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Introduction
OCDMA is a category of multiplexing and inter networking technologies that encodes/decodes signals through employing simple and cost-effective passive optical components (not requiring optical logic components) such that the signal multiplexing, routing and switching can be implemented smoothly. It has many advantages, such as asynchronous random access, simple management, flexible networking, good compatibility with WDM and TDM, suitable for busty traffic, supporting multiple services and differentiated QoS, while providing some confidentiality of data transmission. It is a very important technology to implement optical access networks, metropolitan area networks and optical signal multiplexing and switching in backbone networks. OCDMA has a twenty-year history from its first proposal and its first experimental demonstration in principle. However, since the information capacity demands were so much smaller and the development scale of communication networks was so limited in the past, the current higher functionalities of networks were not required. At the same time, WDM technology provided the transmission tunnels and wavelength switching for ultrahigh speed data, which could then meet the earlier demands of optical network functionalities. Therefore, OCDMA has remained outside the mainstream of optical communication research for a long time. However, at present, with the advent of the knowledge economy and the global reach of the Internet, the disharmony between the service provisions of transport networks and access networks is becoming a serious issue. Meanwhile, there exist many issues in data backbone networks, such as the electronic node bottlenecks, clumsy and low-efficient granularity of traffic, and so on. To solve these current issues, it seems that the ability of WDM and TDM technologies is inadequate while, the high networking flexibility of OCDMA and the very good complementary properties of OCDMA with WDM and TDM are now recognized. Simultaneously, due to the rapid advancement of optical component technologies, all aspects of OCDMA technologies have become research hotspots, which should boost OCDMA development.
readily upgraded and extended. (6) An OCDMA network is somewhat secure and cryptic for the transmission information. (7) An OCDMA network needs fewer devices than a WDM network and its equipment is simple, and the implementing cost of OCDMA networks is low. A DWDM network needs accurate wavelength control and conversion. Furthermore, OCDMA is highly compatible with DWDM and TDM. (8) OCDMA networks employ distributed management, which is simple and it is convenient to locate network failure and protect and recover. Because of the advantages mentioned above, OCDMA can support multimedia including voice, data, video, including IP traffic, video-on-demand, streaming media, interactive applications, etc. And it also offers many kinds of QoS and differential degrees of security according to different services and users requirements. Meanwhile, it can overcome the shortcomings of asymmetric uplink and downlink in current access networks and supports FTTH of the peer-to-peer traffic. As the transmission media of communication, optical fibers have many advantages. (1) Enormous communication capacity. (2) Low transmission loss.
(3)
(4) Immunity to electromagnetic interference and high signal security in transmission. (5) Rich resource and potential low cost.
space encoding is combined with WH/TS encoding again, space-spread/ wavelength hopping/ time-spreading encoding (SS/WH/TS)[40] can be obtained and the other options may be deduced by analogy. Options (1), (2) and (5) refer to incoherent OCDMA systems, (3) and (4) are coherent OCDMA systems, and (6) may be either. If we sort them according to the amount of resources of time, wavelength and space used, they can be divided into one-dimensional systems, two-dimensional systems and threedimensional systems. The aforementioned types of (1), (2), (3) and (4) belong to one-dimensional systems, (5) is two-dimensional system, and the systems with greater than two dimensions can be implemented by (6). If the polarization is also taken into account, the four-dimensional systems can be obtained.
Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems. These devices are capable of multiplexing a large number of wavelengths into a single optical fiber, thereby increasing the transmission capacity of optical networks considerably. The devices are based on a fundamental principle of optics that light waves of different wavelengths interfere linearly with each other. This means that, if each channel in an optical communication network makes use of light of a slightly different wavelength, then the light from a large number of these channels can be carried by a single optical fiber with negligible crosstalk between the channels. The AWGs are used to multiplex channels of several wavelengths onto a single optical fiber at the transmission end and are also used as demultiplexers to retrieve individual channels of different wavelengths at the receiving end of an optical communication network. Operation of AWG devices
The incoming light (1) traverses a free space (2) and enters a bundle of optical fibers or channel waveguides (3). The fibers have different length and thus apply a different phase shift at the exit of the fibers (3) the light traverses another free space (4) and interferes at the entries of the output waveguides (5) in such a way that each output channel receives only light of a certain wavelength. The orange lines only illustrate the light path. The light path from (1) to (5) is a demultiplexer, from (5) to (1) a multiplexer. Conventional silica-based AWGs schematically shown in the above figure, are planar lightwave circuits fabricated by depositing doped and undoped layers of silica on a silicon substrate. The AWGs consist of a number of input (1) / output (5) couplers, a free space propagation region (2) and (4) and the grating waveguides (3). The grating consists of a large number of waveguides with a constant length increment (L). Light is coupled into the device via an optical fiber (1) connected to the input port. Light diffracting out of the input waveguide at the coupler/slab interface propagates through the free-space region (2) and illuminates the grating with a Gaussian distribution. Each wavelength of light coupled to the grating waveguides (3), undergoes a constant change of phase attributed to the constant length increment in grating waveguides. Light diffracted from each waveguide of the grating interferes constructively and gets refocused at the output waveguides(5), with the spatial position, the output channels, being wavelength dependent on the array phase shift.
a) TS of OCDMA
b) SPETS of OCDMA
After modulation an encoder is used for encoding the signal. The modulated signals are distributed to the respective encoders, which have been assigned a unique W/T code respective to each encoder. The encoded data from all users are multiplexed by Optical MUX and then passed through a 60 km span of standard single mode optical fiber followed by a loss compensating optical amplifier which is OptAmp. The output signal from a fiber span is then passed through OptSplit1 to split the signal and routed to the users decoder. The decoder uses optical filters and inverse delay line arrays providing delays in terms of integer multiples of chip times. The decoded signal finally arrives at optical receiver (Receiver), BER Test and Eye Diagram. Eye diagram analyzer has been used to take the plot of Eye pattern at the receiver end. Bit error rate values for different number of transmitting users have been taken from BER Tester. The system has been redesigned for different number of users. In spite of the use of orthogonal codes, the main effect limiting the effective signal-to-noise ratio of the overall system is the interference resulting from the other users transmitting at the same
time, which is called Multiple Access Interference (MAI). MAI is the major source of noise in OCDMA systems.
Conclusion
Comparing to conventional OCDMA, using other advance modulation techniques, such as DPSK, DQPSK and CSK in OCDMA system has advantages of (1) Improved receiver sensitivity
(2) Better
(5) Enhanced security. High capacity, spectral efficient OCDMA systems have been demonstrated using these techniques.
References
Optical Code Division Multiple Access Communication Networks Theory and Applications Hongxi Yin, David J. Richardson Design and simulation of a novel spectral phase-encoded OCDMA system Savita R.Bhosale, S.B.Deosarkar and S. L. Nalbalwar K. Kitayama, X. Wang, and H. Sotobayashi, State of the art and applications of optical code division multiple access (Invited), in ECOC04, (Stockholm, Sweden, 2004), Tu4.6. Advanced Modulation Techniques in OCDMA System Xu Wang, N. Wada, T. Miyazaki, G. Cincotti, and K. Kitayama X. Wang et al, JLT, 22(2004), 2226-2235.