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( ) ,
( ).
, . ,
( ), ( ).
. .
.
1) y =s (t) - ,
t.
t0
v = lim
t0
s
t ;
'
v =x
2) y= v (t) - ,
t.
t0:
a= lim
t0
v
t ;
a=v '
3) y =Q (T) - , ,
.
Q :
C= lim
t0
Q
T ;
C=Q '
4) y =q (t) - ,
t.
q t
I= lim
t0
q
t ;
I =q'
2) , .
""
u = g(x) - , , ,
f.
f g - ,
x
,
. , ,
x, -
u = g(x)!
,
"", .
y(x) . ,
y(x) .
y'(x) :
x,
,
y - x
;
y'(x).
x = t, .
:
1. xt'.
2. yt'.
3. y x'.
4. , y x' t. .
, x(t) y(t) ,
yx' = dy(t) / dx(t) , dt, yx' = yt' /
xt'
3) , .
=() .
, , ,
D /D ='()+, 0 0, ='()+.
, '()
, x0.
,
, :
'() .
=() ,
, d (
d()):
dy='().
(24.1)
d .
, . . =.
'='=1, , (24.1), dy=dx=x, . .
: d=.
(24.1) :
dy='()d,
(24.2)
,
.
(24.2) dy/dx='().
dy/dx dy d.
. ,
y f (x)
y f ( x)x x dy x
x 0
, (5.2.)
, :
lim (x) 0
. ,
. ..
,
y dy f ( x)x
,
(5.3.)
.
(5.2.)
dy f ( x0 )x
y f ( x0 x) f ( x0 )
,
f ( x0 x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )x
.
(5.3.)
x0 x
. ;
.
x
),
.
,
.
y f (x)
x x0 x
,
x x x 0 x
(5.4.)
, (14.48),
y f ( x x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) x f ( x0 ) x
.
(5.5)
x
f ( x0 )
100 %
x 100 %
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
( f ( x 0 ) 0)
.
4) .
(5.6.)
y
x
y',
= y'+, 0 0; y = y' + x.
dy
dx
.
y , dy
.
y=f(x) y = f (x).
f(x), ,
y , f (x),
d2y
dx 2
.
:
y , f (x),
-
d 3y
dx 3
y I V , f I V (x),
-
d4y
dx 4
y ( n ) , f ( n ) (x),
n- 5) .
y f (x)
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
dny
dx n
()
x1 , x 2
x1 x 2 ,
f (x ) f (x )
1
2 )
(
( ,
() ).
f (x ) f (x )
f (x ) f (x )
1
2
1
2 ),
().
, ,
. .
yx
y x3
(, 0)
(0, )
6) .
. x0 f(x),
h >0, :
f(x 0-h )>f (x 0) f(x 0+ h)>f(x 0),
. , x
f ( x ) > f ( x 0 ).
. x0 f(x),
h >0, :
f(x 0-h)< f(x 0) f(x 0+h )< f(x 0),
. , x
:
f ( x ) < f ( x 0 ).
. 4.3 .
1- , 2- .
.
.( ). y =f(x) 0
, f/( x 0 ) .
. , , .
.
. 0 ,
.
( ).
f(x) [a , b], x 0
. :
1) f/(x) < 0 (a;x0) f/(x) > 0 (x0;b), x0 f(x);
2) f/(x) > 0 (a;x0) f/(x) < 0 (x0;b), x0 f(x).
2. .
f/(x) < 0 (a;x0) f(x) x0, f(x) (a;x0],
x (a;x0) f(x)>f(x0).
f/(x) > 0 (x0;b) f(x) x 0, f(x) (x0;b],
x (x0;b) f(x)>f(x0).
, x x0 (a;b)
f(x)>f(x0), x0 f(x).
.
7) .
. f ' ( x ) f ( x )
( x0 ), f ( x )
( x0 ), f '' ( x0 ).
f ( x ) ( a, b ),
, y = f ( x )
( x0 , f ( x0 ) ), x0 ( a, b ).
f ( x ) ( a, b ),
, y = f ( x )
( x0 , f ( x0 ) ), x0 ( a, b ).
( ) .
f ( x ) ( )
( a, b ), :
f '' ( x ) > 0 x ( a, b ), f ( x )
( a, b );
f '' ( x ) < 0 x ( a, b ), f ( x )
( a, b ) .
,
, . ,
x0 f '' ( x0 ), f '' ( x0 ) = 0.
8)
0/0 /
f(x) g(x) a, ,
, a,
f(x)/g(x) x,
. ,
,
(1)
, :
.
9) . .
,
(x, y) ()
f(x, y).
.
D f(x, y)
( ) .
10)
. ,
, .
z=f(x, y)
11)
x f ,
. .
F (x)
f (x)
F ( x) f ( x)
x ( a; b)
(a; b)
dF ( x) f ( x)d x
(
).
(6.1)
[a; b]
, a
.
F (x)
16.1
f (x)
(a; b),
F ( x) C
f (x)
F ( x) f ( x)
F (x)
,
, ..
F ( x) C
..
( F ( x) C ) F ( x) f ( x) C
(x )
x ( a; b)
( x) F ( x) f ( x)
f (x)
, ..
(( x) F ( x)) ( x) F ( x) f ( x) f ( x) 0
.
( x) F ( x ) C
,
( x) F ( x) C
, . ,
F ( x) C
f (x)dx F (x) C
f (x)
f ( x)dx
(a; b)
. ,
(6.2)
f ( x)dx
f (x)
f (x)
16.1. ;
, ..
( f ( x)dx) f ( x)
d ( f ( x)dx) f ( x)dx
(6.3)
( f ( x)d x) ( F ( x) C ) F ( x) 0 f ( x)
d ( f (x)dx) ( f ( x)dx)d x f ( x)d x
.
. ,
3cos3xdx si n3x C
(sin 3x C ) 3 cos3x
,
.
6.2.
, ..
dF (x) F ( x) C
(6.4)
6.3. , ..,
k const 0
k f (x)d x k f (x)dx
(6.5)
C1 k ) C C1 k k (F ( x) C ) k f ( x)dx
.
6.4.
, ..
.
(6.6)
16.3.
, ..
n
i 1
i 1
i fi ( x)dx i fi (x)dx
.
6.5. ( ).
f (u)du F (u) C
u (x)
(6.7)
f (x)dx F ( x) C
(6.8)
, .
,
f ( x)dx F (x) C
u (x)
F (u) F ( ( x))
.
F ( x) f ( x)
,
.
, ,
,
.
12)
x (t )
(t )
dx (t )dt
f (x)dx
(t )
. ,
.
(6.14)
.
, , .
(16.3),
d f ( x)d x f ( x)dx f ( (t )) (t )d t
x
dx
.
, ,
d f ( (t )) (t )d t f ( (t )) (t )d t
.
(16.14) .
, , (6.14), , ..
f ( (t))(t)d t (t) C
, ..
t g ( x)
x (t )
,
(t )
. (6.15)
.
.
u u( x)
v v( x)
, .
d (uv) ud v vdu
,
,
ud v d (uv) vdu
u dv uv vdu
.
(6.18)
( , ).
(16.18) ,
. (16.18)
dv
( , , ).
du
,
- , .
13)
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14)
.
2.
k - ;
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
15)
[a, b],
-.
f (x) [a,
b]. F (x) - f (x) [a, b],
16)
. .
x
t x = g (t):
t
g -1 - g, .. t = g -1(x).
17)
uv x = b x = a.
, ,
, :
a b ( ) ;
f (x) [a,b].