ohjhrh kh]eZkmxlky k
g_aZ\bkbfufb km`^_gbyfb ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c h[ bamqZ\rboky ebqghklguo q_jlZo.
Hq_gv [hevrZy nb]mjZ, Z]j_kkb\gh ihf_s_ggZy \ k_j_^bg_ ebklZ, qZs_ \k_]h
\klj_qZ_lky m iZjZghbdh\, bf_xsbo g_j_Zebklbqgmx aZ\ur_ggmx kZfhhp_gdm. LZdh_
bah[jZ`_gb_ hlebqZ_lky hl iZjZghb^guo kbfilhfh\, h[uqgh hlf_qZ_fuo \ k\yab k
ojhgbq_kdbf Zedh]hebafhf, ^_]jZ^Zpb_c b fZjZafhf. < ihke_^gbo kemqZyo kZfhhp_gdZ
g_\ukhdZ b nb]mjZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh fZeZ. Nb]mjZ jZkiheh`_gZ hlghkbl_evgh \ukhdh gZ ebkl_
b qZklh ijhba\h^bl \i_qZle_gb_ iZjys_c \ ijhkljZgkl\_. G_^hklZlhd hkhagZgby,
g_hijZ\^Zgguc hilbfbaf, gbadbc wg_j]_lbq_kdbc mjh\_gv, b \ p_ehf g_^hklZlhd gZ^_`ghc
hihju \hl g_dhlhju_ ba ikboheh]bq_kdbo dhjj_eylh\ wlh]h lbiZ ijh_dpbb. H^bg iZpb_gl,
dhlhjh]h fh`gh [ueh \ p_ehf hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv dZd bgnZglbevgh]h, g_mjZ\gh\_r_ggh]h,
]bihfZgbZdZevgh]h ijh`_dl_jZ, aZihegbe \_kv ebkl b^_Zebabjh\Zgguf, ihfi_aguf,
gZjpbkkbq_kdbf [xklhf fm`qbgu, kihglZggh dhff_glbjmy ih oh^m jZ[hlu: "Fhc hl_p [ue
kZfh\ex[e_gguf fZgvydhf". GZ kZfhf ^_e_ iZpb_gl ^m[ebjh\Ze \ukhdhf_jguc gZjpbkkbaf
k\h_]h hlpZ. Hg [ue ihehg ijbqm^, ijh`_dlh\ b [e_nZ. < ZkkhpbZpbyo ih jbkmgdm hg aZf_lbe:
"Y, gZ\_jgh_, g_ fh]m jZkkm`^Zlv gb h dhf, djhf_ k_[y kZfh]h. Y kebrdhf khkj_^hlhq_g gZ
k_[_".
FZe_gvdb_ nb]mju fh`gh \klj_lblv gZ jbkmgdZo j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rbo b \_^msbo
jZklbl_evguc h[jZa `bagb rbahnj_gbdh\ dZd \ujZ`_gb_ gbadh]h wg_j]_lbq_kdh]h mjh\gy b
aZ`Zlh]h W]h. Ih dhgljZklm k hlghkbl_evgh Zdlb\gufb q_jlZfb ebpZ b ihablb\ghc ebgb_c
fZe_gvdbo nb]mj, gZjbkh\Zgguo Zedh]hebdZfb, ^_]_g_jZlZfb b fZjZafZlbdZfb, jbkmgdb
j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rbo rbahnj_gbdh\ hlf_q_gu ijhklufb b ^Z`_ ijbfblb\gufb q_jlZfb [_a
dZdbo-eb[h \ZjbZpbc \ oZjZdl_j_ ebgbb. Fbdjh]jZnbq_kdb_ nb]mju lZd`_ qZklh \klj_qZxlky
m bg^b\b^h\, gZoh^ysboky \ ly`_ehf ih^Z\e_gghf khklhygbb beb g_\jhlbq_kdhc ^_ij_kkbb.
Nb]mju \ wlbo kemqZyo h[uqgh [he__ ^_lZebah\Zgu b 'fh]ml kh^_j`Zlv njZ]f_glZjgu_
ebgbb, qZklu_ klbjZgby, agZqbl_evguc gZ`bf b rljboh\dm. Gh]b fh]ml \hh[s_
hlkmlkl\h\Zlv, eb[h fh`_l [ulv ^h[Z\e_gZ \g_rgyy ebgby ^ey hihju. Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy, h[eZklb
ki_pbnbq_kdh]h b Zdlb\gh]h dhgnebdlZ lZd beb bgZq_ ijhy\eyxlky.
;hevrZy nb]mjZ \klj_qZ_lky g_ lhevdh \ jbkmgdZo ]bi_jZdlb\guo fZgbZdZevguo
iZpb_glh\, \ujZ`_gguo iZjZghbdh\ beb h^_j`bfuo nZglZabyfb bg^b\b^h\. :]j_kkb\guc
ikbohiZl lZd`_ fh`_l ij_^klZ\blv qj_a\uqZcgh djmigmx nb]mjm, gh hgZ fh`_l [ulv
k^\bgmlZ \ e_\mx, bgljh\_jkb\gmx klhjhgm, qlh khhlghkblky k i_j_`b\Z_fhc
g_Z^_d\Zlghklvx, dhlhjZy \ujZ`Z_lky b \ ^jm]bo ]jZnbq_kdbo ijbagZdZo g_aZsbs_gghklb.
;hevrb_, imklu_, g_ijhihjpbhgZevgu_ b g_p_ehklgu_ nb]mju qZklh \klj_qZxlky \ kemqZyo
mfkl\_gghc g_iheghp_gghklb beb hj]Zgbq_kdbo gZjmr_gbc, hljZ`Zy g_]em[hdmx
wfhpbhgZevghklv, g_^hklZlhd hkhagZgby b gbadb_ fukebl_evgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb wlbo
bg^b\b^h\. Ebgby h[uqgh `bjgZy b khhlghkblky k ^jm]bfb q_jlZfb Z]j_kkbb \ lZdbo
jbkmgdZo. Bkl_jbq_kdb_ ikbohiZlu g_j_^dh ij_^eZ]Zxl qj_a\uqZcgh [hevrb_ jbkmgdb,
jZkiheh`_ggu_ \ p_glj_, gh k gZjmr_gguf bah[jZ`_gb_f l_eZ, h[uqgh \ dhf[bgZpbb k
hlghkbl_evgh khojZgghc b ^_lZebabjh\Zgghc ]heh\hc. Wlh fh`_l kem`blv ^ey hlebq_gby
bkl_jbdh\ hl hj]Zgbq_kdbo b ^_n_dlb\guo lbih\. Djhf_ lh]h, m hj]Zgbdh\ b ^_n_dlb\guo
dZq_kl\h ebgbb [he__ ijhklh_ b p_ehklgh_.
IhaZ
IhaZ gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mju fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_gZ lZd `_, dZd b ihaZ j_Zevgh]h q_eh\_dZ.
JZkklZ\e_gu eb gh]b rbjhdh \jhav, ihf_s_gu k Ziehf[hf \ p_glj_ ebklZ? KZfhm\_j_gghklv,
dhlhjmx ij_^iheZ]Z_l wlZ ihaZ, qZklh \klmiZ_l \ ijhlb\hj_qb_ k g_gZ^_`ghklvx hihju,
dhlhjZy \ujZ`Z_lky \ djhr_qguo, lsZl_evgh \u^_e_gguo klmigyo, \ gZebqbb ebgbb a_feb,
eb[h \ g_q_ldhc ebgbb \k_]h jbkmgdZ. Gh]b fh]ml [ulv jZkklZ\e_gu \ klhjhgu, gh nb]mjZ g_
klhbl l\_j^h gZ a_fe_. Gh]b fh]ml [helZlvky \ ijhkljZgkl\_, b \ky nb]mjZ fh`_l ijhba\h^blv
\i_qZle_gb_ g_mklhcqb\hc. LZdhc lbi ihau oZjZdl_j_g ^ey ih`beuo ojhgbq_kdbo
Zedh]hebdh\. Ihoh`__ bah[jZ`_gb_ \klj_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo bkl_jbq_kdbo ikbohiZlh\, gh
ebgbb ijb wlhf agZqbl_evgh hlebqZxlky. Ebgby, ijh\h^bfZy bkl_jbq_kdbf ikbohiZlhf,
[he__ beb f_g__ hlq_leb\Z \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl gZ`bfZ, \ lh \j_fy dZd gZ`bf g_l\_j^hc ebgbb
Zedh]hebdZ, dZd ijZ\beh, ihklhyg_g.
IhaZ, oZjZdl_jbamxsZyky gh]Zfb, klhysbfb l_kgh \f_kl_, hkh[_ggh _keb nb]mjZ
fZe_gvdZy, \hafh`gh aZlmr_\ZggZy beb dZd-lh bgZq_ hljZ`ZxsZy ih^Z\e_gghklv,
\klj_qZ_lky m gZijy`_gguo, kZfhm]em[e_gguo, g_ex^bfuo b iheguo kljZoh\ g_\jhlbdh\.
Dh]^Z lZdhc lbi bah[jZ`_gby hkh[_ggh \ujZ`_g \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_, lh, _keb bkiulm_fuf
y\ey_lky ^_\mrdZ, fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv hiZk_gb_ (beb ih^Z\e_ggh_ `_eZgb_?) k_dkmZevguo
ihky]Zl_evkl\. ?keb wlh hlf_qZ_lky \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_, gZjbkh\Zgghc bkiulm_fuf-fm`qbghc,
fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv ]hlh\ghklv khijhlb\eylvky \hh[jZ`Z_fhfm hkdhj[e_gbx. H^bg
iZpb_gl, h[\bgy_fuc \ jZa\jZs_gbb fZehe_lgbo, ijb^Ze fm`kdhc nb]mj_ rbjhdmx iham, gh
gZjbkh\Ze `_gsbgm, b^_glbnbpbjh\Zggmx \ _]h ZkkhpbZpbyo k _]h `_ghc, k gh]Zfb, l_kgh
k`Zlufb \f_kl_. ?]h hkgh\ghc `Zeh[hc gZ `_gm [ueh _]h k_dkmZevgh_ hl\_j`_gb_ _x.
IZjZghbd b rbahb^ qZklh fh]ml ij_^eZ]Zlv dZdmx-eb[h \_jkbx l_kghc ihau \ dhf[bgZpbb k
jmdZfb, ijb`Zlufb d l_em, gZijbf_j, h[tykgylv __ g_h[oh^bfhklvx hljZ`Zlv \ha^_ckl\by
kj_^u. LZdhc lbi bah[jZ`_gby iha\hey_l aZdexqblv h aZfdgmlhklb b hl\_j`_gbb.
I_jki_dlb\Z
< p_ehf ihklhyggh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ nb]mju \ ijhnbev bgl_jij_lbjm_lky dZd ijbagZd
mdehgqb\hklb. Bkiulm_fu_ h[tykgyxl k\h_ ij_^ihql_gb_ ijhnbe_c ijhklh: "Wlh kZfh_
ijhklh_. Fg_ g_ gm`gh jbkh\Zlv ^jm]mx iheh\bgm". Ohly ijhnbevgu_ nb]mju ij_^iheZ]Zxl
kljZo i_j_^ hkm`^_gb_f, g_ ke_^m_l kqblZlv, qlh hldjulhklv b bkdj_gghklv \k_]^Z
oZjZdl_jgu ^ey bg^b\b^h\, jbkmxsbo nb]mjm ZgnZk. Ijhnbeb qZs_ \klj_qZxlky \ jbkmgdZo
fZevqbdh\ b fm`qbg, g_`_eb \ jbkmgdZo ^_\hq_d b `_gsbg. <i_qZle_gb_, qlh `_gsbgu
[he__ khpbZ[_evgu b \g_rg_ [he__ hldjulu ijb debgbq_kdhf dhglZdl_, ih^l\_j`^_gh
fgh]bfb gZ[ex^Zl_eyfb. <b^ ZgnZk lZd`_ ij_^iheZ]Z_l l_g^_gpbx d wdk]b[bpbhgbafm b
ihdZaghfm ih\_^_gbx, dhlhjZy \ gZr_c dmevlmj_ [he__ oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey `_gsbg. Dh]^Z
bkiulm_fuc ij_^klZ\ey_l qj_af_jgh jZah^_lmx nb]mjm ZgnZk, fh`gh ih^haj_\Zlv
wdk]b[bpbhgbaf. Ijhnbeb kqblZxlky ihdZaZl_e_f bgl_ee_dlmZevghc aj_ehklb b hq_gv j_^db
\ jbkmgdZo fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c, g_ lhevdh ba-aZ [hevr_c ljm^ghklb \ bah[jZ`_gbb, gh \hafh`gh
lZd`_ ba-aZ [hevr_c bkdj_gghklb fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c. Bkiulm_fu_ ijZ\rb jbkmxl ijhnbeb,
h[jZs_ggu_ d e_\hc klhjhg_ ebklZ. Jmdb aZ kibghc beb \ dZjfZgZo kqblZxlky [he__ lhqguf b
g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf \ujZ`_gb_f mdehgqb\hklb, q_f bah[jZ`_gb_ ijhnbey.
=heh\Z \ ijhnbev \ khq_lZgbb k l_ehf, bah[jZ`_gguf iheghklvx, h[uqgh \klj_qZ_lky \
jbkmgdZo fZevqbdh\, hkh[_ggh ih^jhkldh\, b j_^dh \ jbkmgdZo ^_\hq_d. IhaZ,
ihemqZxsZyky \ j_amevlZl_, y\ey_lky g__kl_kl\_gghc, g_j_Zebklbqghc. HgZ h[uqgh kqblZ_lky
ijbagZdhf khpbZevghc gZijy`_gghklb, g_dhlhjh]h qm\kl\Z \bgu \ k\yab k khpbZevgufb
dhglZdlZfb, \hafh`gh hij_^_e_gghc kl_i_gb g_q_klghklb, b ihfbfh \k_]h ijhq_]h,
ih[m`^_gby ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv k\h_ l_eh, qlh ij_iylkl\m_l bah[jZ`_gbx ihegh]h ijhnbey.
< hl^_evguo kemqZyo ]heh\Z gZjbkh\ZgZ \ ijhnbev, lmeh\bs_ ZgnZk, gh]b lZd`_ \
ijhnbev. Ex[h_ ih^h[gh_ bkdZ`_gb_ b gZjmr_gb_ i_jki_dlb\u bgl_jij_lbjmxlky dZd
ijbagZd gbadh]h mjh\gy mfhaZdexq_gbc b ijhkljZgkl\_ggh]h \hh[jZ`_gby m km[t_dlZ.
GZb[he__ iZlheh]bq_kdh_ h[jZs_gb_ k i_jki_dlb\hc \ jbkmgdZo \b^gh \ kh\f_s_gbb
ijhnbey b ihegh]h ebpZ ijb jZajZ[hld_ ^_lZe_c ]heh\u. QZs_ \k_]h \klj_qZ_lky bah[jZ`_gb_
e[Z b ghkZ \ ijhnbev, Z ]eZa b jlZ ZgnZk. =eZaZ b jhl g_ bf_xl lZdhc ijh_dlb\ghc
p_gghklb, dZd ghk, b bo, \hafh`gh, ijhs_ bah[jZablv ZgnZk. ;he__ lh]h, ]eZaZ b ghk
oZjZdl_jbamxl hglh]_g_lbq_kdb [he__ jZggbc wlZi \ jZa\blbb jbkh\Zevgh]h gZ\udZ. LZdhc
kf_rZgguc lbi bah[jZ`_gby \klj_qZ_lky \ ijbfblb\guo dmevlmjZo. < dhee_dpbb Z\lhjZ
lZdh]h jh^Z ijhlb\hj_qb\h_ khq_lZgb_ \klj_qZ_lky m bg^b\b^h\ k ^_n_dlZfb gbar_c kl_i_gb,
ijb hj]Zgbq_kdbo gZjmr_gbyo k aZhkljb\rbfbky rbahb^gufb Zdp_glmZpbyfb b, gZb[he__
qZklh, m ex^_c k rbahnj_gbq_kdbf oZjZdl_jhf (kf. jbk. 3I b 3m). G_]jZfhlguc g_]j k X]Z,
q_eh\_d gbadh]h mfkl\_ggh]h jZa\blby, debgbq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ dhlhjh]h k\b^_l_evkl\h\Zeb h
fgh`_kl\_gguo gZjmr_gbyo \hkijbylby (22) fh] ij_^eh`blv lZdh_ ijhlb\hj_qb\h_
bah[jZ`_gb_ ]heh\u, g_ [m^mqb ikbohlbdhf.
Fm`kdZy b `_gkdZy nb]mju \ iZj_ jbkmgdh\ qZklh bah[jZ`Zxlky \ jZaebqghf jZdmjk_.
Fgh]b_ bkiulm_fu_-fm`qbgu jbkmxl nb]mjm k\h_]h iheZ \ ijhnbev, \ lh \j_fy dZd
`_gsbgZ bah[jZ`Z_lky ZgnZk. Ij_^klZ\ey_lky \_jhylguf, qlh lZdh_ jZkkh]eZkh\Zgb_ \
bah[jZ`_gbb k\yaZgh k ijhlb\hj_qb_f aZsblguo f_oZgbafh\: hldZahf ^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv k_[y
b ]hlh\ghklvx \uklZ\blv gZihdZa `_gkdmx nb]mjm. @_gkdb_ nb]mju, dhlhju_ y\gh
ij_^klZ\eyxl h[jZa fZl_jb, h[uqgh bah[jZ`Zxlky ZgnZk, hkh[_ggh ih^jhkldZfb b fheh^ufb
ex^vfb, ihkdhevdm wlh gZb[he__ khhl\_lkl\m_l lhc ijb\uqghc fZg_j_, \ dhlhjhc
i_j_`b\Zeky dhglZdl k kh[kl\_gghc fZl_jvx. Wlh f_g__ hij_^_e_ggu_ h[eZklb
bgl_jij_lZpbb, b hgb lj_[mxl ^Zevg_cr_]h bkke_^h\Zgby, ohly \ ihevam bo ^hklh\_jghklb
bf_xlky hij_^_e_ggu_ debgbq_kdb_ ^Zggu_.
Lbiebgbb
GZ`bf b l\_j^hklv ebgbb, bkihevah\Zgghc \ jbkmgd_, kqblZxlky [he__ kms_kl\_gghc
oZjZdl_jbklbdhc, q_f fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ nhjfZevgu_ Zki_dlu. Ebgby fh`_l [ulv keZ[hc,
g_q_ldhc beb `bjghc. HgZ fh`_l [ulv l\_j^hc, jZahj\Zgghc, njZ]f_glZjghc beb mkbe_gghc.
HgZ fh`_l [ulv lhgdhc beb bf_lv hsmlbfmx lhesbgm. Ebgby dhglmjZ l_eZ bagZqZevgh
y\ey_lky jm[_`hf f_`^m l_ehf b hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^hc, b qZklh hljZ`Z_l kl_i_gv
aZsbs_gghklb, mya\bfhklb, k_gablb\ghklb beb baheypbb km[t_dlZ. Ojhgbq_kdb_ rbahb^gu_
Zedh]hebdb b l_, dlh kljZ^Z_l hl kljZoh\ ^_i_jkhgZebaZpbb beb hl hkljuo dhgnebdlh\ \ k\yab
k l_g^_gpbyfb d h[hkh[e_gghklb, fh]ml ijh\h^blv lheklmx `bjgmx ebgbx \ dZq_kl\_
[Zjv_jZ f_`^m kh[hc b hdjm`_gb_f. L_e_kgZy h[hehqdZ ij_\jZsZ_lky \ ijhqgmx kljmdlmjm,
qlh[u hljZ`Zlv m^Zju ba\g_ b gZ^_`gh aZsbsZlv kh^_j`Zgb_ l_eZ. G_\jhlbd,
ij_bkiheg_gguc hiZk_gbc, bgh]^Z jbkm_l `bjgu_ ebgbb \ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ ih lhc `_
ijbqbg_, ih dZdhc wlh ^_eZxl ^_n_dlb\gu_ b hj]Zgbdb. < lZdbo kemqZyo dZjZg^Zr kbevgh b
[_ahlju\gh ijb`bfZxl d ebklm, dZd [m^lh km[t_dl q_jiZ_l ih^^_j`dm ba wlh]h dhglZdlZ.
J_Zevgh_ khijbdhkgh\_gb_ k [mfZ]hc ijb: dhgkljmbjh\Zgbb jZaebqguo njZ]f_glh\
q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju hdZau\Z_lky ijb [eb`Zcr_f jZkkfhlj_gbb qj_a\uqZcgh yjdbf
km[t_dlb\guf hiulhf. Ikbobq_kdb_ kju\u, ihjh`^_ggu_ dhgnebdlZfb, khkj_^hlhq_ggufb
\ ki_pbnbq_kdbo h[eZklyo nb]mju, qZklh \ujZ`_gu \ g_h`b^Zgghf baf_g_gbb ebgbb beb \
y\ghf jZaju\_.
G_q_ldZy ebgby ihy\ey_lky qZs_ \k_]h m jh[dh]h b g_m\_j_ggh]h bg^b\b^Z. G_ykgZy
ebgby lZd`_ qZklh [u\Z_l njZ]f_glZjghc beb hlju\hqghc. Dhglmju l_eZ fh]ml [ulv
g_hij_^_e_ggufb, hl^_evgu_ qZklb l_eZ bf_xl jZkieu\qZlu_ hq_jlZgby. QZklh wlZ g_ykgZy
ebgby dhgljZklbjm_l k q_jlZfb Z]j_kkbb, kh^_j`Zsbfbky \ jbkmgd_, qlh fh`_l [ulv, \
qZklghklb, bgl_jij_lbjh\Zgh dZd gZebqb_ kbevguo Z]j_kkb\guo bfimevkh\, dhlhju_
k^_j`b\Zxlky \ khpbZevghf dhglZdl_. Ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zgh, qlh \ jbkmgdZo, ]^_ dhglmj
]heh\u, gZjbkh\Zgghc ZgnZk, \uiheg_g k gZ`bfhf, Z q_jlu ebpZ keZ[h gZ[jhkZgu,
debgbq_kdb \Zeb^ghc y\ey_lky bgl_jij_lZpby, kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc kbevgh_ klj_fe_gb_ d
khpbZevguf dhglZdlZf dhgljZklbjm_l k aZkl_gqb\hklvx, jh[hklvx b kZfhm]em[e_gghklvx \
j_Zevghf khpbZevghf ih\_^_gbb. Ijhnbevgu_ jbkmgdb, \ dhlhjuo q_ldh \u^_e_gZ ebgby
ebp_\h]h ijhnbey, \ lh \j_fy dZd dhglmju hklZevghc, h[uqgh djmighc nb]mju jZkieu\qZlu
b g_q_ldb, \ f_gvr_c kl_i_gb oZjZdl_jbamxl g_\jhlbq_kdb_ l_g^_gpbb b \ [hevr_c
hlkljZg_gghklv b Zmlbklbq_kdmx j_ZebaZpbx gZjpbkkbq_kdb hjb_glbjh\Zggh]h ih[m`^_gby d
khpbZevghfm ^hfbgbjh\Zgbx. Dhe_[Zgby \ gZ`bf_ ih oh^m ebgbb k wibah^bq_kdbf k_
mkbe_gb_f h[uqgh \b^gu gZ jbkmgdZo bg^b\b^h\, ih^\_j`_gguo bkl_jbq_kdbf
Zfg_klbq_kdbf j_Zdpbyf gZ k\hb ijh[e_fu. < wlbo kemqZyo ]heh\Z b q_jlu ebpZ fh]ml [ulv
ohjhrh ijhjbkh\Zgu, \ lh \j_fy dZd l_eh jZafulh, Z \u^_eyxsb_ky qZklb _^\Z gZf_q_gu.
;e_^gZy, "wdlhieZafbq_kdZy" ebgby \klj_qZ_lky kjZ\gbl_evgh j_^dh, ihy\eyykv \ hkgh\ghf m
kZfhm]em[e_gguo rbahnj_gbdh\. Kbevgh \ha[m`^_ggu_ rbahnj_gbdb beb fZgbZdZevgu_
[hevgu_, k ^jm]hc klhjhgu, ^Zxl hq_gv `bjgu_ ebgbb dZd ]jZnbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ ba[uldZ
fhlhjghc Z]j_kkbb. Ij_ju\bklZy beb ^jh`ZsZy ebgby k e_]dbf gZ`bfhf qZklh \klj_qZ_lky m
rbahb^guo Zedh]hebdh\, \ hlebqb_ hl `bjghc ebgbb, bkihevam_fhc iZjZghb^gufb
Zedh]hebdZfb.
Bg^bdZlhjudhgnebdlZ
Ki_pbnbq_kdb_ hlebqby \ bah[jZ`_gbb ex[hc qZklb nb]mju jZkp_gb\Zxlky dZd
h[hagZq_gb_ dhgnebdlgh]h hlghr_gby d wlhc h[eZklb. H[jZsZ_l gZ k_[y \gbfZgb_ \u^_e_gb_
qZklb jbkmgdZ ihkj_^kl\hf g_[hevrh]h ij_ju\Zgby, aZlmfZgb\Zgby beb mkbe_gby ebgbb,
ihkj_^kl\hf klbjZgby beb lmr_\db. Hq_\b^guc ijhimkd jmdb, gh] beb klmig_c \_kvfZ \Z`_g.
Bkiulm_fuc-fm`qbgZ fh`_l ijhimklblv jhl \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_, _keb hg kljZ^Z_l hl [jZgb
k\h_c `_gu beb fZl_jb. Ghk fh`_l [ulv i_j_q_jdgml beb dbklv fh`_l [ulv ki_pbnbq_kdb
hlj_aZgZ hl jmdb kihkh[hf, aZklZ\eyxsbf ij_^iheh`blv kljZo dZkljZpbb. =eZa fh`_l bf_lv
[hevrhc dhglmj, gh \gmljb g_]h g_ [m^_l gbdZdbo ^_lZe_c, ohly \ ^jm]bo hlghr_gbyo
jbkmghd \uiheg_g lsZl_evgh. H[uqgh bf__lky y\gZy ijbqbgZ ^ey lh]h, qlh[u ]eZa ijb lZdhf
lbi_ bah[jZ`_gby [ue ijZdlbq_kdb ebr_g k\h_c ajbl_evghc nmgdpbb. <hafh`gh, lZd
h[hagZq_g g_\hkijbbfqb\uc, kZfhih]ehs_gguc dhglZdl k fbjhf, dhgljZklbjmxsbc k [he__
Zdlb\ghc baheypb_c hl fbjZ, ijhy\eyxsbcky \ aZdjuluo ]eZaZo.
QZklb l_eZ, \uklmiZxsb_ ghkbl_e_f dhgnebdlZ, ijhy\eyxs_]hky \ bo ijhimkd_ beb
ki_pbnbq_kdhf bah[jZ`_gbb, \ ijbf_jghf ihjy^d_ m[u\Zgby qZklhlu dbklb jmd b klmigb,
ie_qb, jmdZ, ghk, mrb, ijhf_`ghklv b ebgby [_^_j. Bgl_jij_lZpby ki_pbnbq_kdh]h
]jZnbq_kdh]h bah[jZ`_gby hibjZ_lky gZ l_ hkgh\gu_ ijbgpbiu, dhlhju_ [ueb ij_^eh`_gu
jZg__ hlghkbl_evgh nmgdpbhgZevghc agZqbfhklb \u^_e_gghc qZklb.
KlbjZgby
WlZ nhjfZ dhgnebdlgh]h hlghr_gby qZs_ \k_]h \klj_qZ_lky m g_\jhlbdh\, h[k_kkb\gh-
dhfimevkb\guo ebqghkl_c b m ikbohiZlh\ k g_\jhlbq_kdbfb dhgnebdlZfb. FZe_gvdb_ ^_lb,
^_n_dlgu_, j_]j_kkbjh\Z\rb_ rbahnj_gbdb, hj]Zgbdb, k_gbevgu_ [hevgu_, fZgbZdZevgu_,
kljZ^Zxsb_ ]em[hdhc ^_ij_kkb_c b ojhgbq_kdbf Zedh]hebafhf, djhf_ \ujZ`_gguo
g_\jhlbq_kdbo lbih\, j_^dh klbjZxl gZjbkh\Zggh_. KlbjZgby kqblZxlky \ujZ`_gb_f
\ha[m`^_gby, gh hlebqZxlky hl mkbe_gby ebgbb b rljboh\db, ihkdhevdm hgb
k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h \ujZ`_gghc g_m^h\e_l\hj_gghklb. Fhlhjgh_ [_kihdhckl\h y\ey_lky
h[sbf kbfilhfhf ^ey wlhc ]jmiiu. KlbjZgby \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ih^^Zxlky khagZl_evghfm
dhgljhex, q_f \ujZ`_gb_ dhgnebdlZ ihkj_^kl\hf mkbe_gby ebgbb beb rljboh\db. Hgb
ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ihiuldm qlh-lh baf_gblv beb memqrblv. Ke_^m_l aZf_lblv, qlh klbjZgby
g_ k\yaZgu k h[t_dlb\ghc ljm^ghklvx bah[jZ`_gby lhc qZklb, dhlhjZy klbjZ_lky. Hgb qZklh
ijb\h^yl d mom^r_gbx nhjfu, Z g_ d bkijZ\e_gbx, ih^l\_j`^Zy l_f kZfuf, qlh klbjZgb_
hagZqZ_l dhgnebdl. Qj_af_jgh fgh]h klbjZxl ^_\hqdb-ih^jhkldb.
Rljboh\dZ
Ex[Zy kl_i_gv beb lbi rljboh\db kqblZ_lky \ujZ`_gb_f \ha[m`^_gby. DZd b ijb
^jm]bo lbiZo ijh_dpbb dhgnebdlZ, hij_^_e_ggZy h[eZklv nb]mju, dhlhjZy rljbom_lky,
jZkp_gb\Z_lky \ k\_l_ __ nmgdpbhgZevgh]h agZq_gby. Wg_j]bqgh_, Z]j_kkb\gh_ aZq_jqb\Zgb_
jZ^b aZlmr_\u\Zgby q_]h-gb[m^v ^he`gh [ulv jZkp_g_gh dZd \ujZ`_gb_ eb[h \uoh^Z
Z]j_kkbb, eb[h fZkdbjh\db. Hkh[_ggh qZklh wlh h[gZjm`b\Z_lky m ikbohiZlh\ b fZe_gvdbo
^_l_c. < kemqZ_, _keb wlh j_[_ghd, fh`_l bf_lv f_klh ijhklh jZa\e_q_gb_ ihkj_^kl\hf
ih\lhjguo ^\b`_gbc. ;ueh hlf_q_gh, qlh k_dkmZevgu_ kZ^bklu-fm`qbgu qZklh rljbomxl
k_dkmZevgmx h[eZklv `_gkdhc nb]mju k [hevrhc kbehc. Hij_^_e_ggZy ba\jZs_gghklv
k_dkmZevgh]h ih[m`^_gby ih^q_jdb\Z_lky g_ lhevdh \ h]jZgbq_gbb rljboh\db hij_^_e_gghc
kn_jhc, gh hkh[_ggh \ lhf nZdl_, qlh [_kkhagZl_evgh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ x[db m h^_lhc nb]mju
lZd, dZd [m^lh hgZ ijhk\_qb\Z_l, hagZqZ_l, qlh bg^b\b^ ih^\_j`_g k_jv_aguf gZjmr_gbyf
djblbqghklb km`^_gbc, hkh[_ggh \ hlghr_gbb _]h k_dkmZevgh]h ih\_^_gby. < hl^_evguo
kemqZyo wlh bfimevkb\gh_ \uie_kdb\Zgb_ fhlhjgh]h gZijy`_gby gZijZ\e_gh ijhlb\ nb]mju
\ p_ehf, hkh[_ggh k\h_]h iheZ, \ fZg_j_, ij_^iheZ]Zxs_c `_klhdh_ hl\_j`_gb_ l_eZ. Wlh
gZb[he__ qZklh \b^gh m bkiulm_fuo, hlklZxsbo \ ieZg_ nbabq_kdhc kbeu beb a^hjh\vy.
;he__ qZkluc lbi rljboh\db khklhbl \ e_]dbo, lmfZgguo b g_hij_^_e_gguo ebgbyo,
dhlhju_ g_y\gh ih^q_jdb\Zxl hl^_evgu_ qZklb nb]mju. H[eZklyfb, gZb[he__ qZklh
rljbom_fufb \ wlhc fZg_j_, y\eyxlky ]jm^v fm`kdhc nb]mju, qlh hagZqZ_l
qm\kl\bl_evghklv d nbabq_kdhfm hlklZ\Zgbx, b ]jm^v `_gkdhc nb]mju m bkiulm_fuo-
fm`qbg, qlh hagZqZ_l dhgnebdl, \dexqZxsbc aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb. Bkiulm_fu_-`_gsbgu
fh]ml ihf_klblv g_kdhevdh lhgdbo ebgbc gZ x[d_, \ h[eZklb ]_gblZebc, qlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l
lZcgmx b k^_j`Zggmx k_dkmZevgmx haZ[hq_gghklv. >jm]hc lbi rljboh\db fh`_l [ulv
hibkZg dZd rZ[ehgguc b klbebah\Zgguc. < l_jfbgZo JhjrZoZ, lZdhc kihkh[ bah[jZ`_gby
ijb[ebabl_evgh khhl\_lkl\m_l bkihevah\Zgbx h[jZah\ ]_h]jZnbq_kdbo dZjl b j_gl]_gh\kdbo
kgbfdh\ \f_klh h[eZdh\, kh koh^ghc bgl_jij_lZlb\ghc agZqbfhklvx. <u^mfdZ lZdh]h jh^Z
kem`bl jZpbhgZebaZpbb b, lZdbf h[jZahf, kgb`Z_l, j_^mpbjm_l rhd \ hlghr_gbb d
hij_^_e_gghc h[eZklb dhgnebdlZ. Rljboh\dZ khqe_g_gbc gZ h^_`^_ fh`_l [ulv
Zkkhpbbjh\ZgZ k dhgnebdlhf \ hlghr_gbb d khdjulbx l_eZ. Wlh fh`_l \dexqZlv
h^gh\j_f_ggh \e_q_gb_ b kljZo ^_fhgkljZpbb l_eZ. L_eh, lZdbf h[jZahf, klZgh\blky
aZ\_jgmluf iehlgh, k ih^q_jdgmluf \u^_e_gb_f r\h\ b aZkl_`_d h^_`^u.
JZaebqgh_bah[jZ`_gb_fm`kdhcb `_gkdhcnb]mj
JZaebqb_ \ kihkh[_ b h[s_f hnhjfe_gbb bah[jZ`_gby fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mj,
gZjbkh\Zgguo h^gbf b l_f `_ km[t_dlhf, hlf_qZ_lky ^h\hevgh qZklh. Ihkdhevdm rbjhdb_
\ZjbZpbb, g_ k\yaZggu_ k h[t_dlb\ghc ljm^ghklvx bah[jZ`_gby, qZklh gZ[ex^Zxlky \
jbkmgdZo, \uiheg_gguo h^gbf bkiulm_fuf, mf_gb_ jbkh\Zlv, Z lZd`_ h^Zj_gghklv b lZeZgl
kqblZxlky g_kms_kl\_ggufb.
>ey bgnZglbevgh]h k_dkmZevgh g_aj_eh]h bkiulm_fh]h-fm`qbgu lbibqgh jbkh\Zlv
ohjhrh fh^mebjh\Zggmx, ^_lZevgmx b ^h[jh`_eZl_evgh ij_^klZ\ey_fmx fm`kdmx nb]mjm,
\hafh`gh \ ijhnbev, \ lh \j_fy dZd `_gkdZy nb]mjZ \ iZj_ (y\gh h[jZa fZl_jb) gZjbkh\ZgZ
ZgnZk, k fm`_kl\_gghklvx b \jZ`^_[ghklvx, hij_^_eyxs_c ^hfbgZglgu_ ]jZnbq_kdb_
q_jlu. Dh]^Z bkiulm_fuc ^_fhgkljbjm_l ]jZg^bhagu_, wdk]b[bpbhgbklkdb_ b gZius_ggu_
q_jlu, `_gsbgZ fh`_l [ulv g_kdhevdh f_gvr_ ih jZaf_jm, ihkdhevdm bf__lky \ \b^m
m]jh`Zxsbc `_gkdbc h[jZa. F_gvrbc jZaf_j, g_kfhljy gZ [hevrmx kbem b ^hfbgZglghklv
`_gkdhc nb]mju, fh`_l hagZqZlv ijbgb`Zxs__ hlghr_gb_ d `_gsbg_ dZd nhjfm aZsblu
ijhlb\ dZkljbjmxs_c \eZklb, _c ijbibku\Z_fhc. K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, wlh fh`_l [ulv
\ujZ`_gb_f g_]Zlb\gh]h hlghr_gby d ex[hc nb]mj_, djhf_ kh[kl\_gghc, aZihegyxs_c
ijhkljZgkl\h. Bkiulm_fZy-`_gsbgZ, dhlhjhc ^\b`ml kbevgu_ fZkdmebggu_ klj_fe_gby,
fh`_l mkbeblv `_gsbgm b hkeZ[blv fm`qbgm \ iZj_ (kf. jbk. 7m b 7I). Wlh fh`_l [ulv
^hklb]gmlh ihkj_^kl\hf mf_gvr_gby jZaf_jZ, bgnZglbebaZpbb nb]mju, beb ij_g_[j_`_gb_f
Z]j_kkb\gufb eb[h dhglZdlgufb we_f_glZfb fm`kdhc nb]mju.
Ijh[e_fZ ijh_dpbb q_jl, dZd k ]jZnbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby, lZd b k lhqdb aj_gby
\_j[Zevguo ZkkhpbZpbc ih ih\h^m jbkmgdh\ qj_a\uqZcgh g_ykgZ b kihjgZ. Ijh_dpby
kh[kl\_gguo q_jl km[t_dlZ b _]h ijh[e_f fh`_l [ulv h]jZgbq_gZ nb]mjhc k\h_]h iheZ, hgZ
fh`_l jZkijhkljZgylvky gZ fm`kdmx b `_gkdmx nb]mju \ iZj_, beb hgZ fh`_l \
agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb [ulv gZijZ\e_gZ gZ nb]mjm ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h iheZ. G_j_^dh ^_n_dlu
fh]ml [ulv kijh_pbjh\Zgu lhevdh gZ nb]mjm ^jm]h]h iheZ. Bkiulm_fu_ fh]ml hibku\Zlv
nb]mjm h^gh]h iheZ \ ihgylbyo, [he__ ih^oh^ysbo d \g_rghklb nb]mju ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h
iheZ; \_j[Zevgu_ b ]jZnbq_kdb_ bo lhedh\Zgby qZklh jZaebqZxlky. G_dhlhju_ km[t_dlu
gZklhevdh b^_glbnbpbjmxlky k ijhlb\hiheh`guf ihehf, qlh g_ kihkh[gu gZjbkh\Zlv h[jZa
k\h_]h kh[kl\_ggh]h iheZ.. Hkh[uc lbi hlghr_gby fh`_l [ulv k\yaZg kh kl_i_gvx
b^_glbnbdZpbb km[t_dlZ k fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mjZfb. K lhqdb aj_gby iheh\hc
b^_glbnbdZpbb ijbgylh kqblZlv gZb[he__ ghjfZevguf, dh]^Z i_j\hc jbkmxl nb]mjm k\h_]h
iheZ. K wfibjbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby bgl_j_kgh, qlh hq_\b^gu_ ijbagZdb g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb
k_dkmZevghc bg\_jkbb kh^_j`Zebkv \ hlq_lZo \k_o bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ jbkh\Zeb
ijhlb\hiheh`guc ihe i_j\uf \ hl\_l gZ bgkljmdpbx "gZjbkmcl_ q_eh\_dZ" (kf. jbk. 6I).
Jbkmgdb \ wlbo kemqZyo mdZau\Zeb gZ k_jv_agu_ k_dkmZevgu_ ljm^ghklb. Q_f [hevr_
aZljm^g_gby b [_kihjy^hqghklb \ bah[jZ`_gbb iheh\uo oZjZdl_jbklbd fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc
nb]mj \ iZj_, l_f \ur_ k_dkmZevgZy ^_aZ^ZilZpby km[t_dlZ, jbkmxs_]h iZjm. < hl^_evguo
kemqZyo h[gZjm`b\Zxlky b^_glbqgu_ hibkZgby fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mj, ^Zggu_
bg^b\b^Zfb, q_c gZjpbkkbaf gZklhevdh aZdj_ie_g, qlh hgb g_ kihkh[gu ijh_pbjh\Zlv dZdb_-
eb[h q_jlu b `_eZgby, djhf_ k\hbo kh[kl\_gguo. Hlghr_gb_ km[t_dlZ d h^ghfm b ^jm]hfm
ihem kqblZ_lky [Zah\hc ^_l_jfbgZglhc ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zggh]h bah[jZ`_gby.
Mq_l\hajZklguohkh[_gghkl_c
Ojhgheh]bq_kdbc \hajZkl km[t_dlZ g_ f_gy_l kms_kl\_ggmx bgl_jij_lZpbx
ki_pbnbq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd _]h ]jZnbq_kdhc wdkij_kkbb, ihkdhevdm ihke_^gyy hkgh\ZgZ gZ
ijh_dpbb h[jZaZ l_eZ b hkgh\gh]h nmgdpbhgZevgh]h agZq_gby _]h qZkl_c. H^gZdh hkh[Zy
agZqbfhklv q_jlu jbkmgdZ ^ey dhgdj_lgh]h bg^b\b^Z ^he`gZ khhlghkblky k ihy\e_gb_f wlhc
q_jlu \ _]h \hajZklghc ]jmii_, k l_f, qlh[u hp_gblv lm kl_i_gv, ^h dhlhjhc wlZ q_jlZ
y\ey_lky "ghjfZevguf" \ujZ`_gb_f nZau jZa\blby. L_f g_ f_g__ ^h kbo ihj g_ mklZgh\e_gu
ki_pbnbq_kdb_ ghjfu \ ihgylbyo ebqghklghc wdkij_kkbb \ jZaghf \hajZkl_. H[ h[sbo
kihkh[Zo ]jZnbq_kdh]h \ujZ`_gby m ^_l_c jZagh]h \hajZklZ b h nZaZo jZa\blby ebqghklb
ba\_klgh ^hklZlhqgh, qlh[u wlh ihkem`beh gZf gZ^_`ghc hkgh\hc. BamqZy jbkmgdb ^_l_c
jZagh]h \hajZklZ, fu h[gZjm`b\Z_f, qlh hkh[h ih^q_jdb\Zxlky l_ Zki_dlu jbkmgdZ, dhlhju_
[he__ l_kgh hlghkylky d wfhpbhgZevguf ihlj_[ghklyf, agZqbfhfm hiulm b ijh[e_fZf
khaj_\Zgby j_[_gdZ.
AZdexqbl_evgu_aZf_qZgby
< nmgdpbhgZevghf hlghr_gbb ^ey j_[_gdZ hl lj_o ^h q_luj_o e_l _kl_kl\_ggh jbkh\Zlv
q_eh\_dZ, dhlhjuc [hevr_ ihoh` gZ iZmdZ, q_f gZ q_eh\_q_kdh_ kms_kl\h wlh ]heh\Z k
ijbdj_ie_ggufb d g_c jmdZfb b gh]Zfb. KhpbZevgu_ klbfmeypbb, ij_^klZ\ey_fu_ \ ]heh\_,
bgl_j_k d i_j_^\b`_gbx, \ujZ`_gguc \ gh]Zo, Z lZd`_ fZgbimeypby b \g_^j_gb_ \ kj_^m,
dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\e_gu jmdZfb, ghjfZevgu ^ey j_[_gdZ wlh]h \hajZklZ, hsmsZxs_]h k\hc
jhkl. Lmeh\bs_, h^gZdh, _s_ g_ k\yaZgh \ khagZgbb j_[_gdZ k ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zggufb b
agZqbfufb i_j_`b\Zgbyfb. Hgh ihy\ey_lky \ jbkmgdZo agZqbl_evgh iha`_, q_f ]heh\Z b
dhg_qghklb. M \ajhkeh]h lZdhc lbi jbkmgdZ k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h ly`_ehc j_]j_kkbb beb
mfkl\_gghc hlklZehklb. Qlh dZkZ_lky _s_ h^gh]h ijbf_jZ \hajZklghc bgl_jij_lZpbb, lh \
jbkmgd_ ghjfZevgh]h j_[_gdZ fh`_l hlkmlkl\h\Zlv i_jki_dlb\Z b bf_lv f_klh hl^_evgu_
ijhk\_qb\Zgby, ihkdhevdm ^_lkdh_ fure_gb_ ki_pbnbqgh b dhgdj_lgh. J_[_ghd h[uqgh
jbkm_l lh, qlh hg agZ_l, Z g_ lh, qlh hg \b^bl. LZd, qZklh \klj_qZ_lky ieZlv_, gZeh`_ggh_ gZ
l_eh, beb ^Z`_ \hehku, \b^gu_ kd\hav reyim. Ihoh`b_ gZjmr_gby i_jki_dlb\u, Z lZd`_
ijhk\_qb\Zgby \ jbkmgd_ \ajhkeh]h kqblZxlky k_jv_agufb gZjmr_gbyfb, hljZ`Zxsbfb
gbadmx djblbqghklv, keZ[mx dhgp_gljZpbx b g_^hklZlhqgh_ jZaebq_gb_ kms_kl\_gguo
fhf_glh\. I_jk_\_jZpby, klhev oZjZdl_jgZy ^ey ^_lkdbo jbkmgdh\, fh`_l hljZ`Zlv h[uqgmx
jZ^hklv hl ih\lhj_gby ijbylguo fhlhjguo h[jZaph\, \ lh \j_fy dZd \ jbkmgdZo \ajhkeuo
i_jk_\_jZpby fh`_l hagZqZlv gbadbc IQ, mom^r_gb_ beb g_\jhlbq_kdbc moh^ \ [_ahiZkgu_,
jmlbggu_ b h]jZgbq_ggu_ kn_ju ^_yl_evghklb. Fu lZd`_ qZklh \klj_qZ_f rljboh\dm \
^_lkdbo jbkmgdZo. Ohly b khojZgy_lky bgl_jij_lZlb\gh_ agZq_gb_ rljboh\db dZd ijbagZdZ
\ha[m`^_gby, kfuke ^_lkdhc rljboh\db fh`_l bf_lv hlghr_gb_ d h[s_c g_m\_j_gghklb
j_[_gdZ \h \ajhkehf fbj_, Z g_ d bg^b\b^mZevghc iZlheh]bb.
Ij_^klZ\e_gguc a^_kv djZldbc h[ahj ijbgpbih\ ZgZebaZ jbkmgdZ y\ey_lky \ hkgh\ghf
ij_^\Zjbl_evguf. L_f g_ f_g__ ih oh^m jZ[hlu bgl_jij_lZlb\gu_ ijbgpbiu b l_g^_gpbb,
hibkZggu_ a^_kv, [ueb \_jbnbpbjh\Zgu \ debgbq_kdhf ijbeh`_gbb d ZgZebam lukyq
jbkmgdh\, bamq_gguo \ khhlg_k_gbb k bklhjbyfb [he_agb bg^b\b^mZevguo kemqZ_\ gZ
ijhly`_gbb 15 e_l.
H]jhfgh_ dhebq_kl\h ^_lZevguo bkke_^h\Zgbc ebqghklb, \dexqZxsbo "ke_imx"
bgl_jij_lZpbx jbkmgdh\, g_h^ghdjZlgh ih^l\_j`^Zeb \Zeb^ghklv f_lh^Z. ;hevrbgkl\h
debgbq_kdbo gZ[ex^_gbc b mklZgh\e_gb_ ki_pbnbq_kdbo kfukeh\ [ueb ^hklb]gmlu \
j_amevlZl_ lsZl_evgh]h bamq_gby \k_]h jZaghh[jZaby kemqZ_\, \ dhlhjuo ijhy\eyeZkv
hij_^_e_ggZy q_jlZ jbkmgdZ, b ki_pbZevgh]h khhlg_k_gby k dhgl_dklhf, \ dhlhjhf wlZ q_jlZ
ihy\eyeZkv. M`_ ^hklZlhqgh ba\_klgh h ]jZnbq_kdhc wdkij_kkbb g_dhlhjuo debgbq_kdb
]hfh]_gguo ]jmii, qlh bf__l \Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey ^bnn_j_gpbZevghc ^bZ]ghklbdb. H^gZdh
^ey ^Zevg_cr_c dh^bnbdZpbb f_lh^Z g_h[oh^bfh bamqblv dZd ^bgZfbdm
bgljZbg^b\b^mZevguo iZll_jgh\, lZd b jbkmghqgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb, h[sb_ ^ey
hij_^_e_gguo debgbq_kdbo ]jmii. GZ wlhc klZ^bb kbkl_fZlbaZpbb gZ^_`g__ khkj_^hlhqblvky
gZ ikboheh]bq_kdhf kfuke_ ki_pbnbq_kdbo jbkmghqguo q_jl \ dhgl_dkl_ bo
\aZbfhhlghr_gby, g_`_eb iulZlvky mklZgh\blv `_kldmx nhjfmem ^ey jmdh\h^kl\Z
bgl_jij_lZpb_c. Jbkmghd q_eh\_q_kdhc nb]mju ^he`_g jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd \ujZ`_gb_
gZkljh_gby b l_g^_gpbc b dZd kj_^kl\h ^ey ijh_dpbb bg^b\b^hf _]h ijh[e_f b _]h kihkh[Z
hj]ZgbaZpbb hiulZ, hljZ`_gguo \ _]h ko_f_ l_eZ. Ih^h[gh \k_f ijh_dlb\guf f_lh^bdZf,
dhlhju_ klj_fylky ho\Zlblv p_eh_ b ZgZebabjmxl dhfie_dkguc iZll_jg ebqghklghc
hj]ZgbaZpbb, f_lh^bq_kdh_ ikboheh]bq_kdh_ agZgb_ b debgbq_kdZy ijhgbpZl_evghklv
ZgZeblbdZ g_h[oh^bfu ^ey i_j_\h^Z yaudZ f_lh^Z gZ yaud q_jl b ih\_^_gq_kdhc ^bgZfbdb,
l_g^_gpbc bamqZ_fh]h bg^b\b^Z. Ohly f_lh^bdZ "ke_ih]h" ZgZebaZ g_h[oh^bfZ ^ey
wdki_jbf_glZevghc \_jbnbdZpbb ijbgpbih\, b qZklh bkihevah\ZeZkv Z\lhjhf, debgbq_kdh_
bkihevah\Zgb_ jbkmgdh\ \ p_eyo ^bZ]ghklbdb beb l_jZibb gZb[he__ ieh^hl\hjgh, dh]^Z
jbkmgdb bgl_jij_lbjh\Zgu \ k\_l_ \k_o ^hklmiguo ZgZfg_klbq_kdbo ^Zgguo.
GZdhg_p, ohly hl jbkmgdZ g_ `^ml, qlh hg lhqgh \uy\bl Z[khexlgh \k_, hg l_f g_ f_g__
\uy\ey_l dh_-qlh, Z ihjhc b hq_gv fgh]h_. :gZeba jbkmgdZ bf__l \hafh`ghklv klZlv
ij_djZkguf f_lh^hf bkke_^h\Zgby ebqghklb, _keb h[t_^bgblv bkke_^h\Zl_evkdb_ mkbeby,
dhlhjuo hg aZkem`b\Z_l. <hafh`ghklb _]h ikboheh]bq_kdh]h ijbf_g_gby lZdh\u, qlh hiul
jZ[hlu k f_lh^hf ^he`_g klbfmebjh\Zlv nhjfmebjh\Zgb_ [_kqbke_gguo ijh[e_f b ]bihl_a
i_j\hkl_i_gghc \Z`ghklb \ h[eZklb ebqghklghc hj]ZgbaZpbb, wdkij_kkbb b ijh_dpbb. :gZeba
jbkmgdh\ ij_^eZ]Z_lky dZd p_gguc ^hihegbl_evguc debgbq_kdbc f_lh^. Ih aZljZqb\Z_fhfm
\j_f_gb b bkihevam_fuf fZl_jbZeZf f_lh^ \_kvfZ wdhghfbq_g b g_ lj_[m_l ki_pbZevghc
ih^]hlh\db. Jbkmgdb fh]ml [ulv \uiheg_gu \ ex[hf f_kl_ b \ ex[h_ \j_fy, dh]^Z _klv ih^
jmdhc dZjZg^Zr b [mfZ]Z, b ih wlhc ijbqbg_ f_lh^ k wglmabZafhf \hkijbgyl fgh]bfb
debgbpbklZfb. Ijb g_[hevrhc fh^bnbdZpbb ijhp_^mju f_lh^ \iheg_ fh`_l [ulv
ijbkihkh[e_g ^ey ]jmiih\h]h ijbf_g_gby. G_l khfg_gby, qlh jy^ ij_^eh`_gguo a^_kv
nhjfmebjh\hd ihlj_[m_l baf_g_gby \ k\_l_ [m^ms_]h hiulZ. Fgh]b_ ^_lZeb gm`^Zxlky \
^Zevg_cr_f bamq_gbb, \Zeb^baZpbb b hl[hj_. F_lh^ fh`_l [ulv agZqbl_evgh jZkrbj_g aZ
kq_l mklZgh\e_gby gh\uo h[tykgbl_evguo ijbgpbih\. <Z`gh lh, qlh ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ a^_kv
hkgh\u f_lh^Z hldju\Zxl rbjhdh_ ihe_ ^ey lZdh]h ijh]j_kkZ.
QZklv ,,,
BEEXKLJ:LB<GU?HIBK:GBYKEMQ:?<
Ohly [hevrbgkl\h jbkmgdh\ fh`_l [ulv ijhZgZebabjh\Zgh lZdbf h[jZahf, qlh[u
h[_ki_qblv \k_klhjhgg__ ihgbfZgb_ kljmdlmju ebqghklb, bgl_jij_lZpbb jbkmgdh\,
kh^_j`Zsb_ky \ wlhf jZa^_e_, gZijZ\e_gu ij_`^_ \k_]h gZ lh, qlh[u ijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv
dhgdj_lgh_ ijbf_g_gb_ jZg__ baeh`_gguo ijbgpbih\. Bgl_jij_lZpbb ijh\_jyebkv [he__
ih^jh[gufb ZgZfg_klbq_kdbfb k\_^_gbyfb, q_f l_, dhlhju_ bkihevamxlky ^ey djZldh]h
ZgZfg_aZ. Hgb [m^ml ij_^klZ\e_gu \ fZg_j_, [he__ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ^b^Zdlbq_kdbf p_eyf,
g_`_eb ebl_jZlmjguf. G_dhlhju_ ba kemqZ_\ ij_^klZ\e_gu a^_kv \ nhjf_, koh^ghc k
lZ[ebqghc aZibkvx, k bg^b\b^mZevgufb kfukeZfb, ijbibkZggufb ki_pbnbq_kdbf q_jlZf
jbkmgdZ. Wlh g_ ke_^m_l ihgbfZlv dZd ijbau\ Zlhfbklbq_kdb jZkkfZljb\Zlv b
bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv dZ`^mx ba jbkmghqguo q_jl. GZ^h ihklhyggh ihfgblv, qlh ]eZ\gZy p_ev
h[t_^bg_gb_ q_jl \ iZll_jg \ khhl\_lkl\bb k dhgl_dklhf, ^ey lh]h, qlh[u jZkkfZljb\Zlv bo \
dhgl_dkl_ \k_c ebqghklb. H^gZdh j_dhf_g^m_lky, qlh[u gZqZevgu_ ihiuldb ZgZebaZ
ebqghklb ihkj_^kl\hf jbkmgdh\ ke_^h\Zeb kbkl_fZlbq_kdhfm baeh`_gbx, kh^_j`Zs_fmky \
qZklb II, ohly wlh b fh`_l [ulv qj_\Zlh qj_af_jguf mijhs_gb_f. Ih f_j_ hiulZ
ijZdlbq_kdh]h bkihevah\Zgby f_lh^Z [m^_l ih\urZlvky ]b[dhklv b ^hklb]Zlvky [he__
bgl_]jbjh\ZggZy bgl_jij_lZpby, hkh[_ggh \ k\yab k jZa\blb_f mf_gby khihklZ\eylv ^Zggu_
jbkmgdh\ k debgbq_kdbfb ^Zggufb.
Jbkmgdb 2mb 2I rbahb^, h[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\guc oZjZdl_j.
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a: IZpb_gl 26 e_l, [_euc fm`qbgZ, aZdexq_gguc, h[\bgy_fuc \ lhf, qlh
hg jZa[be \oh^gmx
ebqghklb, dhlhju_ hg ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Ze gZ km^_, hg [ue gZijZ\e_g gZ h[ke_^h\Zgb_.
IZpb_gl [ue p_jdh\guf kem`Zsbf b bf_e ihegh_ kj_^g__ h[jZah\Zgb_. Ih ^Zgguf
l_klbjh\Zgby, bgl_ee_dl \ur_ kj_^g_]h b kljmdlmjZ bgl_ee_dlZ kh]eZkm_lky k _]h rbahb^guf
kdeZ^hf oZjZdl_jZ. Hg klZjrbc ba ^\mo kugh\_c, ex[bf_p k\h_c fZl_jb
Jbk. 2I
^\_jv dbghl_ZljZ b mdjZe jhebd k nbevfhf, dhlhjuc hg ^h wlh]h \ ^_gv ijZ\hgZjmr_gby
ihkfhlj_e g_kdhevdh jZa. IZpb_gl [ue gZklhevdh hqZjh\Zg dmiZxsbfbky djZkhldZfb gZ
wdjZg_, qlh hg g_ fh] ih^Z\blv kh[eZagZ aZihemqblv nbevf \ k\hx ebqgmx kh[kl\_gghklv.
Wlh [ueh i_j\h_ klhedgh\_gb_ iZpb_glZ k aZdhghf. < k\yab k g_h[uqguf oZjZdl_jhf
ijZ\hgZjmr_gby b l_fb hkh[_gghklyfb b gbdh]^Z g_ [ue `_gZl. Hg gZoh^beky ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f
Z\lhjblZjgh]h hlpZ, dhlhjuc ijh^he`Ze ih^\_j]Zlv _]h l_e_kguf gZdZaZgbyf, dZd [m^lh hg
^h kbo ihj [ue fZe_gvdbf j_[_gdhf. IZpb_gl i_j_`b\Ze kdm^gmx Zlfhkn_jm k\h_]h ^hfZ b
gbadbc dmevlmjguc mjh\_gv k_fvb, gh [ue g_kihkh[_g ihj\Zlv k\yav k jh^bl_eyfb b
ml\_j^blvky \ dZdhc-eb[h kn_j_. <f_klh wlh]h hg \k_ [he__ b [he__ ih]jm`Zeky \ k\hb ]j_au,
h[h]ZsZy k\hx nZglZabx b^_ZeZfb kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby. KhpbZevgh iZpb_gl [ue lbobf,
klj_fysbfky d m_^bg_gbx, hg h]jZgbqbe k_[y kha_jpZl_evguf bgl_j_khf d fmaud_, baysguf
bkdmkkl\Zf b q_eh\_q_kl\m \ p_ehf. ?]h g_kihkh[ghklv kZfhml\_j^blvky [_kihdhbeZ _]h,
\ha[m`^Zy g_ykgu_ kljZob, hiZk_gby, wgmj_a b gZ\yaqb\u_ b^_b. IZpb_gl g_ bf_e
]_l_jhk_dkmZevguo dhglZdlh\. Ohly hg [ue mdehgqb\ \ [_k_^_ gZ k_dkmZevgu_ l_fu, b \ p_ehf
\_e k_[y hlkljZg_ggh, khpbZevguc dhglZdl k wdki_jbf_glZlhjhf [ue Z^_d\Zlguf. >bZ]gha
]eZkbe: h[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\guc g_\jha, rbahb^ghklv, wfhpbhgZevgZy b ikbohk_dkmZevgZy
g_aj_ehklv.
Q_jlu jbkmgdZ b bo bgl_jij_lZpby. Ij_^\Zjbl_evguc hijhk iZpb_glZ ^Ze dexq d _]h
g_m\_j_gghklb \ k\h_c k_dkmZevghc jheb, khijhlb\e_gbx hkhagZgbx l_e_kguo ijh[e_f,
l_g^_gpbb d kZfhbaheypbb. < hl\_l gZ ijhkv[m gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ hg kijhkbe: "Fm`qbgm
beb `_gsbgm? < ijhnbev beb ZgnZk?"
Mki_rghklv bah[jZ`_gby jZaguo qZkl_c [ueZ g_h^bgZdh\hc, hkgh\gh_ \gbfZgb_ [ueh
m^_e_gh nbabq_kdbf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf b nhjf_ ij_^klZ\e_gby l_eZ, b ebrv g_agZqbl_evgh_
\gbfZgb_ b \j_fy [ueb m^_e_gu khpbZevguf b dhglZdlguf q_jlZf lZdbf, dZd qZklb ebpZ
b dbklb jmd.
KlbjZgby, mkbe_gby ebgbb, lmr_\dZ b y\gZy ih]ehs_gghklv aZ^Zgb_f kha^Z\Zeb
\i_qZle_gb_ i_j_`b\Z_fh]h \ha[m`^_gby, ki_pbnbq_kdbo dhgnebdlh\ b nZglZabcguo
dhfi_gkZpbc. Dhgnebdl gZr_e hljZ`_gb_ \ ie_qZo b gb`g_c ]jZgbp_ j_[_j (ih^q_jdb\Zgb_
nbabq_kdhc kbeu, gZ[ex^Z_fh_ m nbabq_kdb g_Z^_d\Zlgh]h km[t_dlZ). KijZ\Z ebgby [_^_j
[ueZ kl_jlZ, \ lh \j_fy dZd ke_\Z hgZ [ueZ mkbe_gZ (aZljm^g_gby gZ ebgbb [_^_j bf_xl f_klh
ijb ]hfhk_dkmZevguo dhgnebdlZo). <gbfZgb_ d mrZf khhlghkblky k bf_xsbfbky m iZpb_glZ
b^_yfb aZ\bkbfhklb b _]h qj_af_jghc qm\kl\bl_evghklvx d h[s_kl\_gghfm fg_gbx.
KlbjZgby gZ jmd_ h[hagZqZxl dhgnebdl: ih]jmablvky eb iheghklvx \ kh[kl\_gguc l_e_kguc
gZjpbkkbaf beb \hclb \ khpbZevgh_ b fZl_jbZevgh_ hdjm`_gb_. KlbjZgby gZ `_gkdhc nb]mj_
[ueb k^_eZgu \ l_o `_ f_klZo, qlh b gZ fm`kdhc nb]mj_, ih^l\_j`^Zy kf_r_gb_
ij_^klZ\e_gbc h fm`kdbo b `_gkdbo we_f_glZo l_eZ \ khagZgbb iZpb_glZ, Z lZd`_ g_dhlhjmx
b^_glbnbdZpbx k h[_bfb nb]mjZfb ih djbl_jbx kh\_jr_gkl\Z b kbeu.
KlbjZgby ]heh\u, ijb\h^ysb_ d mf_gvr_gbx __ jZaf_jZ, khhl\_lkl\mxl g_^hklZldm m
iZpb_glZ \g_rg_c Z]j_kkb\ghklb \ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv nZglZabcghfm jZa\blbx khpbZevghc
Z]j_kkbb, qlh hljZ`_gh \ [h]Zlhc ^_lZebaZpbb ebpZ \ khq_lZgbb k Zmlbklbq_kdbf,
"mklj_fe_gguf \gmljv" \ujZ`_gb_f. =heh\Z fbgbfbabjh\ZgZ, qlh[u \u]h^gh ih^q_jdgmlv
l_e_kgmx kbem (kihkh[ bah[jZ`_gby, oZjZdl_jguc ^ey h[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\guo km[t_dlh\,
qvy ]heh\Z, k __ nmgdpb_c dhgljhey, y\ey_lky gZb[he__ [_kihdhysbf hj]Zghf. <_jo [_jml
l_e_kgu_ bfimevku, dmevfbgZpb_c q_]h klZeh ijZ\hgZjmr_gb_).
AZdhgqb\ jbkh\Zlv fm`kdmx nb]mjm, iZpb_gl ih^Ze __ kh kfms_gghc, gh kZfh^h\hevghc
meu[dhc, aZf_lb\: "DbghZdl_j". @_gkdZy nb]mjZ [ueZ klhev `_ m\_j_ggh hij_^_e_gZ dZd
"DbghZdljbkZ". W]h-fh^_eb \ujZ`Zxl klj_fe_gb_ d kh\_jr_gkl\m b \ukhdb_ nZglZabcgu_
ijblyaZgby iZpb_glZ. Bgl_j_kgh, qlh dbgh h[jZau nb]mjbjmxl \ khklZ\_ _]h
ijZ\hgZjmr_gby.
Jbkh\Zgb_ `_gkdhc nb]mju aZgyeh [hevrmx qZklv \j_f_gb, ijb lhf, qlh hkgh\gh_ \j_fy
[ueh aZljZq_gh gZ rljboh\dm k ihiuldhc ^hklbqv wnn_dlZ ihemlhgh\, dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\eyeb
[u `_eZ_fh_ ijhk\_qb\Zgb_. IZpb_gl h[tykgbe, qlh hg klZjZeky kha^Zlv wnn_dl
kh[eZagbl_evgh]h q_jgh]h [ZjoZlgh]h ieZlvy. =jm^b, `b\hl b h[eZklv ]_gblZebc [ueb [he__
\k_]h \u^_e_gu. IZpb_gl "eZkdZe" nb]mjm dZjZg^Zrhf, ^_fhgkljbjmy wjhlbq_kdmx wg_j]bx,
dhlhjZy ihbklbg_ h`b\eyeZ ^ey g_]h ]jZnbq_kdmx k_dkmZevgmx nZglZabx. Q_jlu ebpZ b
\hehku [ueb ebrv [_]eh gZf_q_gu, ih dhgljZklm k l_f \gbfZgb_f, dhlhjh_ m^_eyehkv l_em
(ba\_klgh, qlh hg ijh\h^bl [hevrmx qZklv k\h[h^gh]h \j_f_gb gZ iey`_ k _^bgkl\_gghc
p_evx ex[h\Zgby `_gkdbfb ij_e_klyfb). Nb]mjZ fm`qbgu agZqbl_evgh dhjhq_, q_f nb]mjZ
`_gsbgu. @_gkdhc nb]mj_ ijb^Zgu [he__ q_ldh h[hagZq_ggu_ q_jlu ebpZ, [hevr_
h`b\e_gby b kbeu, qlh ihjh`^Z_l wnn_dl [he__ kbevghc khpbZevghc ^hfbgZglghklb b
gZklhcqb\hklb, q_f m fm`qbgu (wfhpbhgZevgh bgnZglbevgu_ fm`qbgu qZklh ^_eZxl h[jZa
`_gsbgu djmig__ b [he__ ^hfbgZglguf).
Ohly iZpb_gl j_Zevgh bf__l jhkl r_klv nmlh\, hg kqblZ_l k_[y g_\ukhdbf, ihkdhevdm hg
mklZgh\be wlZehghf jhklZ k\hx w]h-fh^_ev dbghZdl_jZ. Djhf_ \ukhlu nb]mju, koh^kl\h k
iZpb_glhf \ \ujZ`_gbb ebpZ b iha_ yjdh hljZ`_gh \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_. :mlbklbq_kdZy,
kZfhih]ehs_ggZy wdkij_kkby b [ehdbjh\Zggh_, g_j_rbl_evgh_ b h]jZgbq_ggh_ ^\b`_gb_,
\b^gh_ \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_, oZjZdl_jgh ^ey ih\_^_gby iZpb_glZ.
Mkbe_ggu_ ebgbb l_eZ, m\yau\Zxsb_ l_eh \ iehlgmx, dhfiZdlgmx kljmdlmjm,
khhl\_lkl\mxl bf_xs_fmky m iZpb_glZ qm\kl\m hlhj\Zgghklb hl \g_rg_]h fbjZ, b hkh[_ggh
_]h kljZom gZdZaZgby, dZkljZpbb b im]Zxs_fm hsms_gbx l_e_kghc ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb.
Fu gZoh^bf hq_gv ^_lZevgh_ b ihfi_agh_ \u^_e_gb_ l_eZ, ijhlb\hihklZ\ey_fh_ wlhfm
kljZom b ih^l\_j`^Zxs__ f_qlu h l_e_kghc kbe_ b kZfh^_fhgkljZpbb. Ih[m`^_gby W]h
kbevgu, gh hgb \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb j_Zebamxlky \ nZglZabb. <k_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ we_f_glu
dhglZdlZ k \g_rgbf fbjhf keZ[u (g_^hklZlhd `b\hklb \ q_jlZo ebpZ, iheh`_gb_
dhg_qghkl_c klZlbqgh, dbklb jmd b iZevpu gh] k`Zlu).
Bah[jZ`_gb_ iZevp_\ jmd b gh] ke_]dZ Z]j_kkb\gh, gh ^h\hevgh e_]dZy ebgby b
aZdjulhklv h[hagZqZxl ih^Z\e_gguc oZjZdl_j Z]j_kkbb b ijblmie_gb_ dhglZdlZ k
j_Zevghklvx.
Kbevgu_, qj_af_jgh jZa\blu_ ie_qb khq_lZxlky k ^ebggufb b lhgdbfb,
`_ghih^h[gufb jmdZfb b gh]Zfb k djhr_qgufb aZiyklvyfb b eh^u`dZfb, qlh lZd`_
k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h kf_s_gbb iheh\hc jheb iZpb_glZ, iheh\hc b^_glbnbdZpbb gZ hkgh\_
hij_^_e_gguo `_gkdbo Zljb[mlh\, jZ\gh dZd b fm`kdbo. Ij_^klZ\e_gby iZpb_glZ,
dZkZxsb_ky iheZ, qj_a\uqZcgh g_j_Zebklbqgu.
Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_, m^_e_ggh_ iyld_, koh^gh k lZdbf \u^_e_gb_f iyldb (dZ[emdZ) m
`_ghih^h[guo fm`kdbo nb]mj, dhlhjh_ oZjZdl_jgh ^ey ikbohk_dkmZevgh g_aj_euo fm`qbg.
Wlh lZd`_ khhlghkblky k ^_lZebaZpb_c, gZ[ex^Z_fhc ijb h[k_kkb\ghf oZjZdl_j_, k
khhl\_lkl\mxsbf g_^hklZldhf xfhjZ b ]b[dhklb.
JZkieu\qZlZy ebgby rljboh\db \ h[eZklb ]jm^b ih^q_jdb\Z_l j_[jZ b kbem fmkdmeh\.
IZpb_gl qm\kl\m_l k_[y ojmidbf, keZ[uf b gZoh^ysbfky ih^ m]jhahc dZdhc-lh kf_jl_evghc
[he_agb. Ihlj_[ghklv \ nbabq_kdhf kh\_jr_gkl\_ ^Ze__ ih^q_jdgmlZ mkbe_gb_f ie_q,
\u[hjhf `bag_ml\_j`^Zxs_c l_fu b \_j[Zevgufb ZkkhpbZpbyfb iZpb_glZ ih ih\h^m
fm`kdhc nb]mju.
Ih^q_jdgmlu_ djZy ieZ\hd kha^Zxl \i_qZle_gb_ kbevghc haZ[hq_gghklb l_ehf, Z lZd`_
dhgnebdlZ, hlghkys_]hky d khdjulbx b ^_fhgkljZpbb l_eZ. Fg_gb_, qlh \mZc_jbaf
bagZqZevgh k\yaZg k ih[m`^_gb_f d kZfh^_fhgkljZpbb, ihemqZ_l g_dhlhjh_ ih^l\_j`^_gb_ \
wlhf gZ[hj_ jbkmgdh\. Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ iheghklvx \uklZ\e_gZ gZihdZa b ijbdjulZ ebrv
ieZ\dZfb, \ lh \j_fy dZd `_gkdZy nb]mjZ iheghklvx h^_lZ, ohly k kbevguf ijhk\_qb\Zgb_f.
< j_Zevghc `bagb iZpb_gl qj_a\uqZcgh p_ehfm^j_g \ k\h_c h^_`^_, ohly hg jZa\e_dZ_lky,
jZa]ey^u\Zy ihemh^_luo `_gsbg gZ iey`_ beb gZ wdjZg_.
<u^_e_gb_ ijy`db, rljboh\dZ \ h[eZklb ijhf_`ghklb b jZpbhgZebabjh\ZggZy
rljboh\dZ gZ ieZ\dZo kem`Zl ^hihegbl_evguf k\b^_l_evkl\hf k_dkmZevghc haZ[hq_gghklb.
:mlhwjhlbq_kdZy ijbjh^Z iheh\hc Z^ZilZpbb iZpb_glZ ki_pbnbq_kdb ijh_pbjm_lky gZ
\uiheg_gguc bf jbkmghd `_gsbgu. LZdlbevguc dhglZdl k jbkmgdhf k ihiuldhc iZpb_glZ
^hklbqv klhev p_ggh]h ^ey g_]h ijhk\_qb\Zgby, _]h g_`_eZgb_ aZ\_jrZlv jbkmghd kha^Zxl
ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h _]h k_dkmZevguo nZglZabyo. KbevgZy rljboh\dZ `_gkdhc nb]mju
khhl\_lkl\m_l \ujZ`_gghc lj_\h]_ iZpb_glZ ih ih\h^m _]h k_dkmZevguo ijh[e_f b _]h
hlghr_gby d `_gsbgZf \ p_ehf.
IhaZ fm`qbgu y\ey_lky kZfh^h\hevghc, iheh`_gb_ gZ ebkl_ hldjh\_ggh Z]j_kkb\gh_, b
ebgby oZjZdl_jbam_lky g_m\_j_gghklvx, k_gablb\ghklvx b dhgnebdlghc wg_j]b_c.
H^gZ jmdZ aZ kibghc `_gsbgu b ^jm]Zy, \ulygmlZy ih gZijZ\e_gbx d l_em `_gsbgu,
I_j_debdZxlky k ba[_]Zgb_f b bgljh\_jkb_c iZpb_glZ ih hlghr_gbx d dhglZdlZf k
`_gsbgZfb. Hg g_ hldjh\_g_g \ [_k_^Zo gZ wlm l_fm.
< ZkkhpbZpbyo h[Z, b fm`qbgZ, b `_gsbgZ, hibku\Zxlky iZpb_glhf dZd b^_Zevgu_ b
kh\_jr_ggu_, k lZdhc kl_i_gvx aZ\_jr_gghklb, dhlhjZy kiZkZ_l _]h hl g_h[oh^bfhklb bf_lv
^_eh k f_g__ kh\_jr_ggufb j_Zevghklyfb. :kkhpbZpbb [ueb ^Zgu hohlgh b k wglmabZafhf,
ih^l\_j`^Zy, qlh ihjh`^_gb_ nZglZabc y\eyehkv ^ey iZpb_glZ j_Zevguf b ijbylguf
hiulhf. Fm`qbgZ hibkZg dZd ^\Z^pZlbr_klbe_lgbc (\hajZkl iZpb_glZ). Hg "ohaybg `bagb",
.bf__l ij_djZkgu_ nbabq_kdb_ ^Zggu_, mfguc, bf__l kbem \heb, ij_djZkgh qm\kl\m_l k_[y b \
]hjh^_, b gZ iey`_, bf__l ]hj^uc \b^, b hg hq_gv ^h\he_g l_f, qlh hg kbevg__ ^jm]bo.
>jm]bfb keh\Zfb, hg ^h\he_g l_f, qlh hg, dZd ]h\hjblky, gZklhysbc fm`qbgZ. (Hlf_qZ_lky
l_e_kguc gZjpbkkbaf, wdk]b[bpbhgbaf, ihlj_[ghklv \ khpbZevghf ^hfbgbjh\Zgbb,
kh\_jr_gkl\_, k_dkmZevgZy g_m\_j_gghklv b dhfi_gkZpby kh[kl\_gghc h[k_kkb\ghc
g_j_rbl_evghklb b keZ[hklb.) Fm`qbgZ yjhd b kh\_jr_g_g, dZq_kl\Z, hljZ`_ggu_ \
h[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\guo q_jlZo, oZjZdl_jguo ^ey jbkmgdh\ iZpb_glZ (kbff_ljby,
ZddmjZlghklv, klj_fe_gb_ d aZ\_jr_gghklb) b _]h ih\_^_gbb (dhfimevkb\guc oZjZdl_j _]h
ijZ\hgZjmr_gby). Fm`qbgZ jZ[hlZ_l dmag_phf, bkihevam_l gZdh\Zevgx, b j_amevlZlhf wlh]h
y\ey_lky _]h fhsgh_ nbabq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ (aZf_lvl_ ijhlb\hj_qby b [_^ghklv djblbdb,
dhlhju_ ijhy\eyxlky \ ihlj_[ghklb nZglZabjh\Zlv fm`qbgZ h^gh\j_f_ggh b dbghZdl_j, b
ohaybg `bagb, b hl^uoZxsbc, b dmag_p). Hg \k_fb ex[bf, kqZkleb\ \ [jZd_, _]h `_gZ
h[h`Z_l _]h, b m g_]h ^\h_ ^_l_c fZevqbd b ^_\hqdZ. @_gsbgZ hibku\Z_lky dZd hkh[Z
^\Z^pZlb h^gh]h ]h^Z, h^bghdZy, hqZjh\Zl_evgZy, \_ebq_kl\_ggZy. HgZ dbgha\_a^Z.
Jbkmgdb 3mb 3I iZjZghb^guc rbahnj_gbd
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a: iZpb_gl ljb^pZlb ^_\ylb e_l, [_euc fm`qbgZ, aZdexq_gguc, k
\ukhdbf mjh\g_f mfkl\_ggh]h jZa\blby, h^gZdh hlklZ\Z\rbc \ rdhe_. Hg [ue gZijZ\e_g ^ey
gZ[ex^_gby \ k\yab k g_h[oh^bfhklvx ih\lhjgh]h \ug_k_gby ijb]h\hjZ aZ kh\_jr_gguc \
ijhrehf jZa[hc. Hg ijh\_e fgh]h e_l \ aZ\_^_gbb ^ey ^mr_\gh[hevguo ij_klmigbdh\, dm^Z
hg [ue i_j_\_^_g ba ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc lxjvfu \ khklhygbb hkljh]h ikbohaZ, mkm]m[e_ggh]h
kljZohf ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ. Hg [ue \ha\jZs_g \ km^ dZd ihijZ\b\rbcky b kihkh[guc
ij_^klZlv i_j_^ km^hf. <h \j_fy hkfhljZ iZpb_gl [ue lbobf, ohjhrh ^hklmiguf dhglZdlm,
g_ ^_fhgkljbjh\Ze \ujZ`_gguo ikbohlbq_kdbo kbfilhfh\. H^gZdh jbkmgdb ihdZaZeb, qlh
ikbohlbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku khojZgbebkv, ohly hgb g_ ijhy\eyebkv \ _]h l_i_j_rg_f hdjm`_gbb.
Ihke_^mxsZy ijh\_jdZ ih^l\_j^beZ jbkmghqgu_ ijbagZdb, b iZpb_glm [ue ihklZ\e_g
^bZ]gha: iZjZghb^gZy rbahnj_gby.
Q_jlu jbkmgdZ b bo bgl_jij_lZpby: rbahnj_gbq_kdZy hdjZkdZ jbkmgdh\ \b^gZ \
\ujZ`_gghc ^bkijhihjpbb, \u^_e_gbb g_kms_kl\_gguo ^_lZe_c, klZlbqghklb b
ko_fZlbqghklb nb]mj, imklhl_, ijhlb\hj_qbb ijhnbey b ihegh]h ebpZ, b h[s_f kljZgghf
\i_qZle_gbb hl jbkmgdh\. <k_ wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h qj_a\uqZcgh h[hkh[e_gghf \gmlj_gg_f
fbj_.
IZpb_gl jZ[hlZe k h]jhfguf bgl_j_khf, ih]ehs_gguc nZglZabyfb. Hg g_ ij_ke_^h\Ze
hij_^_e_ggmx p_ev, gh ^_lZebabjh\Ze dZ`^mx h[eZklv ih ihjy^dm, [_a dZdh]h-eb[h \b^bfh]h
khhlg_k_gby k p_euf. JZaju\ f_`^m nZglZab_c b j_Zevghklvx b hlkmlkl\b_ hkhagZgby wlh]h,
hljZ`_ggu_ \ jbkmgd_, [ueb \ ^Zevg_cr_f \uy\e_gu, dh]^Z iZpb_gl fgh]hagZqbl_evgh
jZkkm`^Ze ih ih\h^m k\hbo jbkmgdh\. Hg hibkZe fm`kdmx nb]mjm dZd `_eZl_evgmx w]h-
fh^_ev ^\Z^pZlb iylb e_l, ijb\ghky k\hc kh[kl\_gguc hiul \ \_j[Zevguc h[jZa. @_gkdZy
nb]mjZ [ueZ hibkZgZ dZd ohjhr_gvdZy b hq_gv ijb\e_dZl_evgZy ^_\mrdZ k_fgZ^pZlb e_l.
H[jZa hlghkbeky d ie_fyggbp_, ih ih\h^m dhlhjhc hg nZglZabjh\Ze. ?]h Z[khexlgh g_
ljh]ZeZ j_ZevgZy ]jhl_kdghklv nb]mj, ^Z`_ dh]^Z _]h ki_pbZevgh h[ wlhf kijhkbeb.
Jbk. 3m
J_]j_kkby b gZjmr_gb_ djblbqghklb \b^gu \ ]jm[hf ijhk\_qb\Zgbb gb`g_c qZklb l_eZ
h[_bo nb]mj, kf_r_gbb ijhnbey b nZkZ, \u^_e_gbb g_kms_kl\_gguo ^_lZe_c, lZdbo dZd
im]h\bpu b am[u, Z lZd`_ \ g_ijhihjpbhgZevghklb nb]mj.
IZjZghb^gu_ q_jlu hljZ`_gu \ jb]b^ghklb, hlghkbl_evgh [hevrhf jZaf_j_ jbkmgdh\,
\u^_e_gbb lhq_qguo ]eZa b Z]j_kkb\ghf bah[jZ`_gbb iZevp_\. Kemoh\u_ ]ZeexpbgZpbb,
dhlhju_ iZpb_gl bkiulu\Ze \ ijhrehf, hljZ`_gu \ ih^q_jdgmlhf, ijhk\_qb\Zxs_f,
lsZl_evghf bah[jZ`_gbb mr_c.
Jbk. 3I
H kbf\hebq_kdhf fure_gbb k\b^_l_evkl\m_l ko_fZlbqguc oZjZdl_j nb]mj. B^_b
iZpb_glZ h f_kf_jbaf_, kbe_ \ha^_ckl\by, Z lZd`_ \hafh`ghklb ibs_\h]h hljZ\e_gby [ueb
\ujZ`_gu k ihfhsvx kbf\hebq_kdbo ^_lZe_c. IZpb_gl ijbibku\Z_l j_eb]bhagh_
kbf\hebq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ e_\hc b ijZ\hc qZklb l_eZ. G_kfhljy gZ y\gmx ihiuldm ^hklbqv
kbff_ljbb, agZqbl_evgZy kl_i_gv Zkbff_ljbb hlf_qZ_lky \ bah[jZ`_gbb r_b, ]heh\u b
lmeh\bsZ, hkh[_ggh fm`kdhc nb]mju. E_\u_ b ijZ\u_ dhg_qghklb bah[jZ`_gu ih-jZaghfm.
IjZ\Zy klmigy fgh]h jZa klbjZeZkv, ihdZ g_ [ue ^hklb]gml nZeebq_kdbc \b^. IZpb_gl
ml\_j`^Z_l, qlh hg h[ma^u\Z_l k\hb k_dkmZevgu_ ih[m`^_gby k ihfhsvx fhebl\_gghc
f_^blZpbb. Ijh[e_fu e_\h]h b ijZ\h]h, k_dkZ b j_eb]bb i_j_imlZgu \ ]heh\_ iZpb_glZ.
IjZ\Zy jmdZ g_kdhevdh ^ebgg__, q_f e_\Zy, g_ bf__l h[k_kkb\ghc ^_lZebaZpbb gh]l_c. HgZ
h[gZjm`b\Z_l [hevr__ \u^_e_gb_ (dhgnebdl) b f_gvrmx ih^Z\e_ggmx Z]j_kkbx, q_f e_\Zy
(bkihevah\Zgb_ hjm`by b wdkp_kkb\gZy fZklmj[Zpby \ ZgZfg_a_).
HjZevgZy Z]j_kkby, \ujZ`_ggZy \ ko_fZlbqghf bah[jZ`_gbb jlZ b \u^_e_gbb am[h\,
ihemqZ_l debgbq_kdh_ ih^l\_j`^_gb_ \ b^_yo iZpb_glZ h ibs_\hf hljZ\e_gbb b _]h
gZius_gghc b jZaf_j_gghc j_qb, dhlhjZy \ oh^_ bgl_j\vx j_^mpbjh\ZeZkv ^h ihqlb
g_\gylghc.
WfhpbhgZevgZy aZ\bkbfhklv, hly]hs_ggZy dhfie_dkhf ih^qbg_gby Z\lhjbl_lm, \b^gZ \
\u^_e_gbb iZpb_glhf im]h\bp. Hg jZkkdZau\Z_l h ljm^ghklyo, k\yaZgguo k _]h ij_[u\Zgb_f
\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf e_q_[ghf mqj_`^_gbb, dm^Z hg [ue gZkbevkl\_ggh ihf_s_g. <k_]^Z, dh]^Z
kem`Zsbc ^hklZ\eye iZpb_glm ihqlm, hg ydh[u aZf_qZe, qlh iZpb_gl b]jZe kh k\hbfb
im]h\bpZfb. IZpb_gl k^_eZe ba wlh]h \u\h^, qlh fZgbimeypby k im]h\bpZfb ij_^klZ\ey_l
kh[hc m]jham kem`bl_ex ih^qbgblv _]h k_dkmZevgh, ihkdhevdm im]h\bpu y\eyxlky aZf_lghc
qZklvx kem`_[guo mgbnhjf, b, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, ih^jZamf_\Z_l ih^qbg_ggh_ kem`_gb_.
J_Zevgh hg [ue wfhpbhgZevgh b ikbohk_dkmZevgh g_aj_euf b hq_gv aZ\bkbfuf hl k\h_c
fZl_jb. Hg gbdh]^Z g_ ihfureye h `_gblv[_.
G_hij_^_e_gghklv iheh\hc jheb fh`_l [ulv aZf_q_gZ \ `_ghih^h[guo ]eZaZo fm`kdhc
nb]mju, [hevr_f jZaf_j_ `_gkdhc nb]mju, ijhlb\hj_qbb rbjbgu ]jm^b b ihykZ fm`kdhc
nb]mju b ^_lZebaZpbb gh]l_c. K_dkmZevguc dhgnebdl ^Ze__ ]jZnbq_kdb ijh_pbjm_lky \
aZrljboh\Zgguo [jxdZo, dhlhju_ kdhj__ ijbdj_ieyxlky d l_em, g_`_eb aZdju\Zxl _]h
(hlf_qZ_lky \ kemqZ_ kljZoZ ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ), \ ijhk\_qb\Zgbb `_gkdhc nb]mju gb`_ ebgbb
lZebb, [hevrhf klbjZ\r_fky b ih^q_jdgmlhf ghk_ fm`qbgu, bf_xs_c nZeebq_kdbc \b^
klmig_ b aZrljboh\Zgghf ihyk_, k^\bgmlhf \ijZ\h (\ klhjhgm kh[kl\_gguo kljZoh\
gZdZaZgby aZ _]h ]hfhk_dkmZevgmx ijZdlbdm).
Bgl_ee_dlmZevgu_ ijblyaZgby, ij_^iheZ]Zxsb_ky ijb g_ijhihjpbhgZevgh [hevrhc
]heh\_, debgbq_kdb gZ[ex^Zxlky \ ij_l_gpbhaghc j_qb iZpb_glZ, ohly _]h dmevlmjguc
mjh\_gv h]jZgbq_g. ;hevrZy ]heh\Z [he__ \u^_e_gZ \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_. Bkiulm_fuc
hlghkblky d k\h_c fZl_jb dZd d \ukr_fm Z\lhjbl_lm. :dp_glbjh\Zgb_ \hehk, \ p_ehf
jZkkfZljb\Z_fh_ dZd bg^bdZlhj fm`_kl\_gghklb, gZebph \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_.
KljZo hl\_j`_gby fZl_jvx b `_gsbgZfb \hh[s_ ijb kbevghc ihlj_[ghklb \ ijbgylbb
lZd bgl_jij_lbjm_lky dhgljZkl f_`^m ^ebggufb jmdZfb fm`kdhc nb]mju b ijhimkdhf
jmd m `_gsbgu. Hg kbevgh h[_kihdh_g k\hbf iheh`_gb_f iZjrb\hc h\pu \ k_fv_.
G_m\_j_gghklv b hiZk_gby, dhlhju_ ijhy\eyxlky debgbq_kdb, ]jZnbq_kdb ijh_pbjmxlky
\ \b^_ g_m\_j_gghc ebgbb, g_klZ[bevgh]h gZ`bfZ, [hdh\hf jZkiheh`_gbb b gZebqbb
.rljboh\db.
L_e_kgZy k_gablb\ghklv, ^hoh^ysZy ^h fZgbZdZevghklb (j_Zevgh hlf_qZ\rZyky m
iZpb_glZ), oZjZdl_jbam_lky \u^_e_gb_f kmklZ\h\ b khqe_g_gbc. Kj_^bggZy ebgby im]h\bp
lZd`_ ih^q_jdb\Z_l l_e_kgmx haZ[hq_gghklv. Jbkmgdb 4mb 4I ghjfZevguc j_[_ghd.
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a. Wlh \hkvfbe_lgbc [_euc fZevqbd kh kj_^gbf mfkl\_gguf jZa\blb_f.
Mki_ob \ rdhe_ [ueb \_kvfZ g_\_ebdb. ?fm f_rZeZ g_kihkh[ghklv d ql_gbx, k\yaZggZy kh
kf_rZgguf eZl_jZevguf ^hfbgbjh\Zgb_f (e_\Zy jmdZ, ijZ\uc ]eZa). M fZevqbdZ _klv [jZl
^\_gZ^pZlb e_l, jhkeuc, kbevguc b Zle_lbq_kdb keh`_gguc, \ lh
Jbk. 4m
\j_fy dZd kZf hg ojmihd b ihoh` gZ ^_\hqdm. H[Z _]h jh^bl_ey jZ[hlZxl, b hg
ij_^hklZ\e_g kZfhfm k_[_, beb hklZ_lky gZ ihi_q_gbb [jZlZ. GZ\udb _^u b ih^^_j`Zgby
qbklhlu g_ijhqgu b agZqbl_evgh keZ[__, q_f m khk_^kdbo ^_l_c, kj_^b dhlhjuo hg `b\_l.
J_[_ghd ]jm[ k feZ^rbfb ^_lvfb, gh moh^bl hl khj_\gh\Zgby kh k\hbf [jZlhf. Kh \ajhkeufb
hg aZkl_gqb\, \_j[ZevgZy wdkij_kkby _]h [_^gZ b h]jZgbq_gZ, j_qv bgnZglbevgZ.
Jbk. 4I
kby _]h [_^gZ b h]jZgbq_gZ, j_qv bgnZglbevgZ.
>_lZeb jbkmgdZ b bo bgl_jij_lZpby: ihkdhevdm wlhl j_[_ghd bagZqZevgh fhlhjgh]h lbiZ,
_]h jbkmghd ij_^klZ\ey_l ij_djZkgmx \hafh`ghklv ^ey kZfh\ujZ`_gby. Hg jZ[hlZe k
bgl_j_khf, ih]ehs_gghklvx, ^_lZebaZpb_c b qm\kl\hf j_Zevghklb, dhlhjh_ hg j_^dh
^_fhgkljbjm_l \ `bag_gguo kblmZpbyo.
:kkhpbZpbb ih ih\h^m jbkmgdZ [ueb kf_r_gb_f kh[kl\_gguo q_jl, \ujZ`_gby qm\kl\Z
\bgu, b fuke_c h `_eZ_fhf. Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ hibkZgZ dZd ^_kylbe_lgbc fZevqbd, kbevguc b
kbfiZlbqguc, gh bf_xsbc kdjxq_ggu_ jmdb (bkiulm_fuc e_\rZ b ^_fhgkljbjm_l
aZljm^g_gby k ^hfbgZglghklvx). Hg Zdl_j b qblZ_l klbob (j_[_ghd g_aZf_lguc b hlklZxsbc
\ rdhe_, b _]h g_ ijb]eZrZxl ^ey ^_deZfZpbb). FZevqbd ex[bl [hevr_ \k_o k\hx fZlv,
ihlhfm qlh hgZ g_ re_iZ_l _]h (b^_glbnbdZpby k fZl_jvx hlf_qZ_lky \ ih\_^_gbb j_[_gdZ).
=heh\Z hibku\Z_lky dZd emqrZy qZklv l_eZ (rdhevgZy g_mki_\Z_fhklv h[mkeh\eb\Z_l hkh[mx
agZqbfhklv nmgdpbc ]heh\u. < ^hiheg_gb_ dh \k_fm bkiulm_fuc "ohjhr_gvdbc fZevqbd "
b fh`_l ih^q_jdb\Zlv ]heh\m ih lhc `_ ijbqbg_, ih dhlhjhc wlh ^_eZxl ^_\hqdb). FZevqbd
ohl_e [u `_gblvky, dh]^Z hg \ujZkl_l, gh hg kebrdhf fZe_gvdbc b kebrdhf ]jyaguc, qlh[u
dh]^Z-eb[h `_gblvky (bkiulm_fuc kZf ]jyaguc b fZe_gvdbc). Om^r_c qZklvx fZevqbdZ
y\ey_lky lh, qlh hg g_ klbjZ_l k\hx h^_`^m (\_jgh b ^ey bkiulm_fh]h). M g_]h _klv k_kljZ
q_lujgZ^pZlb e_l (bkiulm_fuc ij_^ihq_e [u bf_lv klZjrmx k_kljm dZd "ihfhsgbpm fZl_jb
" ^ey dhgljhey gZ^ _]h [jZlhf). :kkhpbZpbb ih ih\h^m nb]mju ^_\hqdb hibku\Zxl __ dZd
klZjrmx k_kljm gZjbkh\Zggh]h fZevqbdZ. ?c q_lujgZ^pZlv e_l. HgZ g_ kt_^Z_l k\hc e_gq, b
\ujZkl_l Zjlbkldhc (\k_ wlh \_jgh ^ey bkiulm_fh]h). Bkiulm_fuc aZdZgqb\Z_l k\hb
ZkkhpbZpbb ih ih\h^m ^_\hqdb "ZjlbkldZ dZd y" (wlh jZkij_^_e_gb_ kh[kl\_gguo q_jl f_`^m
fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mjZfb [ueh hlf_q_gh m bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ ^_fhgkljbjmxl
g_^h\hevkl\h k\h_c k_dkmZevghc jhevx, l_f g_ f_g__ wlh kh\_jr_ggh ghjfZevgh ^ey
:dlb\gZy nZglZaby \b^gZ \ [hevrhf jZaf_j_ nb]mj, h[bebb ^_lZe_c, ijbe_`Zgbb \
jZ[hl_, hldZa_ hklZ\blv aZ^Zgb_ ^h l_o ihj, ihdZ bkiulm_fuc g_ [ue iheghklvx
m^h\e_l\hj_g, b kl_i_gb \h\e_q_ggh]h kbf\hebq_kdh]h kh^_j`Zgby. IjhkljZgkl\h
bkihevah\Zgh kf_eh, k lZdbf jZkij_^_e_gb_f nb]mj b jmd, qlh hgb klj_fylky ih gZijZ\e_gbx
d hdjm`Zxs_fm. (KbevgZy ihlj_[ghklv \ ijbgylbb, khpbZevgh [ehdbjh\ZggZy jh[hklvx
j_[_gdZ).
Bkihevah\Zggu_ ebgbb g_jZ\ghf_jgu ih gZ`bfm b lhesbg_, qlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l
gZijy`_gb_, g_m\_j_gghklv b wfhpbhgZevgmx g_klZ[bevghklv.
KhpbZevgu_ q_jlu (bfimevk d khpbZevghfm dhglZdlm) ohjhrh ijhjZ[hlZgu
(bkiulm_fuc \k_]^Z bs_l dh]h-gb[m^v, k d_f fh`gh ihb]jZlv, beb \gbfZgby \ajhkeuo).
<b^ ebpZ ZgnZk khhl\_lkl\m_l \hajZklm bkiulm_fh]h, _]h mfkl\_gghfm mjh\gx b
^hklmighklb _]h ijh[e_f.
Nb]mju gZdehg_gu \ijZ\h k g_jZ\ghf_jghklvx gh], jmd, ie_q b h[sbf gZjmr_gb_f
kbff_ljbb, dhlhjh_ [ueh hlf_q_gh ih ijbqbg_ kf_rZggh]h eZl_jZevgh]h ^hfbgbjh\Zgby.
;hevrb_ klmigb b ^ebggu_ gh]b [he__ oZjZdl_jgu ^ey jbkmgdh\ fZevqbdh\, g_`_eb
^_\hq_d. I_jkhgZevguc hlq_l wlh]h bkiulm_fh]h ih^l\_j`^Z_l lm bgl_jij_lZpbx, qlh
g_m\_j_gghklv b ih[m`^_gb_ d khj_\gh\Zl_evguf ^_ckl\byf b nbabq_kdhfm jhklm fh]ml
[ulv k\yaZgu k jZaebqb_f iheh\.
Ki_pbZevgh_ \u^_e_gb_ q_jl, hlghkysboky d h[j_l_gbx fm`_kl\_gghklb, \b^gh \ mkZo,
ljm[d_ (\k_-lZdb nb]mjZ ebrv ij_^iheh`bl_evgh y\ey_lky nb]mjhc ^_kylbe_lg_]h fZevqbdZ),
fZe_gvdhf ]Zeklmd_, \u^_e_gbb j_fgy k ihfhsvx rljboh\db, b [hevrbo, wg_j]bqgh
aZrljboh\Zgguo ]jZ[eyo, dhlhju_ g_ bf_xl nmgdpbhgZevgh]h agZq_gby, khhlghkbfh]h k
nb]mjhc (nZeebq_kdh_ agZq_gb_?). Qm\kl\Z k_dkmZevghc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb (\hafh`gh, ih
kjZ\g_gbx k _]h [jZlhf) b haZ[hq_gghklv wlhc kn_jhc (fZklmj[Zpby) ijhy\eyxlky \
djhr_qghf njZ]f_gl_ ]ZeklmdZ b im]h\bpZo gZ aZkl_`d_ [jxd (bkiulm_fuc qm\kl\m_l k_[y
gbarbf \h \k_o hlghr_gbyo b d g_fm hlghkylky dZd d g_`_gd_ ("k_klj_gd_").
Kbeu nZglZabb h[mkeh\eb\Zxl g_eh]bqghklv nb]mju. GZ q_eh\_d_ gZ^_l ]Zeklmd kh
kijylZgguf ghkh\uf ieZldhf, ohly ij_^iheh`bl_evgh wlhl q_eh\_d qlh-lh kZ`Z_l
(bkiulm_fuc k_gablb\_g ih ih\h^m k\h_c g_ZddmjZlghklb). Ijhlb\hj_qby \ ^_lkdbo
jbkmgdZo, h^gZdh, lbibqgu, ihkdhevdm ^_lb qZklh klj_fylky ijh_pbjh\Zlv k\hb ijh[e_fu \
jZaebqgu_ h[eZklb, [_ahlghkbl_evgh d bo kh]eZkh\Zgghklb beb ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb. <
^Zgghf dhgdj_lghf kemqZ_ g_^hklZlhd ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb b g_eh]bqghklv y\eyxlky
bg^b\b^mZevgufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb km[t_dlZ.
<u^_e_gb_ im]h\bp ih kj_^g_c ebgbb lmeh\bsZ kh]eZkm_lky k l_e_kghc k_gablb\ghklvx
bkiulm_fh]h b _]h qj_a\uqZcghc aZ\bkbfhklvx hl fZl_jb.
Rljboh\dZ gh] jZkp_gb\Z_lky dZd lj_\h]Z ih ih\h^m jZaf_jZ b nbabq_kdh]h jhklZ.
Rljboh\dZ jmd hlghkblky d g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evguf b lj_\h`Zsbf dhglZdlZf
bkiulm_fh]h kh rdhevgufb ij_^f_lZfb b d h[s_fm qm\kl\m g_mki_rghklb \ _]h dhglZdlZo k
khpbZevguf hdjm`_gb_f.
<uklmiZxs__ moh fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k qm\kl\bl_evghklvx bkiulm_fh]h d djblbd_ b k
_]h `Z`^hc khpbZevgh]h h^h[j_gby (_]h qZklh \b^yl \ m]hed_, \gbfZl_evgh kemrZxsbf).
<u^_e_gb_ dZjfZgh\ dZd m fm`kdhc, lZd b m `_gkdhc nb]mju k\yaZgh k aZ\bkbfhklvx
bkiulm_fh]h hl fZl_jb, Znn_dlb\ghc, b ih fg_gbx bkiulm_fh]h, \hafh`gh fZl_jbZevghc
^_ijb\Zpb_c (bkiulm_fuc g_hijyl_g b aZims_g).
Qj_a\uqZcgh hjb]bgZevgh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ dZjfZgh\ m `_gkdhc nb]mju ij_^iheZ]Z_l
eb[b^hagmx dhgp_gljZpbx gZ fZl_jb. EbpZ >`h (bkiulm_fh]h) b NhdkZ (bfy [jZlZ Nj_^)
gZjbkh\Zgu gZ dZjfZgZo b jZkiheh`_gu gZ f_kl_ ]jm^_c. Ihegu_ nb]mju ^\mo fZevqbdh\
gZjbkh\Zgu gb`_. ">`h" gZjbkh\Zg \ ^\Z jZaZ [hevr_, q_f "Nhd_", ohly j_Zevgh >`h,
bkiulm_fuc, y\ey_lky feZ^rbf ba ^\mo fZevqbdh\.
Nb]mjZ ^_\hqdb f_gvr_, q_f nb]mjZ fZevqbdZ, ohly hgZ hibku\Z_lky dZd q_lujvfy
]h^Zfb klZjr_, q_f fZevqbd (ihlj_[ghklv bkiulm_fh]h klZlv lZdbf `_ [hevrbf, dZd _]h
[jZl. JZagbpZ f_`^m bkiulm_fuf b _]h klZjrbf [jZlhf lZd`_ q_luj_ ]h^Z). GZjbkh\ZggZy
^_\hqdZ ij_^iheh`bl_evgh h^_lZ \ dZjgZ\Zevgh_ ieZlv_. H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ gZ iheh`_gb_
mdjZr_gbc m ^_\hqdb, b ]^_ hgZ ^_j`bl dhjh[dm. >_\hqdb, mdjZrZxsb_ lZdbf h[jZahf k\h_
ieZlv_, hibku\Zxlky bkiulm_fuf dZd b^msb_ \ rdhem kh k\h_c rdhevghc dhjh[dhc. (RdheZ
y\ey_lky bklhqgbdhf njmkljZpbb ^ey wlh]h bkiulm_fh]h. Hg qm\kl\m_l, qlh emqrb_ hlf_ldb
k^_eZxl _]h [he__ ijb_fe_fuf ^ey _]h fZl_jb).
:dp_gl gZ l_f_ ibsb \b^_g \ bah[jZ`_gbb klheZ k k_j\bjh\Zgguf gZ g_f eZgq_f (fZlv
\k_]^Z hklZ\ey_l eZl. ^ey g_]h gZ klhe_). < ZkkhpbZpbyo gZbom^r_c q_jlhc ^_\hqdb y\ey_lky
lh, qlh hgZ g_ _kl (\_jgh ^ey bkiulm_fh]h). Qj_a\uqZcgh rbjhdbc jhl h[_bo nb]mj
ij_^klZ\ey_l ^Zevg_cr__ ]jZnbq_kdh_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\h hjZevguo ijh[e_f bkiulm_fh]h.
Kh[ZdZ ih^ klhehf kgZ[`_gZ ihihgdhc ^ey aZsblu __ hl oheh^Z. (Bkiulm_fuc
b^_glbnbpbjm_l k_[y k fZe_gvdhc kh[Zqdhc \ k\h_c k_fv_. Djhf_ lh]h, \ ^hf_ _klv g_kdhevdh
kh[Zd, g_kfhljy gZ ij_g_[j_`_gb_ ^_lvfb).
Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ ebr_gZ \hehk, _keb g_ kqblZlv mkh\ (hl_p bkiulm_fh]h euk), \ lh \j_fy
dZd `_gsbgZ kgZ[`_gZ \k_fb \b^Zfb b gZijZ\e_gbyfb ijbq_khd. (FZlv y\ey_lky
^hfbgZglguf qe_ghf k_fvb. HgZ fheh`_, b _c ijbibku\Z_lky [hevr_ Zdlb\ghklb).
M `_gsbgu [he__ Z]j_kkb\gu_ iZevpu, q_f m fm`qbgu.
=eZaZ h[_bo nb]mj bf_xl [hevrb_ hj[blu (dhglmju), gh g_ bf_xl ajZqdh\, beb
f_oZgbafZ aj_gby. (Bkiulm_fuc g_ ^bnn_j_gpbjm_l j_Zevghklv, h[eZ^Z_l fZeufb
nZdlbq_kdbfb ihagZgbyfb, b g_lhq_g hdjm`Zxs__ ihagZ_lky "\ p_ehf ").
Hq_jlZgby mdjZr_gbc `_gkdhc nb]mju \ h[eZklb ]_gblZebc, dhlhju_ klbjZebkv b \gh\v
ijhjbkh\u\Zebkv (dhgnebdl), gZihfbgZxl hq_jlZgby a\_a^u >Z\b^Z (hl_p bkiulm_fh]h
_\j_c, fZlv g_l).
Ebgby, hq_jqb\ZxsZy h[eZklv ]jm^b h[_bo nb]mj, f_g__ mihjy^hq_gZ, q_f ^jm]b_ ebgbb
jbkmgdZ (hlghkblky d qm\kl\m nbabq_kdhc ojmidhklb bkiulm_fh]h?).
Jbkmgdb 5mb 5Ihkljuc ih^jhkldh\uc djbabk.
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a: wlhl iZpb_gl r_klgZ^pZlbe_lgbc [_euc aZdexq_gguc, kh kj_^gbfb
mfkl\_ggufb kihkh[ghklyfb b ghjfZevghc rdhevghc mki_\Z_fhklvx. Hg [ue gZijZ\e_g \
debgbdm \ k\yab k ih\lhjyxsbfb-
Jbk. 5m
ky ih[_]Zfb b m]hgZfb fZrbg. IZpb_gl [ue mkugh\e_g ^\mfy [_a^_lgufb khpbZevgufb
jZ[hlgbdZfb, dh]^Z _fm [ueh ^\_gZ^pZlv e_l. < ihke_^g__ \j_fy hg klZe m]jxfuf,
]g_\eb\uf b g_mijZ\ey_fuf. Hg [ue qj_a\uqZcgh \hafms_g ihiuldZfb k\hbo \hkiblZl_e_c
hlghkblvky d g_fm dZd d ikbobq_kdb [hevghfm. ?]h _^bg-
Jbk. 5I
kl\_gguf `_eZgb_f [ueh \hkkh_^bg_gb_ k fZl_jvx, k dhlhjhc hg [ue jZaemq_g \hk_fv
e_l. Hg aZy\ey_l, qlh wlh `_eZgb_ y\ey_lky fhlb\hf _]h ih[_]h\. >hfZrgyy h[klZgh\dZ
iZpb_glZ dhgnebdlgZ. Wlh f_rZgbgZ hlqbfh\, fZq_o b \hkiblZl_evgbp; hg g_ m\_j_g \ bo
ij_^Zgghklb. Hg lZd`_ g_^h\he_g l_f, qlh jZaebqgu_ hi_dmgu ih-jZaghfm _]h gZau\Zxl. <
gZklhys__ \j_fy wlh [_kihdhcguc, khh[jZabl_evguc ih^jhklhd, qv_ ih\_^_gb_ kdh\Zgh b
h[j_f_g_gh qm\kl\hf \bgu. Bf__l f_klh jh[dZy ihiuldZ b^_glbnbdZpbb k mr_^rbf hlphf,
dhlhjh]h hg gZ^__lky aZf_gblv ^ey k\h_c fZl_jb. >bZ]gha ]eZkbe: ih^jhkldh\uc djbabk m
g_\jhlbq_kdh]h fZevqbdZ k wfhpbhgZevghc b ikbohk_dkmZevghc g_aj_ehklvx.
Q_jlu jbkmgdZ b bgl_jij_lZpby: jbkmgdb [ueb \uiheg_gu \ fheqZgbb k
ij_^\Zjbl_evguf \uykg_gb_f "\k_ l_eh beb lhevdh ebph?" IZpb_gl k^_eZe ebg_cguc
jbkmghd kgZqZeZ ^ey fm`qbgu, bah[jZab\ lhevdh hkv l_eZ b gh]b (g_`_eZgb_ klhedgmlvky k
ijh[e_fZfb, dhlhju_ \klZxl i_j_^ gbf).
AZl_f [ueb ^h[Z\e_gu rlZgu, Z l_em [ueZ ijb^ZgZ h[t_fghklv. Ihlhf jh[dh
ihke_^h\Zeb jmdb (dhglZdl kh kj_^hc), b \ dhgp_ [ueZ gZjbkh\ZgZ ]heh\Z (kljZo i_j_^
klhedgh\_gb_f k f_`ebqghklgufb ijh[e_fZfb). @_gkdZy nb]mjZ [ueZ lZd`_ gZjbkh\ZgZ k
g_h[uqghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx (gZjmr_ggZy eh]bdZ), gZqbgZy k djhr_qguo klmig_c b
jZajZ[Zlu\Z_fZy jh[dh b hklhjh`gh ih gZijZ\e_gbx d ]heh\_ (kihjghc lhqdhc [ueh [m^ms__
hlghr_gb_ iZpb_glZ d _]h j_Zevghc fZl_jb).
L_fZ jbkmgdZ ^h\hevgh ^jZfZlbq_kdZy ijh_dpby ZdlmZevgh]h ih\_^_gby iZpb_glZ.
Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ hibkZgZ iZpb_glhf dZd [_]msZy aZ Z\lh[mkhf, qlh[u ih_oZlv gZ jZ[hlm.
(IZpb_gl ^_ckl\bl_evgh qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y jZaju\Zxsbfky f_`^m dhgnebdlmxsbfb
ijb\yaZgghklyfb b ijh_pbjh\Zggufb ihlj_[ghklyfb b klj_fbeky ba[_`Zlv lh]h b ^jm]h]h.
GZ lZ[ebp_ V l_klZ JhjrZoZ hg m\b^_e "^\mo `b\hlguo ih klhjhgZf, [jhkZxsboky gZ
djhebdZ, gZoh^ys_]hky \ k_j_^bg_". Hg lZd`_ \ukdZaZe haZ[hq_gghklv mki_oZfb, gZ jZ[hl_,
g_h[oh^bfufb, qlh[u ih^^_j`b\Zlv k\hx fZlv.) Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ [ueZ hibkZgZ dZd
kbfiZlbqgZy b ohjhrh h^_lZy (gZ^_`^Z iZpb_glZ), gh g_ hq_gv kbevgZy (\_jgh ^ey iZpb_glZ.
Hg lhg_gvdbc b ojmidbc). Hg Z^\hdZl, ^\Z^pZlb ^_\ylb e_l. g_`_gZluc (gZ^_`^Z aZf_klblv
hlpZ). Hg m^h\e_l\hjy_l k_[y k_dkmZevgh k ihfhsvx fZklmj[Zpbb (dhgnebdl iZpb_glZ.
H[km`^Zy l_fm k_dkZ, hg kkueZeky gZ lZbgkl\_ggu_ \aZbfhhlghr_gby f_`^m ^\mfy klZjufb
^_\Zfb, \ay\rbfb _]h gZ \hkiblZgb_).
G_m\_j_gghklv, g_Z^_d\Zlghklv b kljZo hljZ`_gu \ e_]dhc, ij_ju\bklhc b
g_jZ\ghf_jghc ebgbb. Wlb oZjZdl_jbklbdb lZd`_ \b^gu \ kfms_gghf \ujZ`_gbb ebpZ, \
fZe_gvdhc b ls_^mrghc nb]mj_ (dZd m kZfh]h iZpb_glZ) b hiZkeb\hf ijb[eb`_gbb d h[jZam
l_eZ k \yeufb klmigyfb m fm`kdhc nb]mju b djhr_qgufb klmigyfb m `_gkdhc nb]mju.
<u^_e_gb_ hkb, hlf_q_ggh_ bagZqZevghc `bjghc ebgb_c, \uiheg_gghc \ dZq_kl\_
bah[jZ`_gby l_eZ, kh]eZkm_lky k l_e_kghc g_iheghp_gghklvx b haZ[hq_gghklvx kh[hc,
dhlhju_ \uy\bebkv debgbq_kdb.
Klj_fe_gb_ ^h[blvky ex[\b k\h_c fZl_jb \ujZ`Z_lky \ ^ebgguo, ijhkl_jluo jmdZo, \ lh
\j_fy dZd g_m\_j_gghklv \ ijbgylbb _x \b^gZ \ dhjhldbo jmdZo `_gkdhc nb]mju.
Hlkmlkl\b_ jmd khhlghkblky k qm\kl\hf \bgu ih ih\h^m m]hgh\ fZrbg, Z lZd`_ ih
ih\h^m gbadbo ^hklb`_gbc (\bgZ mkm]m[ey_lky lj_[h\Zgbyfb _]h \hkiblZl_e_c). Hg gbdh]^Z
g_ fh] Z^_d\Zlgh ijbkihkh[blvky d ex^yf beb \_sZf.
Kdjhfgu_ ^hklb`_gby, [_kihdhckl\h b [_^ghklv km`^_gbc h[hagZq_gu
ijhk\_qb\Zgbyfb b g_aZ\_jr_gghklvx \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_.
GZqZeh jbkh\Zgby k hk_\hc ko_fu ij_^iheZ]Z_l klj_fe_gb_ d kh\_jr_gkl\m, dhlhjh_
Zkkhpbbjm_lky k h[k_kkb\gh-dhfimevkb\gufb q_jlZfb (ly]Z iZpb_glZ d k\h_c fZl_jb b
ih\lhjyxsb_ky m]hgu fZrbg [ueb \iheg_ dhfimevkb\gu ih oZjZdl_jm). Kj_^gyy ebgby b
l_fZ kbff_ljbb, qZklh Zkkhpbbjm_fZy k wlbfb q_jlZfb, [he__ \ujZ`_gu \ \b^_ ki_j_^b,
ijb^Zgghf `_gkdhc nb]mj_.
GZb[hevr__ dhebq_kl\h ijhk\_qb\Zgbc, bf_xsbo f_klh gb`_ ebgbb lZebb m fm`kdhc
nb]mju h[eZklv, \ dhlhjhc _]h km`^_gby qj_a\uqZcgh [_^gu. (Fm`qbgZ hibkZg dZd
^hklb]rbc k_dkmZevgh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby gZ mjh\g_ ZmlhwjhlbafZ).
Ex[hiulguc Zdp_gl gZ k_dkmZevghf bgl_j_k_ h[hagZq_g dhjhldbfb b g_Z^_d\Zlgufb
ebgbyfb gZ x[d_ `_gsbgu. @bjgZy ebgby, hq_jqb\ZxsZy ]jm^gmx de_ldm, b [_kihdhcgZy
rljboh\dZ, ijb^ZggZy wlhc h[eZklb, k\yaZgu k bf_xsbfky m iZpb_glZ qm\kl\hf nbabq_kdhc
g_iheghp_gghklb b keZ[hklb.
NbdkZpby gZ fZl_jb b kf_r_gb_ k_dkmZevghc jheb gZoh^yl \ujZ`_gb_ \ aZf_lgh
[hevr_c ih jZaf_jm `_gkdhc nb]mj_, [hevr_c ^_lZebaZpbb, ijb^Zgghc _c, [he__ ^ebgghc
r__ b ih^q_jdgmluo ie_qZo (nbabq_kdZy kbeZ). >hfbgZglghklv `_gkdhc nb]mju hkh[_ggh
agZqbfZ \ k\_l_ hibkZgby iZpb_glhf wlhc nb]mju dZd ^_\mrdb gZ 11 e_l feZ^r_ fm`qbgu.
HgZ hibkZgZ dZd kh\_jr_ggZy, [e_klysZy, ij_djZkgZy b dZd g_^hklmiguc k_dkmZevguc
h[t_dl. Eb[b^baZpby h[jZaZ fZl_jb khhlghkblky k debgbq_kdbfb ^Zggufb, dZkZxsbfbky
wfhpbhgZevgh]h b ikbohk_dkmZevgh]h hlklZ\Zgby. H^_`^Z khhl\_lkl\m_l fZl_jbgkdhfm lbim.
Hi_dmgu iZpb_glZ ih^haj_\Zeb, qlh m g_]h jZa\b\ZeZkv rbahnj_gby, gh ZgZeba jbkmgdZ
kdhj__ ih^l\_j`^Z_l ^bZ]gha, dhlhjuc [ue \ blh]_ mklZgh\e_g hkljuc ih^jhkldh\uc
djbabk m g_\jhlbq_kdh]h fZevqbdZ, nbabq_kdb_ b kj_^h\u_ mkeh\by dhlhjh]h \g_keb k\hc
\deZ^ \ g_a^hjh\h_ jZa\blb_. ?]h kbevgZy \gmlj_ggyy ihlj_[ghklv \ khpbZevghf ijbagZgbb
(ih^q_jdgmluc eh[, fm`qbgZ, hibkZgguc dZd Z^\hdZl, b ^Z\e_gb_ kh klhjhgu \hkiblZl_e_c k
p_evx ^hklb`_gby `_eZ_fh]h) gZreb \ujZ`_gb_ ebrv \ nZglZabb, khq_lZxs_cky k
gZdhie_gb_f njmkljZpbb.
Jbkmgdb 6m b 6I rbahnj_gbq_kdh_ \ha[m`^_gb_, fZgbZdZevgu_ q_jlu
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a', wlh ljb^pZlb\hkvfbe_lgbc [_euc fm`qbgZ, dhlhjuc ihklmibe \
debgbdm \ khklhygbb \ha[m`^_gby, oZjZdl_jbah\Z\r_]hky dZd fZgbZdZevgufb, lZd b
rbahnj_gbq_kdbfb q_jlZfb. Hkljh_ ijhy\e_gb_ _]h aZ[he_\Zgby [ueh k\yaZgh k djbabkhf,
ijhbahr_^rbf \ _]h hlghr_gbyo gZ jZ[hl_ aZ g_kdhevdh f_kyp_\ ^h ]hkiblZebaZpbb. JZ[hlZ
\ dZq_kl\_ rebnh\ZevsbdZ ebga ih^hj\ZeZ _]h a^hjh\v_, \ lh `_ kZfh_ \j_fy hg kljZ^Ze hl
baf_g_gbc ebqghklb \ gZijZ\e_gbb iZkkb\ghklb b ^Z`_ ZmlbafZ. AZ wlbf \kdhj_ ihke_^h\Zeb
qj_af_jgZy jZa]h\hjqb\hklv, ihl_jy bf_\r_]hky \kx `bagv aZbdZgby, j_]j_kkby d
ZjoZbqghfm gZ[hjm kbf\hebafh\, b^_b \_ebqby, j_eb]bhaguo kbe b iZjZghb^gu_ b^_b,
\dexqZxsb_ bgljb]b
Jbk. 6m
b kemob. < oh^_ h[ke_^h\Zgby hg \u]ey^_e [he__ k_jv_aguf, kZfhih]ehs_gguf b [he__
bahebjh\Zgguf, q_f h[uqguc fZgbZdZevguc [hevghc. G_kfhljy gZ k\hx l_g^_gpbx
jZa[jZku\Zlvky \ k\h_c ijh^mdpbb, hg mobljbeky ^_j`Zlvky eh]bq_kdhc gblb. Hg khq_lZe
\ha[m`^_gb_, imlZgbpm b hiZk_gby kh k\hbfb b^_yfb \_ebqby. Hg [ue bagZqZevgh
^jm`_ex[_g, h^gZdh ]g_\eb\, dh]^Z _]h
Jbk. 6I
ij_k_dZeb. Hg ihemqbe g_kdhevdh k_Zgkh\ we_dljhrhdZ \ qZklghc e_q_[gbp_, gh hgb
[ueb ij_djZs_gu, ihkdhevdm hg [ue kh\_jr_ggh g_bae_qbf. Hg mf_j hl bklhs_gby \kdhj_
ihke_ i_j_\h^Z _]h \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx e_q_[gbpm. Hg [ue `_gZl, bf_e h^gh]h j_[_gdZ, bf_e
\ukhdbc mjh\_gv mfkl\_ggh]h jZa\blby b kj_^g__ h[jZah\Zgb_. >h `_gblv[u hg `be kh k\h_c
fZl_jvx b k_kljhc. ?]h hl_p mr_e ba ^hfZ. Hg Zkkhpbbjh\Ze k\hx Zjbnf_lbq_kdmx
gZ\yaqb\hklv kq_l ljb iexk h^bg k k_fv_c ba lj_o q_eh\_d iexk hlkmlkl\mxsbc hl_p.
Hg ml\_j`^Ze, qlh k_cqZk hg kh`Ze__l h lhf ]j_o_ ih hlghr_gbx d fZl_jb, dhlhjuf y\beZkv
_]h `_gblv[Z.
Q_jlu jbkmgdZ b bo bgl_jij_lZpby: ij_^eh`_gb_ jbkh\Zlv [ueh ijbgylh bf k
g_dhlhjuf dhe_[Zgb_f (g_`_eZgb_ klZedb\Zlvky kh k\hbfb ijh[e_fZfb). AZl_f hg ihijhkbe
ebg_cdm, qlh[u gZjbkh\Zlv kj_^gxx ebgbx ZddmjZlgh (\u^_e_gb_ kj_^g_c ebgbb
khhl\_lkl\m_l w]hp_gljbafm iZpb_glZ b khfZlbq_kdhc haZ[hq_gghklb. Klj_fe_gb_ kh[ex^Zlv
lhqghklv beb klj_fe_gb_ d aZ\_jr_gghklb k ihfhsvx bkihevah\Zgby ebg_cdb
k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h ^_dhfi_gkbjmxs_cky kbkl_f_ gZ\yaqb\hkl_c, gZ dhlhjmx ^Ze__ g_evay
jZkkqblu\Zlv \ kfuke_ hkms_kl\e_gby dhgljhey). ;mfZ]Z [ueZ aZl_f ih^_e_gZ gZ ljb
fZ]bq_kdb_ qZklb, qlh oZjZdl_jbah\Zeh nbdkbjh\Zgghklv iZpb_glZ gZ qbke_ (\hafh`ghklv
dhgljhebjh\Zlv g_ba\_klgh_. FZeh\_jhylgh, qlh ljb ]hjbahglZevgu_ qZklb kbf\hebq_kdb
hlghkylky d lj_f mjh\gyf ebqghklb). AZdhgqb\ wlb jblmZevgu_ ijb]hlh\e_gby, iZpb_gl
kijhkbe, ^he`_g eb hg gZjbkh\Zlv fm`qbgm beb `_gsbgm, b, g_ ^h`b^Zykv hl\_lZ, gZqZe
jbkh\Zlv `_gsbgm i_j\hc. Dh]^Z hg aZdhgqbe jbkh\Zlv ]heh\m `_gsbgu, hg aZf_lbe, qlh hgZ
[hevr_ ihoh`Z gZ fm`qbgm (mkbe_gb_ \i_qZle_gby dhgnebdlZ \ hlghr_gbb iheh\hc jheb
iZpb_glZ). Ihkdhevdm \gbfZgb_ iZpb_glZ dhe_[Zehkv, b hg qZklh hl\e_dZeky, hg aZdhgqbe
jbkmghd ih k\h_fm kh[kl\_gghfm `_eZgbx (ih^l\_j`^Zy, qlh ikbobq_kdb_ ^Zggu_, bkoh^y ba
dhlhjuo hg jbkh\Ze wlhl h[jZa, [ueb nbdkbjh\Zgu b \_kvfZ mklhcqb\u b g_ aZ\bk_eb hl
kbxfbgmlghc dhgp_gljZpbb). Dh]^Z hg \ ijhp_kk_ jbkh\Zgby `_gsbgu ^hklb] gb`g_]h djZy
ebklZ, hg kijhkbe, ^he`_g eb hg aZdhgqblv _]h. < ij_^_eZo _]h ^hky]Z_fhklb [ue [_a
dhff_glZjb_\ iheh`_g \lhjhc ebkl. IZpb_gl ijh^he`be k\hc jbkmghd gZ wlhf ebkl_
(\gmlj_gg__ ijbgm`^_gb_ aZ\_jrblv aZ^Zgb_, \ dhlhjhf hg g_ [ue aZbgl_j_kh\Zg, b \
dhlhjhf hlkmlkl\h\Zeh ^Z\e_gb_ kh klhjhgu wdki_jbf_glZlhjZ).
<uiheg_gb_ dZd fm`kdhc, lZd b `_gkdhc nb]mju [ueh hq_gv g_jZ\ghf_jguf, ijhl_dZy \
khhl\_lkl\bb k \gmlj_gg_c eh]bdhc iZpb_glZ. Jbkh\Zgb_ `_gkdhc nb]mju gZqZehkv k
oZhlbqgh]h bah[jZ`_gby \hehk (k_dkmZevgZy \blZevghklv b k\h[h^Z). < k\hbo ZkkhpbZpbyo
iZpb_gl kdZaZe: "@_gsbgZ g_ gm`^Z_lky \ fm`qbg_ jZa\_ lhevdh dZd \ b]jmrd_ hgZ m`_
k_cqZk fh`_l bf_lv j_[_gdZ [_a kh\hdmie_gby. HgZ ex[bfZ ;h]hf". AZ \hehkZfb ihke_^h\Zeb
Z]j_kkb\gu_, `_klhdb_ b m]jh`Zxsb_ q_jlu ebpZ (khpbZevgZy ^hfbgZglghklv b kbeZ,
ijb^Z\Z_fZy `_gsbg_ bgnZglbevgufb fm`qbgZfb). AZl_f ihke_^h\Ze kbevguc,
ih^q_jdgmluc ih^[hjh^hd (j_rbl_evghklv). IZpb_gl ijh^he`Ze jZ[hlZlv, ke_^my aZ ihlhdhf
ZkkhpbZpbc b jZa\b\Zy dZ`^mx hl^_evgmx h[eZklv ih fZe_gvdbf k_dlhjZf, [beZl_jZevgh. (Hg
kebrdhf haZ[hq_g f_`ebqghklgufb \aZbfhhlghr_gbyfb, qlh[u ^himklblv kihglZgguc
ih^oh^ d p_ehklghc b^__ "q_eh\_dZ ". Wlh [beZl_jZevgh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ ih dmkhqdZf
khhl\_lkl\m_l hihjZf b jblmZeZf, bkihevam_fuf h[k_k-kb\gufb ebqghklyfb dZd aZf_s_gb_
dhgljhey). Dh]^Z iZpb_gl ^hklb] gbaZ ieZlvy, hg ijhdhff_glbjh\Ze: "Y g_ agZx, dZdhc ^ebgu
_]h ^_eZlv". AZl_f hg kl_j gb`gxx ebgbx b m^ebgbe nb]mjm (\ khhl\_lkl\bb k qj_af_jgh
ih^q_jdgmluf h[jZahf ]jZnbq_kdh]h jZaf_jZ b kbeu, \eh`_ggh]h \ `_gsbgm b
kh^_j`Zs_]hky \ ZkkhpbZpbyo iZpb_glZ). Dh]^Z ^_eh ^hreh ^h gh], hg aZijhl_klh\Ze: "Y g_
agZx, dZd!" AZl_f hg ^h[Z\be gh]b k baf_g_gb_f ebgbb (dhgnebdlgZy h[eZklv).
Klmigb `_gsbgu [hevr_ ihoh`b gZ eZiu `b\hlgh]h, ih dhgljZklm k `_ghih^h[gufb b
jZnbgbjh\Zggufb klmigyfb, ijb^Zggufb fm`kdhc nb]mj_. (LjZdlh\dZ klmigb dZd kbf\heZ
i_gbkZ ihemqZ_l k_jv_agh_ ih^l\_j`^_gb_ \ wlbo jbkmgdZo. @_gsbg_, ih dhgljZklm k
fm`qbghc, ^ZgZ `b\hlgZy kbeZ b k\h[h^Z k_dkmZevghklb, i_j_debdZxsZyky k bah[jZ`_gb_f
\hehk.)
Ij_ju\bklZy ebgby m ^Zggh]h iZpb_glZ fh`_l [ulv jZkp_g_gZ \ l_jfbgZo ^bkdj_lgh]h
kq_lZ, dZd jblmZevgZy b \ugm`^_ggZy g_h[oh^bfhklv. JZahj\ZggZy ebgby ^himkdZ_l ]b[dhklv
\aZbfh^_ckl\by kh kj_^hc g_bgl_]jbjh\Zggh]h b g_mklhcqb\h]h h[jZaZ l_eZ. Wlh iha\hey_l
hkeZ[blv l_e_kgu_ bfimevku, gh g_ ^Z_l aZsblu hl hiZkghkl_c kj_^u. Ohly \g_rgb_ ebgbb \
hlghr_gbb d hl^_evguf qZklyf l_eZ q_ldh ijhjbkh\Zgu, g_ kms_kl\m_l l\_j^hc
^_fZjdZpbhgghc ]jZgb ^ey nb]mju \ p_ehf. < blh]_ iZpb_gl iheghklvx ij_djZlbe
khijhlb\e_gb_ himklhr_gbx hl [hjv[u ijhlb\ ijh]j_kkbjmxs_c ^_abgl_]jZpbb. Hg ijyfh
\ukdZaZe kljZob dZkljZpbb: "Fm`qbgZ mljZlbe \hafh`ghklv bkihevah\Zgby k\h_]h i_gbkZ.
Lhl k`Zeky ^h k_fb ^xcfh\ ba-aZ aehmihlj_[e_gbc k ijhklblmldZfb, jZa\jZlZ, [he_ag_c b
kghr_gbc \h \j_fy f_kyqguo".
JZaf_j h[hbo jbkmgdh\ qj_a\uqZcgh \_ebd. (Khhl\_lkl\m_l b^_yf \_ebqby, nZglZabb,
fZgbZdZevguf l_g^_gpbyf b iZjZghb^guf q_jlZf \ debgbq_kdhc dZjlbg_).
JZkiheh`_gb_ gZ ebkl_ \ k_j_^bg_, k hlq_leb\h rbjhdhc b ml\_j^bl_evghc ihahc
(Z]j_kkby b h[k_kkb\gh_ ih[m`^_gb_ d p_gljZebaZpbb b kbff_ljbb, i_j_debdZxsb_ky k
q_jlZfb, g_h^ghdjZlgh hlf_qZ\rbfbky \ jbkmgd_ b debgbq_kdbfb hkh[_gghklyfb).
@_gsbgZ, k __ jmdZfb gZ [_^jZo, __ \_jlbdZevguf fZkdmebgguf l_ehf, __ jZaf_jhf,
oZhlbq_kdbf [_kihjy^dhf \hehk b m]jh`Zxsbf \ujZ`_gb_f ebpZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc
]jhaguc b dZkljbjmxsbc h[jZa fZl_jb. IZpb_gl hibkZe __ dZd khjhdZe_lgxx "hgZ `b\_l
\_qgh \ fh_f ij_^klZ\e_gbb", \ lh \j_fy dZd fm`kdhc nb]mj_ ^\Z^pZlv q_luj_ ]h^Z
(hlghr_gb_ fZl_jb b kugZ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ]jZnbq_kdbfb q_jlZfb b ZkkhpbZpbyfb
iZpb_glZ). < hl\_l gZ ijhkv[m gZjbkh\Zlv fm`qbgm iZpb_gl aZf_lbe: "Fm`qbgZ ^he`_g [ulv
f_gvr_". Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ [ueZ hibkZgZ bf dZd kug gZjbkh\Zgghc bf `_gsbgu. Emqr_c
qZklvx _]h l_eZ y\ey_lky ebph (iZpb_gl ohjhr kh[hc). GZ \hijhk h _]h om^r_c qZklb hg
kijhkbe: "< kfuke_ k_dkZ beb q_]h?" (haZ[hq_gghklv dZkljZpb_c). M g_]h djZkb\u_ ie_qb
(dhfi_gkZpby qm\kl\Z nbabq_kdhc ijbgb`_gghklb). G_kfhljy gZ lh, qlh gZ iZpb_glZ
ijhba\_eb \i_qZle_gb_ rbjhdb_ ie_qb fm`qbgu, hg jZkkfZljb\Z_l _]h lZd`_ dZd hq_gv
mfgh]h (kh\_jr_g_g \h \k_f, djhf_ k_dkmZevghc kn_ju). Hg j_rbe, qlh jmdZ kebrdhf
dhjhldZ, agZqbl, aZy\be hg, wlh ^he`gZ [ulv ^ebgZ gh]b (jmdZ dZd kbf\he i_gbkZ?). Dh]^Z
iZpb_glZ kijhkbeb, `_gZl eb fm`qbgZ, hg \a^hogme b gZqZe ]h\hjblv gZjZki_\ "ljb`^u
q_luj_, ljb`^u q_luj_, ljb`^u q_luj_" b, gZdhg_p, j_rbe, qlh fm`qbgZ bf_e `_gm b kugZ
(dZd kZf iZpb_gl). Hg ijb[_]Ze d wlhfm jblmZem kq_lZ, hl\_qZy gZ \hijhku h `_gblv[_, k_dk_
beb _]h fZl_jb. Hg baf_jbe aZkl_`dm gZ [jxdZo , qlh[u hlf_lblv, qlh \ wj_]bjh\Zgghf
khklhygbb i_gbk fm`qbgu [m^_l ^ebghc ljbgZ^pZlv ^xcfh\, ^\_gZ^pZlv iexk h^bg. I_j\hc
^_lZevx, dhlhjmx hg gZjbkh\Ze gZ l_e_ fm`qbgu, [ueZ ijy`dZ k lj_fy \_jlbdZevgufb
ebgbyfb b h^ghc ]hjbahglZevghc ebgb_c (l_fZ: ljb iexk h^bg). Hg ijh^he`be ebgbx gZ
aZkl_`d_ [jxd, kqblZy bo \k_ \f_kl_ dZd ljbgZ^pZlv.
HklZ\b\ k_dkmZevgmx h[eZklv, hg gZjbkh\Ze madbc ]Zeklmd k kbevguf gZ`bfhf
(Z]j_kkb\gZy j_Zdpby gZ keZ[mx k_dkmZevghklv).
Hg f_gye, imlZe b klbjZe ebgbb \hdjm] r_b (dhgnebdlgh_ hlghr_gb_ d ]jm[uf
bfimevkZf).
AZl_f [ue gZjbkh\Zg ihyk, k kbevguf gZ`bfhf, b hq_jlZgby dmjldb, ihemqb\rb_
ihablb\gh_ b ih^q_jdgmlh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ (hkhagZgb_ l_eZ k ih^Z\e_ggufb
wdk]b[bpbhgbklkdbfb l_g^_gpbyfb ^he`_g ^_j`Zlv l_eh hkgh\Zl_evgh aZdjuluf).
AZl_f [ueb ^h[Z\e_gu im]h\bpu (hlf_q_ggZy aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb) k ijhkqblu\Zgb_f
"ljb`^u q_luj_" gZ `_gkdhc nb]mj_ b "^\Z`^u ljb iexk h^bg" gZ fm`kdhc nb]mj_ (jblmZe
kq_lZ \ dhgl_dkl_ h[km`^_gby k_dkmZevguo b fZl_jbgkdbo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc).
KlbjZgby bf_eb f_klh ebrv ^ey m^ebg_gby \ukhlu `_gsbgu b jZkrbj_gby jZkklhygby
f_`^m eZpdZgZfb ib^`ZdZ m fm`qbgu, qlh[u ^Zlv \hafh`ghklv ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv
fZe_gvdbc ]Zeklmd (iZpb_gl q_j_kqmj ij_bkiheg_g qm\kl\hf j_Zevghklb \ ijh_dpbb k\h_c
nZglZabb, qlh[u klbjZlv kebrdhf fgh]h).
IZevpu jmd fm`kdhc nb]mju aZhklj_gu (Z]j_kkby), Z m `_gkdhc nb]mju jmdZ kijylZgZ
(we_f_gl h]jZgbq_gby `_gkdhc gZdZamxs_c kbeu?).
Jmdb fm`kdhc nb]mju l_kgh ijb`Zlu d l_em (moh^, gZijy`_gb_ b k^_j`b\Zgb_ l_eZ), \
lh \j_fy dZd jmdb m `_gkdhc nb]mju ihf_s_gu \ hl\_j]Zxsmx b gZdZau\Zxsmx ihabpbx,
gh bf ijb^Zgh bagZqZevgh_ gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhqv hl l_eZ (wdkljZ\_jlbjh\Zggu_ Zki_dlu
`_gkdh]h h[jZaZ ?)
=m[u m fm`kdhc nb]mju [he__ `_gkl\_ggu, q_f m `_gkdhc.
Ghk fm`qbgu aZrljboh\Zg (kljZo dZkljZpbb), hl\_j]Z_l aZiZob \g_rg_]h fbjZ \ k\h_f
\uimdehf ba]b[_ gha^j_c, \ lh \j_fy dZd m `_gsbgu ghk qmldbc, hjebguc b bf__l \u]gmlu_
beb j_p_ilb\gu_ hq_jlZgby gha^j_c.
<ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ b nb]mjZ `_gsbgu m]jh`Zxsb_. lh]^Z dZd \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_ ohly b
kh^_j`Zlky g_dhlhju_ Z]j_kkb\gu_ fhf_glu, hgZ ij_`^_ \k_]h \ujZ`Z_l keZ[hklv b
kfms_gb_ (ij_h[eZ^Zxs__ \ujZ`_gb_ wlh]h iZpb_glZ).
R_y \u^_e_gZ m fm`qbgu, gh `_gsbgZ ebr_gZ r_b (f_g__ k^_j`ZgZ b dhgnebdlgZ \
hlghr_gbb d \ujZ`_gbx __ bfimevkh\). IZpb_gl aZy\be, qlh \ l_q_gb_ lukyq_e_lbc
pb\bebaZpbb fm`qbgZ mljZlbe bkihevah\Zgb_ k\h_]h i_gbkZ. B^_glbnbdZpby _]h `_gu k _]h
fZl_jvx ^ZgZ \ ke_^mxs_f aZy\e_gbb: "Dh]^Z fm`qbgZ \hkdj_kg_l, _fm [m^ml ^Zgu ^\_
`_gsbgu, h^gZ klZjr_, ^jm]Zy fheh`_. H^gZ [m^_l ]hlh\blv _fm _^m b b]jZlv k gbf mljhf, Z
^jm]Z [m^_l ^ey \lhjhc iheh\bgu ^gy".
<u^_e_gb_ kbff_ljbb b kj_^g_c ebgbb hlf_qZ_lky \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_ (h[k_kkb\guc b
khfZlbq_kdbc klj_kk). Bah[jZ`_gb_ \hehk fm`qbgu [he__ kdm^gh_ b mihjy^hq_ggh_, q_f m
`_gsbgu ([he__ g_Z^_d\ZlgZy b [he__ k^_j`ZggZy fm`_kl\_gghklv).
IZpb_gl kihglZggh ijbibkZe fm`kdhc nb]mj_ ^\Z^pZlbq_luj_oe_lgbc \hajZkl (dZd
iZjZghb^gu_, lZd b fZgbZdZevgu_ iZpb_glu ^_eZxl kihglZggu_ aZibkb b b^_glbnbdZpbb).
Nb]mju 7I b 7m ghjfZevgZy `_gsbgZ
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a: bkiulm_fhc ljb^pZlv q_luj_ ]h^Z, hgZ [ueZ g_ aZfm`_f \ lh \j_fy,
dh]^Z [ueb \uiheg_gu jbkmgdb. < l_q_gb_ ^_kylb e_l hgZ ih^^_j`b\ZeZ l_kgmx ^jm`[m k
fm`qbghc, dhlhjuc [ue klZjr_ b keZ[__ \ ebqghklghf ieZg_, q_f hgZ kZfZ. HgZ
_^bgkl\_ggZy ^_\hqdZ \ k_fv_ b feZ^rZy ba lj_o ^_l_c. G_kfhljy gZ ohjhrb_ ijbjh^gu_
kihkh[ghklb, hgZ [ueZ [_ajZaebqgZ d rdhe_, iha\heyy k\hbf [jZlvyf h[]hgylv __ \ mq_[_.
Bgl_ee_dlmZevgu_ gZ^_`^u k_fvb [ueb knhdmkbjh\Zgu gZ ex[bfhf [jZl_. < __ kh[kl\_gghc
k_fv_ lh, qlh hgZ [ueZ _^bgkl\_gghc ^_\hqdhc, g_ ^Z\Zeh ijb\be_]bc, gh ebrv ihjh`^Zeh
qm\kl\h [_kihe_aghklb. ?_ fZlv [ueZ g_h[jZah\Zgghc, bgnZglbevghc ebqghklvx,
ij_^Zxs_cky bgl_gkb\ghfm gZjpbkkbafm, ]jZg^bhaguf b ghklZev]bq_kdbf ]j_aZf,
nZglZklbq_kdbf ijblyaZgbyf gZ [eZ]hkhklhygb_ b hjb]bgZevghklv, Z lZd`_ wibah^bq_kdbf
\aju\Zf bkl_jbq_kdhc Z]j_kkbb. Bkiulm_fZy [ueZ ihoh`Z gZ k\hx fZlv \g_rg_, \
ij_l_gabyo b gZ^_`^Zo, Z lZd`_ \ k\h_c w]hp_gljbqghklb. K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, __ hl_p [ue
fy]dbf, bgljh\_jlbjh\Zgguf, ijb\_j`_gguf d ql_gbx dgb] b fZeh bgl_j_kh\Zeky
hdjm`Zxsbf. K_f_cghfm khxam g_^hklZ\Zeh ]Zjfhgbb b l_ieZ. ?_ h[j_f_gye kdjhfguc
dmevlmjguc b wdhghfbq_kdbc mjh\_gv __ ^hfZ, b hgZ `beZ k\h_c khpbZevghc `bagvx \g_ _]h.
< k\yab kh kf_jlvx fZl_jb g_kdhevdh e_l gZaZ^ hgZ [ukljh \klZeZ \ fZl_jbgkdmx ihabpbx \
^hf_, ohly hgb kh^_j`Zeb wdhghfdm. HgZ ijh^he`ZeZ ihemqZlv ih^^_j`dm hl k\h_]h
ij_klZj_eh]h hlpZ, ohly h[eZ^ZeZ ij_djZkguf a^hjh\v_f b bf_eZ ohjhrmx jZ[hlm, ?_ jZ[hlZ
^h fhf_glZ h[ke_^h\Zgby [ueZ g_ [he__, q_f \b^bfhklvx, ihkdhevdm hgZ gbdh]^Z g_ [ueZ \
khklhygbb iha\heblv k_[_ wdkljZ\Z]Zglgmx h^_`^m b \g_rgxx ^_fhgkljZpbx
[eZ]hkhklhygby k ihfhsvx k\hbo kdm^guo ^hoh^h\. FZlv \k_]^Z k\ZlZeZ __ k p_evx
\u]h^gh]h aZfm`_kl\Z. HgZ [ue ih\_joghklgh khpbZ[_evgZ, gh g_ ^jm`_ex[gZ. >_lZeb __
k_dkmZevghc `bagb g_ba\_klgu.
Q_jlu jbkmgdZ b bo bgl_jij_lZpby: WlZ bkiulm_fZy ijbgyeZ ij_^eh`_gb_ \uihegblv
jbkmgdb k g_dhlhjufb jZafure_gbyfb (HgZ mdehgqb\Z b g_kdehggZ d ^h\_jbl_evghklb). HgZ
bgl_jij_lbjh\ZeZ mdZaZgb_ "gZjbkh\Zlv q_eh\_dZ" dZd "gZjbkh\Zlv fm`qbgm" (fhf_gl
k_dkmZevghc Zf[b\Ze_glghklb b ljm^ghklv b^_glbnbdZpbb). Ij_`^_ q_f gZqZlv, hgZ
kijhkbeZ: ">he`gZ eb y jbkh\Zlv jmdb?" (Bkiulm_fZy g_ kZfhml\_j^beZkv ijhn_kkbhgZevgh
b [ueZ g_m\_j_gZ \ khpbZevguo b k_dkmZevguo dhglZdlZo). Ihke_ wlbo ij_^\Zjbl_evguo
\hijhkh\ (g_j_rbl_evghklv \ ijbgylbb kblmZpbb) hgZ m]em[beZkv \ aZ^Zgb_. (>ey ijh_dpbb
bf__lky fgh]h nZglZabc b \gmlj_gg_c `bagb, q_fm k\b^_l_evkl\h __ ijbkljZklb_ d nbevfZf
b k_glbf_glZevguf jhfZgZf, \kieu\Zxs__ \ __ ]hlh\uo ZkkhpbZpbyo d jbkmgdZf).
HgZ gZjbkh\ZeZ dhglmj ]heh\u, aZf_qZy: "Y fh]m lhevdh gZjbkh\Zlv ebph. Y
^_ckl\bl_evgh g_ fh]m gZjbkh\Zlv gh]b". (?_ khpbZevguc nZkZ^ b kh[kl\_ggZy \g_rghklv
hij_^_ebeb __ W]h-njhgl. K_dkmZevgu_ b ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ Z^ZilZpbb, dhlhju_
nmgdpbhgZevgh \h\e_q_gu \ ^jm]b_ qZklb l_eZ, [ueb keZ[ufb. G_m\_j_gghklv \ hihj_
\uklmiZ_l dZd ]jZnbq_kdb, lZd b debgbq_kdb.) Dh]^Z hgZ aZdZgqb\ZeZ q_jlu ebpZ, hgZ
aZf_lbeZ: "M g_]h fheh^h_ ebph, b hg ij_`^_\j_f_ggh h[euk_e", ohly h[_ nb]mju hibkZgu \
__ ZkkhpbZpbyo dZd ih^jhkldb (__ ^jm] b __ hl_p h[Z qZklbqgh euku). =heh\_ \ dhgp_
dhgph\ ijb^_eZgu \hehku b jbkmghd ij_\jZsZ_lky \ `_gkdmx nb]mjm (k_dkmZevgZy
Zf[b\Ze_glghklv). Ih^ie_qgbdb kbevgh \u^_e_gu k ihfhsvx jZkrbj_gby b klbjZgbc
(rbjhdb_ ie_qb fm`qbgu ljm^ghklv k iheh\ufb ijbagZdZfb b iheh\hc b^_glbnbdZpb_c).
GZqbgZy k wlh]h fhf_glZ, ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv jbkh\Zgby h[uqgZy (kihkh[gZ d eh]bq_kdhfm
fure_gbx k mf_klgufb mkbe_gbyfb \ g_cljZevguo h[eZklyo).
GZijZ\e_gb_ jmd ij_^klZ\ey_l ijh[e_fm, dhlhjZy [ueZ \ujZ`_gZ \ [hevrhf dhebq_kl\_
klbjZgbc b baf_g_gbc, [_a bkijZ\e_gby nhjfu. ?_ hdhgqZl_evguf j_r_gb_f [ueh ihf_klblv
bo aZ kibgm (\k_]^Z g_ m\_j_gZ \ kl_i_gb __ ijbgylby hdjm`_gb_f dhgnebdl ihjh`^Z_lky
ih]jm`_gb_f \ gZjpbkkbq_kdmx nZglZabx b kZfhba\bgy-
Jbk. 7I
xsbf dhfijhfbkkhf, aZdZgqb\Z_lky mdehg_gb_f b fZkdbjh\dhc, dhlhju_ oZjZdl_jgu
^ey g__).
Klbev hnhjfe_gby \hehk m `_gsbgu gZihfbgZ_l nhlh]jZnbx bkiulm_fhc, dhlhjZy
[ueZ k^_eZgZ, dh]^Z hgZ [ueZ ijb[ebabl_evgh \ lhf `_ \hajZkl_, dhlhjuc ijbibku\Z_lky
nb]mj_. <hehku ih klbex klygmlu_ b dhfiZdlgu_ (k^_j`b\Zxsb_ mkbeb_), gh bagZqZevgh
iurgu_ b hq_gv l_fgu_ ih gZ`bfm ebgbb (ih[m`^_gb_ d ijbfblb\ghc b k\h[h^ghc
k_dkmZevghklb, ij_h[jZah\Zggh_ \ y\gmx Z]j_kkbx). <hehku aZdju\Zxl [hevrmx qZklv e[Z
ih^l\_j`^Z_l aZ\bkbfhklv hl k_dkmZevghc \blZevghklb b klj_fe_gb_ d khpbZevghfm
ijhy\e_gbx \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb, q_f d bgl_ee_dlmZevguf ^hklb`_gbyf). Bgl_j_kgh
\kihfgblv, qlh koh^gu_ ijbq_kdb, dhlhju_ aZdju\Zxl eh[, [ueb \ fh^_ ihke_ 1 Fbjh\hc
\hcgu. Wlh [ueh k\yaZgh k hij_^_e_ggufb l_g^_gpbyfb d g_^hhp_gd_ bgl_ee_dlZ b
ih^q_jdb\Zgbx "madheh[hc" k_dkmZevghc jZkims_gghklb. <hafh`gh, hgZ jZahqZjh\ZeZkv \
i_jki_dlb\_ ^hklb`_gby ^hfbgZglghklb q_j_a h[jZah\Zgb_ ba-aZ ijbkmlkl\by \ ^hf_
h[jZah\Zgguo [jZlv_\ b klZeZ ly]hl_lv d g_bgl_ee_dlmZevguf imlyf ^hklb`_gby
ij_\hkoh^kl\Z gZ jZgg_f wlZi_ k\h_]h jZa\blby.
Bkiulm_fZy ml\_j`^Z_l \ k\hbo ZkkhpbZpbyo, qlh om^r_c \_svx, dhlhjmx hgZ k^_eZeZ,
[ueh lh, qlh hgZ m^ZjbeZ k\h_]h fZe_gvdh]h [jZlZ, d dhlhjhfm hq_gv kbevgh j_\gh\ZeZ,
ihlhfm qlh hg ihemqZe \k_ \gbfZgb_. G_kfhljy gZ lh, qlh k_fvy fZl_jbZevgh ih^^_j`b\ZeZ
bkiulm_fmx, \ k_fv_ __ g_ ex[beb. Khi_jgbq_kl\h k [jZlvyfb fh]eh \g_klb \deZ^ \
g_hij_^_e_gghklv k_dkmZevghc jheb, ijhy\eyxsmxky \ jbkmgdZo. J_Zevgh hgZ ijbf_gyeZ \k_
Zljb[mlu `_gkl\_gghklb \ p_eyo ijbohjZrb\Zgby. Jbkmgdb ih^l\_j`^Zxl, qlh hgZ klj_fblky
bkihevah\Zlv wlm `_gkl\_gghklv ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby fZkdmebgghc ihlj_[ghklb \
nhjfbjh\Zgbb b k\h[h^ghf kZfh\ujZ`_gbb. GZ jbkmgdZo ^_\hqdZ kljh]Zy, qhihjgZy, [_a
mdjZr_gbc, [hevrh]h jZaf_jZ (\ukhdZy kZfhhp_gdZ), jZaf_s_gZ gZ ebkl_ m\_j_ggh b
^_fhgkljbjm_l hldjh\_ggh Z]j_kkb\gmx iham. Wdk]b[bpbhgbaf b gZjpbkkbaf, dhlhju_
oZjZdl_jbamxl __ ih\_^_gb_, \ jbkmgd_ ij_h[jZah\Zgu \ Z]j_kkbx, j_rbl_evghklv, \uah\ b
g_dhlhjmx ^hex ]jmklb. Fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv, qlh hgZ h[b`Z_lky gZ lh, qlh ijboh^blky
^hklb]Zlv ]eZ\_gkl\Z g_ijyfuf iml_f, k ihfhsvx `_gkdbo meh\hd.
LmfZggZy (jZkieu\qZlZy) ebgby, g_m\_j_ggh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ klmig_c b aZ\bkbfhklv,
ih^l\_j`^Z_fZy \u^_e_gghc ijy`dhc, Z lZd`_ khdjulb_ dbkl_c jmd (\bgZ b g_^hklZlhd
^h\_jby) ]jZnbq_kdb_ we_f_glu, dhlhju_ ijhlb\hj_qZl kZfhml\_j`^Zxs_cky iha_.
>ebggu_ jmdb (Zf[bpby) b rbjhdb_ ie_qb (klj_fe_gb_ d nbabq_kdhc kbe_) khq_lZxlky k
lj_\h`gufb ebgbyfb gh]. Bkiulm_fZy hlghkblky d gh]Zf dZd d om^r_c qZklb `_gsbgu (ohly
m g__ kZfhc djZkb\u_ gh]b, hgZ Zle_lbq_kdb [_a^_yl_evgZ, fZehih^\b`gZ \ h[uqghc `bagb b,
\hafh`gh, qm\kl\m_l, qlh hgZ b^_l \ gbdm^Z). Gh]b [ueb hkh[uf bklhqgbdhf [_kihdhckl\Z
(g_m\_j_gghklv, hlkmlkl\b_ f_klZ klhygdb ("]g_a^Z"). Ihke_ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h khijhlb\e_gby
jbkh\Zgbx gh] hgZ ijhimklbeZ bo, \udZaZ\ y\gmx ^hkZ^m. HgZ, l_f g_ f_g__, aZfZkdbjh\ZeZ
wlh ihkj_^kl\hf Z]j_kkb\gh]h q_jdZgby, dhlhjh_ hgZ jZpbhgZebabjh\ZeZ dZd "\ukhdmx ljZ\m"
(Bkiulm_fZy ^_ckl\bl_evgh qm\kl\m_l k_[y kdh\Zgghc \ ex[hc kn_j_ Z^ZilZpbb, b
Z]j_kkb\gh aZsbsZ_lky ih wlhfm ih\h^m).
=hjvdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ `_gsbgu fh`_l hljZ`Zlv __ ^_ckl\bl_evgmx j_Zdpbx gZ
[_kieh^gmx nZglZabx h jhfZglbq_kdbo b \hkoblbl_evguo ^hklb`_gbyo nZglZabx, \
dhlhjhc hgZ k jZgg_]h ^_lkl\Z \hkiblu\ZeZkv k\h_c fZl_jvx. Ebrv l_gv wlhc nZglZabb
hklZeZkv \ __ [_kkh^_j`Zl_evghc `bagb. =jmklv b [_kieh^ghklv nb]mju ih^q_jdgmlu l_fhc
ilbp (nZglZaby ihe_lZ), ^_j_\Z (j_ijh^mdpby Z]j_kkb\guc b [_kkh^_j`Zl_evguc fm`kdhc
kbf\he, dZd iZpb_gldZ gZjbkh\ZeZ _]h) b "^_\mrdZ ]mey_l" (bfimevk d ^\b`_gbx,
gZ[ex^Z_fuc m bg^b\b^h\, dhlhju_ iheZ]Zxlky gZ nZglZabx, hkh[_ggh _keb ^\b`_gby
khq_lZxlky \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_ k jmdZfb aZ kibghc b g_ih^\b`ghklvx nb]mju).
Nb]mjZ [ueZ hibkZgZ dZd g_eh\dZy ^_\mrdZ k_fgZ^pZlb e_l (wfhpbhgZevgZy b
ikbohk_dkmZevgZy aj_ehklv bkiulm_fhc g_ jZa\beZkv \ur_ ih^jhkldh\h]h mjh\gy). >_\mrdZ
ihegZ f_qlZgbc h k\h_f ^jm]_. HgZ k_jv_agZ b haZ[hq_gZ (ijbkmsbc bkiulm_fhc kljZo
\ajhkehklb hiZkeb\h_ ijbgylb_ `_gkdhc k_dkmZevghklb). HgZ [ebadZ d k\h_c fZl_jb, gh
kljZggh m\e_q_gZ k\hbf hlphf (\_jgh ^ey bkiulm_fhc). HgZ [h]ZlZ b gZoh^blky \ k\h_f ^hf_
\ ^_j_\g_ ([h]Zlkl\h b k\h[h^Z \Z`gu ^ey bkiulm_fhc), b hgZ gZklhevdh ihimeyjgZ,
gZkdhevdh _c wlh]h ohq_lky (bkiulm_fZy aZsbsZ_lky hl f_`ebqghklguo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc).
>Ze__ ^_\mrdZ b^_glbnbpbjm_lky k ]_jhbg_c dgb]b, bf_xs_c [he_ag_ggh_ gZa\Zgb_
">bgZklby kf_jlb" (b^_glbnbdZpby k \ufure_ggufb i_jkhgZ`Zfb. >bknhjbq_kdbc
aZ]heh\hd khhl\_lkl\m_l ]jmklb \ `_gkdhc nb]mj_ b \ ZdlmZevghc `bagb bkiulm_fhc.)
Kbevgh \u^_e_gu q_jlu ebpZ (khpbZevguc Zki_dl), gh hgb ijhba\h^yl \i_qZle_gb_
k_jv_aguo, aZklu\rbo b bgljh\_jlbjh\Zgguo (nZglZabcgZy ijbjh^Z [hevr_c qZklb __
ih[m`^_gbc d khpbZevghc dhffmgbdZ[_evghklb b ^hfbgbjh\Zgbx). <\_^_gb_ l_fu, jZaf_j b
Z]j_kkby nb]mju b ih[m`^_gb_ d ^\b`_gbx ih^l\_j`^Zxl kl_i_gv kf_ehklb nZglZabb,
dhlhjZy ij_^klZ\ey_l dhgljZkl k gbadbf mjh\g_f Zdlb\ghklb b ij_^ijbbfqb\hklb \
ih\_^_gbb bkiulm_fhc. We_f_glu, dhlhju_ ^Ze__ ih^^_j`b\Zxl \i_qZle_gb_ dhgnebdlZ
f_`^m wlbf ly]hl_gb_f d nZglZabb b g_h[oh^bfhklvx \klj_qZlvky k nZdlZfb, \b^gu \ __
kdm^ghf b [_kieh^ghf bah[jZ`_gbb jZajZ[hldb wlhc nZglZabb. Ilbpu, \ukhdZy ljZ\Z,
^_j_\h, h`_j_ev_, j_abgdZ gZ \hehkZo, ]jm^b b ba]b[u nb]mju (g_kfhljy gZ Zf[bpbx
^_\mrdb, hibkZggmx _x dZd klj_fe_gb_ "klZlv `_ghc b fZl_jvx ") \k_fm wlhfm
]jZnbq_kdb m^_e_gh kdm^gh_ b h]jZgbq_ggh_ \gbfZgb_, ih dhgljZklm k [h]Zlhc \_j[Zevghc
nZglZab_c.
H`_j_ev_ l_kguc \hjhlgbqhd, dhlhjuc kem`bl [hevr_ dZd ebgby jZa^_e_gby f_`^m
l_ehf (bfimevku) b ]heh\hc (nmgdpbb dhgljhey), q_f dZd mdjZr_gb_ nb]mju. R_y lZd`_
hlghkbl_evgh ^ebggZy.
< k\hbo ZkkhpbZpbyo bkiulm_fZy [ueZ g_ m\_j_gZ, y\ey_lky eb nhghf ^ey `_gsbgu
hk_gv beb \_kgZ (hgZ h[_kihdh_gZ wlbf \ k\Z_c kh[kl\_gghc `bagb. Jbkmy \_kgm
k_fgZ^pZlbe_lg_c rdhevgbpu, kZfZ hgZ j_Zevgh qm\kl\m_l ijb[eb`_gb_ hk_gb).
Q_jlu ]heh\u kms_kl\_ggh l_fg__, q_f ebgbb l_eZ (Zdp_gl gZ nZglZabb b khpbZevghf
njhgl_, k ba[_]Zgb_f l_e_kguo dhgnebdlh\).
;he__ l_fgu_ ebgbb bkihevah\Zgu lZd`_ \ ^jm]bo dhgnebdlguo h[eZklyo. NZeebq_kdbc
kbf\he jZa[blh]h, aZhklj_ggh]h b aZam[j_ggh]h ^_j_\Z, ijy`dZ (aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb,
k_dkmZevgZy haZ[hq_gghklv) b ljZ\Z (jZpbhgZebaZpby g_m\_j_gghc hihju) \uiheg_gu k
kbevguf gZ`bfhf.
Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ, gZ dhlhjmx bkiulm_fZy ijh_pbjm_l kh[kl\_ggu_ q_jlu
(jZkij_^_e_gb_ q_jl f_`^m fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mjhc \b^gh m k_dkmZevgh g_m\_j_gguo
ex^_c), y\ey_lky gZklhysbf ihjlj_lhf dma_gZ, dhlhjuc jhk \ __ ^hf_ dZd feZ^rbc [jZl
(bkiulm_fZy g_ hkhagZ_l koh^kl\Z f_`^m jbkmgdhf b ZkkhpbZpbyfb). Nb]mjZ hibkZgZ dZd
k_fgZ^pZlbe_lgbc klZjr_deZkkgbd ;jmdebgkdhc <ukr_c l_ogbq_kdhc rdheu (h[jZlbl_
\gbfZgb_ gZ [md\u "BTHS" ih^q_jdgmlu_ b wdk]b[bpbhgbklkdb \uklZ\e_ggu_ nZdlu
khhl\_lkl\mxl fZevqbdm, dhlhjh]h ij_^klZ\ey_l jbkmghd). Hg _^bgkl\_gguc j_[_ghd, [eb`_
d hlpm (`_eZgb_ bkiulm_fhc). >Ze__ hg hibku\Z_lky dZd qe_g ex[bfhc \k_fb dhfZg^u, b
^_\mrdb koh^yl ih g_fm k mfZ (ihimeyjghklv, kljZklgh `_eZ_fZy bkiulm_fhc). ?]h hl_p
Zle_l ba IjbgklhgZ (f_qlZ h dmevlmjghf mjh\g_ k_fvb) b ieZgbjm_l ijbh[sblv fZevqbdZ d
[bag_km (gZ^_`gh_ b km[kb^bjh\Zggh_ [m^ms__, `^ms__ fm`qbgm, ih dhgljZklm k `_gsbghc,
dhlhjZy h lZdhf [m^ms_f fh`_l lhevdh) f_qlZlv). Bkiulm_fZy ih^q_jdb\Z_l nbabq_kdmx
kbem \ k\h_f hibkZgbb fm`kdhc nb]mju, \ lh \j_fy dZd gZ jbkmgd_, ohly fm`qbg_ ijbibkZg
lhl `_ \hajZkl, qlh b `_gsbg_, fm`qbgZ kms_kl\_ggh f_gvr_, q_f `_gsbgZ, b f_g__ kbe_g.
>Zevg_crb_ ijhlb\hj_qby, h[hagZqZxsb_ dhgnebdl f_`^m nZglZab_c b nZdlhf, \b^gu \
[hevrhc ]heh\_, gZjbkh\Zgghc m fm`qbgu (hklZ\ey_l bgl_ee_dlmZevghklv fm`qbg_), \ lh
\j_fy dZd \ \_j[Zevghf _]h hibkZgbb _fm ijbibku\Z_lky [hevr_ nbabq_kdZy kbeZ b
ihimeyjghklv, g_`_eb jZa\blhklv fha]h\. Hg lZd`_ kgZ[`_g hlghkbl_evgh dhjhldhc r__c
(emqrZy dhhj^bgZpby nbabq_kdhc b ^moh\ghc `bagb, g_`_eb m `_gsbgu). Hg [he__ djZkb\,
[he__ ihimeyj_g, bf__l [he__ m\_j_ggmx nb]mjm b f_g__ kdehg_g d ]j_aZf, q_f `_gsbgZ.
Ohly fm`qbgZ hibkZg bkiulm_fhc dZd wdkljZ\_jl, _]h q_jlu ebpZ (khpbZevgu_), f_g__
q_ldb_, q_f m `_gsbgu. Hg aZ^mfZg dZd wfhpbhgZevguc fZevqbd: "Y aZklZ\ex _]h
\hklhj]Zlvky", Gh jbkmghd hljZ`Z_l kdjulghklv (aZfdgmlhklv) b \gmlj_ggbc ijhl_kl lZd `_,
dZd `_gkdZy nb]mjZ. Fm`kdZy nb]mjZ kgZ[`_gZ \ujZ`_gguf :^Zfh\uf y[ehdhf, dhlhjh_
\u]ey^bl dZd ih^q_jdgmluc ma_e ]ZeklmdZ. >Ze__, hg kgZ[`_g Zle_lbq_kdbf kbf\hehf b
ih^q_jdgmlufb ie_qZfb ^ey ml\_j`^_gby fm`_kl\_gghklb, dhlhjmx bkiulm_fZy
ijbibku\Z_l _fm \ k\h_f \_j[Zevghf ihjlj_l_, gh dhlhjh]h lZd ijbkdhj[gh g_ o\ZlZ_l
]jZnbq_kdhfm h[jZam. Ikbobq_kdh_ ij_ju\Zgb_ ieZ\ghklb ebgbb \hdjm] [_^_j h[_bo nb]mj
ih^l\_j`^Z_l ijhlb\hj_qb_ fm`kdbo b `_gkdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd. Baf_g_gby ebgbb b klbjZgby
\ lZah\hc h[eZklb fm`qbgu hlf_qZ_l h[eZklv k_dkmZevgh]h dhgnebdlZ.
Fm`qbgZ kgZ[`_g [he__ dhjhldbfb jmdZfb, q_f `_gsbgZ (f_gvr_ ij_^ijbbfqb\hklb b
Zf[bpbc). < \_j[Zevguo ZkkhpbZpbyo _fm ijbibku\Z_lky [hevrZy m\_j_gghklv \ jheb.
Ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ djZ_\ h^_`^u fm`qbgu dZd-lh khhlghkblky k kh[kl\_gguf dhgnebdlhf
bkiulm_fhc f_`^m kljh]hklvx b ih[m`^_gb_f d ^_fhgkljZpbb k_[y. < ih\_^_gbb wlh fh`_l
[ulv hljZ`_gh \ qj_af_jghc k^_j`Zgghklb, khq_lZxs_cky kh klj_fe_gbyfb d ihdZaguf
ij_l_gabyf.
Klmigb gZjbkh\Zgu lmfZggh b fZeu ih jZaf_jm, k ^_lZevguf bah[jZ`_gb_f h[m\b (ih
dhgljZklm k hlkmlkl\b_f gh] m `_gsbgu), hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ m^_e_gh dZ[emdZf (\gbfZgb_ d
h[m\b b klmigyf gh] `_gkl\_ggh \h \k_o hlghr_gbyo) k ^\hcgufb hq_jlZgbyfb ^ebgu
[hlbgdZ (kbf\hebaZpby i_gbkZ?).
G_h[uqgh lsZl_evgh lZd`_ gZjbkh\Zgh moh fm`qbgu (k\yaZgh k qj_af_jghc
k_gablb\ghklvx bkiulm_fhc, hkh[_ggh ih hlghr_gbx d ijhlb\hiheh`ghfm ihem). IZpb_gldZ
^_eZ_l \_j[Zevguc Zdp_gl gZ mo_ k ihykg_gb_f: "Ihwlhfm y k^_eZeZ `_gsbgm hl^_evgh hl
fm`qbgu gZ i_j\hf ebkl_". ( HgZ \k_]^Z ohq_l dZaZlvky g_qm\kl\bl_evghc d fg_gbyf,
kZfhm\_j_gghc b [_kdhgnebdlghc).
< ^_ckl\bl_evghklb hlghr_gb_ bkiulm_fhc d dma_gm, dhlhjh]h gZihfbgZ_l fm`kdZy
nb]mjZ, [ueh ih^h[gh ijb\yaZgghklb fZl_jb d j_[_gdm \ khq_lZgbb k khj_\gh\Zgb_f aZ
ex[h\v hlpZ k feZ^rbf [jZlhf (\ ZkkhpbZpbyo ^_\mrdZ j_\gh\ZeZ d kZfhfm feZ^r_fm
[jZlm). Fm`qbg_ ijbibku\Z_lky \ __ ZkkhpbZpbyo f_gvr_ dhgnebdlh\, q_f `_gsbg_, ohly
]jZnbq_kdb_ h[jZau mdZau\Zxl gZ h[jZlgh_. DZd nb]mju, lZd b \_j[Zevgu_ hibkZgby,
khijh\h`^Zxsb_ bo, ijh_pbjmxl `_eZl_evgu_ fukeb, kZglbf_glu b njmkljZpbx
bkiulm_fhc, jZ\gh dZd __ dhgnebdl \ ijbgylbb `_gkdhc jheb,
Jbkmgdb 8mb 8I ghjfZevguc fm`qbgZ
DjZldbc ZgZfg_a: bkiulm_fuc ^\Z^pZlbr_klbe_lgbc fm`qbgZ, h^bghdbc, ihk_sZe
\_q_jgbc dhee_^` \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo e_l b ^h kem`[u \ Zjfbb \uihegye lhevdh
g_d\Zebnbpbjh\Zggmx b wibah^bq_kdmx jZ[hlm. Hg gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Ze \ jZchg_ [h_\uo
^_ckl\bc, gh \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo e_l [ue aZ ]jZgbp_c. Ihke_ k\h_]h \ha\jZs_gby
hg [ue k\h[h^_g b _fm kbevgh g_^hklZ\Zeh p_eb. Hg g_ ^_fhgkljbjm_l \ujZ`_gghc
lj_\h]b ih ih\h^m k\h_c ZiZlbb, gh, ihkdhevdm hg g_ bkke_^h\Zeky debgbq_kdb, _]h
\gmlj_ggb_ i_j_`b\Zgby g_ba\_klgu. Hg hl\_qZ_l_ \g_rg_c hlau\qb\hklvx, dh]^Z
klZedb\Z_lky k khpbZevgufb \aZbfhhlghr_gbyfb, gh hg g_ bs_l bo. ?]h _^bgkl\_gguf
kihglZgguf bgl_j_khf y\ey_lky [_ck[he. ?]h khpbZevgZy `bagv h]jZgbqb\Z_lky \bablZfb d
jh^kl\_ggbdZf. Hg \u]ey^bl nbabq_kdb b wfhpbhgZevgh g_aj_euf, Jbk. 8m ohly hg bf__l
\ukhdbc mjh\_gv mfkl\_ggh]h jZa\blby b ^hklZlhqgh ohjhrb_ nbabq_kdb_ ^Zggu_. Hg
klZgh\blky lmqguf ba-aZ [_a^_evy b i_j__^Zgby. ?]h ibs_\u_ ijbkljZklby h]jZgbqb\Zxlky
bgnZglbevguf iZll_jghf lh]h, qlh ]hlh\beZ ^ey g_]h _]h fZlv. Hg jZ\gh^mr_g
d \_q_jgbf dmjkZf dhee_^`Z, dhlhju_ ihk_sZ_l, ijbgbfZy bo dZd m[_`bs_ lh, qlh hg
m^h\e_l\hjy_l k_f_cguf klZg^ZjlZf h[jZah\Zgby. Ihke_^gbc dhglZdl k wlbf bkiulm_fuf
h[gZjm`be _]h \k_ [he__ b [he__ ih]jm`Zxsbfky \ nmgdpbb k\h_]h l_eZ, k haZ[hq_gghklvx
_^hc b kbxfbgmlgufb hsms_gbyfb. <_j[Zebah\Zggu_ p_eb [ueb lmfZggufb, baf_gqb\ufb
b hlebqZebkv g_^hklZldhf m\_j_gghklb. Hg feZ^rbc ba lj_o kugh\_c. ?]h kj_^gbc [jZl
kqblZ_lky g_aZ\bkbfuf, hkljhmfguf, [e_kly-
Jbk. 8I
sbf b m^Zqeb\uf. ?]h \k_]^Z hldjulh ij_^ihqblZeb. KlZjrbc ba fZevqbdh\ l\_j^ b
gZ^_`_g, ohly aZkl_gqb\ b iZkkb\_g. Hg ij_^ijbgye ihiuldm kem`[u \ Zjfbb b \ dhgp_
dhgph\ `_gbeky. Bkiulm_fuc jhk \ wlhc l_gb [he__ ijbkihkh[e_gguo b [he__ hldjulh
ijbgyluo [jZlv_\. GZ jZgg_c klZ^bb k\h_]h jZa\blby hg hldZaZeky hl \uah\h\ gZ
khj_\gh\Zgb_, dh]^Z ih\j_`^_gb_ ie_qZ h]jZgbqbeh _]h klj_fe_gb_ [ulv ijhn_kkbhgZevguf
b]jhdhf \ [_ck[he. Ohly hg [ebahd d k\h_c fZl_jb, _]h, ihoh`_, ijbgbfZxl kdhj__ dZd
aZ\bkbfh]h b ihkemrgh]h j_[_gdZ, g_`_eb dZd ex[bfh]h b m\Z`Z_fh]h. Hg ]em[hdh kdmqZe
ih ^hfm \ Zjfbb. < ^hrdhevghf \hajZkl_ hg i_j_`b\Ze khi_jgbq_kl\h kh k\hbfb [jZlvyfb k
^_kljmdlb\ghc Z]j_kkb\ghklvx, ihjh`^Zxs_c qZklmx djblbdm, gZdZaZgby b hl\_j`_gb_
\k_fb \ _]h hdjm`_gbb. < k_dkmZevghf ieZg_ hg gb jZam g_ [ue aZf_q_g \ k\b^Zgbb k
^_\mrdhc.
Q_jlu jbkmgdZ b bgl_jij_lZpby: bkiulm_fuc ijbgye aZ^Zgb_ k \hijhkhf: "P_ebdhf beb
qZklv?" (KljZo hkhagZgby l_e_kguo ijh[e_f, dhlhjuo hg ba[_]Ze \ k\h_c iZkkb\ghklb.) Hg
[_kihdhbeky b ba\bgyeky aZ k\hc jbkmghd (ohly _]h gZ\udb hlghkbl_evgh ohjhrb
ojhgbq_kdbc g_^hklZlhd ^h\_jby). Hg gZjbkh\Ze ]heh\m lsZl_evgh. (G_dhlhju_ hiZk_gby b
ih^Z\ey_fZy Z]j_kkby \ khpbZevguo dhglZdlZo.) Hg lmfZggh aZihegye q_jlu ebpZ
(g_m\_j_gguc b jh[dbc ijb ijyfuo dhglZdlZo). KeZ[h_ h[hagZq_gb_ \hehk gZ ]heh\_ [ueh
[ukljh kl_jlh, gh ihke_ baf_g_gby hgb g_ klZeb iurg__ (hij_^_e_ggh g_ m\_j_g \
fm`_kl\_gghklb, keZ[Zy fm`_kl\_gghklv k dhgnebdlhf, \ujZ`_gghf \ klbjZgbyo). =eZaZ
fZe_gvdb_ ([hblky \b^_lv?) b l_fg__ (Z]j_kkb\gh_ \u^_e_gb_), q_f ^jm]b_ q_jlu ebpZ (_]h
ih^haj_\Zeb \ kdjulhc k_dkmZevghc ba\jZs_gghklb b \mZc_jbklbq_kdbo bgl_j_kZo). Mrb
[ueb aZf_lgh \u^_e_gu k ih^q_jdb\Zgb_f e_\h]h moZ (hg qm\kl\bl_e_g d djblbd_ b fg_gbx
^jm]bo). AZl_f bkiulm_fuc i_j_r_e d r__ b ie_qZf, dhlhju_ hg fgh]h klbjZe b ih^q_jdb\Ze
(dhgnebdlgu_ h[eZklb), ijb^Z\ \g_rgxx ebgbx ih^[hjh^dm (r_y hlghkblky d ljm^ghklb
dhhj^bgbjh\Zgby bfimevkb\ghc `bagb k nmgdpbyfb dhgljhey b k^_j`b\Zgby,
ijbibku\Z_fufb ]heh\_. Ie_qb ihdZau\Zxl dhgp_gljZpbx gZ jZa\blbb l_eZ, Z ih^[hjh^hd
y\ey_lky dhfi_gkZpb_c g_j_rbl_evghklb). Hg aZdhgqbe lmeh\bs_ b ^h[Z\be jmdb b dbklb jmd
ij_`^_, q_f ijh^he`blv gb`gxx iheh\bgm l_eZ (\hafh`gh ba[_]Zgb_ k_dkmZevghc h[eZklb).
Hg jZ[hlZe \ ^\mklhjhgg_c fZg_j_, fZe_gvdbfb dmkhqdZfb, jbkm_fufb kbff_ljbqgh k h^ghc
b ^jm]hc klhjhgu (\klj_qZ_lky m h[k_kkb\guo bg^b\b^h\ kljZo ebrblvky [_ahiZkgh]h
ijhkljZgkl\Z b h^gh\j_f_ggh mklj_fe_gghklv gZ rbjhdmx l_jjblhjbx beb gZ ]eh[Zevgmx
b^_x). Hg aZf_lbe, qlh dbklb jmd "ihoh`b gZ dh]lb". Dbklb jmd b iZevpu gZjbkh\Zgu g_ykgh,
gh aZf_lgu ih^q_jdb\Zgby, k h[sbf wnn_dlhf gZijy`_gby, hly]hs_gghklb b ih^Z\e_gghklb
(kljZo Z]j_kkb\guo bfimevkh\ \ ^h[Z\e_gb_ d qm\kl\m \bgu, hlghkys_fmky d fZklmj[Zpbb,
dhlhjuc ih^l\_j`^_g ZkkhpbZpbyfb d nb]mj_). < dbklb jmdb g_l ]b[dhklb (g_^hklZlhqgZy
ijhn_kkbhgZevgZy Z^ZilZpby). ?keb h^gZ \u]ey^bl aZdjulhc, gZ dhgqbdZo iZevp_\ e_\hc jmdb
fh`_l [ulv aZf_q_g ijhjbkh\Zgguc hklhjh`gh Zdp_gl Z]j_kkbb. AZdhgqb\ k gh]Zfb b
klmigyfb, hg ^h[Z\be g_fgh]h a_feb (ih^klZ\dZ ^ey m\_j_gghklb hihju) b kijhkbe: "Wlh]h
^hklZlhqgh?" k qm\kl\hf h[e_]q_gby.
KlbjZgby b hkh[uc gZ`bf ebgbb fh`gh \b^_lv gZ [_^j_ (k_dkmZevgZy haZ[hq_gghklv b
Zmlhwjhlbq_kdZy ijbjh^Z bkiulm_fh]h).
<u^_e_gb_ kj_^g_c ebgbb gZ klmigyo ^h[Z\ey_l h[-k_kkb\gmx ghlm d lhfm, qlh m`_
\ujZ`_gh ^hklZlhqgh jb]b^ghc kbff_ljb_c nb]mju b [beZl_jZevghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx \
jbkh\Zgbb (kj_^gyy ebgby b hkh[h_ bah[jZ`_gb_ ^_lZe_c h[m\b fm`kdhc nb]mju qZklh
\klj_qZ_lky \ jbkmgdZo ^_\hq_d-ih^jhkldh\).
Kj_^gyy ebgby (khfZlbq_kdZy haZ[hq_gghklv) \ fm`kdhc nb]mj_ bah[jZ`_gZ lsZl_evgh
(bkiulm_fuc g_ ijbgbfZ_l k\hx aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb b khfZlbq_kdbc moh^ hl dhgnebdlZ),
k g_dhlhjuf Zdp_glhf gZ im]h\bpZo (aZ\bkbfhklv hl fZl_jb) b :^Zfh\hf y[ehd_ (klj_fe_gb_
d fZkdmebgghklb).
;hevrZy lhesbgZ ebgbc dhglmjZ l_eZ ]h\hjbl h \u^_e_gbb ba kj_^u b moh^_ \ l_eh
(\_jgh ^ey bkiulm_fh]h), gh e_]dhklv b ij_ju\bklhklv ebgbb \ khq_lZgbb kh klbjZgbyfb b
gZ`bfZfb (hlebqZxsbfb h[eZklb dhgnebdlZ) b gZijy`_gghklv nb]mju ijb^Zxl nb]mj_
gZkljh_gb_ mya\bfhklb b k_gablb\ghklb, hlebqZxs__ i_j_`b\Z_fuc dhgnebdl.
>hklZlhqgh lhgdh_ l_eh fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k _]h haZ[hq_gghklvx k\hbf
m\_ebqb\Zxsbfky \_khf, dhlhjuf hg h[yaZg k\h_c fZehih^\b`ghklb (dhfi_gkZlhjgh_
hlghr_gb_).
KeZ[h_ ikbobq_kdh_ ij_ju\Zgb_ \ nhjf_ gZ`bfZ hlf_q_gh k ijZ\hc klhjhgu ebgbb
[_^_j (h[eZklv, \u^_e_gb_ dhlhjhc oZjZdl_jgh ^ey k_dkmZevgh ^_ahjb_glbjh\Zgguo
\ajhkeuo).
JZkiheh`_gb_ nb]mju g_kdhevdh k^\bgmlh \ e_\mx (bgljZ\_jkb\gmx) klhjhgm, gh ihaZ
kh\_jr_ggh m\_j_ggZy, km^y ih \k_f gZijy`_gbyf ebgbc b ihlj_[ghklb \ hihj_ (hg
hkms_kl\ey_l Z^_d\Zlguc khpbZevguc dhglZdl, dh]^Z _]h d wlhfm ijb]eZrZxl).
Ijhihjpbb nb]mju \iheg_ ghjfZevgu_, aZ bkdexq_gb_f g_dhlhjh]h ih^q_jdb\Zgby
l_e_kghc kbeu ihkj_^kl\hf jZkrbj_gby ie_q.
<i_qZle_gb_ hl h^_`^u lZdh_, qlh wlh [_ck[hevgZy nhjfZ, gh wlh g_ [ueh \uykg_gh m
bkiulm_fh]h (hg klZjZeky klZlv ijhn_kkbhgZevguf b]jhdhf \ [_ck[he \ \hajZkl_,
ijbibku\Z_fhf gZjbkh\Zgghc nb]mj_).
:kkhpbZpbb hibku\Zxl gZjbkh\Zggh]h fm`qbgm dZd k_fgZ^pZlbe_lg_]h, m g_]h _klv
lhevdh feZ^rZy k_kljZ (qm\kl\h h[b^u ijhlb\ klZjrbo [jZlv_\), m g_]h \ukhdbc mjh\_gv
mfkl\_ggh]h jZa\blby, hg kbe_g b emqrbf \ g_f y\ey_lky ebph b l_ehkeh`_gb_, Z kZfh_
iehoh_ \ g_f _]h kdh\Zgghklv. Hg ex[bl Zle_lbq_kdb_ aZgylby, g_ agZ_l, d_f hg [m^_l \
[m^ms_f, ij_^ihqblZ_l [ulv k fZevqbdZfb, gbdh]^Z g_ bf_e k_dkmZevguo hlghr_gbc k
^_\mrdZfb beb xghrZfb, qm\kl\m_l hl\jZs_gb_ d k\hbf fZklmj[Zpbhgguf ijb\uqdZf (\k_
wlh \_jgh ^ey bkiulm_fh]h). Gh]b y\eyxlky _]h om^r_c ^_lZevx, hgb g_ bf_xl fmkdmeh\ (m
bkiulm_fh]h kbevgu_ gh]b, gh wlh fh`_l hlghkblvky d _]h qm\kl\m g_m\_j_gghklb b
g_Zdlb\ghklb). <_j[Zevguc ihjlj_l nbdkbjm_l \hajZkl fm`kdhc nb]mju dZd ihjh]
\ajhkehklb fhf_gl, gZ dhlhjhf bkiulm_fuc wfhpbhgZevgh nbdkbjh\Zg.
K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, `_gkdhc nb]mj_ \ ZkkhpbZpbyo bkiulm_fh]h [ueh jZaj_r_gh
mki_rgh \ajhke_lv. Hg hibku\Z_l __ dZd ^\Z^pZlbr_klbe_lgxx beb ^\Z^pZlbk_fbe_lgxx
(_]h kh[kl\_gguc \hajZkl), hgZ kfhljbl g_kdhevdh \^Zev (_]h ijb\uqdZ). HgZ aZfm`_f b
bf__l kugZ iylb e_l (`_eZgb_ bkiulm_fh]h ^ey k_[y kZfh]h). ?_ emqrZy q_jlZ ^jm`_ex[b_
(\_jgh ^ey bkiulm_fh]h), __ om^rZy q_jlZ iehkdhklhib_ (bkiulm_fuc `Zem_lky gZ
iehkdhklhib_). Ihke_ ijb^Zgby _c rbjhdbo [jxd, b, g_ kqblZy \ujZ`_gguo ]jm^_c, ^h\hevgh
fZkdmebgghc nb]mju, hg aZf_qZ_l, qlh hgZ "kebrdhf `_gkl\_ggZ; g_ kh\k_f ^_\mrdZ k
fZevqbr_kdbfb mo\ZldZfb". (G_m\_j_gghklv \ ijbagZdZo iheZ, hlghkysZyky d bgnZglbevghc
aZ\bkbfhklb). ?_ fm` \ Zjfbb, hgZ gZihfbgZ_l _fm g_kdhevdh `_gsbg ih khk_^kl\m b hg
ohl_e [u `_gsbgm lZdh]h lbiZ ^ey k_[y (bkiulm_fuc g_khfg_ggh bf_e nZglZabb, ih^h[gu_
wlhc, ih hlghr_gbx d g_dhlhjuf `_gsbgZf ih khk_^kl\m, qvb fm`vy hlkmlkl\h\Zeb).
Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ aZf_qZgby b dhff_glZjbb \h \j_fy jbkh\Zgby `_gsbgu [ueb
agZqbfu. Hg kijhkbe, [ue eb ^hklZlhqgh ohjhr ijhnbev (mdehgqb\hklv ijb klhedgh\_gbb k
ijh[e_fhc `_gsbg). Hg gZ[jhkZe ijhnbev k l_f `_ jh[dbf gZijy`_gb_f, qlh b q_jlu ebpZ
fm`qbgu. (djZcg__ kfms_gb_ \ ijbkmlkl\bb `_gsbg). AZl_f hg aZf_qZ_l: "Wlh [m^_l ihjlj_l
^_\qhgdb-khj\ZgpZ" ([hevrZy ]hlh\ghklv klZedb\Zlvky k ijh[e_fhc ^_\mr_d). Hg gZjbkh\Ze
\hehku b r_x, kl_j_\ b mkbeb\ \ l_o `_ f_klZo, qlh b m fm`kdhc nb]mju (kgh\Z \dexqZxlky
ijh[e_fu k_dkmZevghc Zdlb\ghklb b dhhj^bgZpbb ikbobq_kdhc b nbabq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb). Hg
ijh^he`Ze jbkh\Zlv ie_qb, jmdb b dbklb jmd, klbjZy ie_qb (nbabq_kdZy g_m\_j_gghklv \ kbe_
\ hlghr_gbb k_dkmZevguo oZjZdl_jbklbd) bah[jZ`_gb_ dbkl_c jmd k l_f `_ gZ`bfhf gZ
dhgqbdZo iZevp_\, dhlhjuc hg k^_eZe m fm`qbgu (klZlbqghklv Zdlb\ghklb fh`_l [ulv
qZklbqgh h[mkeh\e_gZ h[k_kkb\gufb kljZoZfb \ha\jZs_gby Z]j_kkb\gh]h b ^_kljmdlb\gh]h
iZll_jgZ dhglZdlZ, dhlhjuc [ue knhjfbjh\Zg \ _]h jZgg_f ^_lkl\_. Djhf_ lh]h, a^_kv gZebph
\ujZ`_ggh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ kh[kl\_gguo q_jl f_`^m fm`kdhc b `_gkdhc nb]mjZfb, qlh
h[hagZqZ_l g_hij_^_e_gghklv iheh\hc jheb). Hg ^hr_e ^h h[eZklb ]jm^b `_gsbgu kh
keh\Zfb "L_i_jv y gZ kZfhf ^_e_ aZkljye. >he`_g eb y h^_\Zlv wlm `_gsbgm lh`_?"
(k_dkmZevgh_ ex[hiulkl\h b, \hafh`gh, \mZc_jbklbq_kdb_ l_g^_gpbb \ujZ`_gu \ _]h
bgl_j_k_ d ihjgh]jZnbb). Dhg_qguf j_amevlZlhf wlh]h dhgnebdlZ [ueh dhfijhfbkkgh_
j_r_gb_, dhlhjh_ \u]ey^bl dZd g_aZdjulZy ]jm^v. Hg klbjZe, baf_gye ebgbx b ij_`^_ q_f
jbkmghd [ue aZdhgq_g, \_jgmeky d ]jm^b ^ey ^hihegbl_evgh]h mkbe_gby ebgbb (dhgnebdl,
p_gljbjmxsbcky gZ wlhc h[eZklb, kbevgh \ujZ`_g. Wlh ^Z_l ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h nbdkZpbb gZ
fZl_jb, hjZevghc ^_ijb\Zpbb b hl\_j`_gbb dZd bklhqgbdZo _]h ikbohk_dkmZevgh]h
hlklZ\Zgby). Dh]^Z hg aZdhgqbe lmeh\bs_ b ebgbx lZebb, hg ijhdhff_glbjh\Ze, qlh "hlkx^Z
b \gba hgZ ^he`gZ hlebqZlvky hl fm`qbgu" b ijh^he`be jbkh\Zlv lh, qlh hg
b^_glbnbpbjh\Ze dZd rbjhdb_ [jxdb.
@_gkdZy nb]mjZ k^_eZgZ [hevr_, bf__l ijhihjpbhgZevgh [he__ djmigmx ]heh\m, q_f
fm`qbgZ, _c ijb^ZgZ [hevrZy h[eZklv \hehk b l\_j^u_, hjebgu_ q_jlu ebpZ ([hevr_
Z\lhjbl_lZ, khpbZevghc ^hfbgZglghklb, fm`_kl\_gghklb b kZfhm\_j_gghklb ijbibkZgu
`_gsbg_ wlh y\ey_lky h[s_c hkh[_gghklvx jbkmgdh\ bgnZglbevguo \ajhkeuo fm`qbg).
Nb]mjZ [he__ p_gljZevgh jZkiheh`_gZ, b hgZ g_ gm`^Z_lky \ hihj_ gZ "a_fex", ijb^Zggmx
fm`qbg_. Jhl g_kdhevdh Zdp_glbjh\Zg m h[_bo nb]mj (hjZevgZy dhgp_gljZpby bkiulm_fh]h).
Ohly hg kgZqZeZ gZf_j_\Zxlky gZjbkh\Zlv nb]mjm \ ijhnbev, _]h ihlj_[ghklv \
^_fhgkljZpbb ]jm^_c k^_eZeZ g_\hafh`guf iheguc ijhnbev nb]mju (nZglZaby g_khfg_ggh
\ hkgh\ghf nbdkbjh\ZgZ gZ ]jm^b, k ba[_]Zgb_f k_dkmZevghklb gZ aj_ehf, ]_gblZevghf
mjh\g_).
I_j_^ ebphf lZdbo ijh[e_f, dZd g_aj_ehklv, \ujZ`_gguc iZjZebq bgbpbZlb\u b
\hajZklZxsbc moh^ \ l_e_kgmx qm\kl\_gghklv fh`_l [ulv ih^gyl \hijhk h ghjfZevghklb
wlh]h bkiulm_fh]h. Ijh[e_fu, ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ bf, y\eyxlky ih ijbjh^_ k\h_c
ojhgbq_kdbfb ebqghklgufb hldehg_gbyfb, h[sbfb ^ey gZr_]h h[s_kl\Z, ihkljh_ggh]h gZ
dhgdmj_gpbb. G_l ijbagZdh\ iZlheh]bq_kdhc aZfdgmlhklb. G_hq_\b^gh, qlh \gmlj_ggyy
Z]j_kkby \uc^_l ba-ih^ dhgljhey \ ghjfZevghf hdjm`_gbb. Eh]bq_kdh_ fure_gb_ khojZggh,
ohly ijh^mdlb\ghklv aZljm^g_gZ ba-aZ [_augbpbZlb\ghklb b h[k_kkb\guo q_jl. Ohly g_
\uy\ey_lky \ujZ`_gghc lj_\h`ghklb, gZijy`_gb_ b ih\_joghklgZy nbdkbjh\Zgghklv
qm\kl\mxlky. Ijh]gha ^ey m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh]h k_dkmZevgh]h b [jZqgh]h ijbkihkh[e_gby
aZ\bkbl hl lbiZ ba[jZggh]h iZjlg_jZ. Bkiulm_fuc g_ ^_fhgkljbjm_l \ukhdhf_jghc
Zf[bpbb, kZfhm\Z`_gby beb gZjpbkkbafZ, dhlhju_ fh]eb [u ijbclb \ klhedgh\_gb_ k _]h
ZdlmZevguf g_^hklZldhf ijh^mdlb\ghklb b ihjh^blv k_jv_aguc djbabk. Ijb hp_gd_
i_jki_dlb\ Z^ZilZpbb \ [m^ms_f \Z`gh mqblu\Zlv memqr_gb_ hdjm`Zxs_c h[klZgh\dhc
^Z\e_gby gZ g_]h.
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