Ramanathan

Digitally signed by Ramanathan

DN: cn=Ramanathan, c=IN, o=Commercial Taxed
Dept Staff Training Institute,, ou=Computer Lecturer,,
email=ctdsti@gmail.com
Location: Commercial Taxes Staff Training Institute,
Computer Lecturer,Ph:9442282076
Date: 2008.03.12 07:32:54 +05'30'

- 3
EPJ
3.1 EPJ
F
3.1.1. P
EP Q H.
,
, , I ,
GML
.
Q , , , ,
, A.
J
A A. H GM
A.
Q
A.
EPJ A.
, Q .

G . G
(CPU - Central Processing Unit).

3.1.2. EPJ
EP
, ,
. k, Of ,
, G . GO
O .
3.1.3. EPJ
EP M
. EPJ
JP , F
J
58

 .
EP
.

, G .

GM ,
.

GL PH, F,
.

, F
HK.

Of

I L I H .

. H 3.1 MA

O
f

G
3.1 EPJ

k
, G KI , E
PJ . M, ,
O, F C k.
59

Of
EP OJ , Q
J P Of .
F
, P K Of
.

(CPU - Central Processing Unit)

E,

F
3.2

EPJ .
F E ,
(logical operations) F .
E ( ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit)
. , E ,
AND, OR .
F, G k, O
f F, ,
L F .
(Control Unit) .
FO PL
H
F.
HO (BUS)
. , I
QQ .

G
E , ,
G, EPJ GF
60

. EP M .
G, I G
GM .
I GM
G .
P H G
A A.
G (Secondary Storage) .
I F, M .
3.1.4 G
(John Von Neumann) K .
A :
n

EH , G GF
.

E A, GL
F .

QK f
.

G GF
FJ P .

3.2
3.2.1. F E
EPJ .
A.
n

EPJ F F
A.

E A.

YdM K F .

E (ALU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)

(Control Unit)

F (Register)

61

 E F, ,
E , AND, OR, <=
A. G
FL , F F
GF . A
F, M F FO .

e GF .
EPJ FO
A. GL
A.
F
I H A.

F F A, GL E .

Of

3.3 YdM E

62

3.2.2 YdM E
G, Yd A
.
G, , P
OJ. F
1. a F ( M N).
2. b F ( M N).
3. = a + b
4. J F FJ OJ
G F G .
1 . L G EPJ A.
E F F
A.
2. K A.
M HHA.
3. a FH M N
A.
4. GF, a K
F
HHA. G
A.
b

5. G 2 4 F
P A.

6. E .
, a, b F G F
O I H
HA. a, b F FO GA.
, M A.
7. F , M
F A.
, ,
GF FH
63

 I A.

GF A.
8. , F G
MF HHA. G
F , F FJ H
A.
9. GL G,
G A.
F ,
3.4 A.

a K

k
F

a F

b K

b F

J K

J F

/
OJ
F

3.4 YdM

64

3.3. E -
EH E , N,
, ,
C Pf H, AND,
OR, NOT F .
,
E
bQ, HH
.
3.3.1. E
E ,
PH FO .

I ,
F ,
P N . P M M
F . , , Q
Q .
F G W
.
1. ( 5, 8 ) GF
O .
2. , O
, FO A.
3. ,
A.
4. M (13) GMF (memory buffer)
A.
5. M,
GM
F F A
65

 3.5 E

3.3.2.
H , CP, K
, AND, OR, NOT F .
3.3.3 E M
, , AND
.
F (AREG), O F
(ACCUM - )
F .
K M e
A.

3.6 M E M.

66

 3.6 M E H
HA.
E
I A.
FO , E
, (enable) I KMA.
HJ 1 H H, E
A.

3.4 G
GO .
-
G (Random Access Memory - RAM) G
(Read Only Memory - ROM), G G (Programmable Read Only Memory - PROM), I N G
G (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory - EEPROM).

3.7 G

G (RAM)
EPO G
.
P , G
A. , FL
. I G, F
N M.

F
M

G (ROM)
F , CL F
. .
I
F N.
EP
67

 G
O A.
G G (PROM)
N G.
F
. CL
F. Q
G .
N G G (EPROM)
CL, GA
N . ( ) O
NA. N G.
I N G G
(EEPROM)

N G.
N
O J.
I F N
M. N G. Hw G (flash
memory) . G
.
G G
F G.

K .
MFJ
, O C
. P .

P .
K JL
K .
PH K J F
. ,
F .
GF , (write)
, FL , (Read) P
H. G
G A.
68

EPJ G, ROM
G.

G
8 H F (Byte) .
O .
EPO 4MB ( ) , K
EPO GB (A ) G A
. GF (access time)
C (cycle time) MO .
G
.
C .
G GO HK.

F M F.
E
A .
A.

GJ w (cash) G.
F . , F
M .
G M
F.
Yd
G A.

GJ RAM
G.

C F G .

G G, N .
C
N (I G).
EP
H O A.
E
, , G, O GFL
GF .
O GF I F. , M
I . GO F M
. , F, w, G, O
G KJ P M .
69

3.5 k, Of
E
PJ A . EP
J k, M OJ
Of A.
P
.
3.5.1. k
, EP
A. EP k
.
, EP K
MF H .
M
O F M
. F J M
.
A , , O
G Pf, C
M .
F M
vA Pf (ASCII) EP A.

3.8 M

L , AF Mouse
A.
FJ
(cursor) A.
J C
. J e . , .

70

 , I EP H
.
, e ,
J .

AO .

e .

3.9

(Scanner)
, O .
e
AF EP
.
F ,
, P C
(OCR - Optical Character Recognition software) .

3.10

71

 Pf (Bar Code Reader)

P (, M
) O J M
O F C.

Pf .
, Q .
, O , M
EP .
C O K
A.
EO I
A

3.11 Pf,

, EP .
.
. EP F
.

3.12

72

F (Touch Sensitive Screen)

FJ H P P ,
M e M . F ,
EP .

3.13 F

(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR)

3.14 C

C AO K A.
F A
, J C. F
, . IA.

.
73

O N (OCR - Optical Character Recognition)

3.15 O

C ,
J ,
ON .

C J. .
C O N K, PH H
C .

P M
K .
A, I N
K .
K
, P .
O N Pf (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

3.16

74

 C C O
C . P C
J G .
, G EP KM. J C E F O .
K M
FK FHA. NO F
.
O (Light Pen)
M F
.
FJ e ,
O A, P.
O F. F
F.
FJ
C.

3.17 O

(Magnetic Reader)
, .
(credit card), (ATM card),
(petro card) LP K M
.

3.18

75

 (Smart Card)
J C LJ
F . P .
H
EP .
J, A F F A.

3.19

P (Notes Taker)
F , P F
A.
P F
OJ. F, H (clip) F
J .
FL EP .

, LP O,
K AA.
FL P
Q .
,
I P A.

3.20 P

76

 C (Micro Phone)
L EP
. C,
P .
M,
K
.
I .
N
F G M.
C
O C G .

3.21 C

3.5.2. Of
EPJL O OJ
EP . P
F, P A.
F (Monitor)
F M Of . C
F A.
EP
F, C
.

3.22 F

77

 F F (Monochrome)
F P.
. A. FJ
O O ,
. O H (pixel - picture element) .
OO E 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024
x 768 MO .
F
OO E. W
OO E. 4 : 3 MAF
. MA (aspect ratio)
. OO E F F
L K
P (printer)
(hard copy) ,
C EPJL
P.
, P
.
P HK
. (Inpact), (non-inpact) .
P

O E
P

P P

3.23 P

J, C H AF e
O .
.
, AF M
78

(ribbon)

. FL F

O E (Dot Matrix) J 14 8 C
H , , .
K PJ, F
K .
PO

J AF e O/
A.

M, C I F
CF K A.

F .

F.

,
.

O O C .

J, O, , ,
O, d A.
PO

, F.

O OF .

F .

O O C .

. F
A.

K P (Line Printer)
I M, F K C F
.
, GIF 150 3,000 K
79

C.

P .

M C

, F , I O
F .

3.24 K P

O E P (Dot Matrix Printer)

C H O , ,
.
I .

, ,
P F M .
M
300 C.

3.25 O E P

80

 P (Thermal Printer)
O F I F
KA.
C ,
, O O A. L
(Fax), E (calculator) P
A.
K O, O
F. C O F C
A M.
I

3.26 P

P (Laser Printer)
O,
.
I CP O F
.
F C.

, F O .
A 300 2,400 J O O
F .

3.27 P

81

d P (Inkjet Printer)
F J I C O O dC
A.
I K J H
A. O AF e
A.
(cyan),
(magenta), (yellow) G A.

G .
G Q HJ (catridge) .

3.28 d P

LA (Speaker)
L J, OJ
LA.
JL Q
.
Of, M G,
A, Q P A.

3.29 LA

82

M (Plotter)
i , P
O K
M .
3.5.3 (Storage Devices)
F , F F A F,
EP
. (backup storage)
.
, A , , Y (CD ROM)
.
K , I
M I F P PF
.
(Hard Disk)
F O .
.
(track) .
HK (sector) HK.
F F .
GIF 3,600
. , I A
() .
L F
G.
H F HKM
.
.
.
? O (
), PH
. 0 ,
F 0 A.
, , O .
, ,
0, 1 A A.
83

 3.30 F HK

, PH F G CP
.
H,
, HK,
J .
(Rotational Latency)
.
K F
F. HK /
.
HK
A MM .
.
L
. O .

F QQ / .
C O O
F.

3.31 A

84

 M A.
O E x O E x
F HKO E x HKM
O E.
A M .

, HK (formatting) .
(magnetic tape)
Hv M e
. P M 7 9 O
.
K , M
.
OJ
, 0 1
.
9 O , F O,
eF OO 0 ( 1)
J P.
O
J HM.

3.32

F M K F .
F / .

F.
W .
,
M M ,
.
K (sequential)
A.
F ,
K .

, A
.
- Q . ,
I A.
85

A (floppy disk)

3.33 A

A L Hv O O
.
.
, F G.

F .

HK HK.
C, ,
.

. GIF 360 .
8' F A, H 51/4' A, 31/2'
AM.
1.44 H (MB).
FF e e F
N M ,
.
J C F, A
C F .
A
.
A


M L
O

86

 (Compact Disk)

3.34

Y (CD ROM) Compact Disk- Read Only Memory

. F A O
FL C .
F 0, 1 , , .
O .
A
O A.
Y HK.

K .
F .
- F .
E
P .
F N
. J EPJ .

F N, F e .
F (650 MB, 700 MB), I
M P FK.

, A , GML
, C , EP
Q H.
EP
, .

k, Of, , G
O .

87

 G,
O .

A.

k N, EP

EPO, F, P
M Of.

Yd EPJ A.
F E , , G
(F) .

k, Of, G, E
F GA F

, , E
, E
.

GF G,
A. EP G J
A.
P .

CP H .
0 1
F .
Binary Digit FL .

, I A
G G G .

I k M

J .

F F M Of.

- , A ,
.

88

JC
I.

G.
1.

EP ________
, ________
A.

2.

________ EP O
A.

3.

Yd ________ .

4.

________ .

5.

(RAM) ________ .

6.

(ROM) ________ .

7.

G A ________.

8.

G ________ A.

9.

GF F ________ , ________
PHA.

10. GF ________.
11.

FJ ,
________.

12 . O ________.
13. FF ________.
14. FJ C O ________
A.
15. P ________, ________
HK.
II.

W K .
1.

2.

M Of .

3.

F k.
89

4.

G N G.

5.

E .

6.

F G G.

7.

Pf k .

8.

O k .

9.

d P P.

10. Y Compact Disk - Read Only Memory

.
W M MO.

III.

1.

EP Q ?

2.

EPJ A F ?

3.

EPJ F ?

4.

G J A ?

5.

F A ?

6.

GF ?

7.

GF ,
M.

8.

G ?

9.

EPROM

M EEPROM J C?

10. ROM A?
11.

k ?

1 2 . k ?
13. Of ?
14. C Of .
15. ?
16. F C .
17. M E ?
90

18. F E ?
19. F MK.
2 0 . (BUS) ?
W M MK MO.

IV

1.

F HK MK M.

2.

YdM (CPU)
M.

3.

G P .

4.
V

C k/Of P .

FE
1.

W GL E
KF .
(i) a

FH

(ii) b

FH

(iii) c = a + b
(iv) c

2.

FH OJ.

k, Of, G,
EPJ H F, P
.

91