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CONTENT:

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................3 1.1. History of phrasal verbs......................................................................................................................................6 1.2. Types of Phrasal verbs and the Phrasal verbs development..............................................................................12 1.4. Semantic nuances of phrasal verbs in Modern English.....................................................................................39 1.5. Ways of Translating English Phrasal Verbs......................................................................................................42 CHAPTER II. 2. PECULARITIES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN TRANSLATING INTO KYRGYZ. .......................................................................................................................48 2.1. The difficulties of translating English phrasal verbs into Kyrgyz language on the basis of Ch .Aitmatovs work Jamilya...........................................................................................................................................................48 Analyzing phrasal verb in English translation and in original text of this passage, I had some difficulties because of difference in the meaning given in a dictionary and the contextual meaning. For example, the verb to reach up is translated like , but this meaning isnt suitable for the context. The sentence would sound like and it isnt correct for the Kyrgyz language, because she didnt stretch her arms.........................................................................................................49 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................60 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................65

INTRODUCTION English has already become international and global language. As we can see, phrasal verbs are widely spread in English literature. Phrasal verbs are a specific kind of verb. The term derives from "phrase" which in traditional linguistic theory refers to the minimum unit of syntax. They differ from normal verbs in that they are constituted by two or three elements instead of just one. Usually, phrasal verbs are combinations of ordinary verbs like put, take, come, and go and particles like in, out, on, and off. They are a very important part of everyday English. Translating phrasal verbs one can have difficulties because of difference in the meaning given in a dictionary and contextual meaning. Thats why we use all sources to gain urgent information. In order to analyze phrasal verbs and their possible equivalents in original text, we should discuss some difficulties the translator faces during his work (especially translating idiomatic expressions) and explain what may cause the difficulties. This is done with the purpose to help the translator avoid many mistakes in his work. Then we talk about the basic ways of translation of phrasal verbs. We examine recommendations for translation of phrasal verbs The knowledge of foreign languages let to read original books, but not everybody can understand full meaning if does not know phrasal verbs which are very popular in English language. The research paper is devoted to the basic issues of difficulties of translation English phrasal verbs into Kyrgyz. This master thesis is devoted to a very current theme about the place of phrasal verbs in the English language. The aim of this research is to illustrate and find out the translation peculiarities of English phrasal verbs into the Kyrgyz language and investigate possible equivalents in native language. For experimental issue it is used Ch. Aitmatovs work Jamilya.
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The objectives of this research are: to review historical development of phrasal verbs in order to retrace their to show how knowing English phrasal verbs characteristics help to solve the analyze the way English phrasal verbs are translated into Kyrgyz The actuality of the work is determined by the urgent need for direct translation from the English language into the Kyrgyz language without a mediator language. Theoretical importance of this work is that it contributes to the common linguistic basis of translation process, that is shows which peculiarities of linguistic systems and regularities of the language operation constitute the basis of the translating process, making this process possible and determining its character and borders. Practical value: the materials of this research can be used while teaching the theory and practice of translation, comparative typology of the English and Kyrgyz languages; it can serve as a source of materials for course and diploma papers. Working hypothesis: Due to semantic, lexical and grammatical difficulties it is impossible to find the full equivalent of the English phrasal verbs in the Kyrgyz language, so some translation transformations should be worked out. General statements for defense: English phrasal verbs are translated into the Kyrgyz language as simple and compound verb name the actions. The paper is based on the analysis of extensive empirical materials from different resources such as dictionaries, theoretical books, and articles and mainly Jamilya by Ch. Aitmaov. The structure of the work: this master thesis consists of the introduction, two chapters, the conclusion and the appendix.
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modification; problems of their translation;

The first chapter will focus on classification of phrasal verbs in the English language, examine the development of phrasal verbs through the evolution of the English language, give an account of semantic peculiarities of phrasal verbs in modern English The second chapter, in fact, is the main part of the paper. We analyze some phrasal verbs examples found in the text involved. We discuss some difficulties the translator faces during his work (especially translating idiomatic expressions) and explain what may cause the difficulties. This is done for purpose to help the translator avoid many mistakes in his work. Then we talk about the basic ways of translation of phrasal verbs. We examine recommendations for translation of phrasal verbs. Particular attention is given to such issues as the competence of the translator and the help of dictionaries. It is necessary to be reminded of the translator's competence since the adequacy of translation depends on it. Dictionaries represent a huge and valuable source of information and help to the translator. They play an important role in successful translation. They make the work of translators easier. In this paper, weve analyzed several dictionaries as well as their basic features and their significance; The conclusion is the summary of the paper. The author's ideas as results of the research and the conclusions from the whole paper are present. The bibliography concludes the paper. In the bibliography, the sources of information and actual material are listed.

CHAPTER 1. Historical gradation of the phrasal verbs, types of phrasal verbs and their semantic structure. 1.1. History of phrasal verbs. Although the phrasal verb has been present in English for many centuries, it has only recently been described in detail. Citations in the OED date from Middle English: for example, turn about 1300; gone down 1388. The incidence of phrasal verbs exploded in Early Modern English. Shakespeare himself applied the form widely throughout the plays. They are common in Shakespeare: So long, that nineteen Zodiacs hue gone round (Measure for Measure, 1603). Such verbs have often been used to translate Latin verbs (to puttee downer Calare, deepener: Catholicon Anglicism, 1483 and to define verbs of Latin origin in English (abrogate take away: Cawdrey, Table Alphabetical, 1604)1. The 18c lexicographer Samuel JOHNSON was among the first to consider such formations seriously. There is another kind of composition more frequent in our language than perhaps in any other, from which arises to foreigners the greatest difficulty. We modify the signification of many words by a particle subjoined; as to come off, to escape by a fetch; to fall on, to attack; to fall off, to apostatize; to break off, to stop abruptly These I have noted with great care (Preface, Dictionary of the English Language, 1755). 2 Hiltunen cites a study by Castillo, in which 57443 phrasal verbs have been identified within the body of the plays. Nevalainen (423)4 also notes Spasovs study, which analyzed 46 plays from the Renaissance to Present-Day English, finding that phrasal verbs remained below ten per cent of the total of all verbs
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Cawdrey, Table Alphabetical, 1604) (Preface, Dictionary of the English Language, 1755. 3 Hiltunen, Risto. Verbal Phrases and Phrasal Verbs in Early Modern English.1975 4 Nevalainen, T. The Process of Adverb Derivation in Late Middle and Early Modern (1995)

from his four Early Modern English sub periods, but does exceed the five per cent level from about 1600 onwards. Hiltunen5 explains that phrasal verbs were used extensively in Early Modern English dramatic texts because of their variable shades of meaning and productive capacity to be expanded to form new idioms Akimoto notes also that phrasal verbs occur more frequently in letters and dramas than in essays or academic writing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . This confirms that phrasal verbs occupied a lower social position in Early Modern English than, perhaps, single Latinate verbs that could fill their semantic fields, which gives rise, incidentally, to a syntactic test for phrasal verbs. However, phrasal verbs continued to become entrenched. Stage-three compound nouns arose, such as breakdown and comeback. The stress on the particle in the verbal form (we say, I have to break down these boxes) moved from the particle to the verbal component when the compound acted as a noun. Phrasal verbs in Early Modern English also could be formed with a noun + particle, such as to louse up. It was also in this period that pronominal objects were firmly established before particles (She put it on not She put on it) as a standard practice, while nominal objects retained movement before and after the particle (She put the dress on / She put on the dress). A phrasal verb, in Present-Day English, is a verb that takes a complementary particle, in other words, an adverb resembling a preposition necessary to complete a sentence. A common example is the verb to fix up: He fixed up the car. The word up here is a particle, not a preposition, because up can move: He fixed the car up. These movements of the particle up quickly distinguishes it from the preposition up. Because the forms of the particle and the preposition are themselves identical, it is easy to confuse phrasal verbs with a very similar-looking type of verb: the prepositional verb. A prepositional verb takes a complementary prepositional phrase. Movement verbs are readily identifiable examples. For example, the verb to go is intransitive, and without the benefit of context, it cannot operate in a complete sentence only accompanied by a subject. One cannot
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Hiltunen, Risto. Verbal Phrases and Phrasal Verbs in Early Modern English.1975

say, I went, and expect to satisfy a listener without including a prepositional phrase of place, such as I went to the store. Prepositional verbs are immediately distinguishable from phrasal verbs in terms of movement, as prepositions cannot move after their objects. It is not possible to say, I went the store to, and so went is a prepositional verb. There are, in fact, several syntactic tests to distinguish phrasal from prepositional verbs, and these will be discussed in detail in the final section. It is also necessary to understand that the term verb phrase refers not to phrasal verbs, but more generally to a sentence verb, its complements, and matters of tense, aspect, mood, voice and so on. As for the ancestors of phrasal verbs in Old English, the English language of this period generally did not possess phrasal verbs as they are found in PresentDay English. They did exist, although they were rare. Much more common in Old English was the inseparable-prefix verb, a form in which the particle was attached to the beginning of the verb. These Old English prefixed verbs are directly comparable to current phrasal forms. For example, in Present-Day English, there is the mono transitive verb to burn and then the phrasal mono transitive to burn up. Old English had barman (to burn) and forborne (to burn up). The prefix for- remained affixed to the verb and could not move as modern particles can. Such Old English compound verbs were also highly idiomatic, in that the meaning of the compound form did not necessarily reflect the meaning of the root. Denison provides Brendan as an example because it meant to dispossess, while its root verb, radian, meant to advise.6 The phenomenon still survives today in the participle forlorn, as well as the verb understand an, which does not in PresentDay English mean to stand underneath (something), but idiomatically to comprehend. Akimoto suggests that Old English prefixes often remained before the verb because Old English had strong object-before-verb (OV) tendencies, whereas Present-Day English is largely a Verb Object language, which has made it possible for particles to travel to post-verbal positions. Some Old English verbs did function as modern phrasal verbs do. Denison (English 36)7 points out that
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Akimoto, Minoji. Collocations and Idioms in Late Modern English. Denison, David. The Origins of Completive up in (English.36)

Koopmans finds and analyses examples of Old English phrasal verbs with postverbal particles. In the Chronicles of England, the speaker says, ac he teaches for his Aldan wrenches (but he drew forth his old tricks). Hence, there was in Old English the rare incidence of phrasal verbs with post-verbal particles. However, Denison notes about such examples that the meaning of post-verbal particles in this period was still often very directional, in close relationship with a prepositional meaning. Therefore, applications of the particle up in Old English conveyed a sense of direction upward, as in to grow up (ward), rather than the completive sense, as in to break up (completely The formation of prefixed verbs in Old English was no longer productive in English, and the loss of productivity was already evident in Old English, in which certain authors added a post-verbal particle to prefixed verbs, possibly because the prefix was losing meaning (Denison, Origins, 47).8 Stress patterns also likely account for a shift, as prefixes in Old English compound verbs were unstressed, while post-verbal particles carried stress, making them stronger and thus preserving their lexical value. Middle English was also subject to the powerful forces of French and Anglo-Norman, as well to some influence from Old Norse. Several authors on the subject claim that Old Norse, which already had a fairly robust incidence of phrasal verbs, must have incited the production of English phrasal verbs with post-verbal particles, although the degree to which Old Norse is responsible for this is unclear (Smith 140, Fischer 386).9The rapid borrowing of French verbs into Middle English likely slowed the development of phrasal verbs because of competition in semantic fields, as French brought in Romance verbs that could fill the semantic fields of the Old English prefixed verbs. For example, the French borrowing destroy could accommodate the meaning of Old English forereach (break up).French forms also likely hindered phrasal verbs because of lexical register. French was the language of status in England after the Norman Conquest, and phrasal verbs, while common by the fourteenth century (Mill ward
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Denison, David. The Origins of Completive up in (English.36) Smith, Jeremy. A Historical Study of English. London and New York: 1996

179),

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were considered informal (Tanabe 123,)11. Nonetheless, phrasal verbs

regained strong productivity by the fifteenth century (Fischer 386).12 Tanabe notes the occurrence of 162 phrasal verbs in The Pastor Letters, despite the formal quality of those letters, and the incidence of to give up in the Peterborough Chronicle. Middle English underwent a shift in syntax from many instances of SOV to SVO as it lost many synthetic inflections (and consequently possible word orders) from Old English, becoming a much more analytic, or word-order based language. A phrasal verb in Present-Day English is a verb that takes a complementary particle, in other words, an adverb resembling a preposition, necessary to complete a sentence. A common example is the verb to fix up: He fixed up the car. The word up here is a particle, not a preposition, because up can move: He fixed the car up. These movements of the particle up quickly distinguishes it from the preposition up. Because the forms of the particle and the preposition are themselves identical, it is easy to confuse phrasal verbs with a very similar-looking type of verb: the prepositional verb. A prepositional verb takes a complementary prepositional phrase. Movement verbs are readily identifiable examples. For example, the verb to go is intransitive, and without the benefit of context, it cannot operate in a complete sentence only accompanied by a subject. One cannot say, I went, and expect to satisfy a listener without including a prepositional phrase of place, such as I went to the store. Prepositional verbs are immediately distinguishable from phrasal verbs in terms of movement, as prepositions cannot move after their objects. It is not possible to say, I went the store to, and so went is a prepositional verb. There are, in fact, several syntactic tests to distinguish phrasal from prepositional verbs, and these will be discussed in detail in the final section. It is also necessary to understand that the term verb phrase refers not to phrasal verbs, but more generally to a sentence verb, its complements, and matters of tense, aspect, mood, voice and so on.
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Millward, C. M. A Biography of the English Language. 2nd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1996. Tanabe, Harumi. Composite Predicates and Phrasal Verbs in The Paston Letters. Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English. 1999. 12 Fischer, Olga. Syntax. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol 2. Ed. 1992.

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To conclude in Modern English also could be formed with a noun + particle, such as to louse up. It was also in this period that pronominal objects were firmly established before particles (She put it on not She put on it) as a standard practice, while nominal objects retained movement before and after the particle (She put the dress on / She put on the dress).

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1.2. Types of Phrasal verbs and the Phrasal verbs development A phrasal verb is a type of verb in English that operates more like a phrase than a word. Tom McArthur in the Oxford Companion to the English Language notes that these verbs are also referred to by many other names such verb phrase, discontinuous verb, compound verb, verb-adverb combination, verb-particle construction (VPC), AmE two-part word/verb and three-part word/verb. David Crystal in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language calls this linguistic phenomenon a "multi-word verb" that is best described as a lexeme, a unit of meaning that may be greater than a single word. Phrasal verbs may be intransitive: The party broke up when we turned in, or transitive: She put the heckler down, She put down the heckler. In the case of an object (noun) receiving the action of the verb, the object may come before or after the particle. If the object is a pronoun, it comes between the verb and particle: She put him down, not * She put down him. Some grammarians, such as Martha Koln in Understanding English Grammar, 13take the view that phrasal verbs define only those combinations that form an idiom, a phrase whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meaning of its parts. This is the holistic or semantic view, which focuses mainly on the meaning of the verb combination. For example, Koln would say that go up in this sentence is not an example of a phrasal verb: The balloon went up into the sky because the sentence can be rephrased as up the balloon went into the sky. Koln would designate up as an adverb modifying went. Koln also applies the test of meaning to phrasal verbs as in these examples: give in can be replaced by surrender; pull through, by recover, and come by, by acquire, and break up, by end. Each phrasal verb could be replaced by a single verb with the same general meaning.
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Martha Koln in Understanding English Grammar,

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However, McArthur in his treatment of the phrasal verb states that phrasal verbs14 cover both the literal and figurative/idiomatic usage. Grammarians who take this position classify phrasal verbs based on their use in sentence patterns (syntactical properties) and as new word formations (morphological properties), as well as by the overall meaning of these verb combinations (semantic properties). The examples below illustrate the same phrasal verb having both a literal and figurative meaning. She put down the book. (Literal) The army put down the rebellion. (figurative/idiomatic) In addition to a single literal and/or figurative meaning, some phrasal verbs can have a multitude of different meanings depending on the context. For example, here are some of the many ways in which the phrasal verb pick up is currently used: Pick up that book. (to take up by hand) Please, pick up your room. (to tidy up) The airport van picked up its passengers. (to take on) I picked up this ring on sale. (to acquire casually) He picks up foreign languages fairly easily. (to acquire knowledge or learning) He picked up his package at the post office. (to claim) She picked up some milk on her way home. (To buy) Her boss picked up the tab for lunch. (to pay a bill) He picked up a virus on his trip. (to come down with a disease) The home team picked up eight yards on the play. (to gain) He picked up a date at the singles bar. (to make casual acquaintance) The police picked up the bank robber. (to take into custody) The dog picked up the scent of the kidnapper. (to come upon and follow) Retail sales always pick up around the holidays. (to improve) She just picked up and left town. (to pack ones belongings)
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McArthur English phrasal verbs 1998

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To get a feel for how students studying English as a second language have to struggle with the idiomatic aspect of phrasal verbs.15 A native speaker of English should have no difficulty. Prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs. Many English verbs consist of two parts: a base verb (like bring, take, and come) and another small word (like up, down, off, away). The small word is either a preposition or an adverb particle. In some cases, the meaning of a two-part verb is simply a combination of the meanings of the two words. Examples are come in, run away, walk across, and sit on. In some cases, the first word keeps its meaning, but the second has a special intensifying sense. It means something like completely or thoroughly. Examples: break up, tire out. In other cases, the new two-part verb has quite a different meaning from the two separate parts: give up means surrender, and blow up means explode. Prepositional verbs. There are a very large number of combinations of verb preposition. Prepositions always have objects: Please look after the children. I've fallen for you in a big way. In English, the preposition does not always come before its object; in certain kinds of sentence, it can come at the end of the clause: What are you talking about? Prepositional verbs are those which accept the passive and/or the pronominal question, but not the adverbial question form. Phrasal verbs. When a verb is used with an adverb particle the combination is called a phrasal verb. There are a very large number of these in English. The meaning of a phrasal verb is often very different from the meanings of the two words taken separately. In order to understand the meaning of a phrasal verb, you may have to refer to the dictionary. Phrasal verbs can be intransitive (not followed by a direct object) or transitive (followed by a direct object). Examples.
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http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net

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Break down (transitive) Get up (transitive) sit down (transitive) turn up (transitive) Intransitives: Bring something up (=mention it) Kick somebody out (=expel him) Put something off (=postpone it) Throw something away (=accommodate him) Turn something down (=refuse it). When a phrasal verb has a direct object, the two parts of the verb can usually be separated: the adverb particle can be put before or after the object. We'll have to put off the party/put the party off. Why don't you throw away that stupid hat/throw that stupid hat away? Could you put up my sister/put my sister up for three nights? However, when the object is a pronoun, the adverb particle can only go after the object: We'll have to put it off. Could you put her up? Phrasal and prepositional verbs display certain phonological and syntactic differences. Phonological differences are that the particle in phrasal verbs is normally stressed and, in final position, bears the nuclear tone, whereas the particle of a prepositional verb is normally unstressed and has the "tail" of the nuclear tone on the lexical verb: 16 He called 'up the man. The man was called P. He 'called on the man. The man was CLLED on. Syntactic differences. A syntactic difference is that the particle of a phrasal verb can often stand either before or after the noun, whereas it can only stand after personal pronouns as it can be stated above. Phrasal Prepositional verbs.

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View on phrasal verbs Bolingers Harvard Press 1987.

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There are a few verbs which consist of three parts: a base verb, an adverb particle and a preposition: to get on with, to put up with, and to check up on. These look complicated, but in fact, they are used in the same way as any other prepositional verb. For example, to get on with. Prepositional and Phrasal verbs follows the same rules as to go with. Compare: I get on well with Jill. I often go to the theatre with Jill. He's difficult to put up with. He's difficult to work with. The semantic unity in phrasal and prepositional verbs can often be manifested by substitution with single-word verbs, for example: visit for call on, summon for call up, omit for leave out, see for look at, etc. Furthermore, phrasal and prepositional verbs often have composite meanings which are not normally deducible from their parts, for example, make out (understand), take in (deceive), come by (obtain). The terms phrasal and prepositional verbs are not, however, restricted to such idiomatic combinations. We can distinguish three subclasses:17 a. The verb and the particle keep their individual lexical meanings, as in look over (inspect), set up (organize). The individuality of the components appears in possible contrastive substitutions: bring in/out, take in/out, turn on/off, and switch on/off. b. The verb alone keeps its basic lexical meaning and the particle has an intensifying function: find out (discover). Sweep (up) the crumbs, spread (out) the rug. c. The verb and the particle are fused into a new idiomatic combination, the meaning of which is not deducible from its parts, for example, bring up (educate), come by (obtain), put off (postpone), turn up (appear), come in for (receive). In such combinations there is no possibility of contrastive substitution: there are no pairs such as bring up/down, put off/on, give up/down, and give in/out, etc for this
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Brinton, Laurel J. The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000.

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subclass. The adverbial, lexical values of the particles have been lost, and the entire verb-particle combination has acquired a new meaning. I'll put MY TROUSERS on. The pronoun (object) must be placed between the verb and the particle. I'll put THEM on. Prepositional verbs. We say that a verb is prepositional when the particle is not an adverb but preposition.18 Prepositional verbs can be distinguished from the phrasal verbs for the following reasons: 1. The accent is on the verb, not on the particle. I'll 'LOOK after the children. 2. If the object (substantive) is substituted by a pronoun, it must be placed after the particle. I'll look after THEM. 3. It is grammatically acceptable to include an adverb between the verb and the particle. I'll look CAREFULLY after the children. 4. The particle can be placed before a relative pronoun. These are the children AFTER WHOM I looked. Phrasal verbs can be summarized as follows: A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition, any of which are part of the syntax of the sentence, and so is a complete semantic unit. Sentences, however, may contain direct and indirect objects in addition to the phrasal verb. Phrasal verbs are particularly frequent in the English language. A phrasal verb often has a meaning which is different from the original verb. 1. A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb. Example: I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. RUN + INTO = MEET He ran away when he was 15. RUN + AWAY = LEAVE HOME
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Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Leech, G. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken (2002).

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2. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object. Example: He suddenly showed up. "SHOW UP" CANNOT TAKE AN OBJECT 3. Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object. Example: I made up the story. "STORY" IS THE OBJECT OF "MAKE UP" 4. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary,19 separable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a between the verb and the preposition / adverb. Example: I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car. She looked the phone number up. 5. Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary,20 inseparable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a + after the preposition / adverb. Example: I ran into an old friend yesterday. They are looking into the problem. 6. Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, such phrasal verbs are marked with both Example: I looked the number up in the phone book. I looked up the number in the phone book. 7. Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in both places, you must put the object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun. Example: I looked the number up in the phone book.
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Phrasal Verbs and collocations2000 Phrasal Verbs and collocations2000

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I looked up the number in the phone book. I looked it up in the phone book. CORRECT I looked up it in the phone book. INCORRECT The Grammar of Phrasal verbs21 Grammarians have adopted two main positions with regard to the nature and use of phrasal verbs: (1) That the literal uses of a form like go up is not a phrasal verb as such, but a verb operating with a particle: The balloon went up into the air. The term phrasal verb should properly be reserved for figurative and idiomatic uses: The balloon went up (= the crisis finally happened). Here, it is the holistic and semantic aspect of go up which is considered to identify the type, not syntax or morphology. (2) That the term covers both the literal and figurative/idiomatic uses and therefore includes syntax, morphology, and semantics: that is, both senses of go up, as above. This is the position adopted in the following review, which begins with a consideration of the grammatical aspects of phrasal verbs under three headings: transitivity and word order; particles functioning as adverbs and/or prepositions; and the position of adverbs. 22 Transitivity and word order. Phrasal verbs may be intransitive (When they went away, she got up and went out) or transitive (She put the book down, and then picked it up again). If the verb is transitive, the object can go before or after the particle without affecting meaning: She put the book down, she put down the book. If, however, the object is a pronoun, it comes between verb and particle: She put it down, not she put down it. However, young children and occasionally adults for emphasis have been known to place the pronoun last: Put down IT! Adverbial and prepositional particles. A sentence containing a verb followed by a prepositional phrase can usually (but not always) is shortened so as to turn preposition into adverb: He carried the
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Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartnik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman, 1985. 22 The Phrasal Verb in English. Bolinger, D. Cambridge, Harvard University (1971).

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box up the stairs. He carried the box up. (stairs- understood) If a further prepositional phrase is added, two particles (the first adverbial, the second prepositional) may occur in sequence: He carried the box up to his room. The syntactic relationships in such sentences can be shown by bracketing: (He carried the chair up) (to his room). Usage may appear inconsistent with regard to compound forms: into; out of; Br E on to, Am E onto; off of, non-standard in Br E, often standard in Am E. However, in terms of phrasal verbs, such usage is straightforward: the sentences She took the books into the room, She took the books out of the room, She lifted the books on to/onto the table, and She lifted the books off (of) the table all reduce to She took the books in/out and She lifted the books on/off. The particle out is followed in England by of in such sentences as They looked out of the window, but in Am E, Can E, Sco E the form is generally They looked out the window.

The position of adverbs. Adverbs often appear alongside the particles of phrasal verbs. With intransitive usages, the adverb can take any of the positions in: He happily ran away, He ran happily away, He ran away happily, the last probably commonest. With transitive usages, the adverb goes either before the verb or after the object or particle, whichever is last: She eagerly picked the letter up, She picked up the letter eagerly, She picked the letter up eagerly, She picked it up eagerly, no usage predominating, but in most contexts there are no such forms as .She picked the letter/it eagerly up. (Notes such relatively are rare possibilities as- He pushed the letters clumsily through). Adverbial particles The particles commonly used are: aback, about, ahead, along, apart, aside, around, away, back, beyond, down, forth, in, off, on, out, over, past, round, through, up . The commonest are down, in, off, on, out, up. Br E favors about (running about), Am E (a) round (running around). A verb-particle combination may have: any of the meanings of the verb plus any of the meanings of the particle,
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and any meanings that emerge jointly in particular contexts, including a distinct figurative and often holistic meaning. For example:23 (1) The phrasal verb get up may be intransitive (They got up) or transitive (Get them up), may mean move from lower to higher (He got the child up on to the wall), move from far to near (One of the other runners got up to him and passed him), gather, accumulate (The engine got up steam), organize, make (He can get up the plot of a new film in no time at all), and something like put on special clothes (They got themselves up as pirates). (2) The particle up can mean upward direction (The smoke rose up), approaching direction (He swam up to the boat), completion in the sense that nothing is left (They used up all the oil), completion in the sense that something is done as fully as possible (They tidied the room up), and emphasis (Hurry up!). It may also have several nuances, as with Drink up! Both completive and emphatic. The use of phrasal verbs Such verbs are often informal, emotive, and slangy, and may contrast with Latinate verbs, as in They used up/consumed all the fuel; they gathered together/assembled/congregated in the hall; the soldiers moved forward/advanced. Putting off a meeting parallels postponing it; driving back enemy forces repels them; putting out a fire extinguishers it; bringing back the death penalty restores it. However, such pairing often depends on context and collocation. In some cases, one phrasal verb may match several Latinate verbs: bring back = restore (the death penalty), return (money to someone),24 and retrieve (a shot bird or animal from where it has fallen). In other cases, one Latinate verb may match several phrasal verbs: demolish matching knock down, tear down, and blow up as variants in destructive style. It is sometimes possible to match the elements of phrasal verbs and Latinate verbs: climb up with a-up/scend, climb down with de-down/scend. Literal and figurative usages

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Translation Journal and the Author Send your comments to the Webmaster URL: http://accurapid.com/journal/09russ.htm Last Updated: Copyright 1998 24 Longman phrasal verbs dictionary.2000

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The verb bring in is used literally in the milkman brought in the milk, figuratively in the prime minister brought in a new policy. Only in the second sense can bring in be matched with introduce (itself originally metaphorical in Latin): not the milkman introduced the milk, unless a joke is intended. Jokes and cartoons are often based on a deliberate confusion of phrasal-verb meanings: as when someone says, Put the kettle on (taken to mean heat some water in a kettle for tea), then notes with appreciation, Mmm, it suits you (crossing over to putting on clothes and leaving the listener to imagine someone wearing a kettle). An artist might build a cartoon round the literal/figurative contrast in Where did you pick up that idea?, with someone searching through garbage for inspiration, and the headline Oil Will Run Out Soon might be supported by a picture of barrels with legs leaving a room. Derived phrasal verbs In addition to the traditional combination of verb of movement plus directional particle, phrasal verbs are commonly created from adjectives, nouns, and Latinate verbs: (1) From adjectives. Basically, with -en verbs: brighten/brighten up, flatten down/out, freshen up, harden off, loosen off/up, slacken off/up, smarten up, soften up, tighten up, toughen up. Where verbs in -en cannot be formed (that is, from adjectives ending in n, ng, m, l, r, th, or a spoken vowel), the particle is added directly: calm down to become/make calm, cool off become/make cool, even out to become/make even, tidy up to make tidy. (2) From nouns. By telescoping an expression containing a phrasal verb and a special noun: hammer out encapsulating beat out with a hammer; channel off telescoping carry or run off by means of a channel; brick up meaning close up with bricks. Many phrasal verbs emerge in this way: bed down, board up, book out, button up, dish out, fog up, gang up, hose down, iron out, jack up, mist up, saddle up, sponge down, wall in. 25

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Concise Oxford Companion to the English language 1998

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(3) From Latinate verbs. Particles are added, usually as completive and intensives, to two- and three-syllable verbs of Latin origin: contract out, divide off/up, level off, measure off/out, select out, separate off/out. Such usages are sometimes described as barbarous and pleonastic, but such criticism does not affect their widespread use. Nouns from phrasal verbs Two kinds of noun are formed from such verbs: (1) the major pattern. In speech, the level stress of break down changes to the compound stress of breakdown. In writing and print, nouns like this are either solid (breakdown) or hyphenated (round-up). The solid form is common when a usage is well established and is favored in Am E. Hyphenation is common for newer usages and is favored in Br E, in which a solid form may seem confusing or odd, especially when vowels come together: cave-in as cave-in, make up as makeup. Typical nouns are: blackout, breakout, breakup, build-up, getaway, gettogether, hold-up, mix-up, sit-in, take-off, and white-out. (2) The minor pattern. By a process of inversion: when a disease breaks out, there is an outbreak of that disease. Again, compound stress occurs: outbreak. In writing and print, the presentation is usually solid. Typical nouns are: input, onrush, outflow, output, overflow, overspill, throughput, upkeep, upsurge, and uptake. The contrasting patterns sometimes prompt different forms with different meanings: a breakout usually of people, an outbreak usually of disease and trouble; a layout in design and decoration, an outlay of money and goods; a lookout posted to observe, an outlook usually relating to weather, attitude, and prospects. Most phrasal nouns relate to situations. The few which relate to things and people tend to be dialectal, idiomatic, and slangy: Br E lay about someone who lays/lies idly about; Am E dropout someone who drops out of society or education; write-off a car so badly damaged that it is written off the books of an insurance company; blow-up a photograph blown up like a balloon. As with the verb forms, phrasal nouns can run parallel with Latinate nouns that tend to be elevated, technical, and formal where the phrasal nouns are colloquial, informal, and slangy: break23

up/disintegration, checkup/examination, letdown/disappointment, let-up/relaxation, sellout/betrayal, shake-up/reorganization . Compounds and attributives Phrasal nouns can occur in compound and attributive formations: (1) With the phrasal noun first: blackout regulations, breakdown service, check-up period, getaway car, input time, overflow pipe, round-up time. (2) With the phrasal noun second: aero plane take-off/airplane takeoff, traffic holdup, cholera outbreak, enemy build-up, population overspill, student sitin. (3) With the phrasal noun between other nouns: cattle round-up time, truck break-down service, population overspill problem. Phrasal-verb idioms Idiomatic usages are usually colloquial and informal, more or less obvious figurative extensions of ordinary uses. Expressions used to gloss them are often more formal, less direct, and less emotive, as with: bring down or defeat (a government), bring in or introduce (a new law), bring off or clinch (a deal), bring on or encourage and train (a student), bring out or publish (a book), bring up or raise (a child); be carried away or overwhelmed (by one's emotions), carry off or win (a prize), carry on or continue (one's work), carry out or perform (one's duty), carry through or sustain (a project, to the end); a machine coming apart or disintegrating, a deal coming off or succeeding, work coming on or improving, soldiers coming through or surviving, something coming up or happening; cutting back or economizing (on expenses), cutting down or reducing (one's expenses), cutting in on or interrupting (a conversation), cutting people off or isolating them, cutting something out or excising or eliminating it; getting down or alighting (from a train), getting all the information in or collecting it, getting on or succeeding (in life), getting off or disembarking, or being allowed to go free, after an offence, getting out of or escaping from (a prison), and getting out or producing and publishing (a magazine), getting up or increasing (pressure), and getting up or
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rising from one's bed in the morning. Similar lists can be made for such other everyday verbs as be, do, go, keep, make, pass, pull, put, run, set, take, turn.26 3. Idioms which are formed from phrasal verbs, such as let the cat out of the bag. These idioms are printed in heavy type. Idioms have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the single words, and usually have a fixed word order Courtney then cites among many other examples in the dictionary such phrases as "to add insult to injury", "to add fuel to the flames", "to leave someone in the lurch", "to scare someone out of their wits", etc. "To get over an examination" is not the correct application of the phrasal verb "to get over." The author wants to imply, "to finish," the phrasal verb in this case is "to get over with." To get over the examination means put it in your emotional past. Phrasal verbs and prepositions There is a continuum between the phrasal verb as described above and verbs followed by phrases in which the preposition may or may not be part of the phrase. A phrasal verb can be formed elliptically from a verb plus prepositional phrase (like He took the box up from He took the box up the stairs). A transitive usage may not be separable (like pick up the book/pick the book up), but may have distinct meanings depending on where the particle is placed (get round someone, get someone round). Particles may not be clearly either adverbial or prepositional, as with off in Br E get off the bus (compare widespread Am E get off of the bus). Some prepositions may be attached to verbs preceding them, usually for figurative reasons: where the sentence .He came across the street is analyzable as (He came) (across the street), the sentence He came across an old friend makes more sense as a phrasal form: (He came across) (an old friend), come across glossed as meet by chance. Some grammarians and lexicologists call a usage like come across a prepositional verb, because the particle is not adverbial but prepositional.27 Such a
26

Bolinger, D. The Phrasal Verb in English. Cambridge, Harvard University (1971). Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. The Grammar Book. Boston: (1999).

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terminology, if extended, should turn phrasal verbs proper into adverbial verbs, but has not yet done so. Other commentators call the usage a fused or nonseparable phrasal verb, because the preposition has been stolen from its own phrase and fused with the preceding verb in an idiom. Others still neither consider some particles so equivocal that they are neither adverb as such nor prepositions as such, but adpreps. Usages include: act for represent, bargain for expect, call for demand, come by obtain, get at imply, go for attack. The issue is further complicated by occasions when the fusion occurs between a phrasal verb proper and a following preposition, as with look down on hold in contempt, check up on investigate, go along with accept, face up to confront, look back on recall, look forward to have good expectations of, look up to admire, meet up with encounter Stress In normal speech, if no special emphasis is employed, the adverbial particle in a phrasal verb proper is stressed: to pick up a book/pick a book up. The preposition in a two-part fused (prepositional) verb is not usually so stressed: They didnt bargain for that. In a three-part fusion, the stresses combine the patterns: to look UP to someone, look down on someone. Productivity. Phrasal verbs have always been common, but have increased in number since the mid-19c and even more so since the mid-20c, especially in Am E. As a result, a number of dictionaries of phrasal verbs have been published since 1974 and increasingly dictionaries for both native and foreign users have given phrasal verbs main-entry or high secondary status. They are increasingly the subject of special attention in courses for foreign learners of English, and it was in this area that the category came of age as a distinct aspect of grammar, word-formation, and usage. The term phrasal verb was first used by Logan Pearsall Smith, in Words and Idioms, in which he states that the OED Editor Henry Bradley suggested the term to him.

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Alternative terms for phrasal verb are compound verb, verb-adverb combination, verb-particle construction (VPC) AmE two-part word/verb and three-part word/verb (depending on the number of particles), and multi-word verb (MWV). 'Preposition' and 'adverb' as used in a phrasal verb are also called 'particle' in that they do not alter their form through inflections (are therefore uninflected, they do not accept affixes, etc.).28 Phrasal verbs in informal speech Phrasal verbs are usually used informally in everyday speech as opposed to the more formal Latinate verbs, such as to get together rather than to congregate, to put off rather than to postpone, or to get out rather than to exit. Literal usage Many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, and readers or listeners will easily understand a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition: "He walked across the square." Verb and adverb constructions can also easily be understood when used literally: "She opened the shutters and looked outside." "When he heard the crash, he looked up." An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the subject to the verb. Idiomatic usage It is, however, the figurative or idiomatic application in everyday speech which makes phrasal verbs so important: "I hope you will get over your operation quickly." "Work hard, and get your examination over with."
28

Fraser Bruce The verb - particle combination. New York Academic press, 1986

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The literal meaning of to get over, in the sense of to climb over something to get to the other side, no longer applies to explain the subject's enduring an operation or the stress of an examination which they have to overcome. It is when the combined meaning of verb plus adverb, or verb plus preposition is totally different from each its component parts, that the semantic content of the phrasal verb cannot be predicted by its constituent parts and so becomes much more difficult for a student learning English to recognize. Other idiomatic usages of phrasal verbs show a verb + direct object + preposition/adverb + indirect object construction: In her introduction to "Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs,29 What this dictionary contains", Rosemary Courtney includes as a third category. Idioms which are formed from phrasal verbs, such as let the cat out of the bag. These idioms are printed in heavy type. Idioms have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the single words, and usually have a fixed word order. Courtney then cites among many other examples in the dictionary such phrases as "to add insult to injury", "to add fuel to the flames", "to leave someone in the lurch", "to scare someone out of their wits", etc. "To get over an examination" is not the correct application of the phrasal verb "to get over." The author wants to imply, "to finish," the phrasal verb in this case is "to get over with." To get over the examination means put it in your emotional past. Phrasal verb patterns A phrasal verb contains either a preposition or an adverb (or both), and may also combine with one or more nouns or pronouns. Particle verbs Phrasal verbs that contain adverbs are sometimes called "particle verbs", and are related to separable verbs in other Germanic languages. There are two main

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Longman phrasal verbs dictionary.2000

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patterns: intransitive and transitive. An intransitive particle verb does not have an object: When I entered the room he looked up. A transitive particle verb has a nominal object in addition to the adverb. If the object is an ordinary noun, it can usually appear on either side of the adverb, although very long noun phrases tend to come after the adverb: Switch off the light. Switch the light off. Switch off the lights in the hallway next to the bedroom the president is sleeping in. With some transitive particle verbs, however, the noun object must come after the adverb. Such examples are said to involve "inseparable" phrasal verbs: The gas gave off fumes. (not The gas gave fumes off.) Still other transitive particle verbs require the object to precede the adverb: They let the man through. (not They let through the man.) With all transitive particle verbs, if the object is a pronoun, it must normally precede the adverb: Switch it off. (not Switch off it.) The smell put them off. (not put off them) They let him through. (not they let through him) Prepositional verbs Prepositional verbs are phrasal verbs that contain a preposition, which is always followed by its nominal object. They are different from inseparable transitive particle verbs, because the object still follows the preposition if it is a pronoun: On Fridays, we look after our grandchildren. We look after them. (not look them after) The verb can have its own object, which usually precedes the preposition: She helped the boy to an extra portion of potatoes. with pronouns: She helped him to some.
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Prepositional verbs with two prepositions are possible: We talked to the minister about the crisis. Phrasal-prepositional verbs A phrasal verb can contain an adverb and a preposition at the same time. Again, the verb itself can have a direct object: No direct object: The driver got off to a flying start. Direct object: Onlookers put the accident down to the drivers loss of concentrate Phrasal verbs and modifying adverbs When modifying adverbs are used alongside particle adverbs intransitively (as particle adverbs usually are), the adverbs can appear in any verb/particle/adverb positions: He unhappily looked round. He looked unhappily round. He looked round unhappily.

The particle adverb here is "round" and the modifying adverb is "unhappily" ("Round" is a particle because it is not inflected does not take affixes and alter its form. "Unhappily" is a modifying adverb because it modifies the verb "look"). With a transitive particle verb, the adverb goes either before the verb or after the object or particle, whichever is last: book) He picked the book up cheerfully. Prepositional verbs are different from transitive particle verbs, because they allow adverbs to appear between the verb and the preposition: He cheerfully looked after the children. He looked after the children cheerfully. He looked cheerfully after the children. He cheerfully picked the book up. He picked up the book cheerfully.(not picked cheerfully up the

Phrasal verbs combined with special verb forms and clauses


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Rosemary Courtney also includes special verb forms and clauses in phrasal verb constructions. Phrasal verbs combined with -clauses and that-clauses Sentences which include verb + particle + object(s) + wh-clauses The teacher tried to dictate to his class what is the right thing to do = transitive verb + preposition (dictate to) + direct object (his class) + whclause (what is the right thing to do).30 My friends called for me when the time came = transitive verb + preposition (called for) + pronoun (me) + wh-clause (when the time came). Watch out that you dont hit your head on the low beam = intransitive verb + adverb (watch out) + that-clause (that you dont hit your head on the low beam). Phrasal verbs combined with verb-ing forms You cant prevent me from seeing her = transitive verb + pronoun (prevent me) + preposition (from) + verb-ing form (seeing) + pronoun (her). Idiomatic usage It is, however, the figurative or idiomatic application in everyday speech which makes phrasal verbs so important: "I hope you will get over your operation quickly." "Work hard, and get your examination over with."

The literal meaning of to get over, in the sense of to climb over something to get to the other side, no longer applies to explain the subject's enduring an operation or the stress of an examination which they have to overcome. It is when the combined meaning of verb plus adverb, or verb plus preposition is totally different from each its component parts, that the semantic content of the phrasal verb cannot be predicted by its constituent parts and so becomes much more difficult for a student learning English to recognize.
30

Denison, David. The Origins of Completive up in English.

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Other idiomatic usages of phrasal verbs show a verb + direct object + preposition/adverb + indirect object construction: In her introduction to "Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs,31 What this dictionary contains", Rosemary Courtney includes as a third category 3. Idioms which are formed from phrasal verbs,32 such as let the cat out of the bag. These idioms are printed in heavy type. Idioms have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the single words, and usually have a fixed word order. Courtney then cites among many other examples in the dictionary such phrases as "to add insult to injury", "to add fuel to the flames", "to leave someone in the lurch", "to scare someone out of their wits", etc. "To get over an examination" is not the correct application of the phrasal verb "to get over." The author wants to imply, "to finish," the phrasal verb in this case is "to get over with." To get over the examination means put it in your emotional past. To sum up the first chapter we point out the following types of English phrasal verbs: These types of phrasal verbs are characteristic only to English and they cannot be found in Russian and Kyrgyz languages. Thus, many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, and readers or listeners will easily understand a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition. Verb and adverb constructions can also easily be understood when used literally. An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the verb to the object. Phrasal verbs that contain adverbs are sometimes called "particle verbs", and are related to separable verbs in other Germanic languages. There are two main patterns: intransitive and transitive. An intransitive particle verb does not have an object:
31 32

Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, Words and Idioms 1925

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A transitive particle verb has a nominal object in addition to the adverb. If the object is an ordinary noun, it can usually appear on either side of the adverb, although very long noun phrases tend to come after the adverb.

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1.3. The role and classification of phrasal verbs in the English language Phrasal verbs are a specific kind of verb. The term derives from "phrase" which in traditional linguistic theory refers to the minimum unit of syntax. They differ from normal verbs in that they are constituted by two or three elements instead of just one. Usually, phrasal verbs are combinations of ordinary verbs like put, take, come, and go and particles like in, out, on, and off. They are a very important part of everyday English. The importance of mechanics is the reason for the emphasis on the prepositions required when some phrasal verbs are used transitively and for the inclusion of reviews of points of grammar not specific to phrasal verbs. Prepositions are the glue that holds English together, but many learners falter when using newly learned verbs because they do not know that a preposition is also required, or if they do, which one. This aspect of English is not given the attention it deserves because it is difficult to teach there are no rules that govern when a preposition, or which preposition, is required, as the only one rule that really means is just to remember. Phrasal verbs can be said to possess some degree of idiomaticity in the assembly of the verb plus preposition (cry over something), or verb plus separable particle (run up the flag, run the flag up), verb plus inseparable particle (run up a debt), or the double assembly of verb plus particle and preposition (face up to problems).Crucial in the differentiation of phrasal verbs is the special constructional contribution of the original preposition or particle to the whole. Hence any study of phrasal verbs must also come to grips with the semantics of prepositions and particles. The main function of phrasal verbs is conceptual categorization of reality in the speaker's mind. They denote not only actions or states as "ordinary" verbs do, but also specify their spatial, temporal or other characteristics. This ability to describe actions or states more precisely, vividly and emotionally is determined by
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the adverbial components of phrasal verbs. By combining with these elements, verbs of broader meaning are subjected to a regular and systematic multiplication of their semantic functions. While the English verb has no consistent structural representation of aspect, adverbial particles either impart an additional aspective meaning to the base verb (e.g. the durative verb sit merges with the particle down into the terminative phrasal verb sit down) or introduce a lexical modification to its fundamental semantics. In most cases adverbial elements denote the general spatial direction of the action or express its qualitative or quantitative characteristics, like beginning (set out), duration (bum along), completion (think out), intensity (hurry up), and so on. Nowadays there are many both explanatory and bilingual dictionaries of phrasal verbs, for example, Cambridge, Collins Cobuild; Oxford, Longman; Macmillan dictionaries.33 Phrasal verbs show different characteristics which will be analyzed below. 1) Very often a phrasal verb has the same meaning as a basic verb. In that case, we prefer to use the phrasal instead of the basic verb to express something informally. Basic verb: to compensate - phrasal verb: to make up formally: He tried to compensate for the damage. Informally: He tried to make up for the damage. 2) A phrasal verb can be transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb is followed by object, but an intransitive verb is not followed by an object. Transitive verb: to make up - She made up the gossip. (Object: the gossip) Intransitive verb: to turn up - They turned up very late. (no object) 3) Phrasal verbs can be divided into several groups, due to the features they possess. They may be either separable or no separable. Unfortunately, there is no rule that can help to look at a phrasal verb and always know whether it is separable or no separable.

33

Collins Cobuild; Oxford, Longman; Macmillan dictionaries 1987

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Separable phrasal verbs. Separable phrasal verbs can be separated by their object. When the object is a noun, it is usually entirely optional whether the object is placed between the verb and the particle or placed after the particle. For instance: get smb. down to gradually make someone feel unhappy and tired All these waiting and delay is really getting her down. put on to put a piece of clothes on your body I put my dress on. I put on my dress. Both variants are correct as when a pronoun is used instead of a noun, the pronoun must be placed between the verb and the particle: Phrasal verbs in informal speech Phrasal verbs are usually used informally in everyday speech as opposed to the more formal Latinate verbs, such as to get together rather than to congregate, to put off rather than to postpone, or to get out rather than to exit. Literal usage Many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, and readers or listeners will easily understand a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition: "He walked across the square." Verb and adverb constructions can also easily be understood when used literally: "She opened the shutters and looked outside." "When he heard the crash, he looked up." An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the verb to the object. Idiomatic usage It is, however, the figurative or idiomatic application in everyday speech which makes phrasal verbs so important: "I hope you will get over your operation quickly." "Work hard, and get your examination over with."
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The literal meaning of to get over, in the sense of to climb over something to get to the other side, no longer applies to explain the subject's enduring an operation or the stress of an examination which they have to overcome. It is when the combined meaning of verb plus adverb, or verb plus preposition is totally different from each of its component parts, that the semantic content of the phrasal verb cannot be predicted by its constituent parts and so becomes much more difficult for a student learning English to recognize. Other idiomatic usages of phrasal verbs show a verb + direct object + preposition/adverb + indirect object construction: In her introduction to "Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, What this dictionary contains", Rosemary Courtney34 includes as a third category 3. Idioms which are formed from phrasal verbs, such as let the cat out of the bag. These idioms are printed in heavy type. Idioms have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the single words, and usually have a fixed word order. Courtney then cites among many other examples in the dictionary such phrases as "to add insult to injury", "to add fuel to the flames", "to leave someone in the lurch", "to scare someone out of their wits", etc. To sum up, English phrasal verbs are classified into several statements: idiomaticity in the assembly of the verb plus preposition, or verb plus separable particle (run up the flag, run the flag up), verb plus inseparable particle (run up a debt), or the double assembly of verb plus particle and preposition (face up to problems). Separable phrasal verbs. Separable phrasal verbs can be separated by their object. Phrasal verb patterns A phrasal verb contains either a preposition or an adverb (or both), and may also combine with one or more nouns or pronouns.

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Words and Idioms 1925

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Particle verbs: Phrasal verbs that contain adverbs are sometimes called "particle verbs", and are related to separable verbs in other Germanic languages. There are two main patterns: intransitive and transitive. An intransitive particle verb does not have an object: Phrasal verbs play an important role both in spoken and written English at all levels, and everyone who wants to master the language should try not only just to learn them by heart but also to understand the situation they are to be used in. From our point of view knowledge and understanding of phrasal verbs allows communicating with the native speakers on their mother tongue. If your speech is rich in correct and relevant phrasal verbs, you are considered to be at the advanced level of knowing the foreign language.

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1.4. Semantic nuances of phrasal verbs in Modern English By phrasal verb we mean a combination of an ordinary (one-word) verb (e.g. come, give, put) and an adverbial or prepositional particle (e.g. in, off, up), or sometimes both, which constitutes a single semantic and syntactic unit. Examples are come in, (=enter) and give up (=stop doing), where the particle is adverbial; come across (=find by chance) and look after (=take care of), where the particle is prepositional and put up with (=tolerate), where the first is adverbial and the second is prepositional. Most writers confine the use of phrasal verb to the first type (with an adverbial particle).using the terms prepositional verb for combinations with a prepositional particle and phrasal-prepositional verb for those with two particles. However, in view of the obvious similarities, it seems justified in a practical book such as this to follow the example of some English writers and lexicographers and for convenience use phrasal verb in an extended sense to cover not only phrasal verbs proper but also prepositional and phrasalprepositional verbs. This does not imply that the distinctions between the three types of combination are unimportant, but simply indicates that they have enough in common to be treated together in certain general statements. The use of the word particle to include not only those of adverbial but also of prepositional character is a parallel simplification considered to be justified for practical purposes in view of the absence of a universally accepted term for the second (and third) element of these combinations. Besides, there is a certain overlap between the two types; some of these words, for example on, off, up and down, can be used either as adverbial or prepositional particles (prepositions). Our extended use of particle, like that of phrasal verb, is intended to reflect the similarity between the two types but not to minimize their differences, which receive detailed treatment . It generally recognized that the role of English phrasal verbs has increased dramatically in recent years. This is reflected in the spate of dictionaries and practice books devoted to them which have appeared in Britain for foreign students. Not only have these verbs become more numerous (and their number is
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constantly increasing) but they are used more and more widely, not only in colloquial English but also, for example, in academic writing, in official reports, in fiction, and the mass media. Some of them are pushing more traditional, one-word, verbs into second place. It is therefore essential that students of English should not only understand them when reading or listening to English but also use them themselves, in spite of the difficulties involved. The main difficulties are as follows: the sheer number and variety of phrasal verbs, the idiomatic nature of many meanings, the mobility of the particle, and variations of in stress. It is common knowledge that in order to provide an adequate translation, the translator must be able to sense nuances in the semantics of both the sourcelanguage and target-language texts. English phrasal verbs (e.g. give up, break in, fall out) are of great interest to me in this respect because they possess quite a number of semantic, grammatical and stylistic peculiarities, sometimes making their accurate translation into Kyrgyz difficult. Of course, in dealing with the translation of such lexical units into his or her native language, the translator can consult the appropriate bilingual dictionary, but what about the profound comprehension of why this or that phrasal verb is translated only this and not any other way? To get a good idea of English phrasal verbs' semantic nuances, let us first look at their conceptual features. In theory, phrasal verbs are generally considered to be idiomatic combinations of a verb and an adverbial particle. The exact status of the latter is still being debated, scholars being divided on whether it is an adverb, prepositional adverb, postpositional prefix, special part of speech, etc. However, here we are interested only in the features of adverbial particles. In general, the main function of phrasal verbs is conceptual categorization of reality in the speaker's mind. They denote not only actions or states as "ordinary" verbs do, but also specify their spatial, temporal or other characteristics. This ability to describe actions or states more precisely, vividly and emotionally is determined by the adverbial components of phrasal verbs. By combining with
40

these elements, verbs of broader meaning are subjected to a regular and systematic multiplication of their semantic functions. While the English verb has no consistent structural representation of aspect, adverbial particles either impart an additional inspective meaning to the base verb (e.g. the durative verb sit merges with the particle down into the terminative phrasal verb sit down) or introduce a lexical modification to its fundamental semantics. In most cases adverbial elements denote the general spatial direction of the action or express its qualitative or quantitative characteristics, like beginning set out), duration (bum along), completion (think out), intensity (hurry up), and so on. Strictly speaking, proper translation of English phrasal verbs to a high degree depends on the context in which they are used, which suggests the appropriate interpretation of the described action. Having stated the specific characteristics of the action denoted by a certain phrasal verb, one can seek a counterpart prefix, which is the closest in rendering the same idea and meets the lexical and grammatical requirements of translation into the target language.

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1.5. Ways of Translating English Phrasal Verbs. It is common knowledge that in order to provide an adequate translation, the translator must be able to sense nuances in the semantics of both the sourcelanguage and target-language texts. English phrasal verbs (e.g. give up, break in, fall out) are of great interest to me, because they possess quite a number of semantic, grammatical and stylistic peculiarities, sometimes making their accurate translation into other languages difficult. Of course, in dealing with the translation of such lexical units into his or her native language, the translator can consult the appropriate bilingual dictionary, but what about the profound comprehension of why this or that phrasal verb is translated only this and not any other way? To get a good idea of English phrasal verbs' semantic nuances, let us first look at their conceptual features. In theory, phrasal verbs are generally considered to be idiomatic combinations of a verb and an adverbial particle. The exact status of the latter is still being debated, scholars being divided on whether it is an adverb, prepositional adverb, postpositional prefix, special part of speech, etc. However, here we are interested only in the features of adverbial particles. In general, the main function of phrasal verbs is conceptual categorization of reality in the speaker's mind. They denote not only actions or states as "ordinary" verbs do, but also specify their spatial, temporal or other characteristics. This ability to describe actions or states more precisely, vividly and emotionally is determined by the adverbial components of phrasal verbs. By combining with these elements, verbs of broader meaning are subjected to a regular and systematic multiplication of their semantic functions. While the English verb has no consistent structural representation of aspect, adverbial particles either impart an additional aspective meaning to the base verb (e.g. the durative verb sit merges with the particle down into the terminative phrasal verb sit down) or introduce a lexical modification to its fundamental semantics. In most cases adverbial elements denote the general spatial direction of the action or express its qualitative or quantitative
42

characteristics, like beginning (set out), duration (bum along), completion (think out), intensity (hurry up), and so on. Obviously, such semantic peculiarities of English phrasal verbs must influence the process of their translation into other languages, which has a highly developed system of verbal prefixes. When dealing with translation of English phrasal verbs or pre-analysis of their adverbial elements' meaning, one should always keep in mind their astounding polysemy, which sometimes borders on homonymy. Compare the following: take in (to receive sb in one's home with welcome, as a guest) and take in (to deceive sb) (Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs).35 According to the Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, in the above context the phrasal verb hold up has the following meaning: to delay (sth or sb). The sentences "There was a little fire there. Nancy built it up, when it was already hot inside" (W. Faulkner). The adverbial particle up in the phrasal verb build up imparts the idea of increasing the size of the fire and shows the intensification of the action. English phrasal verbs can be highly idiomatic, their meanings being unpredictable from the sum of their constituents' meanings (e.g. take in (to deceive), lay down (to build), let on (to tell a secret). In such cases, where the context or professional experiences fail to reveal the sense of a phrasal verb, a good explanatory or bilingual dictionary can be of great help to the translator. For example, for a person who is not a native speaker of English, in the sentence "He liked to break in his assistants slowly" neither the context, nor the adverbial element of the phrasal verb hint at the real meaning of the combination break in. According to the Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, the phrasal verb break in has the following "unexpected" meaning: to help (smb) to become accustomed (to work, etc.) . The Russian edition of this very dictionary ( . - , Russkiy Yazyk Publishers, Moscow, 1997) treats this meaning in the same way: . (-.) ( ..). 36
35 36

Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs200 . - , Russkiy Yazyk Publishers, Moscow, 1997

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In this sentence we can understand the meaning of some analysis of translations, like get on and go ahead (used like this) there was no literal translation and the native speaker supplied a completely different word to convey the same meaning. For instance, means finish it and for go ahead the native speaker could not supply any word that meant the same. As a result, learners of English find phrasal verbs very confusing and have great difficulty in this area. As literal translations and native speaker misunderstood and supplied a completely different word to address the same meaning. For example, in first sentences the native speaker could not supply any word that meant the same. It is difficult for them because coming from an English language background; and affixes language and they cannot accept that the addition of a particle can totally change the meaning of a verb. The fact that the verb can be separated from the particle by its object causes the most frequent error in speech and writing. These examples point to literal meaning. Sometimes we can observe simple word by word interpretation. In whole I agree with given translation contrary to polysemy and number of synonyms. The plane touched clearly does not have the same meaning as the plane touched down and therefore this verb touched needs the particle down in order to have the same meaning. According to this definition, touched down then, is a phrasal verb. The effect of not having much reference to a corpora when teaching phrasal verbs may result in the unnecessary teaching of phrasal verbs that are too difficult for a certain level of students, or perhaps the phrasal verbs being taught are not difficult, but not common either. Work on frequency in corpora could allow teachers to know which phrasal verbs to focus on and make a better use of class time for everyone. Later in this paper we will discuss a textbook comparison that illustrates this point. By giving students lists of phrasal verbs, whether they are grouped by the verb or by the particle, and asking them to learn the meaning and memorize them, teachers are not necessarily promoting use. Perhaps the student will be able to match up a phrasal verb with its Latinate word on paper, but when it comes to
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speech, something else needs to be done to encourage and enable use. Students need to be aware that using phrasal verbs does not make their speech less academic and that using a longer word does not necessarily make them seem more fluent. Many times an overuse of Latinate words can make speech sound unnatural. In fact, Cornell says using phrasal verbs in speech is a true test of fluency. I think that a thorough study and consequent understanding of semantic correspondences in the English and Kyrgyz verbal systems can be quite a powerful tool in the translator's arsenal. Then we talk about the basic ways of translation of phrasal verbs. We examine recommendations for translation of phrasal verbs. Particular attention is given to such issues as the competence of the translator and the help of dictionaries. It is necessary to be reminded of the translator's competence since the adequacy of translation depends on it. Dictionaries represent a huge and valuable source of information and help to the translator. They play an important role in successful translation. They make the work of translators easier.37 In this paper, we discuss several dictionaries as well as their basic features and their significance. Translation is the transformation of the message of the source language to the message of the translating language. The exact translation is impossible because of a great number of languages differences in the grammar and the number of words, besides, the distinction of the cultures can influence the way of translating and its results. It makes the unknown known. The translator has the fever and craft to recognize, recreate and reveal the works of the other artist. To determine the translation as the subject of the linguistic research shows its difference from the other kinds of linguistic mediation. Some translators tried to define the row of demands of which the good translators should be. The French humanist E. Dolet (1509 1546) considered that a translator should keep the following five basic principles of translation: 1. To understand the content of the translating text and the intention of the author perfectly;
37

Concise Oxford Companion to the English language 1998

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2. To know the language he translates from and the language he translates on perfectly; 3. To avoid the tendency to translate word for word, because it misrepresents the original content and spoils the beauty of its form; 4. To use the translation the speech forms in general use; 5. To reproduce the general impression in corresponding key, produced by the original, by choosing and placing words correctly. In 1790 the Englishman A. Tayler formed the following requests to the translation in his book The principles of the translation:38 1. The translation should transfer the ideas of the original completely; 2. The style and way of the exposition should be the same as in the original; 3. The translation should be read with the same easiness as the original works. The translation is the multifaceted phenomenon and some aspects of it can be the subjects of the research of different sciences. In the frames of the science of translation psychological, literature critical, ethnographical and other points of translation as well as the history of translation in one or other country are being studied. The main place in the modern translation belongs to linguistic translation, which studies the translation as linguistic phenomenon. English phrasal verbs can be highly idiomatic, their meanings being unpredictable from the sum of their constituents' meanings (e.g. take in (to deceive), lay down (to build), let on (to tell a secret). In such cases, where the context or professional experience fails to reveal the sense of a phrasal verb, a good explanatory or bilingual dictionary can be of great help to the translator. For example, for a person who is not a native speaker of English, in the sentence "He liked to break in his assistants slowly" in Jamilya neither the context, nor the adverbial element of the phrasal verb hint at the real meaning of the combination
38

Classification. TESOL Quarterly. Vol.33, No. 1, 1999.

46

break in. According to the Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, the phrasal verb break in has the following "unexpected" meaning: to help (smb) to become accustomed (to work, etc.) The Russian edition of this very dictionary ( . - , Russia Yazyk Publishers, Moscow, 1997) 39 treats this meaning in the same way. According to the subject of research we use the knowledge of the psychology of translation, the theory of art and literary translation, ethnographical science of translation, historical science of translation and so on. In order to analyze phrasal verbs which are used in Jamilya and their possible equivalents in original text, we should discuss some difficulties the translator faces during his work (especially translating idiomatic expressions) and explain what may cause the difficulties. This is done with the purpose to help the translator avoid many mistakes in his work The different kinds of translation complement each other and strive to detailed description of the activity of the translation.40 It is common knowledge that in order to provide an adequate translation, the translator must be able to sense nuances in the semantics of both the sourcelanguage and target-language texts. English phrasal verbs (e.g. give up, break in, fall out) are of great interest in this respect because they possess quite a number of semantic, grammatical and stylistic peculiarities, sometimes making their accurate translation into Kyrgyz difficult. Of course, in dealing with the translation of such lexical units into his or her native language, the translator can consult the appropriate bilingual dictionary, but what about the profound comprehension of why this or that phrasal verb is translated only this and not any other way? To get a good idea of English phrasal verbs' semantic nuances, first of all one need to look at their conceptual features. In theory, phrasal verbs are generally considered to be idiomatic combinations of a verb and an adverbial particle. The
39 40

. - , Russia Yazyk Publishers, Moscow, 1997 Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

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exact status of the latter is still being debated, scholars being divided on whether it is an adverb, prepositional adverb, postpositional prefix, special part of speech, etc. However, here we are interested only in the features of adverbial particles. In general, the main function of phrasal verbs is conceptual categorization of reality in the speaker's mind. They denote not only actions or states as "ordinary" verbs do, but also specify their spatial, temporal or other characteristics. This ability to describe actions or states more precisely, vividly and emotionally is determined by the adverbial components of phrasal verbs. By combining with these elements, verbs of broader meaning are subjected to a regular and systematic multiplication of their semantic functions. While the English verb has no consistent structural representation of aspect, adverbial particles either impart an additional aspective meaning to the base verb (e.g. the durative verb sit merges with the particle down into the terminative phrasal verb sit down) or introduce a lexical modification to its fundamental semantics. In most cases adverbial elements denote the general spatial direction of the action or express its qualitative or quantitative characteristics, like beginning (set out), duration (bum along), completion (think out), intensity (hurry up), and so on.

CHAPTER II. 2. PECULARITIES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN TRANSLATING INTO KYRGYZ. 2.1. The difficulties of translating English phrasal verbs into Kyrgyz language on the basis of Ch .Aitmatovs work Jamilya. This part of this master thesis is devoted to usage of phrasal verbs on Jamilya by Ch.Aitmatov.
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Although there are no phrasal verbs in the Kyrgyz language, we have analyzed morphological and syntactical ways of conveying the same meaning as English phrasal verbs have. The verb has morphological and syntactic features. We analyzed each verbal category by examining two forms or two sets of forms differing from each other according to that category only. In the Kyrgyz language the verb has the wide predicative. At first, I have defined all phrasal verbs patterns used in English text and after that, their interpretation into Kyrgyz. Along with extracts from original work Jamilya I attach general meanings of given phrasal verbs. In my opinion it can help us to analyze given examples thoroughly. Considering the original text I have detected the following list of phrasal verbs. Also we can observe the frequency of their usage in brackets. Analyzing phrasal verb in English translation and in original text of this passage, I had some difficulties because of difference in the meaning given in a dictionary and the contextual meaning. For example, the verb to reach up is translated like , but this meaning isnt suitable for the context. The sentence would sound like and it isnt correct for the Kyrgyz language, because she didnt stretch her arms. The next phrasal verb is to push off. It is translated in the dictionary like and this meaning isnt suitable for the word in Kyrgyz completely.41 In this paper, we will compare some frequently occurring English phrasal verbs with their translation\equivalents in Kyrgyz, both in terms of morphological syntactic structures and semantic properties. According to Longmans Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber at al. 1999), phrasal verbs are multi-word units consisting of a verb followed by an adverbial particle with a spatial or locative meaning (e.g. find out, run away, catch up, etc.).When combined together, they represent single semantic units with extended meanings that cannot be derived from the individual meanings of the parts.
41

. 1991

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Our study focuses on the comparison between lists of English phrasal verbs, which share frequently occurring. Morphological and syntactic structures in the form of part-of-speech (POS) patterns, and their equivalent expressions in Kyrgyz. Further narrow our focus on the phrasal verbs in which other word(s) can be embedded, such as scare (somebody/something) off. In the sentence Tomorrow morning I leave for the village, and I gaze long and intently at the canvas, as if it can give me a word of advise for the journey ahead, the interpreter gave: . . The phrasal verb leave for is translating . the ending- combining with the simple verb nameing the action, for example: , present form of the verb - is formed with help of ending for first person singular. The preposition for which shows direction to somewhere is translated with the help of ending which shows also direction. The transitive verb to give smth ahead was rendered with the help of past continuous tense which has quite opposite meaning. To give smth ahead is translated as , but according to the context it has backward process, not canvas gives but from the canvas as . In the sentence: The footprints of two travelers follow a washed- out dirt road, the phrasal verb a washed out in the position of noun is translated as : , - , , . Here we can observe that the translator was weak to transfer the meaning of - , - , , and just used a phrasal verb washed out which make the sentence meaningless. is rendered as I decided to stop off at home. Though stop off is translated as , according to the content is the most suitable variant. The translator replaced direct meaning, but these
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definitions are completely different. If we make back up translation, the real meaning will be distorted. In, I carry on a little business on the side;42 the interpreter gave , to carry on for making sense. But I think we can use literal meaning as well, and I would give different translation: . She laughed again, as if he said something very witty, and held my hand for a moment, looking up into my face, promising that there was no one in the world she so much wanted to see. Look up is used here in its literal meaning to raise ones head upward in order to see something. The Kyrgyz prefix - was used here in its meaning as a derivational unit forming the verb with the meaning: to perform an activity described by the verbs following the prefix, deflecting from the main direction for some time. ( , : , , , )43 Evidently it surprised her as much as it did me, for she yawned and with a series of rapid, deft movements stood up into the room. In this case the verb stood up wasnt translated as with the help of the (direction) - as a derivational unit forming the verb with the meaning: an activity with an upward direction
(

- - , , ). Another way of translation was used here: . The translator used a descriptive approach of translation, and described the result of the performed activity. They knew that presently dinner would be over and a little later the evening too would be over and casually put away.
42

Jamilya by Ch .Aitmatov LingvoUniversal (En-Ru) ( ABBYY Lingvo x3) - . ABBYY, 2008.


43

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Here put away to put something in the place where you usually keep it was translated with the help of - a derivational unit forming the verb with the meaning to move something off / away ( , : - , ).44 The elements in English phrasal verbs denote the general spatial direction of the action or express its qualitative or quantitative characteristics, such as beginning, duration, completion, intensity, etc. and can indicate various qualities of actions and states, thus closely resembling the semantic functions of the elements in English phrasal verbs. The Kyrgyz phrase - as a derivational unit forming the verb with the meaning: an activity with an backward direction. In Kyrgyz language , the endings oo-yy combining with the simple and compound verb name the actions for example: , present form of the verb is formed with help of ending yy. And the present form of the compound verb - is formed with the help of endings- and yy. Jamilya sat back up on the couch. In this case, sat back meaning: to relax in a chair so that your back is against the back of the chair was translated with the help of the verb meaning aside, or a derivational unit forming the verb with the meaning: to uncompleted activity. ( , , , ).45 Daniar took a step forward and held out her hand. Here, the phrasal verb held out meaning to move your hand or an object in your hand towards someone and step forward was translated with the help of the Kyrgyz compound verb a derivational unit forming

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the verb with the meaning: to move forward ( - , , ). For ex: , - , . , , . -but I call them close relatives because we lived as one family. It had been so since the time our people had been nomads, when our great grandfathers used to break camp and round up their cattle together. In the above mentioned sentence it is difficult to find direct equivalent of the phrasal verb round up. It can be translated as , but in the sentence it was translated as with the help of noun and adjective, as in kyrgyz denotes the action which happens only once. The same situation in the following sentence; . The sentence was translated : According to the old customs of tribal law which was still adhered to in the village at the time, it was forbidden to let a widow to leave tribe who had sons , and it was therefore agreed that my father should marry her. Neither the context, nor the adverbial element of the phrasal verb hint at the real meaning of the combination In the original text it is really difficult to find the proper translation or equivalent of the phrasal verb to be adhered to smth which is translated as , which has quite strong meaning. But in the sentence there is another expression which would be really impossible to understand for foreign readers if to render direct meaning. Thats why the translator referred to the phrasal verb to be adhered to. My young mother was kind, complacent and mild tempered; she kept up with the younger women in everything.
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, , . , , . The phrasal verb to keep up with which has the meaning to manage to do smth and is translated as was replaced with the phrase (not with the help of verb but with the adjective) .which can also be proper variant. Obviously, such semantic peculiarities of English phrasal verbs must influence the process of their translation into Kyrgyz language, which is characterized absency of verbs. Osmon, our distant relative, began to get fresh with Jamilya. , In English variant, syntactical role of verb in the sentence-predicate. In the Kyrgyz language the verb is the main clauses part and will be coordinated with a subject. Basically the verb is the predicate in a sentence, but it can act in a role of any sentence part, as a verb, and minor. Due to a certain order of words the structure of the sentence and the coordination of all words are quite clear. In the Kyrgyz sentence the verb is the last word, as it is the most important element in the sentence and carries out a predicate role. In the sentence verbs have a great influence, if there is no verb in the sentence, the narration will be substantive, and the sentence will be incomplete. Therefore the verb is the main functional part of the sentence. In the Kyrgyz language the verb has two special forms: participle and adverbial participle which have the pragmatically signs. . At home mother was in charge of every thing. In the above sentence the verb is the last word, as it is the most important element in the sentence and carries out a predicate role. In the sentence verbs have a great influence, if there is no verb in the sentence, the narration will be substantive, and the sentence will be incomplete. Therefore the verb is the main functional part of the sentence.
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Well then, I pulled my trap up in the shade of the willow , , Syntactical role of verb in this sentence: , , -predicate, but it denotes incomplete action, when in English language the predicate I pulled my trap up (transitive phrasal verb) is in the beginning of the sentence and shows complete action. In the English language the verb is the main clauses part and will be coordinated with a subject. You dont want to let your daughter-in law go, but I can not get the farm chairman off my neck. The soldiers need bread, and we are disturbing the plan. , , , .. English phrasal verbs can be highly idiomatic, their meanings being unpredictable from the sum of their constituents' meanings. Phrasal prepositional verb not get the farm chairman off my neck is generally considered to be idiomatic combinations of a verb and an adverbial particle. But in the Kyrgyz sentence the has also idiomatic meaning. I came up to them, dragging my whip along the ground. Grammatical category in this English and Kyrgyz sentences are quite different. In English I came up to them is in the past tense, and completed action. In Kyrgyz is in past continuous and the action is not completed. My mother did not hear him out. , . In English, phrasal verb indicates the intensification of action. Because did not hear him out can be rendered as and if one notices, there is no predicate in English sentence which gives the meaning which is the most important element in the Kyrgyz sentence. Obviously, such semantic peculiarities of English phrasal verbs must influence the process, sometimes it can
55

intensify the meaning and refers to additional information, but sometimes they may loose the sense of the sentence. I will send Daniar along with them. . And casually spitting through my teeth like a regular driver, I sauntered off with an air importance. , , . The verb and the particle are fused into a new idiomatic combination, the meaning of which is not deducible from its parts. In such combinations there is no possibility of contrastive substitution: there are no pairs. The adverbial, lexical values of the particles have been lost, and the entire verb-particle combination has acquired a new meaning. I was now beyond earshot, mothers following words were lost on me. . Phrasal verbs was now beyond earshot, were lost on me are generally considered to be idiomatic combinations of a verb and an adverbial particle. While translating, the interpreter used two idiomatic phrasal verbs: was now beyond earshot, were lost on me just to render the phrase . Here the author took into consideration emotional condition of the character and tried to describe it more deeply. My mother looked off into the distance and over the tree tops, as if her clouded gaze would come upon her sons there. - . Here the main function of phrasal verb is conceptual categorization of reality in the speaker's mind. They denote not only actions or states as "ordinary" verbs do, but also specify their spatial, temporal or other characteristics. This ability to describe actions or states more precisely, vividly and emotionally is determined by the adverbial components of phrasal verbs. By combining with
56

these elements, verbs of broader meaning are subjected to a regular and systematic multiplication of their semantic functions. While the English verb has no consistent structural representation of aspect, adverbial particles either impart an additional aspective meaning to the base verb or introduce a lexical modification to its fundamental semantics. In most cases adverbial elements denote the general spatial direction of the action or express its qualitative or quantitative characteristics. Then the war broke out and Sadyk was called out. . Neither the context, nor the adverbial element of the phrasal verb hint at the real meaning of the combination Then the war broke out. Here the translator gave additional information in order to give vivid picture of the story. She got along well with the other women but if they criticized her undeservedly, she would never let them get the better of her. , , . In the sentence verb has been combined with an adverb or a preposition, and readers or listeners will easily understand a phrasal verb used in a colloquial sense with a preposition. Verb and adverb constructions can also easily be understood when used literally. An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the verb to the object. Phrasal verbs that contain adverbs are sometimes called "particle verbs", and are related to separable verbs in other Germanic languages. A transitive particle verb get the better of her has a nominal object in addition to the adverb. If the object is an ordinary noun, it can usually appear on either side of the adverb, although very long noun phrases tend to come after the adverb. Having seen four sons off to war, they found consolation in Jamilya.. ,
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In the above sentence the verb and the particle keep their individual lexical meanings, as having seen four sons off. appears in possible contrastive substitutions. She would suddenly burst out laughing loudly and happily for no reason. Although there are no phrasal verbs in the Kyrgyz language, we have analyzed morphological and syntactical ways of conveying the same meaning as English phrasal verbs have. The verb has morphological and syntactic features. We analyzed each verbal category by examining two forms or two sets of forms differing from each other according to that category only. In the Kyrgyz language the verb has the wide predicative. . , , . But both mothers-in-law consoled themselves by saying that Jamila settle down in time. , , - - . In the sentence phrasal and prepositional verb settle down has composite meanings which are not normally deducible from their parts, the terms phrasal and prepositional verbs are not, however, restricted to such idiomatic combinations. The verb alone keeps its basic lexical meaning and the particle has an intensifying function: find out (discover). Sweep (up) the crumbs, spread (out) the rug. The stress on the particle in the verbal form (we say, I have to break down these boxes) moved from the particle to the verbal component when the compound acted as a noun. Some grammarians, such as Martha Koln in Understanding English Grammar,44 take the view that phrasal verbs define only those combinations that form an idiom, a phrase whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meaning of
44

The individuality of the components

Martha Koln in Understanding English Grammar,

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its parts. This is the holistic or semantic view, which focuses mainly on the meaning of the verb combination. According to the definition given in the Oxford Russian Dictionary, the most appropriate phrasal verbs indicate the intensification of action. Obviously, such semantic peculiarities of English phrasal verbs must influence the process, which has a highly developed system of verbal prefixes. In addition to their function that is analogous to that of English prefixes, English verbal prefixes resemble Kyrgyz adjectives, nouns and adverbial particles in their semantic functions, also indicating various qualities of actions and states. Like adverbial particles in English, prefixes are lexically strong. Thus, in translation from Kyrgyz into English, the meaning of the Kyrgyz adverbial component of the phrasal verb is mostly conveyed by using the English prefix that reflects the character of the described action or state most accurately. To a greater degree, this refers rather to nuances of semantics than grammar as there is a proper semantic correspondence between the adverbial element through in the phrasal verb going through and the, both denoting exhaustive action.

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CONCLUSION Discerned translating problems and difficulties dont exhaust the all variety of complications in translation. They reflect only the fundamental, the most typical situations. Translating of English phrasal verbs is very important part of the science of translation because it couldnt be a real good correct translation without correct translating of the phrasal verbs. Every translator should pay attention to the translation of the phrasal verbs and work hard with each phrasal verb. In order to translate them in proper way a translator should be aware of types and classification of phrasal verbs. An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the verb to the object. Phrasal verbs that contain adverbs are sometimes called "particle verbs", and are related to separable verbs in other Germanic languages. There are two main patterns: intransitive and transitive. An intransitive particle verb does not have an object: A transitive particle verb has a nominal object in addition to the adverb. If the object is an ordinary noun, it can usually appear on either side of the adverb, although very long noun phrases tend to come after the adverb. Prepositions can be distinguished because they cannot move, they are unstressed, and adverbs can intervene between the verb and the prepositional phrase. The Old English ancestors of modern phrasal verbs were generally inseparable-prefix verbs, although some separable forms did exist. The influences of the Norman Conquest and Old Norse on ME eroded Old English OV syntax, and this catalyzed the production of separable adverbial particles and the phrasal verb in Middle English. In Early Modern English, phrasal verbs grew rapidly in dramatic and less formal texts, while new nominal-derivative compounds and rules about pronominal-object placement arose. In Present-Day English, phrasal verbs
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are identifiable by particle movement (when transitive), stressed particles, incapacity for adverb intervention in the verb phrase, translation, and passivization. To conclude in Modern English also could be formed with a noun + particle, such as to louse up. It was also in this period that pronominal objects were firmly established before particles (She put it on not She put on it) as a standard practice, while nominal objects retained movement before and after the particle (She put the dress on / She put on the dress). Phrasal verbs play an important role both in spoken and written English at all levels, and everyone who wants to master the language should try not only just to learn them by heart but also to understand the situation they are to be used in. From our point of view knowledge and understanding of phrasal verbs allows communicating with the native speakers on their mother tongue. If your speech is rich in correct and relevant phrasal verbs, you are considered to be at the advanced level of knowing the foreign language. English and Russian lexical systems are so different that they demand the special approach to translating of each verb according to its contextual meaning. That is why it seems almost impossible to create a consistent rigid system of lexical correspondences between English adverbial particles and Russian prefixes, without encountering numerous debatable problems. Strictly speaking, proper translation of English phrasal verbs to a high degree depends on the context in which they are used, which suggests the appropriate interpretation of the described action. Having stated the specific characteristics of the action denoted by a certain phrasal verb, one can seek a Russian counterpart prefix, which is the closest in rendering the same idea and meets the lexical and grammatical requirements of translation into the target language. I think that a thorough study and consequent understanding of semantic correspondences in the English and Kyrgyz verbal systems can be quite a different tool in the translator's arsenal
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While doing the research I faced the questions, especially interesting to me, because they are very close to my profession to learn historical development of phrasal verbs in order to retrace their modification (alteration); to find out ways to solve the problem of phrasal verbs translation from one language to another; to define ways of translation in order to classify them into separate groups. Having elucidated these themes of my work I decided to have a closer look at gradual development of phrasal verbs. At the beginning of research I have defined the general meaning and its structural peculiarities. It helped me to understand the essence of phrasal verbs. For analyzing I have chosen Jamilya by Ch. Aitmatov. I concentrated my attention on the colloquial language he used in his works. I have discovered many examples of phrasal verbs used. After that I have detected their equivalents. Then I systemized the information I got after my observations. All examples were divided into three categories of translation: While writing my thesis paper Ive used different research methods, such as descriptive and statistic methods, Ive observed different facts, connected with indirect category of translation, sometimes direct meaning is possible but it does not suit the context. At this point the interpreter must be knowledgeable in both languages, mainly target language. The translation performed by E. Kalashnikova is correct and entirely reflects the sense of the context. Dealing with translation of English phrasal verbs or pre-analysis of their adverbial elements' meaning, one should always keep in mind their astounding polysemy, which sometimes borders on homonymy. Semantic peculiarities of English phrasal verbs must influence the process of their translation into the Russian language, which has a highly developed system of verbal prefixes. And as I have already mentioned, Im convinced that the theme of my thesis paper is very actual nowadays and I think that the research will be useful whole and correct interpretation.
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for

many people. My work is intended for the audience interested in the linguistics in

As we can see, phrasal verbs are widely spread in English literature. Analyzing phrasal verbs of this passage I had some difficulties because of difference in the meaning given in a dictionary and the contextual meaning. We have observed that the Kyrgyz equivalents of the English phrasal verbs following the pattern tend to show a distinctly different structure from English morpho-syntactic structure. In Russian, the elements in this type of English phrasal verbs are generally expressed by means of verbal prefixes. For instance, English phrasal verbs with RP- prepositional adverb, elements, which on their own would be function words such as in, on, out, up, down, etc., are usually to illustrate, the Russian equivalent for wipe out is literally. On the other hand, English phrasal verbs with RL elements that independently may act as content words, such as forward, ahead, behind, apart, together, etc., are often expressed as verb + adverb in Kyrgyz . However, this should be regarded more as a tendency rather than a rule, as some phrasal verbs in the second group can be translated by means of prefixation. While some others allow both meanings. For example, move ahead can be translated into Kyrgyz as either (verb with prefix) or (MWE) multi-word expressions. In addition, there are cases when an English phrasal verb of morphosyntactic structure with multiple senses can be translated into different Kyrgyz verbs for different meanings. Although there are no phrasal verbs in the Kyrgyz language, we have analyzed morphological and syntactical ways of conveying the same meaning as English phrasal verbs have. The verb has morphological and syntactic features. We analyzed each verbal category by examining two forms or two sets of forms differing from each other according to that category only. In the Kyrgyz language the verb has the wide predicative. Thus we get three divisions: The present, The Past The future
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Syntactical role of verb in the sentence-predicate. In the Kyrgyz language the verb is the main clauses part and will be coordinated with a subject. Basically the verb is the predicate in a sentence, but it can act in a role of any sentence part, as a verb, and minor. Due to a certain order of words the structure of the sentence and the coordination of all words are quite clear. In the Kyrgyz sentence the verb is always the last word, as it is the most important element in the sentence and carries out a predicate role. In the sentence verbs have a great influence, if there is no verb in the sentence, the narration will be substantive, and the sentence will be incomplete. Therefore the verb is the main functional part of the sentence. In the Kyrgyz language the verb has two special forms: participle and adverbial participle which have the pragmatically signs. 1. Conjugation 2. Active passive voice 3. Change on cases 4. (the present and ) Present and Past Investigated verbs in English language have the internal forms close to signs to participles. The participle designates a subject sign on its action, has conjugation, changes on sorts gender, numbers and to cases, and times.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Akimoto, Minoji. Collocations and Idioms in Late Modern English. Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English. Eds. Laurel J. Brinton and Minoji Akimoto. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999 2. 3. 4. 5. Bolingers view on phrasal verbs (Harvard Press) 1987. Brinton, Laurel J. The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000. Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Leech, G. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken (2002). Biber D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad & E. Finegan Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. (1999). 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Bolinger, D. The Phrasal Verb in English. Cambridge, Harvard University (1971). Concise Oxford Companion to the English language 1998 Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. The Grammar Book. Boston: (1999). Denison, David. The Origins of Completive up in English. Denison, David. English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions. London and New York: Longman, 1993. Darwin, C. & Gray, L. Going after the Phrasal Verb: An Alternative Approach (1999). Fraser Bruce The verb - particle combination. New York Academic press, 1986 Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Hiltunen, Risto. Verbal Phrases and Phrasal Verbs in Early Modern English. Collocation and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates
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History of English. Eds. Laurel J. Brinton and Minoji Akimoto. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999. Longman phrasal verbs dictionary Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. (2000). Makkai A. Idiom structure in English The Hague1987 Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartnik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman, 1985

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Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge U P, 1992. Richard F Spears American idioms Dictionary Lincolnwood, Illinois USA 1991 Sroka, Kazimierz A. The Syntax of English Phrasal Verbs. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1972 Samuel Johnson , Dictionary of the English Language, Sroka, Kazimierz A. The Syntax of English Phrasal Verbs. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1972 Translation Journal and the Author Send your comments to the Webmaster URL: http://accurapid.com/journal/09russ.htm Last Updated: Copyright 1998

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Tanabe, Harumi. Composite Predicates and Phrasal Verbs in The Paston Letters. Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English. 1999

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Ed. Roger Lass, Gen Ed. Richard Hogg. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1992. Yatskovich I. Some ways of translating English phrasal verbs into Russian.Tanslation Journal http://accurapid.com .. . 1963 . . - Moscow: . - 1997 .. , 1991
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32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

.. . . 1997 .. . .2001 .. - .1995 .. . .1990 . .1999 .. .1996. .. 2 . 1967 . 2001 .. .2001 ., . - : 2005 .. .2001 .. . 1993 .. ..1998 .. ..1986 .. - . 1957 4 1980 . 1991 . 1975 .. 1959

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