Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 18

! .

. . .
EyeScream

.
() () .

, .
:
1. a b <, >, =. a < b, b >
a.
2. , a b c,
= a + b.
3. , a b c,
= ab.
4. : a > b b > c, a > c ( >),
a = b b = c , a = c ( =).
5. : + b = b + a.
6. : (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
7. 0 , a + 0 = a a ( ).
8. a a , a + a = 0.
9. : ab = ba.
10. : (ab) c = a (bc).
11. 1 , 1 a = a a ( ).
12. a, 0, , = 1.
13. : (a + b) c = ac
+ bc.
14. a > b a + c > b + c a, b, c.
15. a > b c > 0 ac > bc.
16. a, 1 ,
( ).
,
. M ,
OM OE ( ),
x OM x2 = 2
.
, OM
. :
1. OE OM a0 NM,
OE. a0 OM 1
.
2. OE OM a0 . a0
OM. M a0,00000
, OE
1/10 OE NM a1.
a0, a1a2a3 M
.
,
, . 16
, .

,
+.
a b ,
ai = bi,
, .
a b 3 :
, ai
= bi . k i.
a b , ak bk;
, ( 1 )
;
, ,
.
. a , b b
, a b , a b.
: 4 , 2 (
).
,
M, x M. M
- {x}.
-
.
. {x} ,
. :
, .
.
- a0 ( , . . -
).
(a1).
a, .
, ,
.

.
. .

.
. : .
n- , ,
. ( ,
), , . ,
n , 10 n.
1, , 10 n .
2. ,
. : .
( k, ).

( ),
, . .
3. 1
, ,
. : , 2.
b ,
, b, .
b ,
, b, .
: ,
, ,
, .
.
. :
.
( ). , - .
, . . .
.
. : ,
. , / 2.
, ,
. 3 . , ?
. 1-4 , 5-8
. 14:
( < b). b
, .
. 9-13 15
.

.
.

,
() . ,
, .
. , - R N . :
.
1, 2 . .
, - .
. - -,
. : , ,
.
. [0, 1] . :
, , .

, [0, 1] .

.
.

,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .
. ,
,
.
. ( ) () .
: , , ,
, / 2.
.
. .
: .
/ .
.
. . :
. .
. , 0. : .

(). ,
, .

{xn} , ,
{xn a} .
. ,
.
: xi = a + i, a
, i .
. . :
( b),
. ,
b ( ) 0. = b.
. . :
, N
| a |, | a + | N- .
.
() . () .
: , , .

. .
: , .
. {yn} , ,
, {1 / yn}, .
: = | a | / 2, N, . |
yn | >
| a | / 2, N. , .
. ( 0)
. : N,
. (xn / yn) (a / b).
.

.
. .

. {xn} (, ) (
), b, a ( ), b.
: , , N*.
, b. b a
N, , N*. | xn a | < b ,
xn a < b xn < b. , .
. ,
{1 / n} 0, 0.
1. . :
.
2. [a, b],
. : .
.
( )
, . : N* ( , ).
xn a < zn a < yn a. (
). N,
N*.
, .
, , ,
. ,
, , .
, , .
.
, . :
, . ,
. -, ( ).
, ,
. , , , ,
[M , M] ( ).
M.

. . : 1/2, 1/2,
1/3, 1/3,
. (1 + 1 / n)n . .
: ( )
. ( , 1 /
k!) , . ,
3. , .
( , ),
(2, 3).

.
. . -.

,
.

. ,
. : N, .
.
.
. ,
. : .
, -

, .
,
.
. ,
, . :
(. .
). m,
. {x} ,
, .
(, m ), a. ,
.
:
. .
(x , a) {x}.
,
;
, , .
, . = ( ) / 2. -
. - {x}, a + ,
. , -
, ,
.

1. , ,
(a , b + ), a , b .
: / 2.
2. ,
b, , (x, y) ,
. (a, b) (, ). :
.
-.
. :
.

(
).

,
N, m > n > N | xm xn | < .
1.
, -
. : , n ,
.
2. . : ,
1 N,
- N. N-
, | xN + | | xN |. M .
. , , ,
. :
1. . .
. ,
.
2. . ( ,
) . .
, , ( ,
+ ). .
. , , ,
. :
1. . .
N, n: | xn x | <
/ 2. n n + p :
| xn + p xn | = | (xn + p x) + (x xn) | < | xn + p | + | x xn | < ,
.
2. . . ,
.
( 2). . 1
2 ,
, 2, . ,
.

( )
.
.

. b y(x) ,
, , ,
, b.
. b y() ,
(), ,
- | f(x) b | < .
. .
:
1. b y . {xn}
, .
. {xn}
N, n > N 0 < | xn a | < , , ,
| f(xn) b | < , ,
b.
2. b . ,
.
, 0 < | xn a | < | f(xn) b | >
. {1 / n}.
, 0 < | xn a | < 1 / n | f(xn)
b | > . , {xn}
, .
{f(xn)} b,
.
, - . ,
, ,
0 < | x a | < 0 < | x a | < , | f(x) f(x) | < .
. , - ,
, . :
1. . b . .
- / 2 .
.
2. . - . {xn}
,
. , - b,
b .
, .
( ). N,
n 0 < | xn a | < . n n + p.
,
.

. , ,
b b. x1, x1, x2, x2,
.

b.
. b = b = b.

10

, .
- .

. f g
b . - f + g, f g, fg, f / g ,
b + c, b c, bc, b / c. :
, .
- b c ( f g ).
{f(xn) + g(xn)} . . .

, .
, 0.
,
, ,
,
, , , .
- f(x) b , f(x) = b + (x), (x)
-.
.
, , 0 ( = ()).
,
. , 1.
:
() + () = ();
() + (()) = ();
= () = ().
.
, ,
; ,
, 0.
11

.
. .

f ,
- . f ,
- . ,
, .
, .
. - f g, .
, , .
: -, ,
.
: ( ,
), ( ,
) ( ,
).

.
.

12

- (t) {t} {x} . {x}


- y = f(x).
. - f - {x}, f(a) .
, - f ( {x}). :
, | f(x) f(a) | < . | f(a) | / 2 ,
f(a) > 0 f(a) < 0. , .
. - f {x}
f(a) 0. , - f(x)
0 , , - {x}, . : .

. - , - f b = (a). - F =
f((t)) . :
t, . ,
, b. ,
- f,
F(a). .
13

.
.

- = f() [a, b] [, ]
.
[a, b]. f x = f 1(y).
. - f(x) [a, b],
, . b . a.
: ,
[a, b), .
. ,
m. , .
, , f(c + b) < m + .
(, + ) m < f(x) < m + . | m f(x) |
< . , m .
. - y(x) [a, b] = f(a), = f(b).
[, ], -
(), . : .
. - y(x) [a, b] = f(a), = f(b).
- , , ,
-. :
1. . {x} ,
f(x) < . .
. , f(c) = . x < c,

(x, c], {x}, f(x) < . -


, f(x) < . , , {},
f(x) > . , . c = b.
. ,
, . -
= b, . - < ,
. c < b. , a < c.
, [a, b]. c
{xn} {xn}.
f(c). , . .
, f(c) < f(c) > . f(c) = .
2. . , f(x)
[a, b) (a, b].
. - ,
. ,
, f(c). = f(a) < f(c) < f(c + 0) < f(x) < f(b)
= . , (f(c), f(c + 0)) -,
.
. - y(x) [a, b] = f(a), = f(b).
[, ] - x(y),
. : - - [,
], -.
, - .
.
14

-: , , , , ,
, , , , , .

15

.
.

. - - f(x), g(x), h(x),


f g . , b. ,
f(x) < h(x) < g(x), - h . b.
:
, . , ,
- b, f(xn) < h(xn) <
g(xn). h
b, .
. - sinx / x 0 1. : 0 <
sinx < x < tgx ( 0 < x < / 2) sinx 1 < x / sinx < 1 / cosx.
( / 2, / 2), . . - . -
0 , 1, (sinx / x) 1.
. - (1 + x)1 / x 0 . :
, , .
1. . , ,
(0, ) | f(x) e | < .

: an = [1 + 1 / (1 + n)]n bn = (1 + 1 / n)n + 1.
, , N,
-
| an e | < | bn e | < . , = 1 / N,
(0, ) | f(x) e | < . n = [ 1 / x ]. n
< 1 / x < n + 1. 1 + 1 / (n + 1) < 1 + x < 1 + 1 / n. an e < (1 + x)1 / x e < bn e.
2. .
, , ,
1. yn = [xn / (1 + xn)], xn = [yn / (1 + yn)]. yn
. lim f(xn) = lim (1 + yn)1 / yn lim (1 + yn).
. - ln (1 + x) / x = 1 . 0. : lim ln (1 + x) / x = lim ln (1 + x)1 / x =
lim ln e = 1.
16

. - [a, b], -
. , -
0. : f(a) < 0, f(b) > 0, {x} -
, f(x) < 0.
, . (
-).
, f() = 0. , - , -
. .
.
. - [a, b], f(a) = , f(b) = . , ,
, . [a, b] , f() =
. : , . < < . - (x) = f(x)
. - [a, b] .
, f() = 0, f() = .
17

,
( ).

. - [a, b],
. : . -
. n [a, b] , f(xn) >
n. -
. -
, .
[a, b]. - -
( f()).
- . .

18

, ,
( ).

- , -,
f(x) < M, , -,
- ,
f(x) f(x) > M .

. - [a, b],
. :
- ,
m. .
, - F(x) = 1 / (M f(x)).
[a, b].
A , f(x) < M 1 / A.
.
19

.
.

{x},
, - {x},
| | < - | f(x) f(x) | < .
. - [a, b],
. : , -
. ( )
, | | < , | f(x) f(x) | > .
n = 1 / n. n n n ,
| n n | < , | f(xn) f(xn) | > . {xn} ,
- .
, [a, b]. {xn}
. - , .
-
f(), .
. .
- [a, b]. -
= - .
. - ,
, - (
) , , .
20

, (a, b).
, , , +
. .
= f(x + x) f(x). /
.
0
( , ).
, ,
, = + (),
, () 0 .
. , - , ,
. :

1. . . = 0 ( )
.
.
2. . () f (x). -
, , , 0.
= f (x) x + () , .
21

- , , -.
- -.

. - (t) - t, - f(x) x = (t). - y =


f((t)) t, f ((t))(t).
: t t. = (t + t)
(t), , , y = f(x + x) f(x).
y = f () x + () . t ,
. / t , (t), a () , 0. .
. - f .
- 0.
, y = f(x)
1 / f (). : - ,
.
, 0. x / = 1 / ( / x). 0.
x 0. .
. - , . : .
y = sinx.
y = cosx.
= tgx.
= ctgx.
= logax.
= .
y = arcsinx.
y = arccosx.
y = arctgx.
y = arcctgx.
-.
22

23

.
.
.
.
, , .
-.
-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

, .
, .

- f, [a, b],
, , . -
, .
. .
n- -, - (
, ).
sinx, cosx.

- - (ax + b) / (cx + d) n- (ad bc)(1)n 1 n!(cx +


d)(n + 1) cn 1.
: dy = f(x)dx. ,
, . , f
- ,
- . (dy) = [f(x)dx].
(dy) , = dx,
d2y. dny n- .
dny = f (n)(x)(dx)n , .
dny = f (n)(x)dnx.
: (uv)(n) = u(n) v + C1nu(n 1)v(1) + + uv(n). : .
, .
, -
t (): x = (t), y = (t). : dy = (t) dt, dx = (t)
dt. y(x) = dy / dx = ((t) dt) / ((t) dt).
24

.
.

- f, . ,
- , - ,
, , . -
, - f(c) .
- . -
, - . : f(c) =
lim (f(x) f(c)) / (x c), - = f(c)
, | (f(x) f(c)) / (x c) f(c) | < f(c) 0 < | x c | < . , ,
- (f(x) f(c)) / (x c) > 0. .
- . -
, f(c) = 0. :
f(c). - ,
, . , f(c) = 0.

25

( )
.

. - f(x) [a, b]
. , , f(a) = f(b). ,
0. : -
,
(, ). :
1. = . f(x) = M = m = const. 0
.
2. > m. ,
. - f(x) .

- f(x) - ,
0.
. , ,
, , .
26

( ).
.

. - [a, b]
(a, b), , f(b) f(a) = f(c) (b
a). : [a, b] - F(x) = f(x) f(a) [(f(b)
f(a)) / (b a)] (x a). - F . , [a, b]
, F(c) = 0. .
. ,
, .
. - (a, b)
0, - . : 0
. [x, x0]
,
. . f(x0) = f(x),
.
. , (a, b)
, ,
. :
1. . 1 2 ,
. - [x1, x2],
. , .
2. . - ,
. ,
.
. , - (a, b) , f(x)
. : ,
.
. (c, c + )
f(c + 0). , ,
. :
lim{f(x) f(c)} .
. [c, ] .
. ( , )
.
, .
. (a, b),
,
. :
, ( ).
, - .

27


( ).

. - f g [a, b]
(a, b) , , g
, , (f(b) f(a)) / (g(b)
g(a)) = f() / g(). : , g(a) g(b). ,
, g ,
. - F(x) = f(x) f(a) [(f(b) f(a)) /
(g(b) g(a))](g(x) g(a)). -
. , , F(a) = F(b) = 0. F(x)
. , , F(x) = 0.
.
28


( ).

- f g - . -
, , g 0.
. f g 0
-, -,
. :
, . -
0. - - .
, n. -
, g
0. .
f(xn) / g(xn) = f(n) / g(n). n , xn
. n xn, n .
( ) -
n, ,
. f(xn) / g(xn).
.
. , / .
: b.
, .
.
: f(mn) / g(mn) = b + mn, m , > m, | mn | < / 2.
n, , lim [1 g(xm) / g(xn)]
/ [1 f(xm) / f(xn)] = 1. , [ / 2] / [| b | + / 2]
n0 , n > n0: [1 g(xm) / g(xn)] / [1 f(xm) / f(xn)]
= 1 + mn, | mn | < [ / 2] / [| b | + / 2]. f(xn) / g(xn) = b + (b + mn) mn + mn. b
( -), mn mn. ,
. , ,
( 0). .
1 , 0, 0.
f g, , f 1, 0 ,
g 0 . 0. ,
, ( 1 -).
0 / 0, .

29


( -).

. - +
1. , , ,
. ,
: f(x) = f(a) + [f(a) / 1!] (x a) + [f(a) / 2!] (x a)2 + + Rn + 1(x). Rn + 1 =
[(x a) / (x )]p[(x )n + 1 / (n! p)]f(n + 1)() . :
(, ) ,
. , Rn + 1(x) = f(x) (, ).
, , Rn + 1(x) ;
, (
> a). t , [a, x],
(t) () = f(x) (x, t) (x t)pQ(x), Q(x)
= Rn + 1(x) / (x a)p;
- [a, x]
. , () = () = 0. ,
[a, x] , () = 0.
(t): (t) = f(t) + f(t) / 1! + f(2) + ,
, : (t) = [f (n + 1)(t) / (n!)] (x t)n + p(x t)p 1Q(x). t =
Q(x).
. : (n)(a, a) = f (n)(a).
= 0.

Вам также может понравиться