Mt s lnh c bn trn h iu hnh Linux (CentOS) * rpm: kim tra gi ci t hay cha, hoc ci t mt gi, hoc s dng g b mt gi.

i. * ps: kim tra h thng tin trnh ang chy. * kill: dng tin trnh khi tin trnh b treo. Ch c ngi dng super-user mi c th dng tt c cc tin trnh cn ngi dng bnh thng ch c th dng tin trnh m mnh to ra. * top: hin th s hot ng ca cc tin trnh, c bit l thng tin v ti nguyn h thng v vic s dng cc ti nguyn ca tng tin trnh. * pstree: hin th tt c cc tin trnh di dng cy. * sleep: cho h thng ngng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian.

Lnh lin quan n h thng: * exit: thot khi ca s dng lnh. * logout: tng t exit. * reboot: khi ng li h thng. * halt: tt my. * startx: khi ng ch xwindows t ca s terminal. * mount: gn h thng tp tin t mt thit b lu tr vo cy th mc chnh. * unmount: ngc vi lnh mount.

Lnh thao tc trn tp tin * ls: ly danh sch tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc hin hnh. * pwd: xut ng dn ca th mc lm vic. * cd: thay i th mc lm vic n mt th mc mi. * mkdir: to th mc mi. * rmdir: xo th mc rng. * cp: copy mt hay nhiu tp tin n th mc mi. * mv: i tn hay di chuyn tp tin, th mc. * rm: xa tp tin. * wc: m s dng, s k t trong tp tin. * touch: to mt tp tin. * cat: xem ni dung tp tin. * vi: khi ng trnh son tho vn bn vi. * df: kim tra dung lng a. * du: xem dung lng a dng cho mt s tp tin nht nh Lnh khi lm vic trn terminal: * clear: xo trng ca s dng lnh. * date: xem ngy, gi h thng. * cal: xem lch h thng.

Lnh qun l h thng * rpm: kim tra gi ci t hay cha, hoc ci t mt gi, hoc s dng g b mt gi. * ps: kim tra h thng tin trnh ang chy. * kill: dng tin trnh khi tin trnh b treo. Ch c ngi dng super-user mi c th dng tt c cc tin trnh cn ngi dng bnh thng ch c th dng tin trnh m mnh to ra. * top: hin th s hot ng ca cc tin trnh, c bit l thng tin v ti nguyn h thng v vic s dng cc ti nguyn ca tng tin trnh. * pstree: hin th tt c cc tin trnh di dng cy. * sleep: cho h thng ngng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian. * useradd: to mt ngi dng mi. * groupadd: to mt nhm ngi dng mi. * passwd: thay i password cho ngi dng. * userdel: xo ngi dng to. * groupdel: xo nhm ngi dng to. * gpasswd: thay i password ca mt nhm ngi dng. * su: cho php ng nhp vi t cch ngi dng khc. * groups: hin th nhm ca user hin ti. * who: cho bit ai ang ng nhp h thng. * w: tng t nh lnh who. * man: xem hng dn v dng lnh nh c php, cc tham s

Gii thiu v CentOS CentOS (tn vit tt ca Community ENTerprise Operating System) l mt phn phi Linux tp trung vo lp doanh nghip, xy dng t nhiu ngun min ph (theo GPL v mt s bn quyn tng t) ca Red Hat. CentOS 4 da trn nn tng Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4, h tr dng x86 (i586 v i686), dng x86_64 (AMD64 v Intel EMT64), cc cu trc IA64, Alpha, S390 v S390x. a Single Server CD c hu ht tt c cc thnh phn cn thit cho qu trnh ci t server c bn, ngoi tr GUI (giao din ho ngi dng). N ph hp cho nhng ai mun ci t chc nng mt cch nhanh chng. Do khng c giao din GUI, bn c th chy mt server c s ch vi RAM 128. Nhng tt nhin dung lng RAM s phi tng ln nu cn trin khai cc c s d liu ln. Ci t Qu trnh ci t Single Server CD kh d dng, nht l khi bn ci mt phn phi Linux khc. Bn cn download Single Server CD t mt bn my cc b, ghi n vo a v khi ng (boot) server t a .

Cho d Single Server CD khng cha giao din GUI, qu trnh ci t vn s dng mt giao din ho, gip bn d dng thao tc vi tng phn. Lm theo cc hng dn trn mn hnh, cng vic tr nn n gin. Mo nh: Nu server ca bn khng cha bt k d liu no khc v khng gp phi vn g khi format li ton b a, nn s dng tu chn automatically partition (phn vng t ng) khi qu trnh ci t n bc Disk Partitioning Setup. N s gip bn tit kim c kh nhiu thi gian. Bn nn tm ngng s dng SELinux v tt chc nng tng la, nht l khi server c t an ton bn trong mng cc b. Bn c th thay i cc thit lp tng la sau nu mun vi lnh system-config-securitylevel. Bn c th chn ci t mc nh cc gi phn mm mt cch an ton. Phng thc ci t ny s cung cp mt h thng CentOS c bn vi Web, mail v cc server FTP, DNS, chc nng chia s file qua Samba. Vi my c cu hnh hin i, qu trnh ci t ch mt di 20 pht. Khng phi tt c cc gi trn CD u c ci. Chng hn, nu mun dng PostgreSQL, bn s phi ci t n sau t a. Mun ci t PostgreSQL, a a vo c (mount/media/cdrom), dng lnh yum ci cc th vin client v server: yum localinstall /media/cdrom/CentOS/RPMS/postgresql-7* yum localinstall /media/cdrom/CentOS/RPMS/postgresql-server-7* Kh nng mnh ca CentOS nm ch ng tin cy v n nh. N c xy dng da trn cc gi qua th nghim cho kt qu tt ch khng da trn phn mm bleeding-edge. Tuy nhin cng c mt hn ch l mt s phn mm mi nht khng th ci t c trn phn phi ny. Thiu st quan trng nht, theo kin ca ti, l PHP 5 v MySQL 5. Nhng cc phn mm ny cng c tch hp vo trong CentOS Plus Repository. Mc nh, CentOS 4.4 s dng PHP 4.3.9. Mun nng cp ln PHP 5, trc tin phi m bo my bn c kt ni vi Internet, sau chy lnh: yum enablerepo=centosplus upgrade php* Tng t vi MySQL. Phin bn mc nh trong CentOS 4.4 l MySQL 4.1.20. Mun nng cp ln MySQL 5, dng cc lnh sau: yum enablerepo=centosplus upgrade mysql* yum enablerepo=centosplus install mysql-server-5* Qun tr n gin

Do CentOS 4.4 Single Server CD khng c giao din GUI, bn cn thc hin tt c cu hnh qua dng lnh. Di y l mt s lnh quan trng c bn v cc file gip bn cu hnh server. khi ng v ngng dch v, dng: service XYZ start service XYZ stop Trong , XYZ l tn server, v d nh postgresql. cu hnh mng, chy lnh: netconfig cu hnh my in, chy lnh: system-config-printer Mc nh c mt s dch v h thng khng c khi ng trong thi gian boot h thng nh Web server, MySQL server. Mun m bo cho cc dch v ny c chy ngay t khi khi ng my, thc hin cc lnh sau: chkconfig levels 235 httpd on chkconfig levels 235 mysql on chkconfig levels 235 smb on chkconfig levels 235 vsftpd on Nu cn dch v POP3 v IMAP, bn cn cu hnh dovecot daemon. Mc nh, dovecot daemon ch cung cp cc dch v IMAP. Mun c POP3, bn phi chnh sa /etc/dovecot.conf v t vo dng: protocols = imap imaps pop3 pop3s Dovecot cng khng c khi ng mc nh (nhng c ci t nh mt trong cc gi tiu chun). Mun dovecot c khi ng khi my khi ng, g lnh: chkconfig levels 235 dovecot on Cc lnh cn bn v Network trong linux xc nh a ch ip v cc network interface ta dng command: [root@bigboy tmp]# ifconfig a xem nhng thit b c kt ni vo computer t IRQ 1 - IRQ 15 :

[root@bigboy tmp]# cat /proc/interrupts Thit lp a ch ip cho mt card mng ta dng command sau : [root@bigboy tmp]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 up Thit lp cu hnh c nh cho card mng tao vo edit files cho card mang eth0 ti /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 vi ni dung nh sau: Fixed IP Address [root@bigboy tmp]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts [root@bigboy network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-eth0 # File: ifcfg-eth0 # DEVICE=eth0 # tn thit b ta cu hnh IPADDR=192.168.1.100 # a ch ip NETMASK=255.255.255.0 # subnetmask BOOTPROTO=static # thit lp ch static ip khng thay i ONBOOT=yes # khi khi ng card mng active u hnh t ng nhn IP t DHCP cho card mng [root@bigboy network-scripts]# Getting the IP Address Using DHCP [root@bigboy tmp]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts [root@bigboy network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-eth0 # # File: ifcfg-eth0 # DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=dhcp ONBOOT=yes au khi cu hnh xong ta dng command sau cho card mng nhn c cu hnh mi : [root@bigboy network-scripts]# ifdown eth0 [root@bigboy network-scripts]# ifup eth0 Gii thiu Cu hnh nhiu ip cho mt interface: mc nh ta c card mng wlan0 gn a ch ip l 192.168.1.10. By gi gn thm mt a ch ip l : 192.168.1.99 ta phi to ra mt wlan o c a ch l wlan0:0 [root@bigboy tmp]# ifconfig wlan0:0 192.168.1.99 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

To mt files ifcfg-wlan0:0 c ni dung nh sau : DEVICE=wlan0:0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.1.99 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 active virtual ny ta cn phi dng [root@bigboy tmp]# ifup wlan0:0 [root@bigboy tmp]# ifdown wlan0:0 Command for change Default Gateway: [root@bigboy tmp]# route add default gw 192.168.1.1 wlan0 Mt s c dng lnh thit lp mc nh default gateway: DEVICE=wlan0:0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=192.168.1.99 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=192.168.1.1 Cu hnh files etc/host Cho php ta gn host name cho ip: V d mun gn www.qhoa.com cho ip 127.0.0.1 : 127.0.0.1 localhost www.nhatnghe.com To mt tuyn ng static route : To mt static cho mt network ta dng command net [root@bigboy tmp]# route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 gw 192.168.1.254 wlan0 To mt static route cho mt host : [root@bigboy tmp]# route add -host 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 gw 192.168.1.254 wlan0 xa ta ch vic thay add bng del. To mt files config bt c khi no khi ng tuyn ng static s t load :

# # File /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-wlan0 # 10.0.0.0/8 via 192.168.1.254 config DNS cho Linux ta phi edit files vi /etc/resolv.conf Nameserver 192.168.1.1 Cu hnh hostname cho linux: # vi /etc/sysconfig/network Cu hnh thm mt username v group cho Linux thay i quyn t user bnh thng sang Super user l root ta dng command su Command cho php to cc nhm trong Linux [root@bigboy tmp]# groupadd parents [root@bigboy tmp]# groupadd children [root@bigboy tmp]# groupadd soho Command cho php ta gn user vo mt nhm ngi s dng: [root@bigboy tmp]# useradd -g parents paul [root@bigboy tmp]# useradd -g parents jane [root@bigboy tmp]# useradd -g children derek [root@bigboy tmp]# useradd -g children alice [root@bigboy tmp]# useradd -g soho accounts [root@bigboy tmp]# useradd -g soho sales Command cho php hin th user v nhm trong th mc home : [root@bigboy tmp]# ll /home Trch: drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jul 24 20:04 lost+found drwx 2 accounts soho 1024 Jul 24 20:33 accounts drwx 2 alice children 1024 Jul 24 20:33 alice drwx 2 derek children 1024 Jul 24 20:33 derek drwx 2 jane parents 1024 Jul 24 20:33 jane drwx 2 paul parents 1024 Jul 24 20:33 paul drwx 2 sales soho 1024 Jul 24 20:33 sales [root@bigboy tmp]#

Khi to ra mt user th ta phi thit lp pass cho user bng command sau : [root@bigboy root]# passwd paul Trch: Changing password for user paul. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. xa mt user v cc profiles c lin quan ta dng command sau : [root@bigboy tmp]# userdel paul [root@bigboy tmp]# userdel -r paul bit thng tin user thuc nhm no ta c th dng command sau : [root@bigboy root]# groups paul paul : parents [root@bigboy root]# Khi thit lp quyn cho tng user qun l files hay th mc ca h ta dng command sau : [root@bigboy tmp]# ll test.txt -rw-rr 1 root root 0 Nov 17 22:14 test.txt [root@bigboy tmp]# chown users:groups test.txt [root@bigboy tmp]# ll test.txt -rw-rr 1 testuser users 0 Nov 17 22:14 test.txt Cu hnh SSH v Files Copying Nh ta SSH l mt giao thc cho php chng ta dng shell trn linux mt cch bo mt hn rt nhiu so vi dng telnet. Ngoi ra SSH cn cho php ta tranfer data nh FTP . Vy chng ny xin php gii thiu cu hnh c bn SSH: Command line cu hnh startup service OpenSSH [root@bigboy tmp]# chkconfig sshd on [root@bigboy tmp]# service sshd start [root@bigboy tmp]# service sshd stop [root@bigboy tmp]# service sshd restart Kim tra trng thi kt ni ca SSH ta dng : [root@bigboy tmp]# pgrep sshd SSH2 bo mt hn so vi SSH1 th nn chng te nn dng ssh2 config /etc/ssh/sshd_config .

Trch: # The strategy used for options in the default sshd_config shipped with # OpenSSH is to specify options with their default value where # possible, but leave them commented. Uncommented options change a # default value. #Port 22 > thit lp port cho SSH , mc inh l port 22 #Protocol 2,1 > s dng SSH 2. Nn dng #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 #ListenAddress :: Thng s trn cho php ta la chn port cho ssh , protocol cho SSH2. Li khuyn l nn chn SSH2. Cho php root khng c login bng SSH: Trch: PermitRootLogin yes no > cho php account root c php dng SSH hoc khng. Nu mun to danh sch mt s i tng ngi dng c php ng nhp vo SSH, bn c th m t chng trong file sshd_config. V d, nu mun cho php ngi dng anze, dasa, kimy ng nhp qua SSH, cui file sshd_config, thm vo mt dng nh sau: Trch: AllowUsers anze dasa kimy to banner SSH tu bin Nu mun mi mt ngi dng kt ni ti dch v SSH xem mt th no , bn c th to banner SSH tu bin. Thc hin n gin bng cch to mt file text (trong v d l file etc/ssh-banner.txt) v t bt k kiu th text no bn c vo trong . V d: ************************************************************ ***** *This is a private SSH service. You are not supposed to be here.* *Please leave immediately. * ************************************************************ ***** Khi mun chnh sa hoc ghi file, trong sshd_conf, tm dng ghi: Trch: #Banner /etc/issue.net dng tnh nng files copying ta phi dng mt software client cho php upload thng qua giao thc ssh nh FileZilla Version 3.0 kt ni ssh t mt server linux ny sang mt server linux khc ta dng command:

[root@bigboy tmp]# ssh smallfry [root@bigboy tmp]# ssh -l peter smallfry [root@bigboy tmp]# ssh -p 435 peter@smallfry kt ni v truyn d liu ta dng command : [root@bigboy tmp]# sftp 192.168.1.200 Trch: Connecting to 192.168.1.200 root@192.168.1.200s password: sftp> help Available commands: cd path Change remote directory to path lcd path Change local directory to path chgrp grp path Change group of file path to grp chmod mode path Change permissions of file path to mode sftp> ls anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog sftp> get install.log install.log 100% 17KB 39.4KB/s 00:00 sftp> exit [root@bigboy tmp]# S dng cc cu trc lnh nh l get , put , lcd nh ftp.