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kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
Personality
individual differences consistent and enduring Formed in childhood (child is father to the man) can alter but usually only due to extreme trauma exhibited by behaviour
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
11/22/2012
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 3
Heredity gives
ability to learn and learn language intelligence tendency to production of some hormones
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
11/22/2012
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
personality determined by what happens to us as we pass through each stage personalities often display traits associated with developmental stages where traumatic incidents occurred can sometimes be used for rough segmentation people often regress to previous stages at times of stress or anxiety
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 6
11/22/2012
INTRAPERSONAL THEORY
Focuses on behaviors, feelings, thought, and experiences of each individual
SIGMUND FREUD
Aspects of Consciousness (Conscious, preconscious, unconscious) Components of personality (Id, ego, superego) Anxiety as a feeling of tension, distress, and discomfort produced by a perceived or threatened loss of inner control Defense mechanisms alleviates anxiety by denying, misinterpreting, or distorting reality; for the most part, these operate at an unconscious level Psychosexual Theory of Growth & Development
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 7
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
11/22/2012
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
Deals with real world Operates to demands of Reality Principle solves problems by planning & acting Begins to develop b/w 4-6 mo Primary function is mediator to maintain harmony among the external world, the id, and the superego.
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kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
11/22/2012
Superego
Internalized social norm & moral forces pressing on and constraining individual action
Sublimate - find another outlet for the energy (kick a tree) Rationalize find an excuse to do it anyway Repression - deny But the pressure finds an outlet in dreams slips of the tongue funny behaviour mental breakdown
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EGO IDEAL a child that is consistently rewarded for good behavior, the self-esteem and the behavior becomes part of the ego-ideal.
CONSCIENCE a child that is consistently punished for bad behavior forms the conscience w/c can generate a feeling of guilt.
Weak, Defective
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
11/22/2012
CONSCIOUS Memories that remain w/in the individual's awareness, under the control of the ego. PRECONSCIOUS Not present in the awareness, but can be recalled, under the control of the superego
Suppression
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PSYCHIC ENERGY
LIBIDO
IMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS
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SELF-ABSORBED NARCISSISTIC
RIGID SELFDEPRECIATING
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Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual Theory
Was based on his therapy with troubled adults. He emphasized that a child's personality is formed by the ways which his parents managed his sexual and aggressive drives.
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kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
Freud sees people as passive; behaviors determined by interaction of external reality and internal drives Psychic Determinism: all behaviors driven by antecedent events, experiences. There are no accidents; nothing happens by chance
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Psychosexual Theory
Children pass thru a series of age-dependent stages during development Each stage has a designated pleasure zone and primary activity Each stage requires resolution of a particular conflict/task
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Oral Stage
Birth to 18 months
Pleasure Zone: Mouth Primary Activity: Nursing Fixation results in difficulties with trust, attachment, commitment Fixation may also manifest as eating disorders, smoking, drinking problems
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Anal Phase
18months- 2yrs
Pleasure Zone: Anus Primary Activity: Toilet training Failure to produce on schedule arouses parental disappointment
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Anal Phase
18months- 2yrs
Parental disappointment, in turn, arouses feelings in child of anger and aggression towards caregivers, which are defended against Fixation may result in either:
Anal retentiveness: perfectionism,
obsessive-compulsive tendencies Anal expulsive: sloppy, messy, disorganized
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OEDIPAL
Greek
COMPLEX
mythological figure, Oedipus Sophocles story (5th century B.C., tragedy) King of Thebes Parents: Laius & Jocasta Freud saw the myth enacted in every family (although on a less dramatic scale)
Oedipus acted out a wish that everyone kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 29 has in early childhood.
Oedipal Conflict
Boys want to marry mom and kill father, aka Oedipal Complex, but fear retaliation from father (castration anxiety); ultimately resolved thru identification with father Girls have penis envy, want to marry dad, aka Electra Complex; identify with mom to try to win dads love kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 30
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Latency Phase
Ages 6-11
Pleasure Zone: Sex drive is rerouted into socialization and skills development Primary Activity: Same sex play; identification of sex role Dont like opposite sex (has cooties) Fixation results in lack of initiative, low self esteem; environmental incompetence
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 33
Genital Phase
Ages 13- young adulthood
Pleasure Zone: Genitals Primary Activity: Adult sexual relationships Fixation results in regression to an earlier stage, lack of sense of self
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The ability to recognize behaviors associated with the id, the ego, and the superego assists in the assessment of developmental level. Understanding the use of ego defense mechanisms is important in making determinations about maladaptive behaviors, in planning care for clients to assist in creating change (if desired), or in helping clients accept themselves as unique individuals.
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Theory
Expanded on Freud's theories. Believed that development is life-long. Emphasized that at each stage, the child acquires attitudes and skills resulting from the successful negotiation of the psychological conflict.
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Identified 8 stages:
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Sense of purpose
Lack of direction
Mutual relationships
Self-absorption
Builds on identity
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Inward energy
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Acceptance of past
Fear of death
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SOCIAL-INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Focus is on relationships and events in the social context HARRY STACK SULLIVAN
Personality could not be observed apart from interpersonal relationships Identified three principal components of the interpersonal sphere: DYNAMISMS, PERSONIFICATIONS, and COGNITIVE PROCESSES
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 45
INFANCY
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TODDLERHOOD
Negativistic Active, mobile, curious (vulnerable to accident) Temper tantrums Type of play: PARALLEL
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 47
PRE-SCHOOLER
Love to watch adults and imitate their behaviors Why? Tell lies, brag and boast in order to impress Imaginary playmates Offensive language Sex questions ASSOCIATIVE or COOPERATIVE PLAY kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN
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SCHOOLER
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SCHOOLER
Pre-adolescence (1112)
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ADOLESCENCE (12-18)
Establish relationship with opposite sex Sexual urges = LUST Heterosexual relationship
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One of the creators of child psychology; known for his studies in the development of intelligence in children
Primarily deals with how the human mind, personality and intelligence from birth to death.
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Sensorimotor Period
Birth to age two Developing the ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. Object permanence is key in this transition Object permanence recognition that objects exist even when no longer visible
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ASSIMILATION
The process of using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures.
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ACCOMODATION
The process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment.
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Preoperational Period
Ages two to seven Improvement in their use of mental images Conservation - the awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite changes to shape or appearance
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Ages seven to eleven Children perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events Children master
Reversibility Decentration
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Begins at eleven years Children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects
B. F. Skinner
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Classical Conditioning
Generalization
kat'zC.Bengan, RN MSN 63
Operant Conditioning
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Banduras Modeling/Imitation
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