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Flow Nets
In any hydraulic structure on permeable foundations, water flow from a region of high level (high pressure) to the region of low level (low pressure), beneath and around the structure.
High Pressure
Low pressure
Flow Nets
In Fig. (a), a hydraulic structure having an upstream piled cut off wall only, the stream lines are compressed around the toes of the pile. In this case, the uplift pressure underneath the floor varies from 15 to 28% of H.
Flow Nets
In Fig (b) the structure having downstream cutoff wall only, the uplift pressure varies from 70 to 85% of H.
Flow Nets
In Fig. c the structure having upstream and downstream cutoffs the uplift pressure varies from 45 to 55% of H.
(CREEP PATH)
= ( L1 + L 2 ) + 2 (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 )
H H = L b + 2 (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 )
(1.1)
2d = H H 1 H L H = 2d 1 L
HE = H ( L 2 + 2d 3 ) L 2d 3 H L H =H 2 +H = ( L 2 ) + ( 2d 3 ) L L L L
L =C H
where,
C = Blighs coefficient for the soil.
H L =1 C
1 Fine sand 15 2 Coarse grained sand 12 3 Sand mixed with boulders and gravel 5 to 9 4 Light sand and mud 8 Hydraulic gradient H L < 1 C for safety against piping.
w H 1 = ( w G c )t c w t c
H 1 = (G c t c t c ) = t c (G c 1)
Example
Find the hydraulic gradient and uplift pressure at a point 15 m from the upstream end of the floor in the figure below.
Example
Water percolates at point A and emerges at point B, Total creep length = 2 6 + 10 + 2 3 + 20 + 2 8 = 64m Head of water on structure= 6 m Hydraulic gradient =
6 1 = 64 10.66
Example
According to Blighs theory, the structure would be safe on sand mixed with boulders
No.
Type of soil
Value of C
1 Fine sand 15 2 Coarse grained sand 12 3 Sand mixed with boulders and gravel 5 to 9 4 Light sand and mud 8 Hydraulic gradient H L < 1 C for safety against piping.
Safe exit gradient less than 1/15 1/12 1/5 to 1/9 1/8
Example
Creep length up to point C= L 1 = 2 6 + 2 3 + 15 = 33 m
HC =
tc = =
6 ( 64 33 ) = 2.91m 64
1 ( L 1 + L 2 ) + 2 (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 ) 3 b = + 2 (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 ) 3 L = Horizonals 3 + Verticals
H 1 < L C
Slopes steeper than 45 are taken as verticals.
Example
Find C for the following structure & the uplift pressure at point A.
(Pu y) w .. (4) t= ( c w )
Where: Pu = uplift pressure in meters of water. y = depth of water on floor (m) c = density of concrete. w = density of water.
H.W. Consider C = 5, Check if the following structure is safe using Lane's method. If it is safe find the thickness at A.
Khosla's Method
It is used to find uplift pressure at the key points in a barrage or a weir. In this method a composite barrage or weir section is split up into a number of simple standard forms of known analytical solution, these are: a A straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with a sheet pile at either end.
b A straight horizontal floor depressed below the bed but with no vertical cut off.
c A straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with sheet pile at some intermediate position.
Ex: find the pressure at the key points for the structure below: Sol.
w.s.
5m
E C
10 m
D
50 m
Ex: find the pressure at the key points for the structure below:
E1 = 100% of H
1
d 10 = = 0 .2 b 50
Ex: find the pressure at the key points for the structure below: Sol:
d 5 = = = 0 . 25 b 20
Ex: Find the pressure percentage for the intermediate pile shown in the figure below:
d 10 = = =4 b 2.5 b1 4 = = 0.4 b 10
C = 42% of H
To find E Read C for the base ratio (1 1 ) for the value of and subtract from 100.
C for (1 1 ) = 0.6 and = 4 = 29% of H E = 100 29 = 71% of H
b b b b
Read D (for (1
The percentage pressure observed from the curves for the simple form into which the profile has been Brocken up is valid for the profile as a whole if corrected for:-
Cp = correction in a percentage. b' = the distance between two piles. b = total floor length d = depth of pile on which the effect is to be taken. D = depth of the pile line, the influence of which has to be determined on the neighboring pile of depth of is to be measured bellow the level.
This correction is positive for points in the rear of back water and subtractive for points forward in the direction of flow. Effective of d.s. pile on u.s. pile (+ve). Effective of u.s. pile on d.s. pile (ve).
Slop V: H C 1:1 11.2 bs 1:2 6.5 1:3 4.5 1:4 3.3 b' 1:5 2.8 1:6 2.5 1:7 2.3 1:8 1 The correction being plus for the downstream slope and minus for the upslope following the direction of water.
2 Intermediate Pile
b1 For = 11.4 and =0.285; C1=58% of H b b1 For =11.4 and (1 =0.7155); D1=100 D = 100 36 = 64% of H b b1 For =11.4 and (1 =0.7155); E1=100 C = 100 30 = 70% of H b
Correction for E1
t 1 a C t = ( E 1 D1 ) = ( 70 64 ) = 1 .2 % d 5 4 4+ 4 b C p = 19 = 1 .35 % 15 .5 57 E1 corrected = 70 1.2 1.35 = 67.45% of H
Correction at C1 a C t = + ( D1 C 1 ) = ( 64 58 ) = + 1 .2 %
1 5 1 5
b D = 149 141 = 8 m
8 8+ 4 C p = + 19 = + 1 .78 % 40 57 bS 2 c CS = C = * 6 .5 = 0 .325 % b 40 C1 corrected = 58 + 1.2 + 1.78 0.325 = 60.65% of H
3 Downstream Pile
d = b
d = 147 141 = 6 m b = 57 m
6 = = 0 .105 57 1 d For = =0.105, E2 = 29% of H b D2 = 20% of H 1
C2 = 0% of H
Correction for E2
E1
D1
C1
E2
D2
C2
96.4
82
76.15 67.45
64
60.65 26.57
20