MSC Nastran Random Dynamics

Random Response Analysis
Visteon
October 2004, Page 1-1
Dynamic Environments

Harmonic, periodic and nonperiodic (transient) Predictable at any time t using a function
No harmonic component Cannot be predictable at any time t using a function.
Deterministic
Random
SOL 108/111
Periodic
Transient
SOL 109/112
Stationary
Nonstationary
Simple Harmonic
Shock Spectra
SOL 103
Ergodic
Visteon
Concepts Statistical (only method to describe random events)

Mean (average) statistic Variability statistic
Variance and standard deviation
Time and Frequency Relation

Fourier transform
Decomposes or separates a waveform or function into sinusoids of different frequency which sum to the original waveform. Equations used for simple functions FFT algorithms for complex time measurements
Frequency spectrums
Power for energy content Density for distribution of power over the spectrum
Units
Most common source of questions and errors
Visteon October 2004, Page 1-3
Statistic Basics Mean (average)

X=
X
i=1
k X = Average Xi = individual datapoint i k = # total number of data points
This section is not intended as a complete description of statistical theory. Presented is the basics along with a physical interpretation that lays the ground work for MSC.Nastran Random analysis.
Example - Gridpoint stress average

Total number of elements connected to the gridpoint = k Datapoint i is the gridpoint y stress from each element
Visteon
Statistic Basics
cont
Mean Square Value

2 =
(Xi )2
i=1
k 2 = Mean Square Xi = individual datapoint i k = total number of data points
The square root of Mean Square is the Root Mean Square (RMS). The RMS is used to measure power.
Visteon
Statistic Basics
cont
Variance (X X)
k
s2 =
i=1
k 1 s2 = Variance X = Average Xi = individual datapoint i
k = total number of data points
Standard Deviation
s = s2 s = Standard Deviation
Statistic Basics
cont
Correlation
Measure the strength of the relationship between two variables
Autocorrelation is used in random response
Scatter plots for visual review (examples to follow) Perfect correlation implies a mathematical relationship Error measurements evaluate the correlation
Linear nonlinear
k
y = f (x )
i=1
= (f (x i ) y i ) = Error
Correlation is used to judge if an event is random or deterministic.
Visteon
Statistic Basics
cont
Correlation graphical example

tau=0.0 1.0
1.0 tau=0.3
0.5
0.5
sin(t+tau)
0.0
sin(t+tau)
0.0
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 sin(t)
0.5
1.0
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 sin(t)
0.5
1.0
tau=0.6 1.0
1.0
tau=3.0
The plots indicate a correlation between sin(t) and sin(t+). Thus the sin function is not random.
0.5
0.5
sin(t+tau)
sin(t+tau)
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 sin(t)
0.5
1.0
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 sin(t)
0.5
1.0
Visteon
Statistic Basics
cont
Correlation graphical example

t a u=0.0 t a u=0.0 6.2
6.2 t a u=0.3 t a u=0.3
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.2
5.2
Random signals produce scatter plots for any value of that is NOT 0.0. Thus the measured data only correlates with itself when is 0.0.
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 sig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
4.8 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 s ig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
4.8
t a u=1.0 t a u=1.0 6.2

6.2
t a u=3.0 t a u=3.0
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.2
5.2
4.8 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 s ig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
4.8 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 sig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
Visteon
Statistic Basics
Averages for time measured responses
cont
Ensemble (points from all tests) and Temporal (points in only one test) Apply to deterministic and random responses
Measured Output at Location 10
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
6.2
6.0
5.8
Acceleration (mm/sec/sec)
5.6
5.4
The variable time is now introduced
5.2
5.0
4.8
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Time (seconds)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
Visteon
Statistic Basics
Temporal Averaging
cont
Which single test is representative of the response?
Ensemble Averaging
Statistical properties provide an answer.
t1 Visteon October 2004, Page 1-11
Note t1 and as they are used in the statistical equations that follow
Statistic Basics
Ensemble average
cont
Averages using single data points from each test
k (t1 ) = Average response at time t1 k = Total number of tests u (unless k = 1) ui (t1 ) = Individual test (i) responses at t1
(t1 ) =
u (t )
i=1 i 1
Ensemble average or mean value. In general the average changes with respect to the selected t1.
(t1 ) = lim
j
u (t )
i =1 i 1
General expression (note the bar in the original expression X is implied by )
Visteon
Statistic Basics
Ensemble average
3 examples but not limited to these equations
cont
Averages using multiple data points from each test
Ru (t1, t1 ) = lim
u (t )u (t
i=1 i 1 i
This average is called the Autocorrelation Function and in general changes with respect to the selected t1
Ru (t1, t1 , t1 , t1 ) = lim
u (t )u (t
i =1 i 1 i
)ui (t1 )ui (t1 ) k
Visteon
Rarely used
Ru (t1, t1 , t1 ) = lim
u (t )u (t
i=1 i 1 i
)ui (t1 )
Statistic Basics
Ensemble average
Nonstationary means:
cont
(t1 ) is variable with t1

and Ru (t1, t1 + ) is variable with t1
Stationary means:
(t1 ) = lim
j
u (t )
i=1 i 1
(t1 ) = constant for any value t1

and Ru (t1, t1 + ) = constant for any value t1
The Autocorrelation Function does change when is changed.
The strength of the stationary property increases when the higher order averages (3 or more data points per test) also become constant for any t1. Most physical responses can be assumed to be strongly stationary when the average and autocorrelation values are constant with any t1.
Visteon
Statistic Basics
Temporal average
Averages based on one test
cont
Note that time averages require integration and the test selected is j among the k number tests available for selection
1 T2 ( j) = lim u j (t )dt T T T 2
1 T2 Ru (t, ) = lim u j (t )u j (t )dt T T T 2
Ergodic means:
(k ) = = const
R(k, ) = R( )
Temporal Autocorrelation Function. (There are higher order integrations available similar to the ensemble examples.)
For any test j among the k number of tests in the ensemble, the average is the same.
Visteon
Statistic Basics
cont
Ergodic
The strength of the ergodic property increases with when the higher order averages (3 or more data points per integration) also become constant for any , , , .. Most physical responses can be assumed to be strongly ergodic when the average and autocorrelation values are constant with any .. Basic assumption for random responses: With stationary and ergodic established for a response, only one measurement is needed to represent the response. The statistical properties are the same for all measurements.
Time Based Example Temporal Mean (average)

A
0 -T -T 2 T 2 T 3T 2 A
1 2A (t )dt = A T T 2 T 4
T2
A 4 0 -T 2 T 2
Visteon
Time Based Example
cont
Temporal Autocorrelation Function

0<<T/2
A
1 T 2 2A 2A (t + )dt R( ) = t 0 T T T
-T -T 2
0 T 2 T 3T 2
T/2<<T
1 T 2 2A 2A (t (T ))dt t R( ) = T T T T
We are calculating the overlapping areas shown by the grey vertical lines to get the correlation of the function vs not the area. Two integration functions needed depending on and the period T.
0 -T -T 2 T 2 T 3T 2
Time Based Example
cont

R() is periodic Deterministic functions produce periodic correlation functions
R()
Visteon
Time Based Example
cont

Random functions generate autocorrelation that only has a nonzero value when is 0 (see previous scatter plots)
R() Note the mean square (2) is equal to the autocorrelation (R()) when is 0.
Visteon
Time Based Example
cont
Cross Correlation Function

Calculating the correlation between two measurements taken at different locations
Same location is autocorrelation
1 T2 Ru1,u2 ( ) = lim u1 (t )u2 (t )dt T T T 2

Examples of use
Verification of a specific signal in a noisy data measurement Tracking graphic features in animations Matching tests
Automotive road input

Commonality between left and right tire inputs
http://www.umtri.umich.edu/erd/roughness/irrpd.pdf
Visteon
Time Based Example
cont
Time based analysis in MSC.Nastran

Requires the time vs value points of the function Each measurement of the ensemble will produce a different result Number of Nastran solutions = Number of measured test data records
Which one do you use?
Random functions have constant averages

Mean Autocorrelation
MSC.Nastran does not have a method to apply these

single average values in the time domain. Move to the analysis to the frequency domain
Random signal statistical properties change with frequency
The stationary and ergodic properties still hold
Visteon
Frequency Domain The time based equations for averages and correlation
have equivalents in the frequency domain.
Averages using multiple data points from each test Averages based on one test
Stationary and Ergodic properties are equivalent

Changing domains does not change the properties of the data One test can be used to represent all tests when
Stationary established Ergodic established
Need to define the frequency equivalents

We only need the autocorrelation for random
Visteon
Frequency Domain
cont
Simple Fourier conversions

Period functions can be represented in frequency using
u(t ) = A k cos 2k t + Bk sin 2k t

k =1
The work is finding the

A terms B terms values
Visteon
Frequency Domain
cont
Fourier example
A1 = 1 A2 = 2 A3 = 0 B1 = 0 B2 = 0 B3 = 3
1 = 1 2 = 4 3 = 10
Note that the components can be linearly added in any order. The linearity also extends to multiply and divide functions. This cannot be done in the time domain.
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
u(t ) = cos 2 (1)t u(t ) = 2 cos 2 ( 4)t
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
u(t ) = 3 sin 2 (10)t
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
u(t ) = cos 2 (1)t + 2 cos 2 ( 4)t + 3 sin 2 (10)t
Visteon
Frequency Domain
cont
Fourier example swap A and B values

A1 = 2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
B1 = 0 B2 = 0 B3 = 1
A2 = 3 A3 = 0
Entirely different shape
A1 = 1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
B1 = 0 B2 = 0 B3 = 3
A2 = 2 A3 = 0
Previous shape
Visteon
Frequency Domain
cont
Fourier Transform pair

Time to frequency
F( ) =
f (t )e 2 i t dt
Frequency to time
These general equations define how we can move in either direction from one domain to the other domain. General time based data usually requires a numerical technique.
f (t ) = F( )e 2 i t d
F() is typically performed using the FFT algorithms

Introduced in 1965 by Tukey and Cooley Embedded in data acquisition software Freely available pre-written routines
Visteon
Frequency Domain
function
1 T2 Ru ( ) = lim u j (t )u j (t )dt T T T 2
cont
Defining the Fourier Transform of the autocorrelation

The t in R(t, ) is dropped as only stationary ergodic functions are assumed.
S() is the symbol used for the autocorrelation function in

the frequency domain
S( ) = R( )e i t dt

Power Spectrum
The PSD of S()

PSD = S( ) 2
is
The symbol S() is typically used for Power Spectral Density in MSC documentation. The division by 2 is implied. Note that when 2 = 1.0 Hz the PSD and Power Spectrum are the same.
Visteon
Power Spectral Density
PSD example
0 .0 10 0 Left o r Drivers s id e PSD Rig ht o r Pas s eng er s id e PSD 0 .0 0 9 0
0.0100
Left o r Drivers s id e PSD Rig ht o r Pas s eng er s id e PSD
0.0090 0.0080 0.0070 (acceleration squared)/HZ 0.0060 0.0050 0.0040 0.0030 0.0020
0 .0 0 8 0
0 .0 0 70
(acceleration squared)/HZ
0 .0 0 6 0
0 .0 0 50
0 .0 0 4 0
0 .0 0 3 0
0 .0 0 2 0
0.0010
0 .0 0 10
0.0000
0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 0 .0 10 0 .0
1.0
10.0 (Frequency (HZ)
100.0
(Frequency (HZ)
The log scale magnifies detail
Visteon

PSD generation
A step by step procedure
cont
Given this random signal:

+g
0.0
The mean is assumed to be zero The loading is assumed to be acceleration expressed in gs
-g Time
A note on gs. This expression of acceleration is essentially unit-less. A g acceleration in the metric system is identical to a g acceleration in the English system.
Visteon
cont
Square the signal

This results in a non-zero mean Squaring removes negative sign
g2
Mean square
1 T2 Ru (t ) = lim g j (t )g j (t )dt T T T 2
Time
Visteon

Mean Square Value (RMS) is:
cont
It can be shown statistically that the Square Root of the

Equal to the standard deviation s of a Normal distribution One standard deviation s or the RMS value of the signal is the value that has a 68.3% chance of occurring 3 s gives a probability of 99.73% chance of occurring
2 =
(X )
i=1 i
RMS =
(X )
i =1 i
k 1 T2 Ru (t ) = lim g j (t )g j (t )dt T T T 2 1 T2 RMS = lim g j (t )g j (t )dt T T T 2
Previous equations
Visteon

signal as its RMS How is the signal further characterized?
cont
There is now a measure of the mean amplitude of the

Apply a filter to the original signal, to eliminate all frequencies above say, f1 Square the signal and find the Mean Square
g2
Mean square value below f1
Time
Visteon
Typical increments are 1 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 0.25 Hz
cont
Repeat the process decreasing the value of the frequency to f2, f3, f4, f5,
g2
Note how the mean square decreases as the frequency cutoff decreases, eliminating more and more of the frequency content
Mean square value below f4 g2
Time Visteon October 2004, Page 1-34
cont
It is now possible to plot the variation of Mean Square with fi

Total Mean square value
Mean square value g2
decreasing frequency content . . . . . .f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 Frequency
This type of plot is called the Cumulative Mean Square (CMS) plot, or if the root terms are taken then it is the CRMS plot It shows the frequency content of the random signal In this case, for example, the MS value jumps considerably between f3 and f2
Visteon
Now take the gradient of the Mean Square plot
cont
g2/Hz
. . . . . .f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 Frequency Hz
This type of plot is called the Power Spectral Density (PSD)

Visteon
It shows the frequency content of the random signal, more directly than the CMRS Again the g2/Hz value jumps considerably between f3 and f2 The area under the curve is the RMS
cont
A prime contractor will typically take many random input loadings and look at the response at a key point in a structure using a set of response PSDs
g2/Hz
g2/Hz
Frequency Hz
Frequency Hz
Enveloping this set will produce a Power Spectral Density (PSD) specification (this is not the applied PSD) The final envelope will depend on many factors It will be a balance between safety and cost Effect of notching is important
Visteon
Random Analysis in MSC.Nastran MSC.Nastran does not calculate the PSD

The user supplies the load PSD
Provided by the vendor
NASTRAN calculates the transfer functions

Model built by the supplier Loads applied by the supplier
NASTRAN performs the random calculation using the PSD data and the transfer function
Post processing function in the RANDOM dmap module Or in the MSC.Random option in PATRAN
Visteon
Random Analysis in MSC.Nastran - cont
Frequency response:
uj() or DISP=100
Fa ( ) = SUBCASEa DLOAD H ja ( ) = Transfer function u j ( ) = Response at point j
u j ( ) = H ja ( ) Fa ( )
Fa() or RLOAD1 The transfer function can be viewed as the NASTRAN mass, damping and stiffness matrices response due to applied loads Visteon October 2004, Page 1-39
Fa() or RLOAD1
Multiple loads or SUBCASE in Frequency Response
Fa ( ),Fb ( ),Fc ( )........ = Individual SUBCASE DLOADs u j ( ) = Re sponse at po int j
u j ( ) = H ja ( ) Fa ( ) + H jb ( ) Fb ( ) + H jc ( ) Fc ( )........
H ja ( ),H jb ( ),H jc ( )........ = Individual transfer functions

Matrix format of the above
u j ( ) = H ja H jb H jc
Fa F ...... b Fc ......
Visteon
Recall the autocorrelation function and the associated fourier transform
S j ( ) = (u j ( ))
S j ( ) = R(0 )e
2
i t
dt = u j (t )u j (t )e i t dt

For and individual load and response
u j ( ) = H ja ( ) Fa ( )
S j ( ) = (H ja ( ) Fa ( ))
Visteon
For multiple loads contributing to the same response
H*ja Fa * F H jb T b * * * S j ( ) = H ja H jb H jc ...... Fa Fb Fc ...... * Fc H jb ...... ...... Fi* ,H*ji = Complex conjugate
In analysis practice the load PSD spectrum is supplied
Sab ( ) = FaT ( )Fb* ( )
Sbb ( ) = FbT ( )Fb* ( )
Saa ( ) = FaT ( )Fa* ( )
In typical automotive NVH analysis the spectrums are derived from the road surface profiles. Thus they are in displacement units Cross PSD
Visteon
Substitute the supplied spectrums:

S j ( ) = H ja H jb H jc
Saa S T ...... ba Sca ...
Sab Sbb Scb ...
Sac Sbc Scc ...
... H*ja ... H*jb ... H*jb ... ......
All that is required is:

Determine the transfer functions Hjk
This is the point were users typically get lost in random analysis with MSC.Nastran. Note that if a unit load is applied then: H=U/(Unit Load)
Visteon
Random process summary

Frequency Response
FR Output
Note unit load 1.
FR Input
10.
H jk
Frequency
Frequency
Scalar operation
Random Response
2
5.8
S jj
10.
FR Output
580.
H jk
Frequency
S j ( )
Frequency
Frequency
Visteon
General comments
Remember Sii units are squared Calculation is done on a per Hz basis
This is one of the properties of frequency domain calculations The calculation is performed as a post process step
Sometimes the PSD input and PSD response criteria envelope are supplied
Do not mix these two PSD data Do not confuse this with shock spectrums
Note an autospectrum generated on a 1.0 Hz basis is also the PSD

The PSD is a measure of density - division by 1.0 Hz results in same curve
Most test software is capable of generating a PSD from measured data

Typically automotive testing results are acceleration
Visteon
Random Analysis - Units Units most common user question Supplied PSD units
Always (something)2/Hz May not match model units Typically displacement or acceleration based
Velocity based is rare in automotive
Model units
Scaling on the loading to generate the H can be done to match the supplied PSD units Scaling can also be done on the supplied PSD via the RANDPS
Output units
Will be controlled by (but not limited by)
Supplied PSD Specifications User conversions
Random Analysis - Units - cont
Supplied PSD
Acceleration is common in aerospace Automotive can be displacement (road input) or acceleration
The g unit is common for acceleration

This is a unitless format Not tied to any system (metric, english or any variation) Example:
Acceleration 300 in/s2 300 in/s2 300 in/s2

Visteon
Conversion 386.4 in/ s2 * 2.54 cm/in * 25.4 mm/in
Conversion
Gs .776
980.1 cm/ s2 9801. cm/ s2
.776 .776
Road input PSD (process method depends on OEM)

Road profile is now typically measured with a laserprofilemeter Not a true random profile however duplication of a measurement is impossible. The random assumption is good. Units tend to be mm2/Hz (older measurements maybe cm2/Hz)
Aerospace and Defense typically use acceleration input

Test based accelerometer measurements
Automotive non-road input typically use acceleration input

Test based accelerometer measurements
Test chambers Road course
Examples
Frame mounts Seat track Steering column
Visteon
Unit examples:
Sii Disp PSD H - Response Model mm Load: 1.0 displacement PSDF (H) is done on a per Hz basis PSDF - converted
mm /Hz mm /Hz
2 2
Disp mm/Hz Vel - mm/s/Hz
(mm) /Hz (mm/s) /Hz
NA NA Gs
mm /Hz
Acc mm/s /Hz
(mm/s ) /Hz
2 2
(mm/s )
2 2
(1/9801)
/Hz
or G /Hz mm /Hz
Stress N/mm/Hz
(N/mm) /Hz
NA
Visteon
Unit examples:
Sii Disp PSD H - Response Model cm Load: 0.1 displacement PSDF (H) is done on a per Hz basis PSDF - converted
mm /Hz mm /Hz
2 2
Disp mm/Hz Vel - mm/s/Hz
(mm) /Hz (mm/s) /Hz
NA NA Gs
mm /Hz
Acc mm/s /Hz
(mm/s ) /Hz
2 2
(mm/s )
2 2
(1/9801)
/Hz
or G /Hz mm /Hz
Stress N/mm/Hz
(N/mm) /Hz
NA
Visteon
Unit examples:
Sii Disp PSD H - Response Model mm Load: 10.0 displacement PSDF (H) is done on a per Hz basis PSDF - converted
cm /Hz cm /Hz
2 2
Disp cm/Hz Vel - cm/s/Hz
(cm) /Hz (cm/s) /Hz
NA NA Gs
cm /Hz
Acc cm/s /Hz
(cm/s ) /Hz
2 2
(cm/s )
2 2 2
(1/980.1)
/Hz
or G /Hz cm /Hz
Stress N/cm/Hz
(N/cm) /Hz
NA
Visteon
Unit examples:
Sii Accel PSD H - Response Model - mm Load: 1 G acceleration PSDF (H) is done on a per Hz basis PSDF - converted
G /Hz G /Hz G /Hz G /Hz
2 2 2 2
Disp mm/Hz Vel mm/s/Hz
(mm) /Hz (mm/s) /Hz (mm/s ) /Hz (N/mm) /Hz
NA NA (mm/s ) (1/9801) or G /Hz
Acc mm/s
2 2 2
2 2
/Hz
Stress N/mm/Hz
NA
Visteon
Unit examples:
Sii Accel PSD H - Response Model - mm Load: 1 mm/s acceleration PSDF (H) is done on a per Hz basis PSDF - converted
G /Hz
Disp G - mm/Hz
(G)
(mm) /Hz
(G)
(mm)
(9801)
/Hz
or (mm) /Hz G /Hz
Vel G - mm/s/Hz
(G)
(mm/s) /Hz (G)
(G)
(mm/s)
(9801)
/Hz
or (mm/s) /Hz
(mm/s )
2 2
(9801)
/Hz
G /Hz
Acc G - mm/s
(G)
(mm/s ) /Hz
2 2
or (mm/s ) /Hz alternative (G)
2 2
(mm/s )
2 2
(1/9801)
/Hz
or (G ) /Hz
2 2
G /Hz
Stress G - N/mm/Hz
(G)
(N/mm) /Hz
(G)
(N/mm)
(9801)
/Hz
or (N/mm) /Hz
Visteon
Random Problem Setup in MSC.Nastran Executive Control Section

SOL (required)
Direct Modal Structured Solution 108 111
Only performed in frequency response Optimization SOL 200

DFREQ and MFREQ via the ANALYSIS entry in CASE CONTROL Also supports multiple RANDOM entries in CASE CONTROL
Visteon
Random Problem Setup - cont
Case Control Section

RANDOM select the Bulk Data RANDPS and RANDT1 entries RCROSS Cross PSD and Cross correlation requests (V2004) on Bulk Data RCROSS entries DISP/VEL/ACCEL/STRESS/STRAIN/SPCFORCES/MPCFORCES/ OLOAD
PSDF ATOC Autocorrelation CRMS RALL PSDF, ATOC, CRMS
V2004 only supplies binary information and does not honor the RPRINT/RPUNCH options. V2005 does honor RPRINT/RPUNCH. Note =ALL option is not recommended
XY requests (original request format)

PSDF AUTO
Visteon
Case Control Section - cont

RANDOM and RCROSS work as a pair Multiple RANDOM requests can be done with an alter Any output request with PSDF, ATOC, CRMS or RALL must appear above all subcases PSDF, ATOC, CRMS or RALL work on all output of the grid/element
No method to subselect a DOF or single element component at Case Control level
Visteon
Bulk Data Section

RANDPS select the Bulk Data TABRND and supply optional scaling factors TABRND1 Table of PSD values: (something)2, Hz entries RANDT1 Time lag for autocorrelation calculation
AUTO on XY request
RCROSS
Cross correlation and Cross PSD are calculated
Visteon
BULK DATA Entries - Details All read by IFP and checked for errors Stored in the datablock named DYNAMICS Only used when referenced by a CASE CONTROL entry Entries covered
RANDPS TABRND1 RCROSS
Visteon
RANDPS
J and K SUBCASE numbers for the Hjk KJ X and Y Scale factors for the PSD values (X for real, Y for imaginary) TID TABRND1 table entry of the PSD vs frequency
Visteon
RANDPS - cont
KJ
Why?
Example: Two loads with a cross PSD spectrum
RANDOM = 20 $ SUBCASE 100 LABEL = Right side input DLOAD = 1023 $ SUBCASE 100 LABEL = Left side input DLOAD = 2023 BEGIN BULK RANDPS, 20,100, 100, 1.0, RANDPS, 20,200, 200, 1.0, $ RANDPS, 20,200, 100, 1.0, RANDPS, 20,200, 100, 0.0,
2 2
The assumption is Sab=Sba. Thus internally Nastran only needs Sab or Sba. As a convience for the user and efficiency it was chosen that only Sba need be defined. Note that Sab is complex and requires the real and imaginary PSD information, thus TWO RANDPS entries.
, 25 , 35 0.0 , 145 1.0 , 146
S( ) = S 25 (H100,100 ) + S35 (H200,200 ) + 2(S145,146H100,100H200,200 )
Visteon
TABRND1
F1 frequency g1 PSD value (real or imaginary) Two points minimum to define the curve XAXIS and YAXIS LINEAR is the default, either or both can be LOG Extrapolation Do not allow negative values for PSD to be generated
Visteon
TABRND1 - cont
Example:
TABRND1, 25, , , , , , , , , 1.0, 1.0, 1000.0, 1.0, ENDT TABRND1, 35, , , , , , , , , 1.0, 1.0, 1000.0, 1.0, ENDT TABRND1, 145, , , , , , , , , 1.0, 1.0, 1000.0, 1.0, ENDT TABRND1, 146, , , , , , , , , 1.0, 1.0, 1000.0, 1.0, ENDT
This is building up to be part of the demonstration problem. A PSD magnitude of 1.0 is assumed to allow simple hand calculation verifications.
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RCROSS
RTYPE is the H
DISP/VEL/ACCEL/STRESS/STRAIN/SPCFORCES/MPCFORCES/ OLOAD
No restriction on what can be cross computed ID selects element or grid component Element components defined in QRG section 6 Used for Cross Correlation and Cross PSDF
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RCROSS - cont
Example:
RCROSS, 888, DISP, 6, 2, DISP, 6, 2 RCROSS, 888, DISP, 11, 2, DISP, 11, 2 RCROSS, 888, DISP, 11, 2, DISP, 6, 2 Or RCROSS RCROSS RCROSS RCROSS RCROSS RCROSS 100 100 100 100 100 100 FORCE STRESS FORCE STRESS SPCF FORCE 202 201 9902 9901 3305 202 167 16 6 7 3 167 FORCE STRESS STRESS FORCE DISP SPCF 3302 3301 9901 9902 3306 3305 6 7 7 6 3 3 1330202 2330102 2990106 2990108 4641306 4641308 Note that there are no entries that allow entry of SUBCASE ID. This has a direct limitation on the cross correlation computations (not the cross PSD computations.)
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RCROSS - cont
Equations (V2004 Release Guide):

Cross correlation in time domain
Time and frequency domain relations
Cross PSD spectrum calculation
The Cross PSD includes all SUBCASES (j and k) identified on the RANDPS entry. The b and a values are the response quantities
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CASE CONTROL Entries - Details All read by IFP and checked for errors Stored in the datablock named CASECC Entries covered (note the names are the same as BULK DATA)
RANDOM RCROSS
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RANDOM Selects one set of RANDPS

Must be above all SUBCASEs H from each SUBCASE is used according to the RANDPS descriptions in the BULK DATA
Random calculations are a post process event in the

RANDOM module
Fluid/structure participations performed by this module
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RCROSS
CORF
Selects one set of RCROSS BULK DATA entries

Must be above all SUBCASEs Uses the PSD responses from the RANDOM selection
PSDF selects the cross PSD spectrum calculation CORF selects the cross spectrum calculation RALL selects PSDF and CORF
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Random Response Output

Output request history
V70.5 XY output requests in plot section only method for obtaining random results V2001 New options appear on the acce, disp, velocity, force, oload, spcf, mpcf, stress, and strain requests
V2001 only binary output produced by added options

QRG did not mention this limitation Binary datablocks intended for MSC.Fatigue
V2004 upwards printed/punched output available
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Random Response Output
- cont

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PSDF Power Spectral Density Function

Every DOF of a grid are processed = ALL will produce very large files, binary and ASCII
ATOC AuTO Correlation

H2 of the function This is not RCROSS output between two different H
CRMS Cumulative Root Mean Square
Random Response Output (cont.)

Format for Disp (cont.): where PSDFrequest output for auto power spectral density function ATOCrequest output for auto correlation function CRMSrequest output for cumulative root mean square RALLrequest output for psdf, atoc, and crms RPRINTrequest printed output in the f06 file RPUNCHrequest punch output NORPRINTnone of the above output Log-Log option available when computing RMS, N0, and CRMS
Param,rmsint,log-log
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HOW DO WE USE RANDOM RESULTS?
RMS values
Area under XY curve if plotting PSD Plot as contours for stress etc. Factored by 3 to give 3 probability of exceedance RMS gives mean stress for fatigue
PSD Plot
Shows response compared to input PSD Important frequencies are seen
Number of positive crossings

A statistical calculation predicts how many zero crossings will occur per unit time of response This is also known as apparent frequency and gives cycle count for fatigue
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Cumulative RMS plot

Shows which frequencies contribute the most
HOW DO WE USE RANDOM RESULTS? (Cont.)

Autocorrelation plots
Gives an indication of the degree of randomness of a response The signal is multiplied by itself with different phase shifts If a signal is non-random (sine function, square wave etc.) then a broad correlation is seen If a signal is highly random then the autocorrelation output is very peaky
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Random Response Analysis

Example:
The following simplified car model is subjected to random loadings that are fully correlated at the front and back wheels
Output request:
The auto psdf disp, RMS, CRMS, N0 at grid points 1,2, and 5 The cross psdf displacement output between grid 1 (t2 ) and grid 2 (t2)
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Random Response Analysis (cont.) Example (cont):

SOL 108 $ CEND TITLE = SIMPLE CAR WITH RANDOM INPUT SPC = 100 FREQUENCY = 1000 set 50 = 1,2,5 disp(phase,psdf,crms) = 50 rcross(phase,psdf) = 100 $ random = 1000 SUBCASE 1 DLOAD = 111 SUBCASE 2 DLOAD = 112 $ output (xyplot) xtitle = frequency (hz) ytitle = disp psd at grid pt 5 xypunch disp psdf /5(t2) $ BEGIN BULK $ $ 2 3 RCROSS 100 DISP $ FREQ1 1000 0.1 $ $ DEFINE THE INPUT PSD $ 2 3 RANDPS 1000 1 RANDPS 1000 2 RANDPS 1000 1 RANDPS 1000 1 TABRND1 145 .1 .1 $ . . ENDDATA 4 1 .05 5 2 40 6 DISP 7 2 8 2 9 10
4 1 2 2 2 5.
5 1. 1. 1. 0. 1.
6 0. 0. 0. 1. 10.
7 145 145 146 147 .05
10
ENDT
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Random Response Analysis (cont.) Example (cont):
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Random Response Analysis (cont.) EXAMPLE(cont.):
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EXAMPLE(cont.):
Random Response Analysis (cont.)
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Random Analysis Recommendations

Most spectra are given as a log function.
Use the log features on the TABRND1 entry if PSD is given in log scale. Always generate the output PSD at the input location if possible. Plot the output PSD. Do not use the summary output blindly. Use several frequencies in the vicinity of each mode. For the modal method, a combination of FREQ1 (or FREQ2) and FREQ4 usually works best. For low frequencies (<20 Hz), use many frequencies since the displacement spectra is changing rapidly for a constant input acceleration.
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Problem #10
Random Response With Single Input
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Problem #10 - Random Response With Single Input

For the plate model below, apply a base motion in the zdirection using the following power spectral density, (PSD).
55 9999 33
Autospectra of the Base Excitation Frequency (Hz) G2/Hz 20 0.1 30 1 100 1 500 0.1 1000 0.1
Connect the left edge with an RBE2 to grid point 9999 and
apply the enforced motion at grid point 9999 Use modal solution
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Problem #10 - Random Response With Single Input (Cont.)

Assume a constant critical damping ratio of 3% across the
whole frequency range.
Use a log-log input for the PSD. Determine the acceleration PSD response at the drive Request output in both print and xyplot format
point (grid point 9999) and at the corner and center of the free edge (grid points 33 and 55)
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Solution File for Problem # 10

ID SEMINAR, PROB10 SOL 111 CEND TITLE= RANDOM ANALYSIS - BASE EXCITATION SUBTITLE= USING THE MODAL METHOD WITH LANCZOS ECHO= UNSORTED SPC= 101 SET 111= 33, 55, 9999 ACCELERATION (rall, PHASE)= 111 METHOD= 100 FREQUENCY= 100 SDAMPING= 100 RANDOM= 100 DLOAD= 100 $ OUTPUT(XYPLOT) XTGRID= YES YTGRID= YES XBGRID= YES YBGRID= YES YTLOG= YES XTITLE= FREQUENCY YTTITLE= ACCEL RESPONSE BASE, MAGNITUDE YBTITLE= ACCEL RESPONSE AT BASE, PHASE XYPLOT ACCEL RESPONSE / 9999 (T3RM, T3IP) YTTITLE= ACCEL RESPONSE AT TIP CENTER, MAGNITUDE YBTITLE= ACCEL RESPONSE AT TIP CENTER, PHASE XYPLOT ACCEL RESPONSE / 33 (T3RM, T3IP) YTTITLE= ACCEL RESPONSE AT OPPOSITE CORNER, MAGNITUDE YBTITLE= ACCEL RESPONSE AT OPPOSETE CORNER, PHASE XYPLOT ACCEL RESPONSE / 55 (T3RM, T3IP) $ $ PLOT OUTPUT IS ONLY MEANS OF VIEWING PSD DATA $ XGRID= YES YGRID= YES XLOG= YES YLOG= YES YTITLE= ACCEL P S D AT LOADED CORNER XYPLOT ACCEL PSDF / 9999(T3) YTITLE= ACCEL P S D AT TIP CENTER XYPLOT ACCEL PSDF / 33(T3) YTITLE= ACCEL P S D AT OPPOSITE CORNER XYPLOT ACCEL PSDF / 55(T3)
BEGIN BULK PARAM,COUPMASS,1 PARAM,WTMASS,0.00259 $ INCLUDE 'plate.bdf' $ GRID, 9999, , 0., 1., 0. $ RBE2, 101, 9999, 12345, 1, 12, 23, 34, 45 $ SPC1, 101, 12456, 9999 $ $ EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION PARAMETERS $ EIGRL, 100 , , 2000. $ $ SPECIFY MODAL DAMPING $ TABDMP1, 100, CRIT, +, 0., .03, 10., .03, ENDT $ $ POINT LOADING AT TIP CENTER $ RLOAD2, 100, 600, , , 310,,A spcd,600,9999,3,1.0 spc1,101,3,9999 $ TABLED1, 310, +, 10., 1., 1000., 1., ENDT $ $ SPECIFY FREQUENCY STEPS $ FREQ,100,30. FREQ1,100,20.,20.,50 FREQ4,100,20.,1000.,.03,5 $ $ SPECIFY SPECTRAL DENSITY $ RANDPS, 100, 1, 1, 1., 0., 111 $ TABRND1, 111,LOG,LOG +, 20., 0.1, 30., 1., 100., 1., 500., .1, +, 1000., .1, ENDT $ ENDDATA
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Partial Output File For Problem #10

POINT-ID = 33 A C C E L E R A T I O N V E C T O R ( POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY FUNCTION ) FREQUENCY 2.000000E+01 3.000000E+01 4.000000E+01 6.000000E+01 TYPE G G G G T1 5.221806E-23 2.803730E-21 9.650047E-21 6.368169E-20 T2 1.118822E-23 6.009700E-22 2.069631E-21 1.367993E-20 T3 1.072273E-01 1.171296E+00 1.328467E+00 1.937050E+00 R1 6.943391E-21 3.727297E-19 1.282579E-18 8.458521E-18 R2 9.165858E-06 4.929606E-04 1.700663E-03 1.129787E-02 R3 2.328869E-25 1.259152E-23 4.376034E-23 2.968235E-22
A C C E L E R A T I O N V E C T O R ( ROOT MEAN SQUARE ) POINT ID. 33 55 9999 TYPE G G G T1 6.151087E-08 6.573950E-08 0.0 T2 3.206081E-08 2.352577E-08 0.0 T3 9.228085E+01 9.166653E+01 1.561982E+01 R1 6.807472E-07 1.969690E+00 0.0 R2 4.589051E+01 4.610466E+01 0.0 R3 1.779829E-08 1.348254E-08 0.0
A C C E L E R A T I O N V E C T O R ( NUMBER OF ZERO CROSSINGS ) POINT ID. 33 55 9999 TYPE G G G T1 4.218313E+02 5.441308E+02 0.0 T2 5.318538E+02 5.499335E+02 0.0 T3 3.924332E+02 3.846914E+02 3.991722E+02 R1 3.697856E+02 8.502590E+02 0.0 R2 7.319446E+02 7.328255E+02 0.0 R3 8.260611E+02 8.169711E+02 0.0
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XYPLOT Output for Problem 10

0 SUBCASE ID 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 CURVE FRAME TYPE NO. ACCE 1 ACCE ACCE ACCE ACCE ACCE 1 2 2 3 3 X Y - O U T P U T S U M M A R Y ( R E S P O N S E ) CURVE ID./ XMIN-FRAME/ XMAX-FRAME/ YMIN-FRAME/ PANEL : GRID ID ALL DATA ALL DATA ALL DATA 9999( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 9.999999E-01 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 9.999999E-01 9999(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 0.000000E+00 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 0.000000E+00 33( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.008510E+00 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.008510E+00 33(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.044886E+01 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.044886E+01 55( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.000853E+00 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.000853E+00 55(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 1.020000E+03 1.055883E+01 X FOR YMIN 1.316838E+02 1.316838E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 3.800000E+02 3.800000E+02 1.020000E+03 1.020000E+03 3.800000E+02 3.800000E+02 1.020000E+03 YMAX-FRAME/ ALL DATA 1.000000E+00 1.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 2.621251E+01 2.621251E+01 3.599818E+02 3.599818E+02 2.617639E+01 2.617639E+01 3.599818E+02 X FOR YMAX 1.000000E+02 1.000000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.336891E+02 1.336891E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.336891E+02 1.336891E+02 2.000000E+01
0 PLOT CURVE FRAME TYPE TYPE NO. 0 PSDF ACCE 4 0 PSDF ACCE 5 0 PSDF ACCE 6
X Y - O U T P U T S U M M A R Y ( A U T O O R P S D F ) CURVE ID./ RMS NO. POSITIVE XMIN FOR XMAX FOR YMIN FOR PANEL : GRID ID VALUE CROSSINGS ALL DATA ALL DATA ALL DATA 9999( 33( 55( 5) 5) 5) 1.561982E+01 9.228085E+01 9.166653E+01 3.991722E+02 3.924332E+02 3.846914E+02 2.000E+01 2.000E+01 2.000E+01 1.020E+03 1.020E+03 1.020E+03 1.000E-01 1.072E-01 1.072E-01
X FOR YMIN 6.689E+02 2.000E+01 2.000E+01
YMAX FOR ALL DATA 1.000E+00 4.535E+02 4.523E+02
X FOR* YMAX 1.000E+02 1.337E+02 1.337E+02
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Output File For Problem #10 (Cont.)
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Problem #11
Random Response With Multiple Inputs
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Problem #11 - Random Response With Multiple Inputs

Using the modal method, determine the displacement response spectrum of the tip center point due to the input spectrum of the pressure and point loads listed below. Use the complex matrix representation (SAB) for the cross spectrum.
Autospectra of Pressure Load Frequency (Hz) psi/Hz 20 0.1 30 1 100 1 500 0.1 1000 0.1 Auto Spectra of Corner Load Frequency (Hz) lb/Hz 20 0.5 30 2.5 500 2.5 1000 0
Cross-Spectrum of Pressure and Corner Loads Real/Imaginary Frequency (Hz) Real Part Imaginary Part 20 -0.099619 0.007816 100 -0.498097 0.043579 500 0.070711 -0.070711 1000 0 0
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Problem #11 - Random Response With Multiple Inputs

Request Auto psdf and CRMS displacement output at grid points 11, 33, and 55 Request cross spectrum displacement output between grid point 11 direction 3 and grid point 55 direction 3
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Solution File for Problem 11

$ $ soln11.dat $ ID SEMINAR, PROB11 SOL 111 CEND TITLE= FREQUENCY RESPONSE WITH PRESSURE AND POINT LOADS SUBTITLE= USING THE MODAL METHOD WITH LANCZOS ECHO= UNSORTED SPC= 1 SET 111= 11, 33, 55 DISPLACEMENT(PLOT, PHASE)= 111 ACCELERATION(PLOT,PHASE) = 111 METHOD= 100 FREQUENCY= 100 SDAMPING= 100 RANDOM= 100 DISP(PSDF,CRMS,PHASE)=111 RCROSS(PSDF,PHASE)=1000 SUBCASE 1 LABEL= PRESSURE LOAD DLOAD= 100 SUBCASE 2 LABEL = CORNER LOAD DLOAD= 200 $ $ OUTPUT (XYPLOT) $ XTGRID= YES YTGRID= YES XBGRID= YES YBGRID= YES YTLOG= YES YBLOG= NO XTITLE= FREQUENCY (HZ) YTTITLE= DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE AT LOADED CORNER, MAGNITUDE YBTITLE= DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE AT LOADED CORNER, PHASE XYPLOT DISP RESPONSE / 11 (T3RM, T3IP) YTTITLE= DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE AT TIP CENTER, MAGNITUDE YBTITLE= DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE AT TIP CENTER, PHASE XYPLOT DISP RESPONSE / 33 (T3RM, T3IP) YTTITLE= DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE AT OPPOSITE CORNER, MAGNITUDE YBTITLE= DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE AT OPPOSITE CORNER, PHASE XYPLOT DISP RESPONSE / 55 (T3RM, T3IP) $ $ PLOT OUTPUT IS ONLY MEANS OF VIEWING PSD DATA $ XGRID= YES YGRID= YES XLOG= YES YLOG= YES YTITLE= DISP P S D AT LOADED CORNER XYPLOT DISP PSDF / 11(T3) YTITLE= DISP P S D AT TIP CENTER XYPLOT DISP PSDF / 33(T3) YTITLE= DISP P S D AT OPPOSITE CORNER XYPLOT DISP PSDF / 55(T3)
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Solution for Problem 11 (cont.)

$ BEGIN BULK PARAM,COUPMASS,1 PARAM,WTMASS,0.00259 $ $ MODEL DESCRIBED IN NORMAL MODES EXAMPLE $ INCLUDE 'plate.bdf' $ $ EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION PARAMETERS $ EIGRL, 100, 10., 2000. $ $ SPECIFY MODAL DAMPING $ TABDMP1, 100, CRIT, +, 0., .03, 10., .03, ENDT $ $ FIRST LOADING $ RLOAD2, 100, 400, , , 310 $ TABLED1, 310, +, 10., 1., 1000., 1., ENDT $ $ UNIT PRESSURE LOAD TO PLATE $ PLOAD2, 400, 1., 1, THRU, 40 $ $ SECOND LOADING $ RLOAD2, 200, 600, , , 310 $ $ POINT LOAD AT TIP CENTER $ FORCE,600,11,,1.,0.,0.,1.
$ $ SPECIFY FREQUENCY STEPS $ FREQ1, 100, 20., 20., 49 $ RCROSS,1000,DISP,11,3,DISP,55,3 $ $ SPECIFY SPECTRAL DENSITY $ RANDPS, 100, 1, 1, 1., 0., 100 RANDPS, 100, 2, 2, 1., 0., 200 RANDPS, 100, 1, 2, 1., 0., 300 RANDPS, 100, 1, 2, 0., 1., 400 $ TABRND1, 100, +, 20., 0.1, 30., 1., 100., 1., 500., .1, +, 1000., .1, ENDT $ TABRND1, 200, +, 20., 0.5, 30., 2.5, 500., 2.5, 1000., 0., +, ENDT $ TABRND1, 300, +, 20., -.099619, 100., -.498097, 500., .070711, 1000., 0., +, ENDT $ TABRND1, 400, +, 20., .0078158, 100., .0435791, 500., -.70711, 1000., 0., +, ENDT $ ENDDATA
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Partial Output for Problem 11

X Y - O U T P U T S U M M A R Y ( R E S P O N S E ) 0 SUBCASE CURVE FRAME CURVE ID./ XMIN-FRAME/ ID TYPE NO. PANEL : GRID ID ALL DATA 0 1 DISP 1 11( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 1 DISP 1 11(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 2 DISP 2 11( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 2 DISP 2 11(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 1 DISP 3 33( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 1 DISP 3 33(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 2 DISP 4 33( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 2 DISP 4 33(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 1 DISP 5 55( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 1 DISP 5 55(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 2 DISP 6 55( 5,--) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 0 2 DISP 6 55(--, 11) 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 XMAX-FRAME/ ALL DATA 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 YMIN-FRAME/ ALL DATA 5.214993E-04 5.214993E-04 1.937994E+01 1.937994E+01 7.341043E-05 7.341043E-05 1.841973E+02 1.841973E+02 5.543213E-04 5.543213E-04 1.875292E+01 1.875292E+01 4.009693E-05 4.009693E-05 1.822676E+02 1.822676E+02 5.213259E-04 5.213259E-04 1.938930E+01 1.938930E+01 2.097658E-04 2.097658E-04 7.973937E+00 7.973937E+00 X FOR YMIN 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 3.800000E+02 3.800000E+02 2.400000E+02 2.400000E+02 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 6.000000E+02 6.000000E+02 3.400000E+02 3.400000E+02 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 1.000000E+03 7.599999E+02 7.599999E+02 YMAX-FRAME/ ALL DATA 2.645494E-01 2.645494E-01 3.594682E+02 3.594682E+02 6.694620E-02 6.694620E-02 3.595171E+02 3.595171E+02 2.649228E-01 2.649228E-01 3.594681E+02 3.594681E+02 6.759480E-02 6.759480E-02 3.594853E+02 3.594853E+02 2.645494E-01 2.645494E-01 3.594682E+02 3.594682E+02 6.799091E-02 6.799091E-02 3.594539E+02 3.594539E+02 X FOR YMAX 1.400000E+02 1.400000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.400000E+02 1.400000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.400000E+02 1.400000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.400000E+02 1.400000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.400000E+02 1.400000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01 1.400000E+02 1.400000E+02 2.000000E+01 2.000000E+01
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POINT-ID = 11 D I S P L A C E M E N T V E C T O R ( POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY FUNCTION ) FREQUENCY 2.000000E+01 4.000000E+01 6.000000E+01 8.000000E+01 TYPE G G G G T1 4.512084E-26 6.754179E-25 8.361596E-25 1.228085E-24 T2 3.431557E-26 5.141231E-25 6.367668E-25 9.360593E-25 T3 7.947328E-05 1.189875E-03 1.465137E-03 2.142037E-03 R1 2.155795E-07 1.059814E-06 1.070977E-06 1.086197E-06 R2 6.016012E-06 8.969509E-05 1.104442E-04 1.618793E-04 R3 9.237305E-27 1.384773E-25 1.718074E-25 2.531292E-25
D I S P L A C E M E N T V E C T O R ( ROOT MEAN SQUARE ) POINT ID. 11 33 55 1 0 D I S P L A C E M E N T V E C T O R ( NUMBER OF ZERO CROSSINGS ) POINT ID. 11 33 55 1 0 POINT-ID = 11 D I S P L A C E M E N T V E C T O R ( CUMULATIVE ROOT MEAN SQUARE ) FREQUENCY 2.000000E+01 4.000000E+01 6.000000E+01 8.000000E+01 1.000000E+02 1.200000E+02 TYPE G G G G G G T1 0.0 2.684285E-12 4.724528E-12 6.554663E-12 8.933030E-12 1.479724E-11 T2 0.0 2.341877E-12 4.122291E-12 5.720275E-12 7.798986E-12 1.293186E-11 T3 0.0 1.126653E-01 1.981000E-01 2.744364E-01 3.734311E-01 6.180981E-01 R1 0.0 3.571265E-03 5.836252E-03 7.458793E-03 8.809524E-03 1.001494E-02 R2 0.0 3.093721E-02 5.439213E-02 7.537731E-02 1.027079E-01 1.708698E-01 R3 0.0 1.215379E-12 2.140092E-12 2.971424E-12 4.054959E-12 6.735584E-12 TYPE G G G T1 1.357285E+02 1.366455E+02 1.369874E+02 T2 1.362113E+02 1.368244E+02 1.370939E+02 T3 1.401700E+02 1.360215E+02 1.432664E+02 R1 6.491689E+02 6.552164E+02 6.581000E+02 MARCH R2 R3 1.503498E+02 1.396969E+02 1.492609E+02 1.551286E+02 1.498830E+02 1.406236E+02 5, 2004 MSC.NASTRAN 9/23/03 TYPE G G G T1 3.290778E-11 4.093889E-11 3.929579E-11 T2 2.880917E-11 1.891101E-11 1.378596E-11 T3 1.376854E+00 1.377021E+00 1.378706E+00 R1 8.629129E-02 8.664111E-02 8.410326E-02 MARCH R2 R3 3.851210E-01 1.505975E-11 3.844410E-01 3.661771E-12 3.849473E-01 3.210349E-12 5, 2004 MSC.NASTRAN 9/23/03
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RANDOM 100
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RANDOM 100
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FREQUENCY RESPONSE WITH PRESSURE USING THE MODAL METHOD WITH 0 PRESSURE LOAD SEQUENTIAL CURVE-ID = C O M P L E 0 0 RCROSS 1000 FREQUENCY 2.000000E+01 6.000000E+01 1.000000E+02 1.400000E+02 1.800000E+02 2.200000E+02 2.600000E+02 3.000000E+02 3.400000E+02 3.800000E+02 4.200000E+02 4.600000E+02 5.000000E+02 5.400000E+02 5.800000E+02 6.200000E+02 6.600000E+02 6.999999E+02 7.400000E+02 7.800000E+02 8.200000E+02 8.600000E+02 8.999999E+02 9.400000E+02 9.799999E+02 RTYPE1 DISP AND POINT LOADS LANCZOS 1 X MARCH 5, 2004 MSC.NASTRAN 9/23/03 PAGE 52 RANDOM 100 C R O S S - P O W E R S P E C T R A L (MAGNITUDE/PHASE) ID1 COMP1 RTYPE2 11 3 DISP D E N S I T Y ID2 55 F U N C T I O N COMP2 3 CURID 0
CPSDF 7.782711E-05 / 359.7912 1.446440E-03 / 359.9715 4.256193E-03 / 359.9659 5.931298E-02 / 0.0270 1.110766E-03 / 359.8067 2.361837E-04 / 359.0721 8.205518E-05 / 357.4377 3.515652E-05 / 354.1868 1.670592E-05 / 347.8049 8.387206E-06 / 334.7123 4.722277E-06 / 307.6403 4.034619E-06 / 269.2190 5.106795E-06 / 242.7013 5.879031E-06 / 229.9111 7.941909E-06 / 217.8872 1.407104E-05 / 205.9172 4.367881E-05 / 193.5947 7.964316E-05 / 180.8491 1.057218E-05 / 167.3723 1.351510E-06 / 138.3461 5.536478E-06 / 343.4609 6.950111E-06 / 334.6017 1.156801E-06 / 332.4832 2.648299E-07 / 335.2508 6.395399E-08 / 345.7172
FREQUENCY 4.000000E+01 8.000000E+01 1.200000E+02 1.600000E+02 2.000000E+02 2.400000E+02 2.800000E+02 3.200000E+02 3.600000E+02 4.000000E+02 4.400000E+02 4.800000E+02 5.200000E+02 5.600000E+02 6.000000E+02 6.400000E+02 6.799999E+02 7.200000E+02 7.599999E+02 8.000000E+02 8.399999E+02 8.800000E+02 9.199999E+02 9.600000E+02 1.000000E+03
CPSDF 1.169207E-03 / 359.9817 2.125043E-03 / 359.9651 1.995366E-02 / 0.0206 3.981690E-03 / 359.9641 4.651507E-04 / 359.5229 1.342108E-04 / 358.4012 5.276162E-05 / 356.0812 2.402328E-05 / 351.5385 1.176429E-05 / 342.4655 6.119115E-06 / 323.4214 4.072001E-06 / 288.2908 4.427421E-06 / 253.8799 5.390142E-06 / 236.1572 6.667262E-06 / 223.8539 1.009843E-05 / 211.9292 2.244281E-05 / 199.8112 9.592201E-05 / 187.2714 2.743966E-05 / 174.2929 4.433171E-06 / 158.9403 1.558493E-06 / 1.1614 1.063914E-05 / 337.7312 2.748527E-06 / 332.9402 5.375278E-07 / 333.2076 1.325349E-07 / 339.0211 2.718711E-08 / 359.9906
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0 PLOT CURVE FRAME TYPE TYPE NO. 0 PSDF DISP 7 0 PSDF DISP 8 0 PSDF DISP 9 X Y - O U T P U T CURVE ID./ RMS PANEL : GRID ID VALUE 11( 33( 55( 5) 5) 5) S U M M A R Y ( A U T O O R P S D F ) NO. POSITIVE XMIN FOR XMAX FOR YMIN FOR CROSSINGS ALL DATA ALL DATA ALL DATA 1.401700E+02 1.360215E+02 1.432664E+02 2.000E+01 2.000E+01 2.000E+01 1.000E+03 1.000E+03 1.000E+03 2.720E-08 3.073E-08 2.718E-08 X FOR YMIN 1.000E+03 1.000E+03 1.000E+03 YMAX FOR ALL DATA 5.926E-02 5.949E-02 5.937E-02 X FOR* YMAX 1.400E+02 1.400E+02 1.400E+02
1.376854E+00 1.377021E+00 1.378706E+00
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Partial Output For Problem #11 (Cont.)
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So what is MSC.Random?

User-developed MSC.Patran application
Customer-requested features and functions
Officially available since MSC.Patran v9

Available under Utilities/Analysis menu
Improved setup for Frequency Response Analysis .xdb access of Frequency Response results Enhanced Random Analysis calculations done on the fly RMS fringe plots Specialized XY-Plotting Interactive v. batch environment
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MSC.Random Benefits
Simplified analysis setup
GUI interface Engineer-driven specialized forms No XYPLOT entries required Full on-line help
Improved productivity
.xdb access of results Re-analyze without restarting
Quality results
Specialized interactive plots Log-log integration Cumulative RMS
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Random Analysis: The OLD Way

Make model Set up Frequency Response unit case
RLOAD, DAREA, TABLED1, CONM2, SUPORT, FREQi, TABDMP1, WTMASS
Set up RANDOM entries

RANDPS, TABRND1, XYPLOT
Run Frequency Response + Random in MSC.Nastran View batch XYPlots and .f06 files for results
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Random Analysis: The NEW Way

Make Model Select base-drive point and which way(s)
you will shake it
Unit loading(s) bulk data and Case Control cards automatically generated
Run (just) the Frequency Response

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analysis in MSC.Nastran Define PSDF spectrum tables in MSC.Patran Run Random inside MSC.Patran Interactive XYPlots RMS Fringe Plots
MSC.Random - Driven by ONE (1) Form

Choices : Freq. Response, RMS Analysis, Read RMS, XYplot The Job Name defaults to the database name. It will be used to name result file and .log file names. Chose the type of Random input. Choices are Base Input, Forced Input and Acoustic. Select the base input node and the directions for the input. One loadcase will be created for each direction. Select the damping field. This has to be created in MSC.Patran prior to entering this form. The damping fields are created using Field Application. The fields must be created as Non-Special and Frequency Dependent. This will open a sub-form for selecting the desired output. See the next page for details. Input the frequency range of interest. This will be used for the FREQi and EIGRL cards. The EIGRL start frequency is hardwired to -.01 to capture the rigid body modes. If this is not done, nodal responses will be relative to the input node. This button brings up the Advanced Frequency Output sub-form. See next page for details The Input and WtMass are used to set the DAREA value and for converting to Gs when doing acceleration XY Plots. It is critical that this information is correct. See Units discussion form details on these parameters.
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MSC.Random - Results
Interactive XY Plotting:
PSDF Plots
Interactive picking of nodes/elements Acceleration scale defaults to gs RMS and No. of zero crossings reported Option to specify frequency range for RMS
Total and interval RMS values reported
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Interactive XY Plotting: PSDF Plots

Interactive picking of nodes/elements Acceleration scale defaults to gs RMS and No. of zero crossings reported Option to specify frequency range for RMS Total and interval RMS values reported
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Easy to apply new input PSDF Spectrum
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Includes correctly calculated VonMises Stresses
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Cumulative RMS Plots
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Autocorrelation Plots
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MSC.Random - RMS Fringe Plots

Interactive fringe
plots of RMS values
Use with primary output quantities (i.e. Sx, Sy, Sxy) Derived quantities (Principals or Von Mises) will be calculated on primary RMS values
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MSC.Random in MSC.Patran
Interactive RANDOM analysis from within the MSC.Patran
environment Eliminates need for XYPLOT cards for each output quantity and item code Fast access of results from .xdb database Rapid re-analysis for new input PSDs without re-running MSC.Nastran Enhanced XY plots for PSDF, CRMS, Auto Exclusive RMS fringe plots
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Purpose of MSC.Random
What is MSC.Random?
MSC.Random is a program that calculates random responses based on the results of a MSC.Nastran Frequency Response Analysis (.xdb format - Param,Post,0) MSC.Random is compatible with MSC.Nastran (V68.2, V69, V70, V70.5) and MSC.Patran V7.5 and higher.
How can MSC.Random help me?

Faster analysis turn-around time. Simplified analysis using graphical interface. Eliminates the need to create XYPEAK/XYPLOT cards. Facilitates results post-processing.
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MSC.Random - Flowchart
MSC.Patran
Freq. Response Input MSC.Nastran
Frequency Response Analysis (.xdb)
Random Input
MSC.Patran MSC.Random MSC.Patran
XY Plot (PSDF, Auto Corr., Crms)
RMS Contour (Accel, Disp, Stress, Force etc).
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MSC.Random Advantages
MSC.Random can be executed within MSC.Patran via the MSC.Random menu system Random analysis performed using results from a harmonic analysis with unit load input, therefore MSC.Nastran does not have to be rerun for given changes to the random input spectrum. RMS results can be plotted on the entire model using MSC.Patran (Fringe Plots) XY- plots are easily created via a graphical selection of nodes or elements within MSC.Patran.
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MSC.Random Advantages Continued

Familiar output request such as
stress = all or set number displacement = all force = all (etc)
All response quantities in a single run:

Stresses Forces Strains Accelerations Displacements Velocities
Supported elements: All linear elements

2-D Elements: cbar, cbeam, conrod, crod, ctube, cdampi, cbush, celas1, Plate Elements : cquad4, cquad8, cquadr, ctria3, ctria6, ctriar, cshear Solid Elements : chexa, cpenta, ctetra MPCs celas2, celas3, celas4
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MSC.Random Advantages Continued

Complete output
Separate ASCII output for RMS response. Complete XY plotting for Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, Stresses; Forces; SPCF and MPCF including PSDF and cumulative RMS response plots. Number of positive crossings (zero crossings) computed for all output quantities.
Plotting
Fringe plots available for all response quantities through MSC.Patran. XY plots available through MSC.Patran (PSDF, CRMS, Auto Correlation). XY Plot option to calculate and display rms results by frequency range. XY Plots of Von Mises stresses for plate elements.
Maintained by MSC.
Available with MSC.Nastran and MSC.Patran upgrades.
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MSC.Random - Approach
Step 1: Harmonic Analysis
(MSC.Nastran)
.xdb(post,0)
Step 2:
Random Analysis
(MSC.Random)
Random Input File
RMS Analysis .pat file

(Binary)
Step 3:
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XY Plots
RMS Plots
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MSC.Random - PATRAN Interface

Choices : Freq. Response, RMS Analysis, Read RMS, XYplot The Job Name defaults to the database name. It will be used to name result file and .log file names. Chose the type of Random input. Choices are Base Input, Forced Input and Acoustic. Select the base input node and the directions for the input. One loadcase will be created for each direction. Select the damping field. This has to be created in MSC.Patran prior to entering this form. The damping fields are created using Field Application. The fields must be created as Non-Special and Frequency Dependent. This will open a sub-form for selecting the desired output. See the next page for details. Input the frequency range of interest. This will be used for the FREQi and EIGRL cards. The EIGRL start frequency is hardwired to -.01 to capture the rigid body modes. If this is not done, nodal responses will be relative to the input node. This button brings up the Advanced Frequency Output sub-form. See next page for details The Input and WtMass are used to set the DAREA value and for converting to Gs when doing acceleration XY Plots. It is critical that this information is correct. See Units discussion form details on these parameters.
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Step 1: Harmonic Analysis

For base excitation problems, use the MSC.RANDOM user interface within MSC.Patran.
Select desired subcases by toggling the X,Y,Z directions. Select the base input node. Select the Damping field (Created using Fields Application). Select output requests from the Output Requests Form. Set the frequency range for output by setting the frequency data From/To data boxes. Specify the base input acceleration by entering a value for Input (typically in/s2) and Wtmass (Parameter Wtmass). Select Apply to create job, then select the job within Analysis form. Select Apply to create MSC.Nastran bulk data file.
Execute MSC.Nastran to calculate harmonic response (Sol 111).

Refer to Appendix for sample input and examples for base excitation & acoustic loading.
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Step 2 - RMS (Random) Analysis
1 2 3 Click if you want to import RMS results automatically
Note : Step 2 is required only if RMS contour plots are required
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Step 2 - RMS (Random) Analysis - Random Input

Methods: Single Case Combine Cases Existing RANDPS file Select existing Patran field. Used to create the TABDMP1 table.
Fill out these fields similar to the MSC.Nastran RANDPS card. The Auto Spectral Density and Uncouples toggles control the valid entries.
When this field has focus, the list box to the left will show all of the subcases in the selected XDB file.
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Step 3 : XYPLOT plots

1 2 3 4 5 6 node celas cbar .. cquad/ctri cshear solid disp velo accel SPCF MPCF -----Force Stress Strain PSDF CRMS AUTO Cor Plot Base Node
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Step 3: XYPLOT; XY PSDF
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STEP 3: XYPLOT; XY CRMS
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STEP 3: XYPLOT; PSDF
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Step 3: RMS Contour Plots

Freq. Response RMS Analysis Read RMS XYplot 1 2 Use Read RMS option OR Click if you want to import RMS results automatically
Note: Once RMS results are read in, use RESULTS menu from MSC.Patran to plot contour plots. DO NOT PLOT any derived quantity such as Von-Mises, Principal Stress. DO NOT USE QUICK PLOT, use CREATE FRINGE option.
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Step 3: Output; RMS Fringe
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Harmonic Analysis Flowchart

Start
Generate FEM
MSC.Patran UI
Yes No
Update FEM?
Input Loads and Damping;

Subcase 1: 1G-X direction Subcase 2: 1G-Y direction Subcase 3: 1G-Z direction
MSC.Nastran Harmonic Analysis
Loop 1
.xdb file
Subcase 1: 1G-Xdirection Subcase 2: 1G-Ydirection Subcase 3: 1G-Zdirection
Review Results;
Is modal damping input acceptable? Is model yielding meaningful results?
No
Yes
Transfer .xdb file to Random Analysis Flowchart, next page Return from Random Analysis Flowchart, previous page
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MSC.Random - Flowchart
.xdb file from Harmonic Analysis Flowchart, previous page Return to Harmonic Analysis Flowchart, previous page
Random Analysis Data Flow

MSC.Patran UI MSC.Patran UI
Execute MSC.Random,
Specify unique JOBNAME to differentiate load cases. Required input; .xdb file and Random Input File
Generate Random Input File

Generated for a single Subcase (Loadcase)
.pat MSC.Patran result file .rms ASCII result file
MSC.Patran UI
Post-Processing;
Generate XY Plots, RMS Plots and create Hardcopy Plots
Loop 2
No
Run another load case? Modify FEM, damping or Input Spectrum?
Yes
Update Damping Table or FEM?
Yes
No
Write Report
End of Job
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Relative Displacement MPC PCL

To calculate the relative response between two nodes, an MSC.Nastran MPC element is used. The Relative Displacement MPC PCL facilitates in the creation of this type of MPC. Select the DOF for response calculation. Select the two independent nodes. Apply. A dependent node (located between the two selected independent nodes) and an MPC will be created. Following the analysis; the dependent node can be selected in results post-processing to obtain the relative response between the two selected independent nodes.
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Summary
MSC.Random delivers:
Base excitation analysis and limited acoustic and forced input set-up within MSC.Patran. Random analysis submittal within MSC.Patran. Cumulative RMS XY Plot capability. RMS calculation within user defined frequency range. MSC.Random on-line documentation within MSC.Patran. MSC.Random > Better
> Faster > Randomly Exciting
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MSC.Random Appendix:
Contents:
Harmonic Analysis: Base Excitation;
Case Control Bulk Data Example
Harmonic Analysis: Forced Excitation;

Case Control Bulk Data Example
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Step 1 : MSC.Nastran Data Deck Setup

Base Excitation
ID MSC,Mohan Sol 111 Cend
Title : Base Excitation Accel(Sort2, Real, Plot) = all Stress(Sort2, Real, Plot) = all Spc = 77 sdamp = 102 freq = 604 method = 219 Subcase 101
Subtitle = X direction Unit G Input Dload = 111
Subcase 102
Subtitle = Y direction Unit G Input Dload = 222
Begin Bulk
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Base Excitation(cont):
Param,Wtmass,.002589 param,post,0 Eigrl,219,-.1,2000. Suport,99,123 spc1,77,456,99 conm2,999,99,,1.e8 darea,11105,99,1,1.e8 darea,22205,99,2,1.e8 tabdmp1,102,crit +,0.0,.02,2000.,.02,endt rload1,111,11105,,,88 rload1,222,22205,,,88 tabled1,88 +,0.0,1.0,2000.,1.0,endt $ Include other bulk data cards.. enddata
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Typical Setup - Forced Excitation
Case Control Section
Loadset = 107 Spc = Subcase 11 Dload = 100 $ Always above all subcases.
Bulk Data Section

Rload1, 100, 302, , , 200 Lseq, 107, 302, 111
Pload4, 111, 77, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, thru, 123
Tabled1, 200,
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Forced Excitation (e.g., Acoustic)

Sol 111 Cend Title : Acoustic Excitation Accel(Real, Plot) = all Stress(Real, Plot) = all etc. Spc = 202 sdamp = 102 freq = 99 method = 50 $ Loadset ID same as Lseq ID in bulk data section. Loadset = 107 Subcase 117 Subtitle = Unit PSI Harmonic Loading Dload = 100 Begin Bulk
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Param,Wtmass,.002589 Param,post,0 Eigrl,50,-.1,1000. $ Rload 100 is selected by Dload in case control section. $ Darea 302 on Lseq & Rload Rload1,100,302, , ,200 $ Lseq 107 selected by Loadset in case control section. 111 is the static load. Lseq,107,302,111 Pload4,111,369,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,thru,988 $ Table Id 200 selected by Rload - defined input amplitude Vs. Frequency. tabled1,200 +,0.0,1.0,2000.,1.0,endt spc1,202,. tabdmp1,102,crit +,0.0,.02,2000.,.02,endt $ Include other bulk data cards.. enddata
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CASE STUDY
RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF A SATELLITE The purpose of this case study is to show the use of MSC.Random in performing a Random Vibration analysis. A satellite structure is assumed excited by the launcher vehicle as a random acceleration loading. Both vertical and lateral cases are considered. We want to know the response at a station on the satellite where we intend to mount a PCB. First perform a Modal Frequency Response analysis using the methods shown in Section 11. Then execute a Random analysis in MSC.Random using the results from the Frequency Response analysis and a supplied input PSD. Post process the results at the station of interest using MSC.Random.
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CASE STUDY
Case Study steps

1. Import a Nastran Input File that contains the representation of the satellite model. 2. Create a Frequency Dependent field of magnitude 1.0 over a frequency range of 1.0 Hz to 1000.0 Hz. 3. Create two load cases called vertical acceleration and lateral acceleration. 4. Apply the field created in Step 2 to the bottom of the satellite to create a unit acceleration load in each direction. 5. Submit the model to MSC.Nastran for analysis. 6. Create the Frequency Dependent field that contains the PSD Input information. 7. Open MSC.Random. 8. Select the XDB Result Files from the Frequency Response analysis and perform Random Vibration analysis using MSC.Random 9. Post Process results Use MSC.Random to create Acceleration versus Frequency plots at various location.
CASE STUDY
The model is imported as usual. Create a non spatial field for frequency response. Enter frequency response for the Field Name. Select Frequency as the Active Independent Variable. Click on Input Data button. Enter the values shown in the table.
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CASE STUDY
Create a load case for the vertical acceleration load: Enter vertical acceleration for the Load Case Name. Change Load Case Type to Time Dependent. Click on Assign/Prioritize Loads/BCs button. Select Displ_spc1.3 from the Select Individual Loads/BCs.
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CASE STUDY
Create another load case for the lateral acceleration load: Enter lateral acceleration for the Load Case Name. Make it Time Dependent Select Displ_spc1.1 from the Select Individual Loads/BCs.
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CASE STUDY
Create the lateral acceleration load: Make lateral acceleration the Current Load Case Enter lateral acceleration for the New Set Name. Enter <1,0,0> for Translations and select frequency_response for Time/Freq. Dependence field. Select the nodes along the bottom edge of the exhaust cone.
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CASE STUDY
Create the vertical acceleration load: Make vertical acceleration the Current Load case Enter vertical acceleration for the New Set Name. Enter <0,0,1> for Translations and select frequency_response for Time/Freq. Dependence field. Select the nodes along the bottom edge of the exhaust cone.
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CASE STUDY
Submit the vertical acceleration load case for frequency response analysis: Enter satellite_vertical_acc for the job name. Select FREQUENCY RESPONSE and Modal Formulation. Change the Wt-Mass Conversion to 0.00259. Change the Number of Desired Roots to 20.
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CASE STUDY
Set up Subcases: Select vertical acceleration. Click on Subcase Parameters Click on DEFINE FREQUENCIES. Enter the values shown in the table.
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CASE STUDY
a b
Select Crit. Damp. (CRIT) for Modal Damping. Click on DEFINE MODAL DAMPING. Enter the values shown in the table.
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CASE STUDY
Click on Output Requests. Select Acceleration from the Select Result Type box.
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CASE STUDY
Click on Subcase Select. Select vertical acceleration from the top box Unselect Default from the Subcase Selected box. Run the analysis
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CASE STUDY
The results of the vertical acceleration are shown for the grid of interest 3326 The plot has been enhanced using XYPlot
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CASE STUDY
The results for the vertical acceleration frequency response case are shown at 22.2Hz. The dominant motion is a vertical motion of the satellite, with most of the deflection taking place in the base support ring. The ring acts rather like a vibration isolator and filters out the vertical input. The vertical case is discounted now and no random analysis is done on this input.
GRID 3326
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CASE STUDY
Submit the horizontal acceleration load case for frequency response analysis: Click on the satellite_vertical_acc in the Available Jobs box. This will allow Patran to use same setting for the Solution Type as those used in the satellite_vertical_acc analysis. Change the Job Name to satellite_lateral_acc. Repeat the same procedures as before, but choose the lateral acceleration subcases for this analysis job. Click on Subcase Select. Select lateral acceleration from Subcases For Solution Sequence box and unselect Default from the Subcases Selected box.
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CASE STUDY
The results of the lateral acceleration are shown for the grid of interest 3326 The plot has been enhanced using XYPlot
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CASE STUDY
GRID 3326
The results for the lateral acceleration frequency response case are shown at 22.2Hz. The dominant motion is a bending motion of the satellite, with large deflection in the base support ring.
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CASE STUDY
Create a non spatial field for the MSC.Random analysis.
Enter psd for the Field Name. Select Frequency as the Active Independent Variable. Click on Input Data button. Enter the values shown in the table. Use Fields/show to check the data.
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CASE STUDY
Care must be taken with the input PSD format:
It is usually assumed that the definition is on a LOGLOG scale. This assumption must be checked. Plotting the field in XYplot requires both axes scales set to LOG. The nastran PSD definition must be set to LOG input. Note carefully whether input is g or acceleration units.
Input PSD
PSD (g^2/Hz)
Freq. (Hz)
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CASE STUDY
To get an optimum plot for checking the PSD input: Set y axis to a LOG scale.
Input PSD
Use semi-Auto method. Pick lowest number, in this case .010. This is -2 *log10 (the BASE power) select number of cycles (in this case .010 to .1 and .1 to 1 is two cycles) Do the same on the x axis. Pick tick marks and Grid lines as required.
PSD (g^2/Hz)
Freq. (Hz)
CASE STUDY
Open MSC.Random Utilities / Applications / MSC.Random. Click OK when the DISCLAIMER message appears on the screen. Change the Action from Freq. Response to RMS Analysis.
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CASE STUDY
Note: The Random Analysis (RMS Analysis) is carried out on the assumption there is already FR data
Select Freq. Response if no prior analysis has been carried out
If no FR analysis has been done, select Loading type:

Base acceleration w/ large mass Applied force(s) Acoustic pressures
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CASE STUDY
If Base Input is used
Enforced acceleration assumed at a connected base point using large mass method Directions selected
Large Mass
ID Node where large mass (1E8) will be place placed
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CASE STUDY
For Force Input or
Acoustic input
Select pre-defined load case
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CASE STUDY
Setup the model for Random analysis: Choose RMS analysis Click on Select XDB File. Select satellite_lateral_acc.xdb (the results from the previous Frequency Response analysis) Select Random Input. Change the Random Input Method to Single Case. Click on the Excited Set field and select 1:LATERAL ACCELERATION from the Available Subcases box. Click on the Input Field and select psd from the PSD Input fields box.
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CASE STUDY
Select the Random Input Method to Single Case. Clicking on the Excited Set field will bring up a list of Available Subcases. The frequency response analysis should be in here. Clicking on the Input Field will give a list of all fields, and the PSD definition field should be in here. The complex X input is the scale factor. Select Auto Spectral Density Set axes as appropriate, in this case the input is LOG - LOG
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CASE STUDY
Other Options: Select the Random Input Method to Existing RANDPS File This will allow the user to select a .inp file, defined in MSC.Random as a Nastran .bdf fragment with RANDPS data defined
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CASE STUDY
b
Create XY Plots of the PSD Response: Change Action to XY Plots. Select Node 3326, which is where the PCB board will be located. Change the Res. Type to Accel. Set the Plot Scale to 1.0 Change Component to DOF 1. Change the Plot Type to PSDF.
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Note: All labels gridlines and scales set automatically.
CASE STUDY
RMS is 5.774g So the safe g limit at 3*RMS is 17.32g Apparent Frequency is 22.9 Hz, showing that Mode 1 dominates
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CASE STUDY
Overlay the base input and see the effect of the input PSD. From the previous work on modal analysis and effective mass of this structure, it is assumed 50 Hz is a valid cutoff for the first 10 modes Base Input also plotted and full PSD
Base Input
Full PSD Analysis only up to 50 Hz
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CASE STUDY
Another possibility is to go into Results and create an RMS fringe plot. The Result Case is loaded in by the XDB attachment. The resulting RMS plot is an RMS accn magnitude plot. The graphical result of 5.774 g RMS agrees.
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CASE STUDY
From the RMS fringe plot, it is visible that the panel local mode plays an important part in the RMS response. If there is a component located there, it will see the highest loading environment of 7.71 g RMS. To investigate further it is possible to do a PSD plot of this position (grid 3606) and see that the local mode do indeed play a major role with the first bending mode. Out of interest a grid on the support skirt is investigated and you can see it has a low RMS value and the bending mode dominates.
CASE STUDY
Based on this analysis, it is possible to provide a subcontractor with a PSD specification which is derived by enveloping the PSD response that was obtained. In the workshops which follow, the input PSD for the Printed Circuit Board is based on this type of analysis. The question could arise however about the effect of the original PSD input over the range greater than 50 Hz could it have been significant? This is left to the student to investigate. Also note that an input PSD with a bias to the lower frequencies would be a far more damaging environment in our case.
RANDOM ANALYSIS RECOMMENDATIONS

Most spectra are given as a log function.
Use the log features on the TABRND1 entry if PSD is given in log scale. Always generate the output PSD at the input location if possible. Plot the output PSD. Do not use the summary output blindly. Use several frequencies in the vicinity of each mode. For the modal method, a combination of FREQ1 (or FREQ2) and FREQ4 usually works best. For low frequencies (<20 Hz), use many response frequencies since the displacement spectra is changing rapidly for a constant input acceleration.
Visteon
WORKSHOP 9 - RANDOM ANALYSIS USING MSC.RANDOM

Please carry out Workshop
9 This workshop uses MSC.Random to calculate the response of a simple plate structure Please do not hesitate to ask your tutors advice.
Visteon
WORKSHOP 11 - RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS ON A SATELLITE USING MSC.RANDOM

Please carry out Workshop 11 This workshop uses
MSC.Random to calculate the response of the satellite structure as shown in the case study. Please do not hesitate to ask your tutors advice.
Visteon

MSC Nastran Random Dynamics

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MSC Nastran Random Dynamics

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Random Response Analysis

October 2004, Page 1-1

No harmonic component Cannot be predictable at any time t using a function.

October 2004, Page 1-2

Concepts Statistical (only method to describe random events)

Time and Frequency Relation

Statistic Basics Mean (average)

k X = Average Xi = individual datapoint i k = # total number of data points

Example - Gridpoint stress average

October 2004, Page 1-4

Mean Square Value

k 2 = Mean Square Xi = individual datapoint i k = total number of data points

October 2004, Page 1-5

k 1 s2 = Variance X = Average Xi = individual datapoint i

k = total number of data points

Correlation is used to judge if an event is random or deterministic.

October 2004, Page 1-7

Correlation graphical example

October 2004, Page 1-8

Correlation graphical example

4.8 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 s ig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2

t a u=1.0 t a u=1.0 6.2

4.8 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 s ig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2

4.8 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 sig na l( t ) 5.6 5.8 6 6.2

October 2004, Page 1-9

Averages for time measured responses

The variable time is now introduced

October 2004, Page 1-10

Which single test is representative of the response?

Statistical properties provide an answer.

t1 Visteon October 2004, Page 1-11

Averages using single data points from each test

General expression (note the bar in the original expression X is implied by )

October 2004, Page 1-12

Averages using multiple data points from each test

)ui (t1 )ui (t1 ) k

October 2004, Page 1-13

(t1 ) is variable with t1

(t1 ) = constant for any value t1

October 2004, Page 1-14

1 T2 Ru (t, ) = lim u j (t )u j (t )dt T T T 2

October 2004, Page 1-15

Time Based Example Temporal Mean (average)

October 2004, Page 1-17

Time Based Example

Temporal Autocorrelation Function

Time Based Example

Temporal Autocorrelation Function

October 2004, Page 1-19

Time Based Example

Temporal Autocorrelation Function

October 2004, Page 1-20

Time Based Example

Cross Correlation Function

1 T2 Ru1,u2 ( ) = lim u1 (t )u2 (t )dt T T T 2

Automotive road input

October 2004, Page 1-21

Time Based Example

Time based analysis in MSC.Nastran

Random functions have constant averages

MSC.Nastran does not have a method to apply these

October 2004, Page 1-22