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5.

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1. able
able-bodied
ability
enable
disable
2. absence
absent
absentee /
absent-minded
absent-mindedly
3. abstract
attract /
attractive
contract
subtract /
4. abnormal
abnormality
norm

normal
normality
5. accept
acceptable
acceptably
acceptance
accepted
6. access
accessible
accessibility
accession
accessory
7. accommodate
accommodation
accommodating
commodity
commodious
8. accord
accordingly
according to ( -)
accordance
accordion /
9. act
an act
acting
action /
active
actor
actual
10. adapt
adaptable
adaptor
adaptation /
apt /
aptitude

 1.

11. adjoin
adjoining /
join /
a join
joint
12. administer /
administration
administrator
minister
ministry
13. admire
admiration
admiring
admiringly
admirer
14. admission
admit /
admittedly /
mission
commission
15. adverse
adversary
adversity
averse /
aversion
16. advice
advise
advisable
adviser
17. affirm
affirmative
firm
firmness
infirm /

18. aggravate
grave
gravity
gravely
gravitational
19. air
air-conditioner
aircraft
airing
airspace
20. alarm
alarm-clock
alarming
alarmingly
alarmist
21. alter ()
alteration
alternate
alternative
an alternative
22. amend /
amends
amendment
mend
commend
23. ample
amplifier
amplify
amplification /
amply /
24. amuse
amused
amusement
amusing /
amusingly /

 1.

25. art
artful /
artist
artificial
artistry
26. back
aback
backing
backbiting
back pay ()
backward
27. bank
bank account
banker
banking
bankrupt /
28. bare
to bare
barefoot / barefooted /
barely
29. base /
baseless
basement
basic
basis
30. bath
bathe
bathroom
bathing suit
bather
31. bed
bedclothes
bedroom
bedridden
bedspread

10

32. birth
birth control (contraception)
birthday
birth rate
birthplace
33. black
blackcurrant
blackout
blackmail
blackboard
34. blood
blood donor
blood pressure
bloodshed
blood poisoning
35. book
bookcase
booking (, )
bookshop
bookkeeping
36. brain
brain drain
brainless
brainy
brainwave
37. breath
breathe
breather
breathless
breathtaking /
38. brief
briefs
briefcase
briefing / -
briefly

 1.

39. broad
broadcast /
a broadcast
broaden
broadly /
40. brutal
brutality
brute
brutish
brutalize
41. capture ( )
the capture
captivity /
captivate /
captive
42. care
the care /
careful
careless
carelessness
43. cast
the cast
casting /
cast-iron
downcast
44. catch /
catch up
catching
catchy
catch-phrase
45. cave
cavity
excavate
concave
caveman

11

12

46. cent
per cent
centimetre
century /
centigrade
47. centre
central
central heating
centralize
egocentric
48. certain /
certainly
certainty
certificate /
certify
49. civil /
civilian /
civilize
civilized
civilization
50. class ( )
class ( )
classical
classification
classify
51. clean
to clean
vacuum cleaner
cleanse () /
cleanliness
52. close
to close
a close
closed
close down
closeness

 1. 13

53. command /
commander-in-chief
commandment
commanding
commando
54. compare
comparison
comparative ()
comparable
comparatively
55. compete
competition /
competitive
competitor
competent
56. compose /
composer
composition ()
composure
composed /
57. comprehend
comprehension
comprehensive /
apprehensive
apprehension
58. compulsion
compulsive
compulsory
impulse
repulsive
59. confection
confectionery
infection
infect
defect /

14

60. confide /
confidence /
confidential
confident
diffident
61. conform
conformist
reform
reformer
deform
62. confuse
confusion
confusing
fuse
refuse
transfusion ()
63. conserve
conservatism
conservative
reserve
reservation
64. consider
considerable
considerate /
consideration /
inconsiderable
65. consist
consistent
insist
insistent
resist
66. constrain /
constraint
strain ()

 1.

strained /
restrain
67. consult
consultant
consultation
consulting room
insult
68. continue
continuation
continual
continually
continuous
69. contrast
contrary
contradictory
contradiction
contravene
70. convene
convenience
convenient
convention /
conventional
71. convert
convertible
divert
extrovert
introvert
72. correct
to correct
correction /
direct
direction
to direct

15

16

73. count
countable noun
account
accountant
accountable
74. acquire /
acquisition
require
requirement
inquire /
75. court
courteous
courtesy
courthouse
courtyard
76. create
creation /
creative
creator
creature ()
77. credit
credible
credibility
creditable (-)
credulous /
78. critic
critical
critically
criticism
criticize
79. cross
a cross
cross off
crossroads
crossword

 1.

80. custom
customs
customary /
customer
custom-made
81. cut
cutback
cutlery
cutter /
cutting /
82. day
daybreak
daydream
daytime
daylight
83. dead
deaden /
deadline
deadlock
deadly
84. deceit
deceitful
deceive
deception
deceptive
85. decide
decided
decidedly /
decision
decisive
86. decorate
decoration
decorative
decorator
decorous

17

18

87. defend
defence
defenceless
defendant ( )
defensive
88. define
definable
the definite article
definition
definitive
89. denounce /
announce
announcement
pronounce
renounce
90. depend
dependable
dependant
dependent
independent
91. depose
repose /
impose /
pose
suppose
92. derive /
derivation
arrive
arrival
derivative
93. descend
descendant
descending
descent
ascent

 1. 19

94. deserve
deservedly
serve
service /
serving ()
95. design
designate /
designer
designation
resign
96. destruction
destructive
destroy
construction
construct
97. determine
determination /
determined /
terminate
terminal
98. devote
devoted
devotion /
devotee
vote /
99. dictate
dictation
dictator
dictatorship
dictionary
100. differ
difference
different
differently - /
differentiate ()

20

101. dignity
dignify /
dignified
dignitary /
indignation
102. diminish
diminutive
minute
the minutes
miniature /
103. direct
to direct /
direction
directive
directory ()
104. disagree
disagreement
agree
agreeable
agreement
105. dispense -
dispensable ,
spend
expend
expense
106. dispose /
disposed ( )
disposal
disposition /
proposition
107. diverse /
diversion
diversity
diversify
version

 1. 21

108. distribute /
distributor
distribution
attribute / (-)
contribution /
109. divide
dividend
division
divisible
divisor
110. dominate /
domination
dominating
domineering /
dominant
111. doubt
doubtful
doubtless
undoubted
undoubtedly
112. down
downcast /
downfall
downhearted /
downstairs
113. draw /
a draw
drawback /
drawer ()
drawing
withdraw /
withdrawal ()
114. drive /
driven
a drive

22

driveway
driver
driving licence
115. dress /
dress up
dresser ,
dressing
dressing-down /
116. during /
durable
durability
duration
endure /
117. dust
dusty
dustbin
duster
dustpan
118. ear
earlobe
earphone
earring
earshot
119. earth
earthen
earthly
earthquake
unearthly / ()
120. ease
easily
easy
easy-going
uneasiness

 1. 23

121. economy
economic
economically
economical
economize
122. edge / ()
edgeways
edging
edgy
edged-tool
123. edit
edition
editor
editorial
editorship /
124. effect
effective
effectively
to effect
effectual
125. elect /
elected
election
elector
electorate
126. electric
electrical
electrician
electricity
electrode
127. embarrass
embarrassed
embarrassing /
embarrassment /

24

128. emerge
emergency /

emergent
merge /
submerge
129. emigrate
emigre
migrate
immigrant
emigration
130. emit /
emission /
mission
transmission
submit /
131. employ
employee /
employer
employment
unemployment
132. engage /
engaged
engagement
engaging
disengage
133. engine
engineer
to engineer /
engineering
engine-driver
134. equal
equality
equally
equal sign

 1. 25

equilibrium
135. err
erratic
erroneous
erroneously
error
136. exact
to exact
exactness
exacting
exactly /
137. exam
examination
medical examination
examine
examiner
138. excite /
excited
excitedly
excitement
exciting
139. excel
excellence
Excellency
excellent
excellently /
140. except
excepting
exception
exceptional
exceptionally /
141. exclaim
exclamation ()
exclamation mark

26

claim /
proclaim
142. exclude
excluding
exclusion
exclusive /
exclusively
143. execute
execution
executioner
executive
executor
144. exceed
exceedingly /
proceed
proceeding
procedure
145. exhaust
exhausted ()
exhausting
exhaust pipe
exhaustion
146. exist
existence
existing
existentionalism
147. expand ()
expanse /
expansion /
expansionist
expansive /
148. expect /
life expectancy
expectant mother

 1. 27

expectation
unexpected
149. expend
expense
expensive
expenditure
expensively
150. expose /
exposition
exposure (-)
impose /
oppose /
151. express
an express
expression
expressionless
expressive
152. extend /
extension /
extent /
tension
intensive
153. extort
extortion
extortionate
torture
to torture /
154. eye
eyebrow
eye-catching
eyesight
eye-witness
155. face
face up /

28

facial
surface
efface
156. fact
factor
factory
factual
faction ()
157. fail /
failed
a failing
failing
failure /
158. false
false alarm
falsehood
false start
falsify
falsity
159. family
familial
familiar
familiarity
familiarize
160. far
afar
faraway /
farther
far-reaching
161. fate
fated
fateful
fatal /
fatality /

 1.

162. father
Father Christmas
father-in-law /
fatherless
fatherly
163. favour /
to favour
favourable
favourite
favouritism
164. fear
to fear
fearful /
fearless
fearsome
165. fertile
fertilize
fertilization
fertilizer
fertility
166. faith
faithful
faithfully
yours faithfully
167. fill /
fill in
fill out
filling
filling station
168. feel
feel like doing -
feel oneself
feeling
feeler /
unfeeling

29

30

169. feminine
femininity
feminism
feminist
170. final
a final
finale ()
finalist
finalize
finally
171. fire /
to fire
fire engine
fire extinguisher
fireplace
firework
172. first
first aid
first-class
first name
first night
173. fish
to fish
fisherman
fishing
fishing rod
174. to fit ( )
fit
fitness
fitful
fitter
175. fold /
fold up
ten-fold
folder

 1. 31

folding
unfold /
176. follow
follow up /
follower
following
follow-up
177. fool
foolish /
foolishly / -
foolishness
foolproof
178. foot
football
footing /
footnote
footpath
footwear
179. force
to force
forced
forceful
enforce /
180. form
formal
formality
format
formation
formulate
181. found /
foundation /
founder
to founder
founding /

32

182. fraction ()
fracture
fragile
fragment
fragmented /
183. free
to free
freedom
free enterprise
freely
freestyle
184. fresh
freshness
freshen (oneself) ()
freshen up
fresher
185. fright
frighten
frightened
frightening
frightful
frightfully
186. the front
front
in front of smth -
frontal
frontier
front line
187. fruit
fruitful
fruition
fruitless
fruity
188. full
fulfil

 1. 33

fullness
full stop ( )
full time
fully
189. gas
to gas ()
gaseous
gas mask
gas burner /
190. general
a general
general election
generalize
generalized
generally /
191. generate /
generation /
generator
generic
genetics
192. gold
golden
goldfish
gold plated
goldmine
193. good /
goods
good-looking
good-tempered / good-humoured
goodbye / !
goodness /
194. grade /
gradation
gradual

34

gradually
graduate
postgraduate
195. grand /
grandeur
grandfather
grandmother
grandiose
196. great /
greatness
great-grandfather
greatly
a great deal
197. green
the green /
the Greens
greenery
greengrocer's
greenhouse
198. ground /
to ground
ground floor
grounding
groundless
199. grow /
grower , -
grow up /
grown-up
growth
200. guide /
to guide /
guidebook
guiding
guidance

 1. 35

201. habit
habitable
habitation
habitual
inhabit
inhabitant /
202. hair
haircut /
hairdo
hairdresser
hairy
203. half
half-price
half-time /
halfway
half-hearted /
204. hand
hand over
handcuffs
handful
handle
handshake
handy
205. hang
hang out
hanger ()
hanging
hangover
206. happy
happily
happiness
unhappy
mishap
207. hard
hardness

36

harden
hardly
hardship
208. haste /
hasten /
hasty /
hastily
hastiness
209. head
to head
headache
headgear
heading
headlines ()
210. heal /
healer
health
healthy
healthily
211. hear
hearer
hearsay
hearing () /
hearing aid
212. heart
heart attack
heartbeat
hearten
heartbreaking
213. to heat
heat /
heat up
heater /
central heating

 1.

214. heir
heiress
heirloom
inherit
inheritance
heritage
215. high
high-heeled
high-spirited
highly
high school
highway
216. hold
hold out
holder /
holding /
hold-up
217. hope
a hope
hopeful /
hopeless
hopelessly
218. horrible
horribly /
horrid
horrific
horror
horrify
219. horse
horseback
horseman
horsemanship
horse-radish ()
220. hot
hot dog - ( )

37

38

hotly
hotbed /
hot-tempered
221. house
housing
housewife
household /
housework
222. human
humane
humanism
humanity
human rights
223. humour
good / bad humour /
to humour
humorous
humorist
humourless
224. hunt
hunting
hunt down
hunter
huntsman
225. ice
iceberg
ice-cold
ice hockey
ice-skating
icicle
icy
226. idea /
ideal /
idealize

 1.

ideally
idealist
227. identity /
identify /
identical
identification
identity card
228. ill
ill-advised
illness
ill-fated
ill-treat
229. illuminate
illuminated
illumination
illuminating
luminous
230. illusion
illusory
allusion
delusion
delude oneself
231. illustrate /
illustration
illustrative /
illustrious
lustre
232. image
imagine
imaginative
imagination
imaginary /
233. immobile
mobile
mobilize

39

40

immobilize /
automobile
234. impartial
partial /
impartially
impartiality /
partially
235. implicate /
implication
complicated
complication
application
applicable
236. import
to import /
important
importance
importer
237. impress
impression
press
the Press
pressure
pressed
238. incidence
coincidence
incident
incidental /
incidentally
239. income
incoming /
come /
outcome /
overcome

 1.

240. induce /
inducement /
introduce
introduction /
introductory
241. industry
industrial
industrialized
industrious /
industrialization
242. infinite
infinitesimal
infinitive
infinity
finite
243. inflame () /
inflamed /
inflammable
flame
inflammation
244. inflect () / ()
inflected
flexible
inflection / inflexion /
reflect
reflection
245. inform
information
informative
informer
reform /
246. initial
initially
initiate

41

42

initiative
the initials
247. inquire / enquire /
inquiring
inquiry
inquisitive /
require
248. insane
insanity
sane
sanity
sanitary
sanatorium
249. insensitive
sensitive
sentiment /
sentimental
sensual
250. inspect
inspection
inspector
expect
unexpectedly
251. inspire
inspiration
inspiring
expire
aspire
252. insular /
insulate ()
insulation
isolate /
isolation /
253. integral
integrate ()

 1.

integrity
integration
integrated
254. intense /
intensely
intensive
intensify
tense
255. liberal /
liberalize
liberalization
liberate
liberation
liberty
256. life
life expectation
lifeless
lifetime
live
lively
257. the light
light
to light
lighten /
lighter
lighting
lightning
258. like
likely
likelihood
likeness
likewise /
259. limit /
to limit
limitation

43

44

limited
limitless
260. line
line up /
linear
linesman
liner
261. literate
literacy
literal
literally
illiterate
literature
262. locate /
local
locally /
locality /
location
263. the lock
to lock
lock up / (-)
locker
lockup
264. long /
no longer
longevity
long-lasting
long-sighted
long-term
265. look
look after smb -
look forward to smth -
looker-on
lookout /
looking-glass

 1.

266. to love
the love
lovely
lover
loving
love affair
267. low
lowlands ()
lowly
to lower /
low-paid
268. mad
madden
maddening
madman /
madly
269. magnify
magnifying glass
magnification
magnitude /
magnificent
270. make
the make /
make out /
make up
maker
making
271. manage /
manageable
management
manager /
managerial
272. man /
manhandle ( -)
manhole ()

45

46

mankind
manly /
manned
273. mark /
to mark
marked
marker /
marksman /
274. master /
to master
headmaster
masterful /
masterpiece
mastery
275. to mean
means
mean () /
meaning
meaningful
276. to measure /
measure /
measured
measurement /
tape-measure
277. mechanic
mechanical
mechanically /
mechanism
mechanize /
278. medic
medical
medication /
medicine /
medicinal

 1.

279. memory /
memorize
memorial
memorable
commemorative
280. misjudge /
to judge /
judge
judgement
judicious
281. mislead
lead /
leader
leadership
leading
282. misunderstand
understand
understanding
stand
stand-by
283. to match ()
match
matched
matching
matchless /
284. morals
moral
morale
morality /
moralize
285. motor /
motorbike
motion
motionless

47

48

motive
motivate
286. mount /
mountain
mountaineer
mountaineering
mountainous
amount /
287. move ()
the move
movable
movement
movie
moving
288. multiply () /
multiplication
multitude
multiplicity
multiple
289. nation
national
nationalise
nationalism
nationality
290. nature
natural /
naturalist
naturally /
natural resources
291. a note /
note
notable
noted
notebook

 1.

292. observe
observer
observatory
observation
observance
293. obstruct
obstruction /
obstructive /
constructive
structure /
294. occupy
occupation /
occupant / -
occupier /
preoccupy /
295. offence /
offend
offender
offending
offensive
296. to open
open
opening /
openly
opening hours
297. oppose /
opposed
opposing
opposite
opposition /
298. organ
organic
organization
organize
organized

49

50

299. pack
package
packaging
packet / /
packing case
300. part
to part
partially
participant
parting
301. pass
pass away
a pass
passage / /
passer-by
302. passion
passionate
passionately
passive
the passive
303. pendant /
pending /
pendulum ()
depend /
independent
304. perfect
the perfect tense
perfectly
perfection
perfectionist ,
305. perception
perceptive /
perceptible
perceive

 1.

51

conceive /
conception
306. permit
the permit
permission
permissible
transmission /
307. persist /
persistent
persistently
persistence
subsistence /
308. person
personage /
personal
personally
personify
personnel
309. perverse /
perversion
pervert /
a pervert
perverted
310. phrase
phraseology
phrasal verbs

phrase book
to phrase
311. pity
take pity on smb -
pitiable /
pitiful
pitiless

52

312. plant
the plant
plantation
planter
transplant ()
313. plastic
plasticine
plastic surgery
plaster /
plaster of Paris
314. play
a play /
playboy
playfully
playmate /
player
315. please
pleased
pleasing
pleasure
pleasurable
pleasant
316. point /
to point
point-blank /
pointer /
pointless
317. popular
popularity
popularize
population
populous
318. pose
poser
position

 1. 53

positive
positively
319. practical
practice
practicality /
practise /
practicable
320. prefer
preferable
preferably
preference
confer , /
conference
321. present ( )
a present
to present
presentation
presently /
322. preserve /
preserved
preservation
serve
reserved
reserve /
323. presume
presumption
presumptuous
resume
consume
324. pretend , /
pretence /
pretension /
retention
contention

54

325. prevent /
preventive /
prevention
invent /
invention
326. private /
privation /
a private
privatize
privatization
327. produce
producer
induce /
reduce /
introduce /
conducive
328. progress /
to progress
progression /
progressive
repression
329. pronounce
pronounced
pronunciation
pronouncement
denounce /
renounce
330. proof
prove
proven /
improve ()
approve
331. proper /
proper noun
property

 1.

to appropriate
appropriate /
332. prospect
to prospect
prospective
circumspect
spectator
333. protect
protection
protective /
detect
detective
334. provide /
provided ,
providing ,
provision
provisional
335. the public /
public /
publication
publicity /
publicize
336. purity /
purify
puritan
pure
purely
337. quality
qualitative
qualify ()
qualification
qualified
338. question
to question

55

56

questionable
question mark
questionnaire
339. rational
rationally /
rationalism
rationalize
rationalization
340. real
realism
realist
reality
realize /
really
341. receive
receiver /
receipt
reception ( )
receptionist
342. refer /
referee /
reference /
referendum
transfer
343. reform
transform
transformation /
deform
inform
conform /
344. regular / /
regularly
regularity
regulate
regulation /

 1.

57

345. relate - / -
related ( -) /
relation /
relationship
relative
a relative
346. reserve
a reserve /
reservation /
observation
subservient /
347. resist
resistance
resistant
assist
insist
348. to respect
respect /
respectful
aspect
suspect
349. respond
response /
responsibility
responsible
responsive
350. real
realize /
realization
reality
really
351. to reverse /

reverse
reversal

58

revert ()
reversible
version
352. safe /
save
safety /
safeguard /
savings
353. sane /
sanitary
sanity
sanitation /
sanatorium
354. secret
secrecy
secretary
secretive
secretariat
355. sell
sell out
seller
best-seller
sale
salesman /
356. sense /
to sense
sensation /
senseless
sensitive /
sensual /
357. separate
to separate
separately
separated ( )
separation

 1.

358. sequel
sequence
consequence
consequent /
consequently /
359. a set /
to set /
set off
set out
setback /
settee
outset
360. shame
shameful
to shame
shameless
shamefaced
361. ship
to ship
shipping /
shipwreck
shipyard
362. short
shorts
shortage
shorten
shortcoming
short-cut /
short-sighted
363. sick
sicken /
sickening
sickness /
sickly

59

60

364. side
sideboard
sideline
sidelong
sidestep /
siding
365. sign
to sign
signal
signature /
significant
signify
366. simple
simple-minded
simplify
simplicity
simplification
367. to sleep
sleep
sleeper /
sleepless
sleepy
sleeping pill
368. to slip /
a slip
slippers
slippery
slipshod
369. show
a show /
show off /
show business -
showcase
370. social
sociable

 1. 61

society
sociology
social security
371. soft
soften
software
soft-hearted
softly
372. solicit /
solicitor
solicitous
solicitude /
soliciting
373. soluble
solution
solve ()
solvent
a solvent
374. special
specialize
specially
speciality /
specialist
375. sight /
sighted
sightseeing
sightseer /
far-sighted
376. speed
speed limit
speedy /
speedometer
speed up

62

377. spirit /
spirits
spirited /
spiritual
spirituality
378. sport
to sport
sporting
sportsman
sportswoman
379. stand
standing /
standpoint
stand-offish
understand
380. stop /
a stop
stopover /
stoppage
stopwatch
381. straight /
straight away
straighten /
straightforward /
straighten out
382. strain /
a strain /
strained
constrain /
restrain
383. substance
substantial
substantiate
substantially

 1.

instance
circumstance
384. success
successful
succession /
successive
successor
succeed
proceed /
process
385. sun
sunny
sunrise /
sunset
sunbathe
386. super
superior
supernatural
supersonic
superstar
387. supervise /
supervision
revise /
revision /
televise
devise
388. suppose
supposed
supposition
disposition /
proposition
opposition
389. to suspect
a suspect ()
suspect

63

64

suspicion
suspicious
390. tact
tactful
tactless
tactic
tactical
391. taste
to taste - /
tasteful
tasteless
tasty
392. think
thinker
thinking
thought
thoughtless
393. time
to time
timeless / -
timely
timer
timetable
394. tolerate / ( -)
tolerable /
tolerant
tolerance
toleration
395. to turn /
a turn / /
turning
turner
turnover

 1.

396. unit
unite
united
unity
397. use
the use
usage
useful
useless
user
398. vision /
visible
visibility
provision
revision /
399. water
to water
watercolour
watery
waterworks
400. wit /
witty
sharp-witted
dim-witted /
witticism
401. the work
to work
worker /
working ()
workman
workmanship
worked up /

65

2.1

?
?
,

. 2.2. ,

, .
, ,
.
.
, . 2.3.

2.2
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

 2.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.

()

( )

()

67

68

85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.

()

2.3

93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.

- :
1

: 2 , 3 , 4 . .
1 9. 9 ,
,
, 1
( l
,
, .
, -

( 1 9,
).


. , .
1
2
3

 2.

12
13
14
26
31

69

43
55
66
96

,
. 2.2.
. .

- . , (66), (31).

2.4

. ,

.

,
. ,
.
,
.

( )
( ). ,
,
. , ,
( ), (),
().
,
.

-

70

.
1 100,
.
, . .
.


.
.
.

2.5

,

20 :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

. (
).
.
, :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8. ()
9. ( )
10.

 2. 71

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

, ( ).
.
. , .
2.6

1020 .
.
.
35 .
2.7

:
.
,

.
,

. ,
able-bodied
. ,
.
:
, .
, ,
.

72

, ,
.
,
.

,
.
, /
, .

.

able

The frog is able to jump three

metres.
I wasn't able to do the crossword puzzle.

.
.

able-bodied
He is an able-bodied boy.

.
ability
He demonstrated his ability as
a journalist in this article.
enable
The feathers enable the birds to
fly.

.
.

disable
He was disabled by an accident
at work.

.

74

absence

They remained in their seats

during my absence.
absent
You have been absent twenty
minutes.

.

.

absentee /
The headmaster spoke about

absentees from school.
,
.
absent-minded
How absent-minded you are!
absent-mindedly
She absent-mindedly dropped
her diamond ring down the sink.

!


.

abstract

She is lacking in capacity for

abstract reasoning.

attract /
His concert attracted large
crowds.
.
She didn't attract me physically.

.
attractive
The company offers an attractive pay.

contract
They contracted to supply us

with natural gas.
.

 3. -

I did not sign a contract with

them.

75

subtract /
If you subtract 15 from 52, you
15 52,
get 37.
37.

abnormal

Maybe your child is abnormal.

abnormality
The test revealed an abnormali
ty in the blood.
norm
In Russia working wives have
been the norm for many years.

,
-
.

.

,

.

normal
I've got used to it, it seems nor
mal now.

,
.

normality
People have a longing for nor
mality.

,
.

accept

He accepted our invitation.

acceptable
In war killing is acceptable.

.

.

76

acceptably
The system has an acceptably
low heat loss.
acceptance
Within two days I had a letter
of acceptance from the manag
er.
accepted
I agree with the accepted wis
dom about old age.

.


.


.

access

The entrance door gives the ac

cess to the living room.
accessible
The hidden room was accessible
only through a secret back en
trance.
Computers are cheap enough to
be accessible to many people.
accessibility
The site was picked because of
its accessibility by rail.

.



.


.

- ,

.

accession
The question was about the year
,
of Queen Victoria's accession.

.

 3. -

accessory
The car has an attractive range
of extra accessories such as
built-in tape decks and radios.

77

,
.

accommodate

She can't accommodate guests

at the moment.

accommodation
There is a shortage of accom
modation in the town.
.
accommodating
Our guide was always accom

modating in answering our ques
.
tions.
commodity
He dealt in all domestic com
modities: cloth, hardware, and
furniture.

commodious
Our company occupies a com
modious building in the street.

,
:
,
( )
.

,
.

accord

I rewrote the article because it

didn't accord with our policy.

,

.

78

accordingly
Sometimes the press went too
far and suffered accordingly.

according to ( -)
,
Each person was given tasks ac

cording to their skills.
.
accordance
He was judged in accordance
with Islamic law.

accordion /
My son plays his accordion in
the yard every evening.

\ .

act

We have to act quickly.

She acted in many films.
an act
We condemn the act of aggres
sion.
acting
The plot was thrilling and the
acting was superb.
action /
The government will take nec
essary action.
The whole action of the book
takes place in one day.

.

.

.
,

.

.

.

 3. -

active
He was active in drawing public
attention to our problems.
actor
He was a fine actor.
actual
The predicted results and the
actual ones are very different.

10

79

.
.

()

.

adapt

This book is about changes and

how we adapt to them.
When you go to a foreign country, you must adapt yourself to
new manners and customs.

,
.
,
.

adaptable
He travels a lot. He is adapta .
ble to different climatic condi
tions.
.
adaptor
Use an adapter to connect the
computer and the lamp to the
same socket.

()
.

adaptation /
This windmill was designed for
adaptation to different local re
quirements.

.

80

apt /
It is a very apt description.

aptitude
He had an aptitude for journalism.

11

adjoin

Her bedroom adjoins mine.

adjoining /
The adjoining room is the office

of Professor Ivanov.
.
join /
The helicopter was quickly
joined by a second one.
.
He has joined the army.
.
a join
The repair was done so well,
you could hardly see the join.

,
.

joint
We have opened a joint account
at the bank.
He can feel the rheumatism in
his joints.

.

.

12

administer /

She has a huge department to

administer.
The doctor administered a sed
ative to him.

.

.

 3. - 81

administration
You need to spend less on ad
ministration.

.
administrator
He is a splendid administrator.
.
minister
He was appointed the Minister
of Defence.
ministry
The ministry will have no alter
native but to cut its expenditure.

13

.

,
.

admire

He went along the lane admir

ing the flowerbeds.
We admire the achievement of
the high-jumper.

, /

.

.

admiration
She had enormous admiration
for the film star.

admiring
We gave them our admiring
looks.

admiringly
He glanced at her admiringly.
admirer
I am not myself an admirer of
the rock group.
She has a lot of admirers.

.
-.
.

82

14

admission

The Act tightened up the admission of immigrants to Britain.

He submitted his resignation,
together with the admission of
his guilt.

/
.
, .

admit /
He admitted taking bribes.
,
.
He was admitted to hospital.
.
admittedly /
Admittedly, economists often
,
disagree among each other.

.
mission
He has been on a confidential
mission to Berlin.

commission
The commission was appointed
to investigate the assassination of
the president.

15

adverse

Falling prices had an adverse

effect on business.

adversary
He had two potential political
adversaries.

adversity
They continue to fight in the face
of the adversity.

,
.

 3. -

83

averse /
They were not averse to making

a little extra money.

.
aversion
She had a great aversion to va
grants.

16

advice

They want advice on how to do

it.
advise
I would strongly advise you
against it.
Their job involves advising peo
ple how to avoid the disease.
advisable
It is advisable to ring up first to
make an appointment.
adviser
He is a military adviser of the
President.

17

,
.

.
,
,
.


.

.

affirm

They affirmed a policy of reli

gious toleration.
I affirmed my innocence.

.

.

84

affirmative
He replied to my question in the
affirmative.
firm
Our present state of affairs de
mands firm leadership.

I sleep on a firm mattress.

.
.

firmness
She treated the children with
kindness and firmness.

infirm /
His grandfather was over eighty
80 ,
years of age, infirm and totally
blind.
.

18

aggravate

National poverty was aggravat

ed by rapid population growth.
grave
I had the greatest suspicions
about the activity of the firm.
gravity
Gravity is the force that causes
the things to fall to the ground
when you drop them.

gravely
His father was gravely ill.

.


.
(
) ,

,
.
.

 3. -

85

gravitational
The rocket overcame the earth's
gravitational force.
.
19

air

The air temperature was below

freezing.
He was accustomed to air travel.

.
.

air-conditioner
An air-conditioner is a device

which keeps the air in the room
,
cool and dry.

.
aircraft
There is an aircraft-factory in the
city.
airing
If you give a room an airing,
you let fresh air into it, often to
remove some unpleasant smells.

.

,
,
,
.

airspace
The plane crashed just after the
,
entering British airspace.

.
20

alarm

She looked around in alarm.

alarm-clock
I can wake up without an alarmclock.

/
.

.

86

alarming
The world's forests are shrink ing at an alarming rate.
,
.
alarmingly
His sight began to deteriorate
alarmingly.
alarmist
Don't be an alarmist!

21

,
.
!

alter ( )

The weather can alter violent

ly.
alteration
It is not possible to make major
alterations in the existing agree
ment.
alternate
The Third World suffers from
annual cycle of drought alternate
with flood.

.


/
.


,
.

alternative
They are researching sources of
alternative energy.

an alternative
Is there an alternative to the
plan?

 3. -

22

87

amend /

Last year the law was amended.

amends
He wanted to make amends for
his former unkindness.

amendment
He moved an amendment to the
law.

mend
I mended some toys for her.
You have got to mend your ways.
commend
I was commended for my re
port.
23

.

.

.

ample

This leaves her ample time to

prepare.

amplifier
An amplifier in a radio causes
sounds to become louder.

amplify
These signals are then amplified.

amplification /
Your statement needs amplifi cations.

.

88

amply /
This has been amply demonstrat
ed over the past few years.

.
24

amuse

He laughed as if the idea amused

him.

,
.

amused
I was highly amused by his com
ment.

amusement
What amusements have you got
to keep young boys and girls out
of mischief?

,
?

amusing /
There was an amusing story in
the paper.
/ .
amusingly /
He had a gift to talk amusingly.
,
.
25

art

He is interested in contemporary
art.

artful /
I looked through his artful

schemes.
.
artist
This abstract picture was painted by John Hoyland, an artist
who emerged in the 1960's.

, ,
60- .

 3. -

artificial
These results appear only in very
artificial conditions.
artistry
He acted the final scenes with
the superb artistry.

26

89

.


.

back

We were lying on our backs under the tree.

aback
I was taken aback by his visit.

.
backing
He has secret Government backing.
backbiting
I don't like backbiting.

.
,

(
).

back pay ()
The firm has three-months back

pay to its employees.

3 .
backward
I cannot make up my mind
whether your son is backward
or just lazy.

,

.

90

27

bank

You should ask your bank for a

loan.

bank account
I must withdraw money from my
bank account.

banker
His father is a banker.

banking
He specialized in banking.

bankrupt /
The company has gone bankrupt.
.
28

bare

The walls of the room were bare.

to bare
Girls bare their waists nowadays.
barefoot / barefooted
She ran barefoot across the
meadow.
Her son was a thin, barefooted
boy with red hair.
barely
He was so drunk that he could
barely stand.
29

.

.
/

.

.
,
.

base /

I saw a scar at the base of his

thumb.

 3. - 91

baseless
It is baseless gossip.
basement
There were rats in the basement.
basic
We never seem to solve the ba
sic economic problems.
basis
Such dreams are the basis on
which you later structure your
life.
30

.
.
,

.

,
.

bath

I must have a bath before we

go.

, .

bathe
It is dangerous to bathe in the
sea here.

bathroom
She went into the bathroom and
took a shower.

bathing suit
She was in a nice bathing suit.

.
bather
There are a lot of bathers in the
river.
31

bed

We went to bed at ten.

10 .

92

bedclothes
How often do you change your
bedclothes?
?
bedroom
The bedroom door was closed.

bedridden
Her mother is bedridden.

bedspread
She bought a new bedspread.

32

birth

Where is your birth certificate?

birth control (contraception)

There are very many safe, easy
methods of birth control.

(
).
birthday
Are you going to have your birthday party?
birth rate
Russia has a very low birth rate.
birthplace
The city is my birthplace.

33

?

.
.

black

He wore a black leather fur-coat.

 3. -

93

blackcurrant
I like blackcurrant jam.

.
blackout
I had a blackout after the blow.

blackmail
He tried to blackmail me.
blackboard
The teacher seldom writes on
the blackboard.

34

.

.

.

blood

Her hand was covered with

blood.
blood donor
There are some blood donors in
our group.

blood pressure
I have high blood pressure.

.
bloodshed
There was a great deal of bloodshed in Paris during the Revolution in 1789.

1789
.

blood poisoning
His father died of blood poison
ing.
.

94

35

book

She opened the book and put the

envelope between the pages.

bookcase
His bookcase is full of books.

booking (, )
Don't forget booking of hotel
rooms.
.
bookshop
It is the largest bookshop in the

city.
.
bookkeeping
She took a course of bookkeeping.
36

brain

He had got brains but would not

use them.

,
.

brain drain
A brain drain is the movement of

a large number of scientists away

from their own country to other
.
countries.
brainless
I can't say he is brainless.
brainy
She has two brainy sons who are
good at learning.
brainwave
Then he had a brainwave.

,
/ .
,
.

.

 3. -

37

95

breath

You could smell the whisky on

his breath.

, .

breathe
When we breathed the air, it
smelt sweet.

,
.

breather
I stopped working and had an
other breather.

,
.

breathless
She opened the door, a little
breathless from climbing the
stairs.

,
,
.

breathtaking /
We were travelling at the breath ,
taking speed.
.

38

brief

They started with the brief de

scription of their work.
briefs
I'm going to buy this set of briefs.
briefcase
His briefcase was full of ban
knotes.

.

.

.

briefing / -
We had a special briefing on

what lies ahead.
, ,
.

96

briefly
She told him briefly what had
happened.

39

, .

broad

The streets of this town are

broad.

broadcast /
The speech of the President was

broadcast last night.

.
a broadcast
He was criticized for making
these broadcasts.
broaden
The river broadens here.
Travel broadens the mind.

.
.

.

broadly /
He entered the room smiling
,
broadly.
.
Broadly speaking, you are right.
.

40

brutal

She wrote an article about the

government's brutal treatment of
political prisoners.
brutality
There is so much brutality shown
on the television screen.

.

.

 3. -

97

brute
He is an ugly brute.

brutish
Man's life is so nasty, brutish and short.
, .
brutalize
Her childhood was so awful, it is a wonder she was not brutal, ,
ized.

.
41

capture ( )

Women and children have been

captured by the terrorists as hostages.

the capture
The newspapers informed about
the capture of Bagdad by American troops.

captivity /
Some wild birds can be raised in
captivity.

captivate /
At eighteen he had been capti vated by a charming brunette.
.
captive
A lot of enemy soldiers were taken captive.
42

care

Many people don't care about

the environment.

98

Do you think she still cares for

him?

,
?

the care /
The label on the crate said

"Glass. Handle with care".
: . !
She takes good care of her chil
dren.
.
careful
Be careful or you will fall.
careless
You had been careless during the
test.

.

.

carelessness
He was severely criticized for his

carelessness.

.
43

cast

He cast his clothes on to the

bench.
She cast a quick glance at his
friend.

.

.

the cast
Who was in the cast?

?
casting /
He is doing the casting for the
film.
.
cast-iron
The gates are made of cast-iron.

().

 3. -

downcast
Yesterday she was downcast and
silent.
The girl could only nod, her
eyes downcast.
44

99

.
,
.

catch /

We can get six months in prison

if they catch us.
He has caught a cold.
catch up
She had just reached the cor
ner, when he caught up with
her.

,
.
.
,
.

catching
It is a catching disease.

catchy
The song is irresistibly catchy.

,
.
catch-phrase
He used some catch-phrases in his speech.

.
45

cave

There are big caves in the mountain.

cavity
I must have a cavity in my tooth
stopped.

100

excavate
We have excavated the piece of
land and found pots, bones, and
some buildings.

,
.

concave
It is a concave lens.

caveman
Cavemen were people in prehis

toric times who lived only in
,
caves.

.

46

cent

A cent is a small unit of money

worth one-hundredth of dollar.

,
.

per cent
45 per cent of Americans were
against it.

45
.

centimetre
A centimetre is a unit of length
in the metric system equal to ten
millimetres or one-hundredth
of a metre.

, 10
.

century /
A century is a period of time of
a hundred years.

/
.

centigrade
Centigrade is a scale for measur
ing temperature, in which wa
ter freezes at 0 degrees and boils
at 100 degrees.

,
0,
100.

 3. -

47

centre

He moved the table over to the

centre of the room.
central
The houses are arranged around
a central courtyard.
Their activities are strictly con
trolled by the central commit
tee.
central heating
Central heating is a heating sys
tem for buildings. Air or wa
ter is heated in one main tank
and travels round a building
through pipes and radiators.
centralize
To centralize a country means
to create a system of govern
ment in which one central group
of people gives instructions to
regional groups.
egocentric
Egocentric people care about
themselves and believe that they
are more important than the rest
of the world.

48

101

.

,
.


.

.

\
,
.


,


.

,

,
.

certain /

I am absolutely certain of that.

102

Certain areas of Russia are better than others for keeping bees.

certainly
If nothing is done there will certainly be an economic crisis.
certainty
Answers to such questions would
never be known with certainty.

.
,

.


.

certificate /
You should present your medi cal certificate.
.
certify
This piece of paper certifies the
payment of his taxes.
49

/ .

civil /

They try to defend civil liberties

and human rights.

civilian /
They tried to avoid bombing ci
vilians.
.
civilize
He treated them as savages to
be tamed and civilized.
civilized
They aim to create a civilized
society.

,
.


.

 3. - 103

civilization
He profoundly studied the entire
history of Western civilization.
50

class ( )

If classes were smaller, children

would learn more.
You are not supposed to eat in
class.
class ( )
He belongs to the middle class.
classical
I am fond of classical music.

,
.
.

.

.

classification
The classification of the plants
,
on the island took several
,
months.
.
classify
The books have been classified
according to subject.
51

clean

He took a clean white shirt out

of the wardrobe and put it on.

to clean
Clean the bath thoroughly!

vacuum cleaner
He has bought a new vacuum
cleaner.

104

cleanse () /
You should cleanse your wound!
.
cleanliness
She praised her daughter for
her cleanliness.

52

\ .

close

His house is close to mine.

to close
It took a bit of pressure to make
the lid close.

,
.

a close
The war in Europe drew to a
close.

closed
On the whole these debates take
place behind closed doors.

\
.

close down
The mines had been closed down.
closeness
They felt closeness in relationships with their friends.

53

.

.

command /

She commanded me to lie down

and relax.
He commanded the regiment
during the war.

.

.

 3. - 105

commander-in-chief
Who was the commander-in chief of all the Russian armed
forces during World War II?

?
commandment
The Ten Commandments are the
ten rules of behaviour which
according to the Old Testament
of the Bible people should obey.

,
,
.

commanding
Britain had lost her command
ing position in the world.

.
commando ,
The commandos captured the

bridge.
.

54

compare

It is interesting to compare Rus

sian pupils with those in Britain.
comparison
We can make a comparison of
our living standards.

.


.

comparative ()
The comparative form of mon

osyllable adjectives ends in -er.
(
)
-er.
He hoped they could spend the
,
night in comparative safety.

.

106

comparable
They have much lower fuel con
sumption than comparable petrol-engined cars.
comparatively
The price was comparatively low.

55

,

, .

.

compete

This would enable British shipbuilders to compete with foreign

shi pyards.

competition /
Competition for admission to

the college is keen.

.
The two parties were not in com
petition with each other.
.
competitive
He is awfully competitive.
,
,
.
competitor
The firm is our competitor.
competent
He is a competent lawyer.

56

.

.

compose /

The book is composed of stories

written over the last twenty years.

,

.

 3. - 107

These properties compose his

individuality.

composer
Who is the composer of the opera?

composition ()
There are changes in the chem

ical composition of the atmos

phere.
.
The composition has to be at least

three pages long.
.
composure
He had recovered his composure.

composed /
I felt calmer and more com- posed.
.
57

comprehend

They didn't comprehend how

hard he had struggled.
comprehension
These problems are beyond my
comprehension.

,

.

.

comprehensive /
He presented a comprehensive
list of all the items in stock.
, A comprehensive school is a
.
school in which children of all abilities are taught together.
,

.

108

apprehensive
I felt apprehensive about the

whole operation.

.
apprehension
His mother trembled with ap ,
prehension.
.

58

compulsion

We are not entitled to use com

pulsion.
compulsive
He is a compulsive liar.
The book is compulsive.
compulsory
In most schools, sports are com
pulsory.
impulse
I had a sudden impulse to turn
around and walk out.
repulsive
His behaviour was absolutely
repulsive.

59

.
.

.


.


.

.

confection

She went to the confection de

partment and bought two bars
of chocolate.

 3. - 109

confectionery
She is a shop-assistant. She sells
.
confectionery.
.
infection
The radiation lessened bodily
resistance to infection.

infect
Imported birds can infect their
owners with an unpleasant ill
ness.

/


.
/


.

defect /
They were not blind to the de
,
fects of Western society.

.

60

confide /

He had confided to me that he

was not an Irishman at all.

,
.

confidence /
I have a lot of confidence in him.
.
confidential
This arrangement is to be kept

strictly confidential.
.
confident
He was very confident that his
plan would be successful.

diffident
He is a rather diffident uncom ,
municative man.
.

110

61

conform

Such a change would not con

form to the wishes of the great
majority of people.

conformist
A conformist is someone who
behaves or thinks like everyone
else rather than doing things that
original.

,

,
.

reform
He called for the reform of the
divorce laws.
Prison sentences cannot reform
the criminal.

.


.

reformer
He is known as a passionate so
cial reformer.

deform
Badly fitting shoes can deform
the feet.

, ,
.

62

confuse

You must be confusing me with

someone else.

, ,
-.

confusion
There is danger of confusion
between them.

confusing
The plot of the book is fairly confusing.

 3. -

111

fuse
Have you checked the fuse?

?
refuse
He was dismissed for refusing
to join a union.

,
.

transfusion ()
He was given a blood transfu
sion.
.
63

conserve

Such laws exist only to conserve

the privilege of this selfish minority.

conservatism
He has been much criticized for
his aesthetic conservatism.

conservative
Publishers in Britain are more

conservative than their continen tal counterparts.
,
( ).
reserve
I have a room reserved at your
hotel.

reservation
They accepted the plan without
reservation.

64

consider

You always consider that I do

nothing.

,
.

112

considerable
The building suffered considerable damage.

considerate /
You are so considerate!

/ !
consideration /
After careful consideration her
parents gave her permission.

.
inconsiderable
The order was carried out with
an inconsiderable delay.
.

65

consist

The group consists of scientists

and engineers.

consistent
He is my most dangerous and

consistent adversary.
/
.
insist
I insist on it.
insistent
There have been insistent de
mands that more should be done
to provide for poor families.
resist
Some trade unions resist the intraduction of automation.

.

,

.


.

 3. - 113

66

constrain /

Father told her that he would

not constrain her in any way.

constraint
The list of instruction is full of
constraints.
strain ()
He strained a muscle during the
match.

,

.

.

.

strained /
Relations between the two fam- ilies had become strained.

.
restrain
The government takes measures
to restrain inflation.
67

consult

If your baby is losing weight you

should consult your doctor
promptly.
consultant
You should find a consultant
who will give you expert advice
and professional help.
consultation
The Prime Minister will decide
the matter in consultation with
the Ministry of Defence.

,

.

,

.
-
,
.

114

consulting room
Where is the consulting room of
?
my doctor?
insult
I did not mean to insult you.
The older boys yelled out insults.

68

.

.

continue

The orchestra continued to play.

continuation
We hope for the continuation of
the economic growth.

.
,

.

continual
The figures show an almost con
tinual increase.

continually
We are continually learning from
experience.

continuous
We observe the continuous erup
tion of the volcano since March.

69

contrast

There is a contrast between these

residential areas.
contrary
They happily tolerated the ex
istence of opinions contrary to
their own.

.

,

.

 3. -

115

contradictory
He had made two contradictory

promises.
.
contradiction
There is a contradiction between
the two laws.

contravene
They contravened the law.

70

convene

We are going to convene a small

meeting to discuss the issue.

,
.

convenience
The house has all modern conveniences.

convenient
The timetable is more convenient.

convention /
He is known for his arrogance
and rejection of convention.

.
conventional
He voted for the abolition of the
conventional education system.

71

convert

A solar cell takes radiation from

the sun and converts it into elec
tricity.

116

convertible
Roubles are freely convertible
into dollars.
.
divert
The police were diverting the
traffic.

.
extrovert
An extrovert is a person who is
very active and sociable.
introvert
An introvert is a quiet, shy per
son who spends a lot of time
alone.

72

,

.
,
,

.

correct

This is the correct answer.

to correct
The teacher has corrected some
spelling mistakes in my composition.

correction /
We shall make the necessary

corrections.
.
direct
Are there any direct flights to
Athens?

direction
I was going in the opposite direction.

 3. -

to direct
Can you direct me to the theatre?
73

117

,
?

count

I ' m going to count up to three.

Count the change at the cash
desk.

.
,
!

countable noun
"Tree" is a countable noun.


.
account
There were accounts of the incident in the paper.

accountant
His father is an accountant at
the factory.

accountable
The government is accountable
to Parliament.

74

acquire /

I tried to acquire the informa

tion I needed.
acquisition
He invited me to inspect his lat
est acquisition.
require
Is there anything you require?

.
,

.
- ?

118

requirement
Maths is no longer the most
important requirement for a
career on accounting.

,
.

inquire /
He went to inquire about the
, times of trains to London.

.

75

court

The court dismissed the charg

es.
There are lawn courts and ground
courts.

.

.

courteous
You seldom meet a courteous
officer among Russian police
men.

courtesy
He replied with promptness and
courtesy.

courthouse
He will be tried in the courthouse.
courtyard
There are a lot of trees in the
courtyard.
76

.

.

create

They opened windows and doors

to create the draught.

,
.

 3. - 119

creation /
They proposed the creation of Welsh and Scottish parliament.

.
creative
She is hard-working and crea
tive.

creator
She listened to the choir that
performed a song of praise to
the Creator.

,

.

creature ()
Worms are very simple creatures.

77

credit

They sold grain on credit during

times of famine.
credible
His latest statements are hardly
credible.

credibility
He felt that he had lost credibility.

.

. (

.)
, .

creditable (-)
The deed is creditable on his part.

.
credulous /
You are too credulous and easi ,
ly deceived.
.

120

78

critic

A critic is a person who writes

reviews and expresses opinions
about books, films, music and
art.

critical
This was a critical moment of
his career.
The government is aware of the
critical state of economy.

,

/
,
,
.

.
,

.

critically
She looked at the picture critically.

criticism
The writer came in for severe
criticism.

criticize
Please don't get angry, i f I criticize you.

, ,
.

79

cross

We wanted to prove that we could

cross the desert.
The idea has never crossed my
mind.
a cross
She wore a tiny golden cross.
cross off
Cross off my name on the list!

,
.

.

.
!

 3. - 121

crossroads
You can change buses at the
crossroads.
crossword
She likes to do crosswords.

80

.
\
.

custom

His wife likes all the old English

customs.
customs
Customs is the place at the bor
der, airport, or harbour where
people arriving from a foreign
country have to declare goods
that they bring with them.

.

,
, ,
,
,
.

customary /
Nothing could shake him out of
his customary calm.
,
.
customer
She is one of our regular customers.

/
.

custom-made
He has a custom-made car.
,
.
81

cut

She cut the cake and gave me a

piece.

122

cutback
In the defence industries sudden
cutbacks are common.


.
cutlery
The knives, folks, and spoons
that you eat your food with are
referred in English as cutlery.

cutter /
The cutter is already blunt.

, ,
,


,

.
.

cutting /
They are easy roses to grow from
cuttings.
.
She brought some cuttings from

a newspaper.
.
82

day

They had waited three days and

nights for this opportunity.
daybreak
We have to leave at daybreak.
daydream
Boys and girls daydream about
their future.
daytime
The forest was dark even in the
daytime.

.
/
.

.
.

 3. - 123

daylight
It looks different in daylight.

83

-.

dead

They came in the dead of night.

deaden /
Drugs deaden the pangs of hun / ger.
.
deadline
We must meet the deadline.
deadlock
The meetings between the management and unions ended in
deadlock.
deadly
These are deadly spiders.
84

.
/
.
.

deceit

He is incapable of deceit.

deceitful
Appearances are deceitful.

deceive
He tried to deceive me.

deception
He would quickly have seen
through your deception.

deceptive
His fragile appearance was de
ceptive.

124

85

decide

I am glad you decided against

the career of a waiter.
decided
This gave them a decided ad
vantage over their opponents.

,
.


.

decidedly /
He looked decidedly uncomfort , able.
.
decision
I think that I made the wrong
decision.

,
.

decisive
Napoleon lost the decisive battle.

86

decorate

The walls were all decorated

with posters.
decoration
Her dress was free of all deco
rations.
I like the interior decorations.
decorative
There was a huge decorative
Chinese vase on the floor.
decorator
She works as a decorator for a
big firm, building houses.

.

.

.

.

,
.

 3. - 125

decorous
His behavior was not always
decorous.

87

defend

He had learnt to defend himself

against blows.
defence
They carried sticks for defence
rather than aggression.
defenceless
They were accused of attacks on
defenceless civilians.

.

,
.


.

defendant ( )
The defendant in a trial is the
person who has been accused of ,
a crime.
.
defensive
The weapon is defensive.

88

define

My dictionary defines "crisis" as

a "turning point".
definable
Many things happen for no de
finable reason.

.
,

/ .

126

the definite article

This collocation is used with the
definite article.

.
definition
There is no clear definition of
schizophrenia.
definitive
The verdict is definitive.

89

.

.

denounce /

The meeting denounced him as

a traitor.

/
.

announce
It was announced yesterday.

announcement
The Government announcement
gave the details of small increas
es in taxes.

pronounce
You pronounce the word incor
rectly.

renounce
We have renounced the use of
force to settle our disputes.

90

/ .

depend

These factories depend upon

supply of natural resources.

 3. - 127

dependable
The car is very dependable.
dependant
Were you to be killed, your
dependants could get compen
sation.
dependent
West Europe is still heavily de
pendent on Middle East oil.
independent
This clinic is independent of the
National Health Service.

91

.
,

.


.


.

depose

The provisional government was

deposed.
repose /
Her face was lovely in repose.

.

.

impose /
She was a harsh mother and
imposed severe discipline on her
children.
.
pose
The bride and groom posed for
the photograph.
She showed me hundreds of her
photographs in various poses.

.

,
.

128

suppose
It was quite reasonable to sup
pose that he wanted money too.

92

,
.

derive /

They derive enormous pleasure

from their grandchildren.

derivation
I don't know the derivation of
the expression.

arrive
He arrived at his hotel after
midnight.

arrival
I apologize for my late arrival.

derivative
He presented this derivative idea
as his own.

93

/
.

.

descend

To ascend a mountain is easier

than to descend it.

,
.

descendant
She is a descendant of A. Push
kin.

A. .

descending
Arrange the numbers in descend
ing order.

 3. - 129

descent
They are Americans of Irish de
scent.

ascent
The ascent of the mountain took
them three days.

94

deserve

She deserves to be praised.

deservedly
The first prize was won, most
deservedly, by Mrs. Smith.

serve
For over thirty years, she has
served the company loyally.

service /
He hammered the table for im
mediate service.
serving ()
She ate a large serving of meat
garnished with mashed potatoes.
95

, ,

.

.

design

The test have been designed to

assess mathematical ability.

designate /
The territory was designated a
national park.
.
I was designated to read the les
son.
.

130

designer
She wants to be a dress design
er.

designation
It is an official designation of his
position.

resign
He resigned from the Govern
ment.

96

destruction

The earthquake caused enormous destruction.

destructive
This rocket has sufficient de
structive power to blow a bat
tleship to pieces.

.

,
(
) .

destroy
Several buildings were destroyed
by the bomb.

construction
The construction of the Panama Canal took five years.

construct
The building is constructed of
brick.

97

determine

An X-ray determined that no

bones were broken.

, .

 3. - 131

determination /
She is responsible for the deter
mination of wage levels within
this company.
.
determined /
He has a determined character.
.
He is determined to win.

.
terminate
We are confident that the case
will terminate with two words:
"Not guilty".
terminal
A computer terminal is a piece
of equipment, usually a key
board and a V D U , that you use
to put information into a com
puter or to obtain information
from it.
98

,


: .

,
,


.

devote

He devoted himself to his stud

ies.

/ .

devoted
She is devoted to her work.

devotion /
Her devotion to her children is
/
plain to see.

.
devotee
The building has an enormous
appeal for devotees of history.

132

vote /
Let us have a vote!
!
99

dictate

It took him a long time to dic

tate this letter.
dictation
A dictation is a test of your
knowledge of a language, in
which you have to write down a
text that is read aloud to you.
dictator
A dictator is a ruler who has
complete power in a country.
dictatorship
Democracy soon gave way to
dictatorship.
dictionary
You may use your dictionary in
translating the text.

100

,
.

,
,
.

,
.

.


.

differ

Modern cars differ from the

early ones in many ways.

difference
Look at their difference in size.

.

.

 3. - 133

different
The meeting was different from
any that had gone before.

,
.

differently - /
Can you translate the sentence
differently?
- / ?
differentiate ()
What differentiates the hare from
the rabbit?
101

dignity

It is beneath my dignity to answer such a rude remark.

dignify /
He dignifies his few books by the

name of the library.
.
dignified
He was tall, handsome and very
, ,
dignified.

.
dignitary /
He became a dignitary who has
,
a high rank in government.
.
indignation
She seethed with indignation.

102

/
.

diminish

She turned the knob, and the

sound diminished.

,
.

134

diminutive
The suffix -let is diminutive.
Her diminutive figure in black
appeared in the doorway.

-let
.

,
.

minute
She was ten minutes late.

the minutes
You must learn how to take min
utes from the meeting.

miniature /
They look like miniature sharks.

.

103

direct

Transform the direct speech into

the indirect one.

to direct /
The question was directed at me.

.
direction
The government has to guide the
general direction of the economy.
directive
We must follow the EEC directives.

.


.

directory ()
Do you have the Moscow tele
phone directory at home?
?

 3. - 135

104

disagree

He and I disagree about it.

disagreement
There was little disagreement
over what needed to be done.

.

,
.

agree
Do you agree with me?

agreeable
She always made a point of be
ing agreeable to them.

agreement
She nodded agreement.

105

dispense -

She decided to dispense with my

services.

dispensable ,
These were dispensable luxuries.
,

.
spend
He spends much money on
books.
expend
They expend large sums of money to maintain this beach.

.



.

136

expense
They restricted their expenses on
food.
She buys expensive clothes.

106

.

.

dispose /

He disposed of the house and

car.

disposed ( )
She is well disposed to me.

.
disposal
She lives in a cottage put at her
disposal by her lover.
He insists on safe disposal of ra
dioactive waste.

,
.
/

.

disposition /
He was a man of a cheerful

disposition.
/ .
proposition
He came to me one day with an
extraordinary proposition.

107

diverse /

He is a man of diverse talents.

/
.

 3. - 137

diversion
Chess and billiards are his favorite diversions.
diversity
There is a rich diversity of cultures and societies in the world.

.


.

diversify
Hills and woods diversify the

landscape.
.
Many car manufacturers are

diversifying as rapidly as they can.


.
version
Each of women had a different
version of what actually happened.

108

, ,
.

distribute /

The leaflets were distributed by

students.
distributor
He is the exclusive distributor
of Ford cars in Russia.
distribution
The workers demand the fairer
distribution of profits.

.


.

.

138

attribute / (-)
Economists attribute the lack of
progress to poor cooperation.


.
contribution /
The United Kingdom had to
make a contribution of 1,000 mil
lion pounds to the EEC budget.

109

1


.

divide

The cells begin to divide rapidly.

dividend
A dividend is part of a compa
ny's profit which is paid to the
shareholders.
division
A division sign is the symbol
which is used between two num
bers to show that the first
number has to be divided by the
second.

.

,

.

( ),
,
,

.

divisible
The number is divisible by 3.

3.

divisor
Find the greatest common divi
sor for these numbers.

 3. - 139

110

dominate /

These issues dominated the election.

/
.

domination
The company is increasing its

domination of the U K market.

.
dominating
He is a dominating personality.
,

.
domineering /
She has a domineering husband.
/
.
dominant
The dominant personality in our
firm was John Brown.

111

doubt

He had no doubt about the out

come of the trial.
Maybe he changed his mind, but
I doubt it.

.
, ,
.

doubtful
It is doubtful whether he will win.

, .

doubtless
I shall doubtless see you tomor
row.

140

undoubted
The play was an undoubted success.

undoubtedly
He is undoubtedly a prominent
personality.
He sold goods of dubious quali
ty.

, ,
.

.

112

down

They walked down the steps.

downcast /
He looked downcast yesterday.
/
.
The girl could only nod, her
eyes downcast.
, .
downfall
His downfall as a personality was
caused by drink.

downhearted /
I have never seen him down hearted.
.
downstairs
He went downstairs and into the
kitchen.
.
113

draw /

She drew the comb lightly

through her hair.

a draw
Our team has had five wins and
two draws this season.

 3. -

141

drawback /
Nightshirts are the major draw
backs of his job.
.
drawer ()
The written receipts for each
payment had been kept in a

drawer in his study.
.
drawing
Here is the drawing of the workpiece.
She had a passion for drawing
and painting.

.
.

withdraw /
She withdrew the key from the

key-hole.
.
withdrawal ()
They are trying to negotiate the
withdrawal of troops.
114

drive /

It is your turn to drive the car.

driven
I don't like people driven by
greed or envy.
a drive
We had a pleasant drive.

.
,
.

.

driveway
The car turned from the public

road into the driveway leading
, to the house.
.

142

driver
He is a bus driver.

driving licence
I received my driving licence
() ,
after I had passed a driving test.
() .
115

dress /

She was wearing a long black

dress.
He was dressed in a black suit.

.
.

dress up
That evening they dressed them
selves up in fancy clothes.

dresser ,
She is a neat dresser.
.
dressing
Do you want a dressing to your
salad?

dressing-down /
Father gave me a dressing /
down for my being late.
.
116

d u r i n g /

He had worked during the night.

durable
The car has a durable engine.
durability
I doubt the durability of their
love.

.

.
,
.

 3. -

143

duration
He was prepared to do this for

the duration of her pregnancy.

.
endure /
It was more than I could endure.
.

117

dust

Each car threw up a cloud of

grey dust.

dusty
We rode along a dusty track.

dustbin
A dustbin is a large container

that you keep outside your
,
house and put rubbish in.

.
duster
Give me a duster for removing
dust from the furniture.

,
.

dustpan
She swept the dust and dirt with
a besom into a dustpan.

118

ear

Young people sometimes turn a

deaf ear to the words of their
parents.
earlobe
She has her earlobes pierced.

144

earphone
She put on her earphones and
switched on her player.

earring
He presented her with earrings.

earshot
There was no one within earshot.


.
119

earth

The earth moves around the sun.

earthen
At the museum we saw a lot of
ancient earthen pots and bowls.
earthly
She believed that our earthly life
is all that matters.
earthquake
Only few people survived the
earthquake in the village.

.


/ .
,

.


.

unearthly / ()
I wondered why he had risen at
,
that unearthly hour.
.
120

ease

She performed this trick with

ease.

 3. -

He was at ease with strangers.

145

easily
He tired very easily.
He translated the text easily.

.
.

easy
The new dancing was easy.

easy-going
My father was a gentle, easy
going person.

,
.

uneasiness
His uneasiness grew as each
minute passed.

121

economy

Unofficial strikes damaged the

British economy.
economic
What has gone wrong with the
economic system during the last
ten years?
economically
The country was extremely une
venly developed economically.
economical
The system was extremely eco
nomical because it ran on halfprice electricity.

.


( ,
)?


.

,
,
.

146

economize
The loss of business was so great
that they had to economize on
staff.

122

,

.

edge /

()

Little children played in the sand

at the water's edge.

edgeways
I could not get a word in edgeways.

edging
The blouse was trimmed with
lace edgings.

edgy
She seemed very edgy.

edged-tool
You are playing with edged .
tools.

123

edit

This is the edited text.

edition
It is the third edition of the book.

editor
I spoke about it to the editor of
a local newspaper.

 3. - 147

editorial
He is going to expand his edito
rial staff.

editorship /
The paper has considerably im-
proved under his editorship.
,
.

124

effect

They are researching the effect

of noise on people in the facto
ries.
effective
It is the most effective way of
reducing pollution of the envi
ronment.
effectively
They attempt to make the sys
tem work more effectively.
to effect
Production was halted until re
pairs could be effected.
effectual
He procured an effectual remedy.

125

.
/

.


.
.

elect /

Why should we elect him Mayor?

148

elected
The country has a democratically elected government.

election
I shall vote for her at the next
election.

elector
The electors were very active
during the last election.
electorate
The electorate of a country or
area is all the people in it who have
the right to vote in an election.
126

.
,
.

electric

He bought an electric fan.

electrical
The works produces electrical
equipment.
electrician
An electrician is a person whose
job is to install and repair elec
trical equipment.
electricity
Electricity is a form of energy
that is used for heating and light
ing, and to provide power for
machines in houses and facto
ries.

.

.
, ,


.

,
,


( ).

 3. - 149

electrode
We need high-quality steel for
production of electrodes.

127

embarrass

It embarrasses me even to think

about it.

embarrassed
I felt really embarrassed about
-
it.
- .
embarrassing /
He said something that would be
,
embarrassing for me to repeat.
.
embarrassment /
His cheeks were hot with em barrassment.
.
128

emerge

I saw the woman emerge from

a shop.

, / .

emergency /
He explained what to do in case
, of emergency.
.
emergent
He is an emergent politician.

merge /
They advised us to merge with
another company.
.
The voices merged with one
.
another.

150

submerge
The crocodile showed its snout
before submerging.
I was eager to submerge myself
in the activity.
129

, .

.

emigrate

He received permission to emigrate to Canada.

emigre
I spoke to a group of emigres
from Russia.
.
migrate
Millions migrated to the cities.
immigrant
An immigrant is a person who
has come to live in a country
from his / her native country.
emigration
Emigration is voluntary exile, to
my mind.
130

()
.
,


.
, -,
.

emit /

I heard him emit heartbroken

sighs.

,
.

emission /
The device is designed for meas
urement of heat emission
,
through walls and windows.
().

 3. -

151

mission
He has been on a confidential
mission to Berlin.

transmission
Millions have heard that transmission.

()
.

submit /
They were forced to submit to
military discipline.

.
I submitted my resignation.

.

131

employ

He was employed as an interpreter.

employee /
He is an employee of our com pany.
.
employer
The university is a major em
ployer in the area.
employment
The state of employment is im
proving.
unemployed
The government ought to create
more job vacancies for unem
ployed young people.

.

(
).



.

152

132

engage /

The work we are engaged in is a

study of heat transfer.
engaged
The telephone line is engaged.

, ,

.
/
.

engagement
Their engagement was officially
announced on 5 August.

5 .

engaging
She was an engaging personali
ty.

disengage
She attempted to disengage her
arms from his grip.

th

133

engine

He couldn't get his engine start

ed.
engineer
An engineer is a person who
repairs mechanical or electrical
devices.

.
(
) ,


.

to engineer /
It was Dr. Martin who had en gineered Miss Jackson's dismiss al.
.

 3. - 153

engineering
Engineering is the work involved
in designing and constructing
, machinery, electrical devices.

,
.
engine-driver
His father is an engine-driver.

134

equal

The cake was divided into twelve

equal parts.
There is a trend towards equal
opportunities for men and wom
en.

.


.

equality
They demand equality between
men and women.

equally
On his death the property was
divided equally between them.
equal sign
An equal sign is the sign (=),
which is used in arithmetic to
indicate that two numbers or sets
of numbers are equal.

equilibrium
I believe this state of equilibrium will be maintained.

.

(=),
,
,

.
,
.

154

135

err

To err is human.

erratic
He is known for his erratic behaviour.

erroneous
Your viewpoint on the present
situation is erroneous.

erroneously
Some drinkers erroneously i m agined that they had become
wiser.

,
.

error
The doctor committed an appalling error in judgement.

136

exact

He searched for the exact word

to define his feelings.

to exact
He exacted absolute obedience
from his children.

exactness
He expressed himself with great
exactness.

exacting
The quality of goods failed to
measure up to their exacting
standards.

 3. - 155

exactly /
I don't know exactly where it is,
,
but it is in the south of France.
, -
.

137

exam

I am preparing for the exam.

examination
They had a three-hour written
examination in maths.

medical examination
A full examination of the chest

failed to reveal anything wrong.

.
examine
They agreed immediately without having examined our proposition.
examiner
An examiner is a person who
marks an examination.

138

,

.
,

.

excite /

The idea of entering the univer

sity excited me.
These rumours excited suspicion.

.
.

excited
He was so excited he could hardly
sleep.

,
.

156

excitedly
They were excitedly discussing
plans for the weekend.
excitement
Struggling to conceal his excitement, he accepted her invitation.
exciting
She was reading an exciting book.

139

.
, .

excel

He excels at sports.

excellence
Sport is an area in which excel , lence is still treasured.


.
Excellency
I shall do my best, Your Excel ,
lency.
.
excellent
That is an excellent idea.

excellently /
The system works excellently.

/ .
140

except

All the boys except him started

to giggle.

, , .

 3. -

excepting
He was the only man for miles
around (excepting an old sea
man).
exception
An exception proves the rule.
There is no exception to this rule.

157

(
).

.

.

exceptional
She was an exceptional teacher.

.
Permission will be granted only

in very exceptional circum
.
stances.
exceptionally /
February had been exceptional
ly wet.
.

141

exclaim

All the women exclaimed at how

well- formed the baby was.

,
,
.

exclamation ()
They embraced him with excla , mations of joy.
.
exclamation mark
An exclamation mark is the sign

(!) which is used in writing to
(!),
show that a word or sentence is
, ,
an exclamation.


.

158

claim /
They claimed to have shot down ,
two planes.
.
proclaim
The government proclaimed a
state of emergency.

142

exclude

His taking part in the competition was not excluded.

excluding
We are open seven day a week,
excluding Christmas Day.
exclusion
He was able to concentrate on
a problem to the exclusion of
all other matters.

,
.
,
,
.


,
.

exclusive /
These two solutions of the prob
lem are mutually exclusive.

.
exclusively
These young people devote their
lives exclusively to sport.

143

execute

We shall execute the plan in a

year.

 3. - 159

execution
He was obstructing the officer
in the execution of his duty.
executioner
An executioner is a person whose
job is executing criminals.

.
,

,
.

executive
He is a senior executive in an

oil company.

.
executor
Your executor is a person who
you appoint to deal with your
affairs after your death.

144

,

.

exceed

Average annual temperatures

here exceed 20 Centigrade.

20 .

exceedingly /
The Colonel was exceedingly .
wealthy.
proceed
It is necessary to examine this
claim before we proceed any
further.
He shouted and proceeded to
throw stones at the windows.

/ ,

.

.

160

proceeding
I shall institute proceedings
against you for unfair dismissal.
.
procedure
This is a procedure for record
ing drugs administered.

145

,
.

exhaust

He exhausted her both nervously

and physically.

,
.

exhausted ()
The children were hot, dirty and
exhausted.

,
.

exhausting
It was a difficult and exhaust
ing / exhaustive job.

,
.

exhaust pipe
An exhaust pipe is a pipe which
,
carries the gas out of the engine
of a motor car.
.
exhaustion
She was almost fainting with
exhaustion.

146

exist

That word doesn't exist in English.

existence
Do you believe in the existence
of God?

 3. - 161

existing
We had to find ways of making
the existing system work better.
existentionalism
The existentionalism is a philo
sophical belief which stresses the
importance of human experience
and says that everyone is respon
sible for the results of their own
actions.

147

.

,


,


.

expand ()

The city's population expanded

by 12 per cent.
Perhaps you could expand on
this a little bit.
expanse /
I admired the wide expanse of
snowy fields.

12 .
,

.

.

expansion /
He informed us about the rapid

expansion of British agriculture.

.
expansionist
They don't conceal their expan sionist plans.
.
expansive /
That week had made him jovial
and expansive.
.

162

148

expect /

We are expecting rain.

Nobody expected the strike to
succeed.

, .
, .

life expectancy
Women have a longer life ex pectancy than men.
,
.
expectant mother
She is an expectant mother.
Good nutrition is important for
an expectant mother.

/ .
.

expectation
The plan succeeded beyond our
expectations.

unexpected
His death was hardly unexpected.

149

expend

They expend a lot of time on

entertainment.

expense
I shall reimburse you for your
travelling expenses.

expensive
A fast car is expensive.
expenditure
This was done with a minimum
expenditure of energy.

.

.

 3. - 163

expensively
We can do that fairly easy and

not too expensively.

.

150

expose /

The rocks are exposed at low

tide.
They had been exposed to radi
ation.

.

.

exposition
Have you seen the exposition of
his paintings?

exposure (-)
He was suffering from exposure

to nuclear radiation.
.
impose /
They imposed a 20 p admis sion charge for museums.
20
.
oppose /
My father opposed to my wish
,
to become a waiter.
.

151

express

I expressed myself better i n

French.
an express
An express is a fast train which
stops at very few places.

.
,

.

164

expression
He knew and used a lot of Eng
lish expressions.
He couldn't see the expression
on her face.

.

.

expressionless
His face was completely expres sionless.
.
expressive
He remembered her expressive
glance and tender voice.

152

extend /

The road now extends to the river.

His working day often extends
well into the evening.

.
.

extension /
He asked for extension of his

residence permit.
.
We have a new extension to the

library.
.
extent /
The full extent of the problem is
not yet known.
I think it is true to a certain ex
tent.
tension
Family tensions are increasing.
intensive
I watched her intensive preparation for her exams.

.

.

.
,
.

 3. - 165

153

extort

They extorted every penny from

us.

extortion
He faces trial on extortion charg
es.

extortionate
The worker is making extortion
ate demands upon the employ
er.

torture
Here tortures were carried out.

to torture /
He saw his relatives being tortured.

,
.

154

eye

She opened her eyes.

eyebrow
Eyebrows were raised at their
behaviour.
eye-catching
There are lots of eye-catching
posters in the city.

.


.
.

eyesight
His eyesight was excellent.

eye-witness
I have to interrogate the eyewitness.

166

155

face

The wind blew snow in her face.

The face of a clock or watch is
the surface with numbers on it,
which shows the time.

.

,
.

face up /
They had to face up to many
difficulties.
.
facial
There were no changes in his
facial expression.

surface
A gentle breeze rippled the surface of the sea.

efface
He hoped to efface the memory
of this event.

156

fact

The report is full of facts and

figures.
factor
Confidence is the key factor in
any successful career.
factory
His mother works at a furni
ture factory.
factual
They process an enormous
amount of factual information.

.


.

.


.

 3. - 167

faction ()
He couldn't reconcile arguments
between rival factions.

157

fail /

Their party failed to win a single seat.

failed
He was a failed poet.

-.

a failing
The present system has a lot of
failings.

failing
He had given up his job because
of failing health.

-
( ).

failure /
He heard of the failure of the
bank where he kept his money.
,
.

158

false

What you are saying is false.

, ,
.

false alarm
It was a false alarm.
falsehood
We must establish the truth or
falsehood of the rumours.

.

.

168

false start
A false start is a beginning of a
race when one of the competi
tors moves before the starter has
given the signal.
falsify
The facts concerning my birth
have been falsified.
falsity
I proved the falsity of his evidence.

159

/ ,

,
.
,
,
.
.

family

He showed me photographs of
his family.

familial
We must take into consideration
social and familial influences on
a child.

familiar
I am of course familiar with
your work.
I disliked intensely his familiar
tone.

, ,
.

.

familiarity
Familiarity breeds contempt.

familiarize
He had to familiarize himself
with the ship.

.

 3. - 169

160

far

He sat far away from the others.

faraway /
She had a faraway look in her
eyes.
.
afar
He saw me from afar.

farther
He has put the shot farther than
you.

,
.

far-reaching
It could have far-reaching im- plications for the economy.

.

161

fate

Fate was against me.

fated
She was fated to die at an early
age.

fateful
Who made the fateful decision?
fatal /
I made the fatal mistake when I
left my motherland.
fatality /
Fatalities from use of pesticide
are rare.

?
,
.


.

170

162

father

Chaucer is often said to be the

father of English poetry.

Father Christmas
Do your children believe that
,
Father Christmas brings them

their presents at Christmas?
?
father-in-law /
This is my father-in-law.

/ .

fatherless
He became fatherless in his child .
hood.
fatherly
Let me give you some fatherly
advice.
.
163

favour /

He gained his position more by

favour than merit.

,
.

to favour
The weather favoured our out
ing.
.
favourable
Most people were favourable to
the idea.
favourite
What is your favourite television
programme?

.
?

 3. -

favouritism
There must be no favouritism in
the allocation of contracts.

164

171

fear

They huddled together, quaking

with fear.

, .

to fear
He fears nothing.

fearful /
They were aware of the fearful

risk of the operation.
,
.
fearless
We saw a film about fearless
defenders of the fortress of Brest.
fearsome
We looked at the tiger in the cage
and at its fearsome set of teeth.

165

.

.

fertile

The field is very fertile.

Are you sure that she is fertile?
fertilize
How do you fertilize the soil?

.
,
/ ?
?

fertilization
They carry out an artificial ferti

lization of women.
.

172

fertilizer
Fertilizer is a substance that you
spread on the ground in order
to make plants grow more suc
cessfully.

,
,

.

fertility
I was surprised at the fertility of
his imagination.

166

faith

He is tolerant to other faiths.

faithful
He remained faithful to him old
teacher.
She has been a faithful wife to
him.
faithfully
Their activities were faithfully
described in the newspaper.

.

.
.

/ .

yours faithfully
You write "yours faithfully" be
fore your signature at the end of
a formal letter, when you have
, started the letter with "Dear
, Sir" or "Dear Madam".
,

.

167

fill /

Crowds of football fans filled the

streets.

 3. - 173

fill in
Fill in this form, please.
Yesterday I filled in for him.

, ,
.
.

fill out
She begins to fill out.

filling
A filling is a small amount of
metal or plastic that a dentist
puts in a hole in a tooth.
We ate delicious chocolate with
cream filling.

,
.

.

filling station
A filling station is a place where
/
you can buy petrol and oil for
,
your car.

.

168

feel

She felt a sudden desire to burst

out crying.

feel like doing -

Whenever I felt like talking they
,
were ready to listen.

,
.
feel oneself
She doesn't feel herself.
/
.
feeling
She tried to hide her feelings.

174

I have a feeling you are right.

, .

feeler /
He is sending out a feeler.

unfeeling
How stupid and unfeeling I have
been!

169

feminine

Society hasn't regarded science

or engineering as feminine oc
cupation.
femininity
Her new dress underlines her
femininity.
feminism
Feminism is a movement for
complete equality between men
and women in every way.
feminist
She thought of herself as a fem
inist.
170

,

.

.
,


.

.

final

He made his final attempt to beat

the record.

a final
The final of competition is the
last game or contest. The win
ner of the final wins the whole
competition.

.
.

 3. -

175

finale ()
The finale of a piece of music is
the last section of it.

.
finalist
A finalist is someone who takes
part in the final of a competition.

finalize
I hope to finalize the thing with
builders next week.


.
finally
They finally realized that the
whole thing was a joke.
Let's come finally to the ques
tion of pensions.

171

fire /

,
.
, ,
.

A fire had severely damaged part

of the school.
His neighbour's house is not in
sured against fire.

.

.

to fire
I fired three times in quick suc
cession.

fire engine
A fire engine is a large vehicle

that carries firemen and equip , ment for putting out fires.


.

176

fire extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is a metal
cylinder which contains water

and chemicals at high pressure
, for putting out fires.



.
fireplace
There was a portrait of his wife
over the fireplace.
firework
I had gone to watch fireworks.

172

.

.

first

Everybody knows Gagarin, the

first man in space.

,
,
.

first aid
The wounded were given first
aid.

first-class
He is a first-class administra
tor.

first name
Nobody called him by his first
name because nobody knew it.
first night
The first night of a play is the
first public performance of it.

,
.

.

 3. -

173

177

fish

We didn't catch any fish.

to fish
They went fishing and caught
half a dozen trout.
fisherman
A fisherman is a man who catch
es fish as a job or for sport.

.

.
,

.

fishing
His hobby is fishing.

fishing rod
A fishing rod is a long thin pole
with a line and hook attached to
it.

,
.

174

fit ( )

The shoes fitted me perfectly.

fit
The houses are now fit for hu
man habitation.
He is fit as a fiddle.

.
.

fitness
They were trained to a peak
physical fitness.

,
.

fitful
There was a fitful wind.

fitter ,
He got a job as an electrical fit
ter.

178

175

fold /

They folded the tent neatly.

He sat with his arms folded
across his chest.

.
,
.

fold up
He has to fold up his business.

.
ten-fold
Even i f we multiplied it ten
fold, that would still only be
thirty per cent.
folder
He took a sealed envelope from
the folder.
folding
We have got some folding chairs.

,

.

.

.

unfold /
She had unfolded all her plans

to him.
.

176

follow

He followed her into the yard.

The outing to the cinema was
followed by dinner at the res
taurant.

.

.

follow up /
It is an idea which has been fol ,
lowed up by a group of re searchers at Birmingham.
.

 3. - 179

follower
It was proved by Freud and his
followers.

following
She intended to come on the
following Friday.
This can be achieved in the fol
lowing way.

.

.

follow-up
He will need follow-up treatment
from a doctor.
This conference is a follow-up
to an earlier one in London.

177

.


.

fool

She was sharp-witted and no

fool.

foolish /
How foolish I was not to have
bought it!

,
!

foolishly / -
They have acted a little foolishly.

foolishness
Have I killed him by my foolish ness?
?
foolproof
A foolproof machine is so good

that it cannot be used wrongly.

,

.

180

178

foot

The city should be explored on

foot.

, .

football
The children are playing football.

footing /
He lost his footing and fell.
.
footnote
A footnote is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which
provides more information about
something that is mentioned on
the page.

,
,

.

footpath
We went on a footpath along
the river.

footwear
We are interested in the footwear industry.

179

force

By shear force of will, he fought

the urge to go after them.
to force
They forced him to resign.
forced
A forced kindness deserves no
thanks.

.

.

.

 3. -

forceful
He is a forceful and assertive
man.

181

enforce /
His duty is to enforce the immi

gration laws.
,
.
180

form

I never touch alcohol in any

way.
formal
The letter was stiff and formal.

No formal declaration of war

had been made.

.

.

formality
He knew the interview was just
a formality.

,
.

format
The computer processes data in
all kinds of formats.

formation
He had played a major role in the
formation of the United Nations.

formulate
We had formulated our own
strategy.

181

found /

The theatre was founded in 1920.

1920 .

182

We reject a political system

founded on force.

,
.

foundation /
Respect for the law is the foun

dation of civilized living.

.
We received money from the

National Foundation for Scien

tific Research.
.
founder
He was the founder of the Labour Party.
to founder
Their ship foundered near the
island.
Without their assistance the plan
would have foundered pretty
quickly.

.
/
.

.

founding /
He contributed to the founding
of the National gallery.
.

182

fraction ()

For a fraction of a second, I

hesitated.

- .

fracture
He has a fracture of the left
collar bone.

fragile
The material is extremely fragile.

 3. - 183

fragment
This is only a fragment out of a
long conversation with him.

/
.

fragmented /
It is a book that is very frag mented in its structure.
.

183

free

Within the EEC there is free

movement of labour.
to free
Her sister was also arrested but
was freed after three weeks.
freedom
Is there freedom of speech in
your country?

.
,
.

?

free enterprise

Free enterprise is an economic

system in which business com
,
pete for profit without much
/
government control.



.
freely
He spends fairly freely.
British goods were allowed to
move freely to other states.

.

/

.

184

freestyle
She won the 100 metres free
style.

184

100
.

fresh

She saw fresh footprints in the

snow.
Memories of the war are fresh
in both countries.

.

.

freshness
This gave the novel freshness and
charm.

freshen (oneself) ()
She refreshed herself in the bath .
room.
freshen up
They returned to their hotel to
freshen up.

, .

fresher
He was a fresher at Cambridge
then.

185

fright

He was paralysed with fright.

frighten
Rats and mice don't frighten me.

frightened
They were frightened that you
might talk to the police.

.

/
.
, .

 3. - 185

frightening
It is frightening to think about it.

frightful
The smell was frightful.

frightfully
She had behaved frightfully.
I am frightfully sorry.

.
.

186

the front

In a war, the front is the place

where two armies are fighting.
front
One of his front teeth was gone.

,
.

.

in front of smth -
A car was drawing up in front
.
of the house.
frontal
It is a frontal view of the building.
frontier
We are approaching the frontier
between the United States and
Canada.
front line
We came to within a mile off
the front line.
187

.

.

fruit

I like fruit very much.

What is the fruit of his visit to
China?

.

?

186

fruitful
The discussion was fruitful.
fruition
At last his efforts were coming
to fruition.
fruitless
The search for the plane was
fruitless.
fruity
Everybody liked her fruity voice.

188

.

.

.

.

full

All the car parks are absolutely

full.
fulfil
He failed to fulfil his promise.
fullness
He describes the life in all its
fullness.

/ .
.

.

full stop ( )
A full stop is the dot which you

put as a punctuation mark at the
,
end of a sentence when it is not
,
a question or an exclamation.

.
full time
He has a full-time job.

fully
The secrets of his success are still
not fully understood.

 3. - 187

189

gas

He remembered to turn the gas

off.

to gas ()
She tried to gas herself.

gaseous
The engine works on a gaseous
fuel.

gas mask
A gas mask is a device that you
wear over your face to protect
you from breathing poisonous
gases.

,
,

.

gas burner /
Our gas range has four gas burners.
/ .
190

general

The general standard of education there is very high.

a general
The general is a high rank in the
armed forces.

general election
A general election was called.

.
generalize
I don't think you can generalize
about that.
generalized
The problem is one of generalized human needs.

,

.
.

188

generally /
Generally speaking your pro
nunciation of English is very
good.

191

,

.

generate /

Tourism will generate new jobs.

They apply improved methods of
generating electricity.

.

.

generation /
Property is handed on from gen
eration to generation.
.
NPP's (Nuclear Power Plants)
30account for thirty per cent of
the total electric power genera.
tion.
generator
A generator is a machine which
produces electricity.
generic
Software is a generic term for
the set of programs which con
trol a computer.

genetics
Genetics is the study how char
acteristics are passed from one
generation to another by means
of genes.

,

.
"software"

,
(

).
,


.

 3. - 189

192

gold

She has a heart of gold.

golden
I saw a girl with blue eyes and
golden hair.

.


.

goldfish
A goldfish is a small orangecoloured fish which people keep
in aquariums.

,
.

gold plated
The taps in her bath are goldplated.

goldmine
The company has bought the
factory, a future goldmine.

193

,
.

good /

They had a good time.

He speaks good English.
goods
The shop has a wide range of
electrical goods.
good-looking
The air hostess was so goodlooking.

.
-
.


.

.

good-tempered / good-humoured
He remained good-tempered
,
despite the difficult times.
.

190

goodbye / !
He left without saying good-bye.
, .
goodness /
Despite his experience he be
lieved in the goodness of human
,
nature.
.
194

grade /

She passed the exams with good

grades.
There are separate dining rooms
for different grades of staff.
gradation
There are white bread and whole
meal bread, and many grada
tions between the two.

,
.

.

,

.

gradual
It is a process of gradual devel
opment.

gradually
The situation in our country
changes gradually.

graduate
She recently graduated from
university.
.
postgraduate
He is a postgraduate student.
195

grand /

He has grand plans and I hope

he will achieve important results.

,
,
.

 3. -

grandeur
His wealth gave him grandeur.

191

grandfather
Where is your grandfather?

grandmother
My grandmother is sixty.

60 .

grandiose
The architecture of the palace is
grandiose.

196

great /

He had great difficulty in selling

his house.
The heat was so great, I took off
my sweater.
I visited the great cities of the
Rhineland.
greatness
Nobody doubted the greatness
of Great Britain at that time.
We fully realize Bach's greatness
as a composer.
great-grandfather
His great-grandfather is still
alive.

.
,
.

.


.

.
.

greatly
He was greatly surprised at my
entering the university.

,
.

a great deal
They talked a great deal.

192

197

green

She had blonde hair and green

eyes.

the green /
The children played on a green.

the Greens
I read about the success of the

Greens in Germany.
.
greenery
Greenery makes the town look

attractive.
.
greengrocer's
She went to the greengrocer's.

greenhouse
He has rare flowers in his greenhouse.

198

ground /

I have no real grounds for com

plaint.
Adultery was a ground for di
vorce.

.

.

to ground
What is his argument grounded
on?

ground floor
There is a bathroom on the
ground floor.

grounding
Primary schools must provide a
firm grounding in reading, writ
ing, arithmetic.

, .

 3. -

193

groundless
Your fears are groundless.

.
199

grow /

An old oak tree grew near his

house.

grower , -
My father was a great rose grow er.
.
grow up /
They grew up in the early days
, of television.

.
grown-up
His grown-up children seldom
visit him.
growth
The economic growth rate of the
country is second only to Japan's.

200

.


.

guide /

This book is practical guide to

healthy living.

Who will be our guide in the

city?

.

?

to guide /
Men crossing the ocean would
, ,
use the stars to guide them.
.

194

guidebook
She bought a guidebook to Lon
don.

guiding
The guiding principle of the
family was Catholicism.

guidance
His guidance was an important
contribution to our success.

201

habit

I got into the habit of studying at

the library.

habitable
The house is habitable.

.
habitation
The house is not fit for human
habitation.

habitual
He began his day with his habit
ual morning exercises.

inhabit
The town was a seaside resort,
inhabited by fishermen and hoteliers.
inhabitant /
I am acquainted with all the inhabitants of the house.

,

.

.

 3. -

202

195

hair

I must have my hair cut.

haircut /
She needed a haircut.

.
The girl had a short, neat hair

cut.
.
hairdo
I went to a salon and had a new
hairdo.
hairdresser
A hairdresser is a person who
cuts, washes and styles people's
hair.
hairy
Her husband is a big hairy man.

203

/

.
,
,
.

.

half

Half his front teeth are missing.

He went to Germany four and
a half years ago.
The bottle is a half-empty.
half-price
The stove works on half-price
electricity.

.

.
.
/
,
.

half-time /
The teams are having half-time.

( ).

196

He has a half-time job.

halfway
He usually fell asleep halfway
through the programme.

(
).

.

half-hearted /
She made a half-hearted at
tempt to break free.
.
204

hand

She covered her face with her

hands.

hand over
He handed over a large sum of
money to this man.

handcuffs
Handcuffs are two metal rings
which are joined by a short chain
and which the police lock round
someone's wrists.

,


-
.

handful
She gathered a handful of rasp
berries and ate them.

handle
He fixed a handle to the basket.
She has handled a machine gun
herself.

.

.

handshake
He came to the door to welcome
me with a handshake.

,

.

 3. - 197

handy
He was handy with an axe.
205

hang

He was hanging his coat in the

hall.
Some washing was hanging on
a line in the yard.

.

.

hang out
She was hanging out her wash
ing on a clothes line.

hanger ()
He took off his shirt, put it on a
hanger, and hung it in the ward
robe.

,

.

hanging
Everyone of them was in favour
of hanging.

hangover
A hangover is a headache and
feeling of sickness that you have
in the morning if you have drunk
a lot of alcohol the night be
fore.

,
,

.

206

happy

The old man is not very happy.

happily
The boys laughed and chatted
happily in the yard.

happiness
Money did not bring happiness.

198

unhappy
She looked unhappy.
mishap
Tell your mother you have ar
rived here without mishap.

207

.
,
/
.

hard

The soil was hard as rocks.

,
.

hardness
The steel is of the required hard
ness.

harden
The glue dries very fast and
hardens in an hour.

hardly
She had hardly any money.

hardship
You know the hardships we have
, suffered.

/ .
208

haste /

I immediately regretted my haste.

hasten /
Two factors hastened the forma
tion of the new party.
He hastened to remark that he
was not against the reform.

,
.

.
,

.

 3. - 199

hasty /
Don't be hasty. It is not so easy .
to find another job.
.
hastily
He dressed himself hastily.
hastiness
You will regret your hastiness.

209

.

.

head

She was standing at the head of

the queue.

to head
The firm is headed by John Smith.

headache
She took a medicine to relieve
her headache.
headgear
What headgear do Muscovites
wear in winter?

heading
The article was printed under the
heading "Take off your rosy
glasses."

, .

headlines ()
And now for the main headlines

again.
().
210

heal /

His broken leg is healing.

/
.

200

healer
He passed himself off as a healer.
health
Health is above wealth.

He is bursting with health.

.
.

healthy
As a result of the diet, he feels
healthier.

,
.

healthily
It is perfectly possible to live

healthily on a meat-free diet.

.

211

hear

Can you hear me well?

hearer
He was shocked by the reaction
of some of his hearers.

hearsay
"Everything else is hearsay," she
said.

,
.

hearing () /
He is hard of hearing.
.
I wish these hearings had been
, televised.

.
hearing aid
A hearing aid is an instrument
that helps deaf people to hear
, better.

.

 3. - 201

212

heart

Doctors hope to transplant a

human heart into the patient
within the next few days.

It was a bad time and people

were losing heart.

,

.
,
.

heart attack
People often die of heart attacks.

.
heartbeat
He could hear the rhythm of her
heartbeat.
hearten
I am very heartened by his success in the last competition.

.


.

heartbreaking
She received heartbreaking news
about her son's death.

.

213

heat

Don't heat more water than you

need.
heat /
Water retains heat much longer than air.
You shouldn't go out in this heat.

,
.
, .

.

202

heat up
The microwave oven is very convenient for heating up food.

heater /
He had left the car heater on.

.
central heating
The rent was 7 pounds a week

including central heating.
7 ,
.
214

heir

The Prince of Wales is heir to

the throne.

heiress
An heiress is a woman who will
inherit property, money, or a
title.

,
, .

heirloom
She showed me jewels and oth
er family heirlooms.

/ .
inherit
They inherited a weak economy.

inheritance
To what extend does human na ture depend on genetic inherit ance?
?
heritage
The building is a part of Russian national heritage.

 3. -

215

203

high

Ceramic materials withstand

high temperatures.
This is an area of high unem
ployment.
I have a high opinion of him.

.

.
.

high-heeled
She wore high-heeled shoes.

.
high-spirited
She is always high-spirited.

.
highly
They are highly-educated peo
ple.
It is highly improbable that they
will accept our conditions /
terms.

.
,
.

high school
What are you going to do after
high school?

highway
She was charged with obstruct
ing the highway.

,
.

216

hold

He held her in his arms.

He was held overnight in a cell.
hold out
I can't hold it out for ever.

.
.

.

204

holder /
He required the licence number
and the full name of the holder.
.
holding /
78 per cent of holdings are be78 low 5 hectares.

5 .
hold-up
He is a victim of a masked hold
up.

217

,

.

hope

Let us hope for the best.

a hope
She never completely gave up
hope.

hopeful /
He was hopeful that she would
, .
come.
hopeless
I tried to console him in his hope
less grief.
The situation was hopeless.
He was hopeless at music.
hopelessly
She shook her head hopelessly.

218

.
.
.

.

horrible

The hotel was horrible.

 3. -

205

horribly /
He had begun to scream horribly.
horrid
She has horrid parents.
horrific
It was one of the most horrific
experiences of my life.

.
.

.

horror
The boys shrank away in horror.
They will never forget the blood
and horror of the battle.

.

.

horrify
He was horrified by their pov
erty.

219

horse

Have you ever ridden a horse?

-
?

horseback
The crowds were dispersed by
policemen on horseback.
.
horseman
He is a good horseman.

horsemanship
She was trained in horsemanship.

.
horse-radish ()
He likes horse-radish as season ing to meat.
.
220

hot

It was a hot August day.

206

They stopped hot running water.

( ).

hot dog - ( )
A hot dog is a long bread roll
- with a sausage in it.
.
hotly
The item is being hotly discussed.

hotbed /
The nightclub is a hotbed of
vice.

hot-tempered
He is very hot-tempered.

221

house

It only takes 35 minutes by car

from my house to my working
place.

35 ,

.

housing
There is a severe housing short
age in the town.

housewife
His wife is a housewife and
mother of two small children.

household /
Only 8 per cent of households
8
owned a car.
.
housework
The men shared all the house
work, including washing and

ironing.
,
.

 3. - 207

222

human

It was one of the most exciting

periods in human history.
humane
They demand the humane treat
ment of psychiatric patients.
humanism
Humanism is the belief that peo
ple can achieve happiness with
out having a religion.
humanity
It is a crime against humanity.
She has a background in human
ities and modern languages.

.


.
,

.

.


.

human rights
Human rights are the basic rights
which most nations agree that
, ,
all people should have.
,
.
223

humour

He has a great sense of humour.

She could appreciate the hu
mour of the remark.

.

,
.

good / bad humour /

I am in bad humour today.

.

208

to humour
He was ready to do everything
to humour her.

, .

humorous
I have read some of his humor
ous poems.

humorist
He is a well-known humorist.

humourless
I don't like humourless people.

.

224

hunt

They went to the forest to hunt

wild game.
Hyenas usually hunt at night.
hunting
He was killed in a hunting acci
dent.
hunt down
The police have hunted down the
criminal.
hunter
The hunters killed four hares and
three wild ducks.
huntsman
He is a huntsman who hunts
foxes using dogs.

, .

.

.


.

.
,
,
.

 3. - 209

225

ice

He ordered two tall glasses of

pineapple juice with ice.
She bought ices and lollipops for
the children.
iceberg
An iceberg is a large tall mass
of ice floating in the sea.
ice-cold
They drank ice-cold beer.
ice hockey
This year the ice hockey world
championship will take place in
Sweden.

.
.
,
.

.


.

ice-skating
I like to watch football and ice
skating.
.
icicle
Huge gleaming icicles hung from
the roof down her windows.
icy
He takes an icy shower.

226

.

.

idea /

What is your idea of happiness?

That is a good idea.

?
.

210

ideal /
He is the ideal person for the
job.
He described me his feminine
ideal.
idealize
Romantic love is sentimentally
idealized.

.

.


.

ideally
He considered himself ideally
suited for the job of Prime Min
ister.

,
.

idealist
He was a romantic idealist, al
most a dreamer.

, .

227

identity /

I had guessed the identity of her

lover.
It is a region with its own cul
tural identity.

,
.

.

identify /
The dead body had been identi ,
fied as Victor Kovalski.
.
identical
Chemically, the substance is
identical to limestone.

identification
Could I ask you to show me some

identification?
?

 3. - 211

identity card
Your identity card is a card that

has your name, photograph,
,
age, address and other infor

mation on you.
, ,
.
228

ill

She is ill with cancer.

Did you get any ill effects when
you had your blood transfusion?

.
-


?

ill-advised
It is ill-advised to interrupt your

study.
.
illness
During his last illness we only
saw him twice.
ill-fated
She recounted the story of her
ill-fated marriage.

.

.

ill-treat
The man had been ill-treated in
prison.
.
229

illuminate

Thousands of lamps have been ar

ranged to illuminate the stadium.

illuminated
The streets of the city are full of
illuminated advertising.

212

illumination
The bulb did not give adequate
illumination.
illuminating
You should read his illuminating
book on the subject.
luminous
I looked at the luminous hands
of my watch.
230

.

,
.

.

illusion

We have an illusion of freedom.

illusory
His hopes that he would soon
find a new job were illusory.
allusion
English literature is full of allu
sions to Latin and Greek authors.
delusion
You labour under the delusion.

.
,
,
.


.
.

delude oneself
It is no good deluding myself that
he loves me.
, .
231

illustrate /

He told the story to illustrate the

fact that power changes people.

,
,
.

 3. - 213

He illustrated books of fairy tales.

illustration
I have included a few specific
examples as illustrations of the
difficulty of our work.

.

.

illustrative /
These incidents are illustrative of
/
the range of political actions
being undertaken.

.
illustrious
He was determined not to be
outdone by his more illustrious
partner.

lustre
She enjoyed the lustre of the
gold-plated taps in her bathroom.

232

image

To most people the term "indus

trial revolution" conjures up
images of smoky steel mills or
clanking machines.

imagine
Not one of us could imagine what
he had meant.

/ .

,
.

214

imaginative
I like books of this imaginative
writer.

.
imagination
He had a marvellous imagina
tion.

imaginary /
He was playing on imaginary
trumpet.
.

233

immobile

She sat i m m o b i l e , staring

straight ahead.
mobile
Most antelopes are fully mobile
as soon as they are born.
Do you have a mobile phone?
mobilize
If a country mobilizes its armed
forces, its armed forces are giv
en orders to prepare to fight a
war.

,
.


.

?


,

.

immobilize /
They must cast off those bureau
cratic practices that immobilize
,
them.

.
automobile
She has got a new automobile.

 3. - 215

234

impartial

He gave an impartial view of the

state of affairs in Northern Ire
land.

/

.

partial /
It is only a partial solution of

the problem.
.
He is not partial to the married
.
state.
impartially
These two men will judge the
people impartially.

impartiality /
Do you believe in the impartial
ity of the law?
?
partially
She might have been partially
responsible for it.
235

, .

implicate /

He was implicated in the horrendous murder of a banker.

implication
I am sure of his implication in
the crime.

,
.

complicated
The situation is much more
complicated than that.
complication
He has influenza with compli
cations.

,
.

.

216

application
Do the results have any practical application?

applicable
The rule is applicable to all cases.

236

import

The import of cotton goods went

up sharply last year.

to import /
It does not import.

.
important
This is the most important part
of the job.

importance
Is he related to anyone of importance?

importer
Many western countries have
ceased to be major food importers.

237

impress

I was hoping to impress my new

boss with my diligence.
impression
Reporters wanted my personal
impressions of China.

.


.

 3. - 217

press
He pressed harder on the accel
erator.
He pressed me to have a cup of
coffee with him.

.

.

the Press
I got to know a lot of the Amer
ican press.

pressure
Check the tyre pressure before
leaving!

pressed
He was always pressed for mon .
ey.
238

incidence

There is a high incidence of

heart disease among middle-aged
men.

coincidence
It was quite a coincidence that
she was on the same train, in
the same compartment.

,
, .

incident
He told me about a succession
of strange incidents.

incidental /
Who will bear the incidental
expense?
?
incidentally
Incidentally, I suggest that you
have the telephone moved to the
living room.

,
.

218

239

income

His income is below the subsistence wage.

incoming /
She answers incoming phone

calls.
.
come /
The waiter came to take the
,
order.
.
Her hair came right down to
her waist.
.
outcome /
Nobody dared predict the outcome of the election.

/ .

overcome
We hope to overcome the problem.

240

induce /

What had induced her to marry

a man like him?

inducement /
These tax advantages provide the
main inducement to become a

home-owner.
,
.
introduce
Banks will introduce new savings
plans.
Rabbits had been introduced into
Australia.

.

.

 3. - 219

introduction /
The Government saw the intro
duction of new technology as vital.
.
introductory
Read attentively the introductory chapter!
241

industry

Japanese industry is making increasing use of robots.

industrial
The population is concentrated
in the industrial areas of the
country.

industrialized
The country became industrial ized during the last century.
.
industrious /
There are a few industrious stu dents in the group.
/
.
industrialization
They talked about the rising cost

of modern industrialization.

.
242

infinite

Qualified doctors are found in

an infinite variety of careers.

,
,

,
.

220

infinitesimal
The chances that the company
, will have any problem are infin , itesimal.
.
infinitive
The infinitive can either be used
on its own or with to in front of
it.

to.

infinity
There is infinity of possible com
binations in chess.

finite
We have a finite number of places.

243

inflame ( ) /

Her questions inflamed him all

the more.

inflamed /
His eyes were inflamed.
.
inflammable
It is an inflammable material.

.
flame
The flames and smoke of the fire
rose hundreds of feet into the
air.
inflammation
Some children have inflamma
tion of the ears when they have
colds.

,
.

 3. - 221

244

inflect ( ) / ( )

If a word inflects, its ending or

form changes in order to show
its grammatical function.

inflected
German is an inflected language.
flexible
The tube is flexible but tough.

/ , ,

.

.
,
.

inflection / inflexion /
She spoke in a low voice, al ,
ways without inflection.
/
.
reflect
I saw the street lamps reflected
in black water.

, .

reflection
She was standing there looking
at her reflection in the mirror.

,
.

245

inform

I informed her that I was unwell.

, .

information
I am afraid I have no informa
tion.

,
.

informative
I have an informative reference
book on English grammar.

222

informer
I guess he is a police informer.

,

.

reform /
Prison sentences cannot reform
the criminal.

.

246

initial

The initial stages of learning

English are difficult.
initially
I don't remember who initially
conceived the idea.
initiate
We should initiate direct talks
with the trade unions.
To understand it, you must be
initiated into great mysteries.
initiative
They had lost the initiative.
In special circumstances we have
to use our initiative.

the initials
They have the same initials but
their names are quite differ
ent.

.
,
.

.
,

.
.


(
).
,
.

 3. - 223

247

inquire / enquire /

He went to inquire about the

times of trains to Moscow.
She enquired after his daughter
who had just had a baby.

inquiring
The boy has an inquiring mind.
inquiry
This is what I have been able to
learn in my inquiries.

,
.

,

.
.

/
.

inquisitive /
He tried not to sound inquisi
tive.
-.
require
He was doing what was required
of him.

248

,
.

insane

Some went insane.

This idea is totally insane.
insanity
I saw the beginnings of insanity
in her.
sane
She appeared to be completely
sane.

.

.

/
.
.

224

sanity
The doctor had doubts about
sanity of the criminal.
sanitary
Sanitary conditions in the hos
pital had deteriorated rapidly.
sanatorium
A sanatorium is an institution that
provides medical treatment and
rest for people who have been
ill for a long time.

249

,

.

.

,
,

.

insensitive

He was insensitive to the needs

of other people.
sensitive
We are trying to make people
more sensitive to the difficulties
faced by the working mothers.

.

,

.

sentiment /
These events led to a vast up surge of anti-American senti ment.
.
sentimental
She liked this sentimental song.

.
sensual
He felt at first sight that she was
an extravagantly sensual woman.

,
.

 3. - 225

250

inspect

She inspected his scalp for lice.

inspection
Closer inspection revealed crabs
among the rocks.
inspector
She is a tax inspector.
expect
When do you expect that this
material will be available?
unexpectedly
She died quite unexpectedly.

251

,
.


.

.

?

/ .

inspire

Not even Churchill could inspire

the Party to reform.

inspiration
I had derived inspiration from
Freud.

inspiring
It was an inspiring occasion.

expire
My passport is due to expire in
three months.

aspire
She has always aspired to lead
ership.

226

252

insular /

He lived rather an insular life.

insulate ()
She lived in a sheltered world,
insulated against the events of life
, outside.
.
insulation
They use the material as tube
insulation.

isolate /
You can isolate genes and study

how they work.
, .
isolation /
These questions can't be an
swered in isolation from each
, other.
.

253

integral

The Young Socialists were an

integral feature of the Labour
movement.
integrate ()
They are helping the individual
integrate quickly into the com
munity.
The two regional railway systems
were integrated.
integrity
He was particularly respected for
his integrity.

.


/ .


.

.

 3. - 227

integration
He campaigned for the integra
tion of immigrants into British
Society.
integrated
There is an integrated school for
Protestants and Catholics in our
town.

254

.

,

.

intense /

The row caused her intense unhappiness.

intensely
She had suffered intensely.

intensive
The last intensive preparation
for the exams involved the con
centration of her energy.
intensify
He intensified his learning Eng
lish.
tense
The situation was very tense;
anything might happen.

255

.

.

; ,
.

liberal /

Could any man make a more

liberal offer?

-

?

228

His Party represents a liberal

democracy.

liberalize
Prices of all goods have been lib
eralized.

liberalization
He called for liberalization of the

laws relating to immigration.
,
.
liberate
He claimed that socialism alone
could liberate black people.
liberation
He considered wars of national
liberation as just.
liberty
The fundamental aspect of im
prisonment is the loss of liberty.

256

,

.


.


.

life

She has risked her life to save

mine.
People spend their lives worry
ing about money.

,
.
,

.

life expectation
Women have a longer life ex pectation than men.

,
.

 3. - 229

lifeless
The police found the lifeless body
of the boy.

lifetime
I have seen a lot of changes in
my lifetime.

live
My grandmother lived with us
for 15 years.

15
.

lively
I like good food and lively mu
sic.

257

the light

She went into her daughter's

room and turned on the light.
light
The room is light, even sunny.
to light
She stopped and lit a match.

.
,
.

.

lighten /
Constant exposure to the sun had

lightened my hair.

.
lighter
Can I use your lighter?
lighting
People complain of the poorly
designed street lighting.

?
.

230

lightning
He was struck by lightning, and
nearly died.

258

like

It did not work out quite like I

intended to do.
I don't remember what she was
like.
You are behaving like a perfect
idiot.
likely
It seemed hardly likely that they
would agree.
What kind of change is likely?
likelihood
There is every likelihood that she
will succeed.
likeness
The boy's likeness to his father
was startling.
likewise /
He is relaxing and invites them
to do likewise.

259

,
.
,
.

.
,
.

?
,
,
.

.


.

limit /

The motorist has exceeded the

speed limit.

 3. - 231

to limit
The government plans to limit
military expenditure.
This problem is not limited to
Sweden.

.

.

limitation
The strategic arms limitation
talks will take place in Moscow
in September.
It is important to know your own
limitations.

.

.

limited
The choice was very limited.
He is a painter of limited abil
ities.

.

.

limitless
The computer's memory is prac
tically limitless.

260

line

Draw a straight line joining those

two points.

,
.

line up /
People lined up in a queue at

the bus-stop.
.
linear
The device is turning linear
motion into rotary one.
linesman
A linesman is an official who
assists the referee in games such

.
-

232

as football and tennis by watch

ing the boundary line of the field
or court and indicating when the
ball goes outside it.
liner
A liner is a large ship in which
people travel long distances.

261

,
,

,
.

,
.

literate

Only half the children in the

group are literate.
literacy
Mass literacy was only possible
after the invention of printing.
literal
Your translation is literal.
literally
They were literally starving to
death.
illiterate
40 per cent of the country pop
ulation are reckoned to be illit
erate.
literature
I envy you having a friend with
whom you can discuss art and
literature.

.


.

.

.
40
.

,
,

.

 3. - 233

262

locate /

He located a better restaurant

in the next street.
local
Some local councils give grants
to parents with low incomes.

.
/


.

locally /
Should housing policy be decid ed nationally or locally?

/
?
locality /
People living in the locality suf
fered severely from the storm.
location
The new job involves a new
employer, a new location, a
new set of colleagues.

263

,
,
.

,
,
, .

lock

She keeps the documents under

lock and key.

to lock
He had locked all his papers in
the safe.
Lock the door in leaving the
house.

.
,
.

234

lock up / (-)
They locked him up as a mad man.
.
locker
All the children in our school
are provided with their own
lockers.

lockup
The police put him in the lock
up.

264

long /

I didn't stay there for a long

time.
no longer
I could stand it no longer.
He is no longer a student.
longevity
The improved health care has
resulted in increased longevity.

long-lasting
The engine is reliable and longlasting.
long-sighted
My father has become longsighted.
long-term
We hope for a long-term solution of the problem.

.
.

.
.
.

 3. - 235

265

look

She looked out of the window

and saw his car.
Your daughter looks like a film
star.

.

.

look after smb -

She is looking well after her
baby.
.
look forward to smth -
I look forward to seeing you in
,
Moscow.
.
looker-on
Lookers-on see more than play
ers.
,
. / .
lookout /
Two of the burglars were tipped

by a lookout and escaped.

.
looking-glass
Have you got a looking-glass?
266

love

I don't think I love him enough

to marry.
the love
You do not marry for love.
lovely
It is one of the loveliest places in
the world.

,
,
.
/
.

.

236

lover
She was forty but had a young
lover.
loving
He has a loving, beautiful wife.
love affair
A love affair is a romantic and
often sexual relationship be
tween two people who love each
other but who are not married
to each other.

267

,
.

.
/
,


,
.

low

A low brick wall encircled the

house.

lowlands ()
We are travelling now across the
Scottish Lowlands.
.
lowly
He is a lowly employee in our
firm.

,

.

to lower /
The voting age was lowered to
eighteen.
18 .
low-paid
We must raise the wages of the
low-paid workers.

.

 3. - 237

268

mad

She was married to a man who

had gone mad.
madden
His calmness maddened her.
maddening
The noise is maddening.

, .

.
,
.

madman /
They locked him up as a mad man.
.
madly
I fell madly in love with her.

269

magnify

The lenses magnified his eyes to

the size of dinner plates.

magnifying glass
I could read the text only using

my magnifying glass.

.
magnification
What is the degree of magnification of the telescope?

magnitude /
They did not recognize the mag
nitude of the problem.
.
magnificent
Her dress is magnificent.

238

270

make

I felt that I was making a terrible mistake.

,
.

the make /
She couldn't tell what make of
the car it was.

,
.

make out /
He could just make out the

number plate of the car.
.
make up
If you make yourself up, you put
cosmetics such as powder or
lipstick on your face.

,
.

maker
The maker's label was carefully
removed.

making
At the end of his life he turned
to the making of beautiful books.

271

manage /

How he managed to find us is

beyond me.
She manages a chain of shops.
manageable
It is a perfectly manageable task.
management
They are part of my management
team.

,
.

.

.

.

 3. - 239

manager /
I spoke to the general manager
of Philips Ltd. in Singapore.

.
managerial
She was promoted into some
kind of managerial job.

272

-
.

man /

All men are born equal.

They saw a deserted island
where no man could live.

.
,
.

manhandle ( -)
He had been manhandled on the
- street by the police.
.
manhole ()
The child fell into an open manhole.
mankind
You have performed a valuable
service to mankind.

.

/

.

manly /
He laughed a loud, manly
, -laugh.
.
manned
They released a special under
water manned vehicle.

,
.

240

273

mark /

The son receives only good

marks at school.

to mark
The concert is to mark the 75
anniversary year of the compos
er's death.

75-

.

marked
He has shown marked improve
ments in spelling.

marker /
The post served as a boundary
marker.

th

marksman /
A good marksman may miss.

.
274

master /

He is master of the situation.

to master
He mastered the local dialect.

.

.

headmaster
He was taken to headmaster for

his insolence.
.
masterful /
His voice had become more
masterful.
.
masterpiece
It is one of the greatest masterpieces of European art.

 3. - 241

mastery
I admire his mastery of the language.

275

mean

I know the guy you mean.

I didn't mean to hurt you.

,
.
.

means
Scientists are working to devise
a means of storing this type of
power.

mean () /
She apologized for being so
,
mean to him.
.
meaning
Do you know the meaning of the
phrase?

/ ?

meaningful
Nobody has ever explained electricity to me in a meaningful
way.

,
, .

276

measure /

He measured the diameter of the

tube.

measure /
Measures had been taken to limit
the economic decline.

,
.

measured
He was walking at the same
measured pace.

242

measurement /
Check the measurements first.

.
tape-measure
He presented me with a tapemeasure.

277

mechanic

A mechanic is someone whose

job is to repair and maintain
machines and engines.
mechanical
They were using mechanical de
vices to facilitate their job.

,


.

,
.

mechanically /
The door slid open mechanical

ly as she approached it.
,
.
mechanism
You must check the steering
mechanism in your car.

mechanize /
Housework has become highly

mechanized.

.

278

medic

We have more law students than

medics.

-, .

 3. -

medical
She had to undergo medical
treatment.

243

medication /
The doctor can prescribe med ication to relieve the symptoms.

.
medicine /
She stressed the importance of
preventive medicine.
.
I brought a medicine for his

cold.
.
medicinal
We know the medicinal qualities
of the plant.
279

memory /

My memories of my childhood
are happy ones.
It is an insult to the memory of
the brave men who died for their
country.
He has a good memory.

.
, .
.

memorize
He was able to read a whole
page and memorize it in three

minutes.
.
memorial
It's a memorial to people who
died for their country.
memorable
It is a memorable day: he became a world champion on it.

,
,
.
:
.

244

commemorative
There is a commemorative
, , plaque on the house where the
.
poet lived.

280

misjudge /

I had rather misjudged the tim

ing of the operation.

to judge /
He judged it wiser to put a stop
to this quarrel.

,
.

judge
Last week she appeared before
a judge.

judgement
I shall make my own judgement
on this matter when I see the
result.
I can't pass judgement until I
know all the facts.

judicious
They made judicious use of their
profit.
281

,
.
/
,

.

.

mislead

The public has been misled by

the mass media.
lead /
It is the main street leading to
the center of the city.

.
,
.

 3. -

The Labour party was led by

Wilson at that time.
leader
Who is the leader now?
leadership
There is a gap between the lead
ership and the men they repre
sent.
leading
She played the leading roles in
many films.

282

245

.

?

,

.

.

misunderstand

She misunderstood my question.

understand
I don't understand what you
mean.

.
,
.

understanding
We need greater understanding
between people of our countries.

.
stand
She was standing at the bus stop.
standby \
Eggs are a great standby in the
kitchen.

.
,
.

246

283

match ()

Sometimes his thoughts and his

actions do not match.

match
I watched the football match on
television.

matched
I thought we were perfectly
matched.

,
.

matching
He wore a blue jacket with a
matching shirt.

,
.

matchless /
He is a man with matchless
, strength.
.

284

morals

Business morals nowadays are

very low.
moral
I have noticed a fall in moral
standards.
morale
Morale is the amount of confi
dence and optimism that you
have in a difficult, dangerous,
or important situation.

.
,
.


,
,
.

 3. - 247

morality /
A morality is a system of prin
ciples and values concerning
people's behaviour, which is
generally accepted by a society
or by a particular group of
people.
moralize
She went on moralizing about
the dangers of drink.

285

/
,

-
.

motor /

He got into the car and started

the motor.
motorbike
We saw youths riding up and
down on powerful motorbikes.
motion
With a quick motion of her
hands she did her hair up in a
knot.

.
, -
.

.

motionless
We saw queues of motionless
cars.

,
.

motive
Was there some sinister motive
for their action?

motivate
The people are motivated by
envy and lust for power.

248

286

mount /

Social problems in modern so

ciety are mounting.
He mounted the steps and
pressed the bell.

.

.

mountain
We put up in a pleasant hotel
in the mountains.

mountaineer
He is an experienced mountain
eer.

mountaineering
His hobby is mountaineering.

mountainous
We were walking through moun
tainous country.

amount /
,
I was horrified by the amount of
,
work I had to do.
.
287

move ()

We had to move a heavy ward

robe in a bedroom.
My parents moved to Moscow.
the move
A move is an act of putting a
chess piece in a different posi
tion on the board when it is your
turn to do so in a game.

.

.


,
.

 3. - 249

movable
The room is divided by movable
screens.
movement
He lit a cigarette with quick,
jerky movements.

.
,
,
.

movie
We went to a movie.

moving
The film treats a moving love
story.

288

multiply ()

The shops began to multiply.

M u l t i p l y this figure by the

number of years you have
worked.

.

,
.

multiplication
The process of calculation in
volves addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

, ,
.

multitude
It didn't work out quite like I
intended it to do, for a multi
tude of reasons.

,
,
.

multiplicity
I was surprised at the multiplic
ity of languages spoken in Afri
ca.

,
.

250

multiple
There have been several multi
ple collisions in fog this winter.

289

nation

Germany is a powerful nation.

national
It made the headlines in the na
tional newspapers.
She was wearing a national dress.

.

.

.

nationalize
The revolutionary government
has nationalized the mines.

.
nationalism
Nationalism is a desire for the
political independence of a
group of people who have the
same religion, language and
culture.
nationality
Scientists of different nationali
ties take part in the conference.

290

,
,
.


.

nature

A sunset is one of the most beau

tiful sights in nature.

 3. - 251

natural /
She is upset. It is natural. Her
. boy-friend joins the army.
.
.
naturalist
A naturalist is a person who
studies plants and animals.

,

.

naturally /
The children were too frightened
to behave naturally.
,
/ .
natural resources
They plan to develop the region
with its wealth of natural resources.
291

note /

She left a note saying she would

see us again.
note
It is important for us to note three
basic facts.
notable
This trend has continued with a
few notable exceptions.

noted
He is a noted American writer.

,
,
.
,

.

,

.

.

252

notebook
A notebook is a small book for
writing notes.

292

observe

By observing your boss's moods,

you will soon discover when to
talk and when to keep quiet.

observer
I like comments of this political
observer.
observatory
An observatory is a special build
ing with telescopes that scien
tists use to study the sun, the
moon, the planets, and the stars.

,
,
,
.


.

,

, ,
.

observation
He presented me information
which he gathered by observa
tion or experiments.

,
.

observance
And what about the observance
of speed limits?

293

obstruct

The crash obstructed the road

for several hours.

 3. - 253

obstruction /
The obstruction on the road

could take several days to clear.

.
obstructive /
He behaved in a very obstruc , tive fashion.
.
constructive
I don't have anything construc
tive to say.
.
structure /
He suggested to structure the
vocabulary into semantic groups.

.

294

occupy

Houses occupied by the aged

must be centrally heated.

,
,
.

occupation /
Fishing was his favourite occu
pation.
.
occupant / -
The room's only occupants were

the boy and a dog.
.
occupier /
The occupier of the premises has
applied for planning permission.

.
preoccupy /
This is the question which in- creasingly preoccupies me.
.

254

295

offence

They were arrested for drug of

fences.
The play can give offence to
many people.

.

.

offend
They took care never to offend
their visitors.

offender
They discussed the problem of
treatment of young offenders.

offending
Smear the juice on the offend
ing areas.

offensive
That was an extremely offensive
remark.

296

open

She couldn't open the door with

her key.
He opened an account with the
bank.

.
.

open
The road stretched across open
country.

opening /
We slid through the opening in
the fence into the garden.

 3. - 255

openly
She was openly angry at the oth
er women.
opening hours
Banks often have very short
opening time.

297

.


.

oppose /

My father opposed my wish to

become a clown.
opposed
He proposed a strategy which
is diametrically opposed to that
of the previous government.

opposing
We held opposing points of view.
opposite
She was standing on the opposite side of the street.

.
,


.

.
.

opposition /
She spoke to the leader of the
Opposition.
( ).
One player broke through the

opposition's defence.
.
298

organ

Children's bones and organs are

very sensitive to radiation.

256

organic
The rocks were carefully searched
for organic remains.

organization
He is a member of a student
organization.

organize
I thought that the meeting was
badly organized.

,
.

organized
He combats organized crime.

299

pack

He packed his suitcase and left.

package
The cereal is packaged in sacks.

packaging
They sell beer in disposable plas
tic packaging.

/ .

packet / /
She bought a packet of ciga .
rettes.
packing case
A packing case is a large wood
en box in which things are put so
,
that they can be transported
/
somewhere.

.

 3. - 257

300

part

The head is the most sensitive

part of the body.
He sells spare parts for cars.

.

.

to part
A year ago they had parted for
ever.

partially
He might have been partially
responsible for it.

,
.

participant
She was a willing participant in
these campaigns.

parting
She felt unable to bear the strain
of parting.

301

,

.

pass

Please let us pass.

The road passes through green
fields.
He passed the exam.

, ,
.

.
.

pass away
Her husband passed away last
year.

a pass
A pass in a mountainous area is
a narrow way between two
mountains.

258

passage / /
At the end of a narrow passage
/
was a bathroom.
.
There is one brilliant passage in
the book, where he declares his
/ ,
love to her.
.
passer-by
One of the boys stopped a pas
ser-by and asked him to phone
an ambulance.

302

-

.

passion

I felt such extraordinary passion

for this girl.

passionate
People listened excitingly to his
passionate speech.

passionately
They were kissing passionately
before parting.

passive
She was so enraged that she
could no longer remain passive.

,

.

the passive
In grammar, the passive (voice)

is the form of the verb which is
,
made of the auxiliary verb "be"
and the past participle of the
be main verb.


.

 3. - 259

303

pendant /

A pendant is an ornament on a
chain that you wear round your
neck.

() ,
, .

pending /
She knew my examination was
,
pending.
.
pendulum ()
The pendulum of a clock is a
rod with a weight at the end
which swings from side to side
in order to make the clock work.

,

, .

depend /
I knew I could depend on you.
,
.
independent
He became financially independent.

304

perfect

She speaks perfect English.

the perfect tense

In grammar, the perfect tense
of a verb in English is the tense
that is formed with the auxiliary

verb "have" and the past parti
ciple of the main verb.
have
.
perfectly
I ' l l be perfectly frank with you.

260

perfection
The dress fitted her to perfec
tion.

perfectionist ,
He is a perfectionist.
,
/
.

305

perception

My perception of her has changed.

perceptive /
She made a very perceptive
, comment.

.
perceptible
There was a barely perceptible
flicker of light.
perceive
Many insects can perceive colours that are invisible to us.

.
,

.

conceive /
He could never conceive of such
,
a thing happening to himself.

.
conception
Conception is the process in
which a woman becomes pregnant.

,
.

 3. - 261

306

permit

Her father would not permit

her to eat sweets.

the permit
She couldn't get in without a
permit.

permission
He was refused permission to
enter Britain.

permissible
The measuring devices read the
maximum permissible levels of
radiation.

transmission /
The station suspended the trans
mission of its television pro grammes.
.

307

persist /

The pain persisted until the

morning.

persistent
I think you have to be persistent
if people say no to you.

,
,
.

persistently
The policemen tried persistently
to force their way into the house.

persistence
In the end our persistence was
rewarded.

,
.

262

subsistence /
Thousands of pensioners live out

their lives at subsistence level.
, ,
.
308

person

She is a charming person.

personage /
There were some distinguished

personages at the party.

/ .
personal
He carried a suitcase with his
personal belongings.
My personal view is that he
should resign.
Personal hygiene involves keep
ing your body clean.

.
,
.

.

personally
Well, personally, I feel that this
problem is very difficult.

,
.

personify
He seemed to personify the evil
that was in the world.
personnel
I haven't got the personnel to
cope with the task.
309

, ,
,
.
,
.

perverse /

He takes a perverse delight in

irritating people.

,
.

 3. - 263

perversion
He could not stand systematic
perversion of the truth by the
mass media.

pervert /
Traditional ceremonies were

perverted into meaningless ritu als.
.
a pervert
A pervert is a person whose be
haviour, especially sexual behav
iour, is harmful or disgusting.
perverted
The book is an invention of a
perverted imagination.
310

,
,
,
.

.

phrase

My German was practically nil

a few phrases here and there.

phraseology
The sort of phraseology is used
by some journalists.

:

.


.

phrasal verbs
phrasal verb
A phrasal verbs is a combina

tion of a verb and an adverb or

preposition, used together to

,
have a particular meaning.
.

264

phrase book
A phrase book is a book used by
people travelling abroad which
has lists of useful words and ex
pressions in a foreign language
together with the translation of
each word or expression.

,
,
,


.

to phrase
I could see that I had phrased
my thought wrong.

,
.

311

pity

She pitied him with her whole

heart.

take pity on smb

A man who spoke English took
pity on us and it was all sorted
out.

-
- ,
-,
,
.

pitiable /
She is in a pitiable plight.
,
.
pitiful
She looked at the thin, bony legs
and pitiful arms of the girl.
pitiless
His face was cold and pitiless.

312

,

.

.

plant

Last week I planted potatoes.

 3. - 265

the plant
There are plant pots on the windowsills.

plantation
He has a huge sugar-cane plan
tation.

planter
We buy the tea from Indian
planters.

transplant ()
Doctors hope to transplant a
human heart into the patient
within the next few days.


.

313

plastic

Plastic is a material which is

produced by a chemical proc
ess. It is light and does not break
easily.
plasticine
Plasticine is a soft coloured sub
stance like clay which children
use for little models.

,

.
.

,
,

.

plastic surgery
One of the survivors needed plas tic surgery.

.

266

plaster /
Plaster is used to cover walls

and ceilings inside buildings.

.
A plaster is a strip of sticky
material used for covering small
, cuts and sores on your body.

.
plaster of Paris
His leg was encased in plaster
of Paris.

314

play

The kids went off to play on the

swings.
a play /
A play is a piece of writing which
is performed in a theatre or on
television.
playboy
A playboy is a rich man who
spends most of his time enjoying
himself in expensive ways.

playfully
She kissed him playfully on the
cheek.

.
,


.

,


.

.

playmate /
Over the summer my playmates

were my cousins.

.

 3. - 267

player
He is a former Welsh rugby
player.

315

please

Follow me, please!

pleased
Pleased to meet you!
pleasing
The apple has a pleasing smell.
pleasure
I can't understand how people
can kill for pleasure.
pleasurable
Not every child thinks reading
to be pleasurable.
pleasant
It was a pleasant surprise.

316

,
!

!

.
,

.
,

.
.

point /

We had a long argument on this

point .
I see your point.
It is beside the point.

.
,
.
.

268

to point
They were horrified when I pointed my gun at them.

, .

point-blank /
He shot him in the brain, point ,
blank.
.
pointer /
The pointer of the weighing machine is not accurate.
.
pointless
It was pointless to protest.
317

popular

Swimming is very popular with

all ages.

popularity
I was surprised at the popularity
of the film.

popularize
Television has done a great deal
to popularize gymnastics.

population
The country is unable to feed its
population.

populous
China is the most populous
country in the world.

318

pose

The bride and groom posed for

the photograph.

 3. - 269

This brings me back to the ques

tion you posed earlier.
poser
How I hate posers!
position
They tell the time by the posi
tion of the sun.
It puts me in rather a difficult
position.
He associates with people in
position of power and influence.
positive
You should form a positive atti
tude to life.
positively
He positively approved her ini
tiative.

319

,
.
!

.

.

,
.


.

.

practical

Much information was of no

practical use.
practice
He began the practice of hold
ing regular meetings.

.

.

practicality /
He turned out to know very lit,
tle about the practicalities of
teaching.
.

270

practise /
These are quite hard to do until
you have practised a bit.
,
.
practicable
The task is practicable.

320

prefer

I prefer pineapple juice.

preferable
Gradual change is preferable to

sudden, large-scale change.



.
preferably
Clean the car from the top,
preferably with a hose and warm
water.
preference
Each of us has personal prefer
ences for certain types of enter
tainment.

,
, ,

.

,
.

confer , /
The system confers great bene

fits.
/
.
He went home to confer with
,
his wife.
.

 3. - 271

conference
They are preparing a conference
on environmental protection.

321

,

.

present ( )

This tradition has continued till

the present day.

a present
I gave him a mobile phone as a
birthday present.

to present \
May I present my friend to you?

.
Her lawyer wanted to present

her in the most favourable light.

.
presentation
I said I would not be able to attend the presentation.
presently /
He will be here presently.

322

,
.
.

preserve /

We are interested in preserving

world peace.
Deep freezing is the simplest
way of preserving food.

.



.

272

preserved
There are some excellently pre
served tree trunks.
preservation
They struggle for preservation
of democracy.
serve
This will serve as a valuable re
minder of the dangers involved.
reserved
He is reserved and cautious,
never making a swift decision.
reserve /
He has a reserve of money suf
ficient for his needs.

323

.

.


.
,

.
,

.

presume

You are married, I presume?

presumption
The presumption that the com
pany is on the verge of bankrupt
cy is false.

,
/ ?
,

,
.

presumptuous
He used to be so presumptuous.
.
resume
He resumed his seat.

 3. -

consume
The ship consumes a great deal
of fuel.

324

273

pretend , /

She pretended that nothing unusual had happened.

,

.

pretence /
She leapt up with pretence of , ,
eagerness to do it.
.
pretension /
He is evidently a person of some
, , pretension.
.
retention
They voted in favour of the retention of capital punishment.
contention
This is an issue of great contention at the moment.

325

.

.

prevent /

Have you been instructed to prevent me from entering?

preventive /
Preventive measures are essen / tial.

/ .

274

prevention
He spoke on fire prevention.

invent /
He invented many games.
.
invention
He was working on his invention.

326

private /

All the rooms have got private

bath and WC.

privation /
His life was riddled with priva tions.
.
a private
A private is a soldier who is the
lowest rank in the army.

privatize
Now the company is being pri
vatized.

privatization
The government plans privatiza
tion of the telephone service.

327

produce

All our efforts have not produced

an agreement.

 3. -

producer
Russia is the world's leading
crude oil producer.

275

induce /
What had induced her to marry
a man like that?
?
reduce /
He was reduced to tears.
.
introduce /
May I introduce my wife to you?

?
conducive
Competition is not conducive to
human happiness.

328

progress /

She is making good progress with

her German.
He followed the progress of hos
tilities with impatience.
to progress
You are not progressing quickly
enough.

.

.

/
.

progression /
It is part of a connected pro
gression of events.
.
progressive
Some young parents are eager
to be progressive.

276

regression
The technological progress is
combined with moral and social
regression.
329

pronounce

I can't pronounce the word.

pronounced
She spoke with a pronounced
English accent.
.
pronunciation
She tried to correct my pronun
ciation.
.
pronouncement
I refer to the official pronouncement made by the politician.

denounce /
A mass meeting in Moscow de nounced him as a traitor.

.
renounce
We have renounced the use of
force to settle our disputes.

330

proof

Do you have any proof of that

allegation?
prove
He has to prove his innocence.

,
?

.

 3. - 277

proven /
His speech is based on proven
facts.
.
improve ()
The weather improved later in
the day.
She improved her English.
approve
He did not approve of my pic
tures.
The director approved the plan.

331

.

.

.
.

proper /

Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.

proper noun
Proper nouns are usually spelled

with a capital letter at the be .
ginning.
property
Her property passes to her nephew.
Describe the physical properties
of the substance!

.

!

to appropriate
The materials are exported and
other countries appropriate the
profits.

, .

appropriate /
It seemed appropriate to him to
end his speech with a joke.
.

278

332

prospect

You may be daunted by this bleak

prospect.
to prospect
They are prospecting for oil in
the region.

, ,
.
.

prospective
He is our prospective client.

circumspect
Physicians are now more cir cumspect about making recom ,
mendations for surgery.

.
spectator
The spectators rose to their feet
, to pay tribute to an outstanding

performance.
.
333

protect

She had an umbrella to protect

herself from the rain.

,
.

protection
She put on dark glasses as a pro
tection against the bright light.

protective /
She felt very protective towards
her sister.
.
detect
The submarines had to be de
tected and destroyed.

 3. - 279

detective
He was being followed by a pri
vate detective.

334

provide /

The government cannot provide

all young people with a job.
Most animals provide food for
their young.

.


.

provided ,
She was prepared to come, pro
vided that she might bring her
daughter.

,
.

providing ,
It would be pleasant living in
Moscow providing you were liv
ing in a nice flat.

,
.

provision
They were helping needy people
by the provision of food and
clothing.
provisional
They formed a provisional gov
ernment.

335

,
.

the public /

The gardens are open to the public.

280

public /
The politicians have to respond
to public opinion.

,
.
publication
Several of her articles have already been accepted for publication.

publicity /
There was some publicity for the

book on television.
.
publicize
His programme for reform was
publicized in newspapers.

336

purity /

White stands for purity.

/ .

purify
They drink specially purified
water.

puritan
Their attitude is puritan in such
matters.

pure
The dress is made of pure silk.
An advantage of breast-feeding
is that the milk is always pure.

.

,

.

 3. - 281

purely
It was purely a routine check of
the suitcases by a customs of
ficer.

337

quality

I have got some quality paper.

qualitative
Drastic qualitative changes will
take place in the Russian army.

.


.

qualify ()
I was thirty when I qualified as
,
a doctor.

.
By working all their lives, peo
,
ple qualify automatically for

their pension.
.
qualification
One of the qualifications you
need in advertising is a fertile
mind.

,
,
,
.

qualified
He is qualified to work in this
, profession.

.

338

question

I am not prepared to answer

your question.

282

to question
No one ever questioned the ne cessity of the measures.

.
questionable
It is questionable whether his
policy will be successful.

, .

question mark
A question mark is the punctua
tion mark (?) which is used in (?),
writing at the end of a question.

.
questionnaire
A questionnaire is a written list
of questions which are answered
by a lot of people in order to
provide information.

339

,

,

.

rational

Panic destroys rational thought.

rationally /
Let's discuss this rationally.
rationalism
They combined rationalism and
pragmatism in their policy.

.
rationalize
They are going to rationalize and
modernize the armed forces.

.

 3. -

283

rationalization
They spoke about the continu ing rationalization of the US car
industry.

.

340

real

You must know the difference

between what's real and makebelieve.

/
.

realism
He marvelled at his father's lack
of realism.

realist
I am a realist and know that all
this cannot last.

, ,
.

reality
He is out of touch with reality.

realize /
She realized the significance of
what he was trying to do.
, .
really
It is really very difficult.
, ,
.

341

receive

Did they receive money for their

work?

receiver /
He replaced the receiver.
/
().

284

receipt
She gave the students written
receipts for each payment.

reception ( )
He saw a beautiful woman at
the reception desk of the hotel.

.
receptionist
He handed back his key to the
receptionist.

342

refer /
th

In the 18 century "antique"

referred specially to Greek and
Roman antiquities.

XVIII

.

referee /
The referee is the official who
controls a football game or a
boxing match.

reference /
There is no further reference to

him in her diary.
.
I keep the information for fu
,
ture reference.

.
referendum
A referendum is a vote in which
all the people in the country or
region are asked whether they
agree or disagree with a partic
ular policy.

,


,

.

 3. -

transfer
Ten thousand pounds has been
transferred into your account.

343

285

reform

The word "reform" has been

discredited in Russia.

transform
An area of pasture land can be
transformed into a barren landscape in two or three years.

transformation /
After a few weeks the caterpil lars undergo a transformation.

.
deform
Badly fitting shoes can deform
the feet.

, ,
.

inform
Inform me of it as soon as you
know the result.

,
.

conform /
Such a change would not con form to the wishes of the great
majority of people.
.

344

regular /

He could hear her deep, regu

lar breathing.
The doctor examined the baby
at regular intervals.

.

.

286

You need to take regular exer

cise.
regularly
They met regularly in her home.
regularity
The same exam questions
cropped up with unfailing reg
ularity.
regulate
Economic activity was regulat
ed by supply of money.

.

.


.


.

regulation /
You can't do it. It's against the
.
regulations.
/
.
345

relate - /
-

They were very religious and

related everything to dependence
on God.

related ( -) /
We discussed two important and

closely related questions.

.
French and Spanish are related
languages.
.
relation /
Wages are very low in relation
to the cost of living.

 3. - 287

relationship
When their relationship ended
two months ago she said she
wanted to die.
relative
The head of the department is a
relative newcomer.
a relative
His wife had gone to visit some
of her relatives for a few days.

346

,
,
.

.


.

reserve

Reserve your strength for the

climb.
A great future is reserved for you.

.
.

a reserve /
A reserve is someone who is

available to play as part of a team
,
if one of the members cannot
,
play on a particular occasion.
, -

- .
A nature reserve is an area of

land where the animals, birds,
,
and plants are officially protect
,
ed.

.
reservation /
I will make reservation of a ta
ble at a restaurant for seven
.
thirty.

288

observation
We listened to her observations
on the subject.

subservient /
Economic systems became sub

servient to social objectives.


.
She was subservient and eager
,
to please.
.
347

resist

I can't resist the temptation to

do it.

resistance
The advancing army met with
no resistance.

resistant
Many pests are now resistant to
the common insecticides.
assist
He was asked to assist in keep
ing the hotel under surveillance.
insist
I insist on our leaving at once.

348

.


.

.

respect

I respect him for his character

and intelligence.

 3. - 289

respect /
He is different from the people

around him in many respects.

.
respectful
He was respectful towards old
people.
aspect
The most terrifying aspect of
nuclear bombing is radiation.
suspect
I suspect the boy is in love.
He was suspected of treason.

349

.

.
,
.

.

respond

The crowd waved and the liner

responded with a blast on its
siren.
response /
As an immediate response the
university has cut admissions by
20 per cent.

,

.

,
20
.

responsibility
He took over the responsibility for the project.
.
responsible
The children were responsible
for cleaning their rooms.

290

responsive
The children were the most responsive members of the audience.

350

real

It is real leather.
What is the real reason for his
dismissal?

/
.

?

realize /
She realized the significance of
/
what he was trying to do.
,
.
realization
He moved to New York. It was
realization of his lifelong dream.
reality
We cannot change the reality.
really
Do you really think that he will
marry her?

351

-.

.

.
,
?

reverse
/

The street was so narrow that

cars which entered it had to re
verse out again.
She reversed her decision.

,
,
,
.

.

 3. - 291

reverse
You may think we have been
making a profit. In fact the reverse it true.

,
.

.

reversal
Fortunately there was a revers ,
al of this tendency.

.
revert ()
He was reverting rapidly to his
former behaviour.
reversible
The cloth is reversible.
version
Each of the women had a different version of what actually
happened.

352

.

.

,
.

safe /

Keep your passport in a safe

place!

save
An artificial heart could save his
life.

safety /
He spoke about the safety of /
NPPs.
.
safeguard /
They had to fight to safeguard

their future.
.

292

savings
Many people keep their savings
in banks.

353

sane /

She appeared to be completely

sane.

sanitary
Sanitary conditions in the hospitals had deteriorated rapidly.

sanity
The doctors had doubts about his
, sanity.

.
sanitation /
They live in conditions of appall ing sanitation.
.
sanatorium
She was sent to a sanatorium for
three months.

354

secret

We came through a secret back

entrance.
secrecy
She stressed the necessity of absolute secrecy.
secretary
A secretary is a person who is
employed to do office work,

.

.
,

 3. -

293

such as typing letters, answer

ing phone calls and arranging
meetings.

: ,

.

secretive
She is very secretive about mon
ey matters.

secretariat
He is a member of the U . N .
Secretariat.

355

sell

He is going to sell his car.

sell out
They have sold out all bread.

seller
She is an umbrella seller.

best-seller
The book was soon a best-seller.
sale
Their house is up for sale.

.
.

salesman /
He is a shoe salesman.
.

356

sense /

She has an excellent sense of smell.

to sense
He sensed that she did not want
to talk to him.

,
.

294

sensation /
It produced a mild burning sen
sation in the mouth.
.
The discovery was a scientific

sensation of the century.
.
senseless
It was a senseless thing to do.

sensitive /
We are trying to make people

more sensitive to the difficulties
,
faced by other people.

.
sensual /
He noticed her plump sensual

lips.
.
357

separate

She had remained separate from

us, asking for a room by her
self.

,
.

to separate
In any angry discussion he would
separate the opponents and
soothe them.

,

.

separately
Wash each pile of clothing sep
arately.

separated ( )
My wife and I are separated.
,
.
separation
He was eager to see her after
a brief separation.

 3. -

358

295

sequel

He starred in "The Godfather"

and its sequel, "The G o d father I I " .

II.

sequence
He investigated the strange se quence of events that led up to
/
the murder.
,
.
consequence
We discussed the economic consequences of the computer revolution.

consequent /
She told me about his long ill ness and consequent absence from school.

.
consequently /
Absolute secrecy is essential.

Consequently, the fewer who
. are aware of the plan the better.
,
, .

359

set /

We soon encountered a new set

of problems.
to set /
His eyes were set close together.
She is set on regaining her title.

.

.

.

296

set off
He set off on a trip to London.

set out
They set out for Russia on a
two-week trip.
.
setback /
They had to face up to innu
merable setbacks before they
/
achieved their goal.
,
.
settee
He was sitting on a settee watching TV.

outset
You should explain this to him
at the outset.

360

shame

The memory fills me with shame.

shameful
She couldn't forgive him his
shameful action.

to shame
It shamed him to know that his
father had behaved in such a
way.

,
,
.

shameless
Her husband had run off with a
shameless gipsy woman.

-
.

shamefaced
She is a modest shamefaced girl.

 3. - 297

361

ship

The ship was due to sail the following morning.

to ship
The cattle were shipped out by
rail.

.

.

shipping /
Nearly a fifth of the shipping
had been sunk.
.
How much is the shipping of cargo?
?
shipwreck
The whole family perished in a
shipwreck.
Treasure has sometimes been
found in shipwrecks.
shipyard
A shipyard is a place where ships
are built and repaired.

362

.

.
, /
.

short

The war was far longer than

they had expected.
Her hair was cut short.
shorts
Shorts are trousers with very
short legs.
shortage
There is a world shortage of fuel.

, .

.

.

.

298

shorten
Smoking shortens your life.
shortcoming
You have got to realize your own
shortcomings.

.
.

short-cut /
Parents of twins simply have to
,
find short-cuts in housework.
,

,
/ .
short-sighted
He realized that he was shortsighted and went to the optician.
363

, , .

sick

His uncle is very sick.

sicken /
The young officers were sickened
by the greed of their generals.

.
In these conditions a child could
sicken and die in a year.

.
sickening
The food smelled sickening.

.
sickness /
The disease causes sickness and
diarrhea.
She is not working because of
sickness.

.
- .

 3. - 299

sickly
She has a sickly little son.

364

side

A taxi bumped into us from the

side.
She lay on her side with her
back to me.
sideboard
A sideboard is a long, fairly low
cupboard, normally kept in din
ing rooms to put plates and glass
es in.
sideline
The sidelines are lines marking
the long sides of the playing
area, for example on a foot
ball pitch or tennis court.
sidelong
She looked at me sidelong and
said nothing.

.
,
.
,
,

,
.
,

,

.
.

sidestep /
The book does not sidestep es
sential questions.
.
siding
A siding is a short railway track
beside the main tracks, where
engines and carriages are left
when they are not being used.

,

,
.

300

365

sign

Through signs she communicat

ed me to enter the room.
A sign saying "Women's Centre"
hung over the door.

.

.

to sign
Sign here!

signal
My signal will be three knocks.

:
.

signature /
Your signature is your name,
when you write it in your own ,
characteristic way.
, .
significant
Lack of insulation can result in
a significant amount of heat
being lost.

signify
Short pips signify that the phone
is engaged.

,
.

366

simple

The solution of the problem is

very simple.

simple-minded
He was regarded by everyone as
simple-minded.
.
simplify
It is a simplified model of the
engine.

 3. - 301

simplicity
The advantage of the idea is its
simplicity.

simplification
The majority voted for simplifi
cation of the procedure.

367

sleep

He was so excited he could hardly

sleep.

,
.

sleep
I haven't been getting enough
sleep recently.
You will feel better i f you have
a little sleep.

.

, .

sleeper /
She is a light sleeper.

/
.

sleepless
He has had a sleepless night.

sleepy
She suddenly started to feel very
sleepy.

sleeping pill
A sleeping pill is a pill that you
can take to help you sleep.

368

,
, .

slip /

He slipped it quickly into his

pocket.

302

a slip
I must have made a slip somewhere.

, ,
- .

slippers
I wear slippers at home.

.
slippery
The road was slippery.
slipshod
He is such a slipshod boy.

369

.

.

show

She was feeling sad and didn't

want to show it.

,
.

a show /
I visited the traditional flower
show yesterday.
She put on a good show of looking interested in the picture.

.
, .

show off /
He was eager to show off the
new car.

.
show business -
Show business is the entertainment industry of film, theatre,
and television.
showcase
She was standing at a showcase
of gold artefacts.

-
,
, ,
.

.

 3. -

370

303

social

There are children from different

social backgrounds in my class.

sociable
He was an outgoing, sociable
kind of man.

, .

society
We discussed the role of women
in Western society.

sociology
Sociology is the study of human
societies.

, .

social security
Social security is a system by

which the government pays mon ,
ey regularly to people who have

no other income or only a very
,
small income.

.

371

soft

His feet left prints in the soft soil.

He has got a very soft heart.
soften
She gradually softened towards
me.

.
/
.

.

software
My job is writing the software.


.

304

soft-hearted
He is too soft-hearted to be a

superior.
,
.
softly
He softly placed his hand on her
shoulder.
372

solicit /

He solicited aid from his old acquaintances.

solicitor
I was advised to put the matter
into the hands of a solicitor.

solicitous
The hotel personnel could not
have been more solicitous.

solicitude /
I was moved by their genuine

kindness and solicitude for me.
.
soliciting
She has been fined 35 pounds for
soliciting.

373

35
(
).

soluble

The powder is soluble in water.

solution
A solution is a liquid in which a
solid substance has been dis
solved.

.
,

.

 3. -

305

It is very neat solution to our

problem.

solve ()
She likes solving crossword puz
zles.

solvent
He behaved as i f he alone kept
the airport solvent.
a solvent
A solvent is a liquid that can
dissolve other substances.

374

,

.

,
.

special

To marry a foreigner, special

permission had to be obtained.

,

.

specialize
The shop is specialized in wom en's clothing.
.
specially
The rules were specially designed
to protect travellers.

speciality /
They enjoy talking about their

own specialities.
.
specialist
She is a specialist in Eastern
European affairs.

,
.

306

375

sight /

Her sight is failing.

He was reduced to tears at the
sight of the hundreds of dead
bodies.
sighted
She is poorly sighted.

.

.

sightseeing
We haven't had enough time for

sightseeing.

().
sightseer /
The changing of the Guard is

normally watched by a large
crowd of sightseers.
/ .
far-sighted
He is a far-sighted politician.

376

speed

The car is capable of reaching

speed over 200 kph.

200 / .

speed limit
The speed limit on a road is the
/ maximum speed at which you are

legally allowed to drive a vehi
cle on that road.


.
speedy /
I wish you a speedy recovery.

.

 3. - 307

speedometer
A speedometer is an instrument
in a vehicle which shows how
fast the vehicle is moving.

speed up
Warmth speeds up chemical
reactions.

377

spirit /

Put a little more spirit into your

work.
He is always in high spirits.
spirits
Spirits are strong alcoholic drinks
such as whisky and gin.

,
,


.

.

.

.
,
.

spirited /
Despite spirited resistance by the
Russian soldiers, the town fell
,
to the German in August 1941.

1941 .
spiritual
You pursue material ends and
neglect your spiritual needs.

spirituality
We observe a decline of spirituality in our time.

.
.

308

378

sport

My favourite sport is football.

to sport
He sported a beard.
sporting
What sporting events will take
place in Moscow next week?
sportsman
There are some sportsmen in our
group.
sportswoman
She is an excellent sportswom
an.

379

.
.


?

.
.

stand

She was standing at the bus stop.

standing /
She was an economist of con siderable standing.
.
This is a standing joke among
/ psychologists.
.
standpoint
Up to now, we have only discussed the issue from a western
standpoint.
stand-offish
Is she always so stand-offish?

.

?

 3. - 309

understand
I don't understand what you
mean.

380

,
.

stop /

They were waiting for the rain

to stop.
a stop
We'll get off at the next stop.

,
.
.

stopover /
She set off on a two-week tour
abroad with a three-day stopo
ver in Paris.

.
stoppage
The stoppage had the full sup
port of the union.
stopwatch
A stopwatch is a watch with
buttons which you press at the
beginning and end of an event,
so that you can measure exactly
how long it takes.

381

.

,

- ,

.

straight /

I saw the car coming straight at

me.
I just want a straight answer to
the question.

,
.

.

310

straight away
Do it straight away!

straighten /
Straightening his tie, he entered
,
the room.
.
The man straightened and looked
him in the face.
.
straightforward /
His behaviour is always straight
forward.
.
straighten out
It will take two weeks to get things
straightened out.

382

, .

strain /

He strained a tendon of his leg.

a strain /
The rope broke under the strain.

.
strained
Relations between the two families had become increasingly
strained.

constrain /
Father told her that he would
,
not constrain her in any way.

.
restrain
The government tries to restrain
inflation.

 3. - 311

383

substance

We try to remove the harmful

substances from water.

substantial
She will receive a substantial
amount of money.

substantiate
This view is substantiated by
facts.

substantially
The price may go up quite sub
stantially.

instance
For instance, an electric fire is
a relatively expensive method of
heating a room.

,


.

circumstance
We investigate the circumstanc es of her grandfather's death.
.

384

success

Confidence is the key to success.

successful
The first attempt to land on the
moon was successful.

.


.

succession /
His life is a succession of victo
ries.
.

312

successive
On two successive Saturdays,

the car broke down.
.
successor
Who will be his successor?
succeed
I succeeded in getting the job.

?

.

proceed /
Preparations were proceeding on
schedule.
.
process
The best solution can only be
found by a process of trial and
error.

385

sun

You need plenty of sun and fresh

air.

sunny
It is sunny today.

sunrise /
They left their camp at sunrise.

.
sunset

We'll arrive at our destination

.
before sunset.
sunbathe
I spent my afternoons sunbath
ing instead of doing my work.

,

.

 3. - 313

386

super

I have got a super secretary.

superior
I feel superior to him.

.

.

supernatural
Supernatural creatures, forces,
,
or events are believed by some

people to exist or happen, al
,
though they are impossible ac
,
cording to scientific laws.

.
supersonic
I have never travelled by a supersonic plane.

superstar
The press built her up into a
superstar.

387

supervise /

One evening, when there were

no staff to supervise her, she
walked out of the hospital.
supervision
The old people are under the
supervision of qualified social
workers.

,
,
,
.


.

revise /
The book was revised last year.


.

314

I have been revising for the examination for three days.

revision /
They are discussing a complete

revision of the timetable.
/
.
televise
The BBC agreed to televise the
-- debate.

.
devise
Who devised the first automobile?

388

suppose

The situation was even worse

than was supposed.

,
.

supposed
You are supposed to report it to
the police as soon as possible.

supposition
That is a most unlikely supposition.

disposition /
She is of a cheerful disposition.
proposition
One day he came to me with an
extraordinary proposition.
opposition
He founded a new opposition
party.

.


.

.

 3. - 315

389

suspect

I suspect the boy is in love.

/ ,
.

a suspect ()
Last week the police finally had

a suspect for the murder.

.
suspect
My friendliness was viewed as
suspect by some people.
suspicion
He has aroused my suspicion.
suspicious
The policeman on duty became
suspicious of the youth and asked
him why he was standing here.

390

.

.

,
,
.

tact

I tried to behave with the utmost tact.

tactful
The tactful thing would have
been not to say anything.

tactless
I suppose it was rather tactless
of me to ask for money.

, , .

tactic
Different circumstances involve
adopting different tactics.

316

tactical
This was simply a tactical move
by the President.

391

taste

Some animals have a better

sense of taste than others.

to taste - /
The tea tasted faintly of bitter

almond.
.
tasteful
The bedroom was simple but
tasteful.
, .
tasteless
The room was full of tasteless
ornaments.

tasty
Sunflower seeds are tasty and
nutritious.

392

think

Is he still thinking of going away

to Italy for a month?
thinker
He mentioned such thinkers as
Plato, Rousseau, and Freud.
thinking
We are so alike in our thinking.

,
?

, ,
.

.

 3. - 317

thought
The thought never crossed my
mind.
thoughtless
I had to scold her severely for
being so thoughtless.

393

.

,
.

time

It was a happy period of time.

to time
The meeting was timed for 10
o'clock.

.

10 .

timeless / -
His art is timeless.

.
timely
He was responsible for the safe
and timely arrival of the children.

timer
The timer of the stove started
ringing.

/ .

timetable
They are going to change the
timetable.

394

tolerate /
( - )

They tolerated the existence of

opinions contrary to their own.

318

.
tolerable /
They never found the climate
tolerable enough to settle there.

, .
tolerant
I have become more tolerant of other people's attitudes.

.
tolerance
He has a sense of humour plus
tolerance and patience.
toleration
Toleration can be a positive or
negative quality.

395

,

.

.

turn /

She slowly turned the pages of

a magazine.
He turned the handle and pushed
open the door.

.

.

a turn / /
A good turn deserves another.
, /
.
He stood in a queue waiting for
,
his turn.
.
turning
Take the next turning on the left.

 3. - 319

turner
He was an excellent turner.

turnover
Annual turnover of the compa
ny is about 9, 000 m i l l i o n
pounds.

9
.

396

unit

We use metric units of measure

ment.

unite
We must unite to combat the
enemy.

united
They were united in their dis
like of racial discrimination.
The last Winter Olympic Games
took place in the United States.
unity
He failed to preserve his party's
unity.

397

.


.

.

use

He explained how to use the

word.

,
.

the use
It is no use arguing with him.

usage
Today the word has dropped out
of usage.

320

useful
She gave us some useful information.
useless
She underwent some twenty use
less operations.
user
We informed the electricity us
ers about cutting off power sup
ply.

398

vision /

We apologize for the temporary

loss of vision.
He had very little vision in his
left eye.
visible
These tiny creatures are hardly
visible to the naked eye.
visibility
Visibility was excellent that day.
provision
We are helping needy people by
the provision of food, clothing,
and shelter.

.

,
.



.

.
.

.

.

, ,
.

revision /
The law is in need of revision.

.

 3. - 321

399

water

The children played at the water's edge.

to water
We water the pot-plants every
day.

watercolour
A watercolour is a picture
which has been painted using
watercolours.

,
.

watery
A good roast-beef is much tastier than watery vegetables.

waterworks
A waterworks is a building where

a supply of water is stored and
,
cleaned before being distributed
,
to the public.

.

400

wit /

Our teacher is full of wit.

witty
It is a witty play.

sharp-witted
The girl laughed at his sharp-wit
ted remarks.

dim-witted /
There are no dim-witted students
in our group.

322

witticism
His witticisms are inexhaustible.

401

work

It is difficult to find work now.

to work
She is working in a bank.

worker /
He is a hard worker.
We need to improve relations be
tween management and workers.

.


.

working ()
The union demands a reduction
in working hours.
.
My working day begins at 8
o'clock.
8 .
workman
We hired a workman to put up
the fence.

, .

workmanship
Good materials and sound work manship assure high quality of
goods.

.
worked up /
He was very worked up over the

incident.
.

1. 5
2.

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

?
?
,

3.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

66
66
68
69
70
71
71

able
absence
abstract
abnormal
accept
access
accommodate
accord
act
adapt
adjoin
administer /
admire
admission
adverse
advice

73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
78
79
80
80
81
82
82
83

324
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

affirm
aggravate
air
alarm
alter ()
amend /
ample
amuse
art
back
bank
bare
base /
bath
bed
birth
black
blood
book
brain
breath
brief
broad
brutal
capture ( )
care
cast
catch /
cave
cent
centre
certain /
civil /
class ( )
clean
close
command /
compare
compete
compose /
comprehend
compulsion

83
84
85
85
86
87
87
88
88
89
90
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
103
103
104
104
105
106
106
107
108

59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

confection
confide /
conform
confuse
conserve
consider
consist
constrain /
consult
continue
contrast
convene
convert
correct
count
acquire /
court
create
credit
critic
cross
custom
cut
day
dead
deceit
decide
decorate
defend
define
denounce /
depend
depose
derive /
descend
deserve
design
destruction
determine
devote
dictate
differ

325

108
109
110
110
111
111
112
113
113
114
114
115
115
116
117
117
118
118
119
120
120
121
121
122
123
123
124
124
125
125
126
126
127
128
128
129
129
130
130
131
132
132

326
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142

dignity
diminish
direct
disagree
dispense -
dispose /
diverse /
distribute /
divide
dominate /
doubt
down
draw /
drive /
dress /
during /
dust
ear
earth
ease
economy
edge / ()
edit
effect
elect /
electric
embarrass
emerge
emigrate
emit /
employ
engage /
engine
equal
err
exact
exam
excite /
excel
except
exclaim
exclude

133
133
134
135
135
136
136
137
138
139
139
140
140
141
142
142
143
143
144
144
145
146
146
147
147
148
149
149
150
150
151
152
152
153
154
154
155
155
156
156
157
158

 327
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184

execute
exceed
exhaust
exist
expand ()
expect /
expend
expose /
express
extend /
extort
eye
face
fact
fail /
false
family
far
fate
father
favour /
fear
fertile
faith
fill /
feel
feminine
final
fire /
first
fish
fit ( )
fold /
follow
fool
foot
force
form
found /
fraction ()
free
fresh

158
159
160
160
161
162
162
163
163
164
165
165
166
166
167
167
168
169
169
170
170
171
171
172
172
173
174
174
175
176
177
177
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fright
the front
fruit
full
gas
general
generate /
gold
good /
grade /
grand /
great /
green
ground /
grow /
guide /
habit
hair
half
hand
hang
happy
hard
haste /
head
heal /
hear
heart
heat
heir
high
hold
hope
horrible
horse
hot
house
human
humour
hunt
ice
idea /

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identity /
ill
illuminate
illusion
illustrate /
image
immobile
impartial
implicate /
import
impress
incidence
income
induce /
industry
infinite
inflame () /
inflect () / ()
inform
initial
inquire / enquire /
insane
insensitive
inspect
inspire
insular /
integral
intense /
liberal /
life
the light
like
limit /
line
literate
locate /
lock
long /
look
love
low
mad

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magnify
make
manage /
man /
mark /
master /
mean
measure /
mechanic
medic
memory /
misjudge /
mislead
misunderstand
match ()
morals
motor /
mount /
move ()
multiply () /
nation
nature
note /
observe
obstruct
occupy
offence /
open
oppose /
organ
pack
part
pass
passion
pendant /
perfect
perception
permit
persist /
person
perverse /
phrase

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pity
plant
plastic
play
please
point /
popular
pose
practical
prefer
present ( )
preserve /
presume
pretend , /
prevent /
private /
produce
progress /
pronounce
proof
proper /
prospect
protect
provide /
the public /
purity /
quality
question
rational
real
receive
refer /
reform
regular / /
relate - / -
reserve
resist
respect
respond
real
reverse /

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safe /
sane /
secret
sell
sense /
separate
sequel
set /
shame
ship
short
sick
side
sign
simple
sleep
slip /
show
social
soft
solicit /
soluble
special
sight /
speed
spirit /
sport
stand
stop /
straight /
strain /
substance
success
sun
super
supervise /
suppose
suspect
tact
taste
think
time

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 333
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tolerate / ( -)
turn /
unit
use
vision /
water
wit /
work

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 :
./: (495) 785-15-30, e-mail: trade@airis.ru
: , . , 106
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