Egyptology Magazine

Mr. Garners 7th grade World Historians

Dear World Historians, Congratulations on your journey through Ancient Egypt. We are now halfway through our yearlong investigation into the foundations of world civilizations. You have worked so hard to uncover the secrets of the past and learn from them. It is my pleasure to have edited this magazine so you can all share in the research of your fellow historians. The articles in this edition were selected from among many amazing articles by your fellow students to show off knowledge of various topics you researched. Please enjoy and share all this knowledge with your family and friends!

Paul Public Charter School Washington DC

Gold en Towe rs of Egypt

Did you know that since the year of 2008, 138 golden towers were found in Egypt? Well, this article will be about golden towers in how they were a major part of the Old Kingdom, and used to keep pharaohs safe during the afterlife. Those golden towers were called pyramids.

Type of pyramids
Did you know that there are different types of pyramids in Egypt? Not all pyramids were shaped like the original pyramid. The first pyramid was called a mastaba. A mastaba was a flat roofed, mud brick, rectangular building with sloping sides. The step pyramid has been held as the oldest stone building known in the world. The step pyramid usually has six levels. The word step tells you what the pyramid is shaped like... Of course steps. The bent pyramid was built in command by the Pharaoh Sneferu. The bent pyramid was made to have an angle of 60. The edges were curved and THE pyramid was bent in towards the top. The red pyramid was the last pyramid built by Pharaoh Sneferu. It was called Red pyramid because the bricks were a reddish color. This pyramid was a successful pyramid because of its structure. There are many more but, that was a little taste for you. The tallest pyramid until this day is the pyramid of Khufu. Khufus pyramid was the tallest for five years until, the Eiffel Tower was build.

Purpose of pyramids
Pyramids in Ancient Egypt were built to keep pharaohs safe during the afterlife. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the old Kingdom to the end of the middle Kingdom. When Pharaohs were placed in Pyramids, for their afterlife, they were left with many goods. Such as food, money, jewels, and clothes.

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How pyramids were build

First, a small mastaba style tomb was built on ground. Then farmers (people who usually build the pyramids) would place tons and tons of dirt over the mastaba, leaving a tunnel that leads to outside. This process would start to add levels to the pyramid. Then, stones that were gold would be placed all over the pyramid, and farmers would scrap sides of pyramids to make it look neat. They would also paint some gold paint on stones to add a little more color. Have you ever wondered how workers would get so high? Well, workers would build huge ramps that would increase with every level they added to the pyramid. Building a pyramid took about 1020 years to complete. Finally after that long process you got a golden tower, known as a Pyramid of Ancient Egypt! I hoped you enjoyed this article and learned something new. By the way pyramids werent always in Egypt. Three pyramids were found in the coldest place on Earth, Antarctica. So to wrap things up, Pyramids were a major

part of the Old Kingdom and used to keep pharaohs safe during the afterlife. So one day you should visit Egypt and go visit the amazing monuments. But make sure you Look out for Booby traps!!!!

cleos trio
How far would a person go to get power? Cleopatra VII did many things she could to get power. In her 39 years of living, she managed to get her brotherhusband assassinated, break up a marriage, have Julius Caesar murdered, and commit suicide to be the greatest pharaoh of Egypt. Little did she know that she would be the last pharaoh of Egypt. Cleopatra was born to be the pharaoh. She was born in October. Since the age of ten, Cleopatra would watch her father govern Egypt. She had it in her blood, since her family ruled Egypt for hundreds of years before her. Cleopatra had four younger siblings. Her mother is believed to be Cleopatra V. She enjoyed that soon, she would be the pharaoh. But when Cleopatra turned 18, she got her wish, but it soon went downhill. Her father died and Rome started to invade Egypt, since her father had paid Rome to stay away from Egypt when he was alive. Everything comes with a price, and Cleopatra had to pay a very big one. Everything comes with a price, and Cleopatra paid a big one.

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Cleopatra and Mark Anthony admiring Egypt.

each other and had a son named Caesarion. Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIII assassinated and she went to be with Caesar. But things came crashing down when Julius was murdered by his friends. Afterwards she moved on and met Mark Anthony, who was currently married to Octavia. Cleopatra was very much interested in him and he left his wife for her. Octavia was very upset so she started a war. Octavia sent her brother to trick Anthony into believing that Cleopatra was dead so he killed himself. Cleopatra VII painting. Being the pharaoh was a lot of work for Cleopatra. She and her brother Ptolemy XIII had to take over the throne when Cleopatra was 17 and he was 10. When her father died when she was 18, Cleopatra had much more responsibilities, since her father usually took care of many things to help her. After a few years, everything was going great until her brother-husband grew older and found a way to be the only pharaoh. Cleopatra had no choice but to find help. Cleopatra lived a very complicated life. She killed herself by letting an asp (a poisonous snake) when she was 39 years old. In her 39 years of living, Cleopatra VII managed to do a lot to her trio and in the end, get them killed.

The life, death, and curse of

King Tut
Have you ever made a discovery and died after? Probably not but that is not the case for two tomb diggers who had dug up the cave of King Tut and died after. Many believe that there is a real curse but scientist say the is no cruse just a lot of bacteria is the walls King Tuts tomb scientist say that the tomb diggers simply touched the wall of the tomb filled with bacteria from Thousands of years ago.

Relationships were not something Cleopatra was good at. When she looked for help, she met Julius Caesar. Cleopatra used her charms on him and he felt as if he had to help her. They began to develop feelings for
Mr. Garners World History 7th Grade

7th Grade Egyptology Magazine 2012 Vol. 1 5 Now to the life of King Tut. King Tut was the pharaoh for nine years he took the throne when he was nine years old and died at age eighteen. He is considered one of the best pharos in ancient Egypt. The year King Tut took power was the year he married is half sister Ikhnaton.
Nine year old King Tut

explored several rooms for several years finding thousands of objects Carter explored the sarcophagus were there were three coffins one made of solid gold inside was King Tut some of the things that were discoed are in a Cairo Museum. After the discovery, Lord Carnarvon would pass away from a mosquito that became infected during the search for the tomb of King Tut. Howard Carter died of lymphoma [cancer on the lymph nodes] But Mr. Carters death would happen long after the discovery. Which brings me to this question, is there really a curse or is it just a coincidence that Lord Carnarvon died shortly after the discovery of King Tuts tomb?

The Life and Legacy

King Tut was believed to be murder ed by getting hit hard in his head but he actually had a broken leg and your probably wondering how someone would die from a broken. But the boy Kings leg just wasnt broken it was infected. The curse of king tut started when a tomb digger by the name of Howard carter discovered the tomb in the Valley of the kings . When Carter went to Eygytp in 1819 and began the search with archaeologists Lord Carnarvon. Carter

of Ramses II

Did you know that it is possible for one man to father 100-200 children? Well it is, Ramses II was a very powerful pharaoh that affected Egypt greatly. In this paper, you will learn about Ramses IIs early life, accomplishments, and death.

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Ramses II had an interesting life as well as his serious lifestyle as pharaoh. He was born in 1303 BC. He was the son of Seti I, the previous pharaoh before him and Queen Tuya. He had a privileged life as a child because his father was pharaoh. Seti I ruled from 1290 BC until 1279 BC and then passed the throne on to Ramses. Ramses II had 2 sisters, Princess Tia and Henutmire. He had various wives, including his sister Henutmire who was one of the great royal wives but his chief wife was Nefertari. She is one of the best-known Egyptian queens. Ramses reigned until 1213 BC, when he was over 90 years old. Ramses II accomplished various things in his 66 years of ruling. Because of his accomplishments, he was often referred to as Ramses the Great. He built various monuments including a city called Pi-Ramses meaning the house of Ramses in eastern Delta. Ramses II was well known for negotiating the first known peace treaty with Hittites, who he led an army into battle against. Ramses greatest accomplishment was completing The Great Hall at the Temple of Karnack. It is considered one of the greatest feats of the ancient world. He left a lasting effect on the Egyptian government and was considered one of the greatest rulers of Egypt. Ramses IIs death had an impact on Egypt and their government. He died

on July or August in 1213 BC. He dies when he was over 90 years old. His tomb was one of the largest ever built. He was buried in tomb 7 in the Valley of the Kings were other pharaohs rest. Ramses body was moved many times and he a couple of his sons was buried in the same tomb as him. His body currently rests in Cairo at the Egyptian Museum. Ramses deaths affected the Egyptian government, breaking the streak of not getting invaded when he was ruling. Ramses II was important to the people of Egypt and he was a pharaoh that will always be remembered. Ramses II was a very powerful pharaoh that affected Egypt and left a mark in their history. Ramses made the worlds first know treaty when he ruled Egypt. He also created multiple landmarks and beautiful sites in Egypt. He created safety for the people of Egypt while he ruled and no one invaded them during his ruling period. The Egyptian government soon began to crumble after his death, proving that he did leave a lasting effect in the Egyptian culture, government, and way of living.

Mummies: A form of ancient body preservation

Would you like to know how people from Egypt created mummies,

Mr. Garners World History 7th Grade

7th Grade Egyptology Magazine 2012 Vol. 1 7 how they preserved the bodies for a long time, and who can get to be a mummy? Mummies were created through many steps. One of the steps included a long process of preservation. Only important people were allowed to become mummified because it was such a long and complicated process. the body with many steps because they believed the spirit would need it in afterlife. This process was only reserved for wealthy and important people. Who gets to be a mummy Not all people that died could become a mummy because that cost too much money. The only people who could be transformed were the rich people like kings, gods, and pharaohs who can preserve the body. The poor people and slaves had to build the tombs, preserve the bodies, and do all of the hard work. Sometimes slaves were buried with their masters because it was believed that the dead king, pharaoh, etc. would take the slaves with them to the afterlife.

Steps to make mummies The steps to make mummies were complicated. It took 70 days to prepare a mummy. The first step they do is they take the organs out. They removed the pieces of brain. It was drawn out though the stomach. The liver and the intestines were removed from the body. The organs of the body were put in special jars. The Egyptians only left the heart in the body because they believed the heart had a soul. After all of the steps, the people wanted to make sure that their work was preserved.

Why they make the mummies They made the mummies because the Egyptians believed the spirit of the mummy would need it in the afterlife, and they thought if they dont do it the spirit is not going to go and spirit still in life and can go back to life. Only certain people were allowed to go to the afterlife. This shows some people were considered more important than others. Slaves did all of the work but were not able to enjoy the same rights at the wealthy.

Process of preservation After the organs were taken out, the body was covered with salt and they waited 40 days. They then washed the body and put flowers in it. They then waited 30 days and took out the flowers and washed it again. They wrapped the body around with cloth. They preserved

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The Book of the Dead

The Book of the Dead isnt a book, so what is it? The Book of the Dead is kind of a guide to people to go places with magic spells. I will be talking about the publisher, the courthouse and what is the Book of the Dead. Now I will be talking about the courthouse and how they determined if they get to the afterlife. The Courthouse is a serious thing. It is because it determines if you go to the afterlife. There are over 20,000 gods and goddesses judging people every day on the

the book. But others who are less fortuned can only buy that special spell they want. In conclusion the Book of the Dead is a guide to help people. The publisher Karl Richard Lepsius wrote the original Book of the Dead. Lastly the courthouse is a place that decides where you are going afterlife or the other place. All of these things go into the Book of the Dead.

I AM THE GREATEST!
Journey to Egypt, where you meet the greatest pharaoh ever ruled. He changed Egypt from a troubled country to a strong country. His name was Ramses II, (aka Ramses The Great). Ramses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty of ancient Egypt that became general when he was young, and became prince when he was fourteen. Also did more for Egypt than any other pharaoh. Ramses was a good pharaoh for a lot of things. One of things he was famous for was being a good warrior. Ramses II strived to secure Egypts border from enemies. Some of his enemies were the Nubians, the Libyans, and the Hittites. Ramses II protected Egypt from the Mediterranean Sea by defeating the sherden sea pirates who created destruction. This victory gave advantage and control to Ramses over the Mediterranean coast.

feather of truth. Some people go into the afterlife and others not so much. Next I will be talking about the publisher Karl Richard Lepsius. He did write the first translated version of the Book of the Dead. Then others made books of the dead. There are so many Books of the Dead its hard to tell. Lastly, the Book of the Dead isnt a book. Its actually many books. Its filled with magic spell people want on their graves. Some people who have money can just buy

Mr. Garners World History 7th Grade

7th Grade Egyptology Magazine 2012 Vol. 1 9 Ramses II was also a good builder in his days. Ramses II went on to build a lot of monument. Some of the building he built was the Abu Simbel, the Temple Ramseseum, the temple at Karnack, also the city Pi- Ramesses in the delta. The statues he built were made so strong so they could last or be destroyed by enemies. The city PiRameses means the house of Rameses, and was named a capital of Egypt. Today the city is known as Qantir. Qantir is about 60 miles northeast of Cairo. Ramses also had a big family. His father was Seti I, and his mother was queen Tuya. Ramses had many wives but the chief wife was Nefertari. Ramses had about 100 children in his lifetime. It is said that 12 sons died during Ramses Ii lifetime. When Ramses II died, his thirteenth son Merneptah took over when he was 55 years old, and ruled for about ten years. In conclusion Ramses II (aka Ramses the great) was a good warrior. He protected Egypt and won many battles, like the war against the sea pirates. Also he was a good builder. He built a city and named it a capital; he also made a lot of monument. Last but not least he had a big family tree. afraid because she knows that the life with her soon to be husband will be to have children and care for the house, and she feels that she is not ready to do so. After the 12-year-old girl gets married then she will not be a girl anymore, she will be a woman. In another world there is a little girl who is a part of the royal family, and will one-day change history; and be known as The female king. The life of girls and women in ancient Egypt is extremely different from the life of current American females. The early, and later life of the Egyptian women is full of wonderful surprises. Of course, the lifestyle of the rich woman had a different atmosphere than that of a poor woman, and a woman of the royal family also appears to be different. I will take you further into the life of the Egyptian woman when she was a child, an adult, and the life of the poor woman vs. the rich woman. After a girl is first born, she remains with her parents for approximately 12-15 years. Around that age the girl will either get married, or go somewhere to find work (usually as a servant because of the young age). Sometimes a girl might marry her relative, and usually the man she marries is in there 20s while she is just a teenager! Other times the marriage will be arranged. However, before she gets married, she must learn how to manage a household; this she may learn from her mother. The life of a girl was fairly simple; learn how to manage a household (the rich girls were not taught this by their mothers, but by their servants), get married, and then move in with the rest of life. However, there might be more to a

THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN WOMAN

There is a 12-year-old girl who is about to move out of her parents house to get married, but she doesnt want to. She is

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young females life than this. Historians know much more about the males life because they were scribes, and they could read and write. Also, according to the Egyptian heritage, boys were more important than that of a girl. LATER LIFE : MARRIAGE

After a woman was married, she would take care of the house, has children, and manages the household. It was very important to have a child during marriage; it was frowned upon if you didnt. Having a child also made a man be thought of as manly and not having a child almost always lead to having a divorce. Divorce was a private matter, which the government did not interfere; unless, upon the request of the divorcees.

Even though women would look after the children, and the house most of the time; some of them also worked. Some people think that the female Egyptians didnt have the same rights as the males, but this is not the case. The disparities of legal rights were based on the differences in social class, and not gender. Skilled woman usually worked as a weaver, mourner, or they took a post in the music business. Where as non-skilled women were domestic helpers. Lastly, the educated women(the few that there was) took a post as an administrator, or a supervisor. Even though women would spend of their time looking after the house and the kids, that wasnt all to life that there was.

Poor vs. Rich vs. King?

So far, we have covered as womans life when she was a child and an adult. We have also covered a womans marriage life as well as her work life. So now we will differentiate a rich womans life from a poor womans life, and how there was a female king.

Rich:
As I have stated before, Egypt was based on social class, and not gender, so their lives were different. The rich had property, and when the husband died, then 1/3 of the property would be the wifes. Furthermore, the rich had servants that would do almost everything for them. Lastly the rich had lots of

WORK

Mr. Garners World History 7th Grade

7th Grade Egyptology Magazine 2012 Vol. 1 11 banquets, and the husband was a nobleman. she is the daughter of the god Amun, and the queen Ahmes. Hatshepsut was born in 1508 BC and she dies in 1482 BC.

Poor:
Obviously, the poor person life would attract more hardships, but it was fairly good. The husband was a farmer, and his wife would make all the clothing. They didnt have any servants, and didnt host any banquets; but never the less appeared to be satisfied. The poor people might not have the accessories of the rich, but were still happy.

The Death Way

What would you do if you died? When you die would you need the book of the dead? Would you be prepared? Your soul will go through a lot when you die. It might be dark and scary with nothingness around you. All you know is that the real journey to the afterlife starts there. This is about the book of the dead and how Egyptians prepare for it. Are you ready? What is the book of the dead and why is it important? The book of the dead helped you get to the afterlife and pass the path to the next world safely. The book of the dead contains the major ideas and beliefs of Egyptians. The book of the dead isnt really a book. In the book of the dead there are magic spells and prayers. The book of the dead is usually close to the dead person who wants to get safely to the afterlife or the next world. Egyptians really count on the book of the dead to get to the afterlife.

How She Became Pharaoh:

There was a little girl named Hatshepsut, who became the female Pharaoh. Amenhotep I was Pharaoh and he only had one son, Amenemhet, who died in infancy. Therefore, a descendant of the same branch of Tuthmosis I becomes successor. He wanted to legitimize his power, so he married Ahmes (Ahmenhoteps sister). They had two children, a son who dies in childhood and Hatshepsut. Tuthmosis II marries his half sister, Hatshepsut, to legitimize his power. However, he dies at the age of 25 in his third year of rule and his only children are two daughters. Tutmosis III should succeed him, but he is too young, so his stepmother, Hatshepsut becomes Pharaoh. Already in year two of her reign, she has crowned herself king. To legitimize her power, she declared that

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People before Death Even before Egyptians knew they were going to die the prepared for the afterlife. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism. There are around 2000 Goddess and Gods Egyptians worship. Egyptians prepare for the afterlife even before is just to have a good life. For the people who die the alive Egyptians make a spell book (the book the dead) for them. The Egyptians thought of the afterlife as the next world.

those possibilities. What is it like to be on the on the death way shall never be told unless it is the dead who tell us. This the death way.

The Great Sphinx

One day in Ancient Egypt you find yourself face to face with The Great Sphinx. You want to enter the Great Pyramids to find the treasures that lay inside. The Sphinx asks you a riddle and you must answer it correct or death would be youre only other option. You answer and he says that you have only one problem. Do you know what that is?

When You Die The Sphinx was known as the riddle king is well known in Egyptian culture. He first came to be because of King Tut. Legend says that the sphinx came to king tut in a dream and told him to find his statue that is located beneath the sand. King Tut did so and in return became king of Egypt. Not many people believe this is how the sphinx was found but is one of the little that exists. The Sphinx was a very powerful god. So why couldnt just as powerful to Greeks? The Sphinx was based after the Greek mythology version which was a woman who was evil and heartless. But in the Egyptian version it was a male who protected the pyramids and gave out riddles for those who wanted to pass. The Egyptians in my opinion may have taken some ideas from the Greeks since they both believe in more than one god and the sphinx in both cultures is in some way related.

When you die there is a long journey ahead of you to the afterlife. When you die you must go through. There is a trail the soul of the dead person must go through, that is in trail must depend itself. In trail you have say what you did and did not do in your life before death (your past life). Another thing had to do was weigh your heart to see what deeds you did. When you weigh your heart if its heavy you will die for a second time without any return. The death way has many possibilities. Where you go depends on who you are. The book of the dead helps you narrow

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The Sphinx has been around for a long, long, long time but how long is the question that no one is very sure how to answer. Archeologists say he is over 4,500 hundred years old but he just may as well be even older than that. Since he was based off of the Greek culture he could be even older than expected since mythology has been around for a long time. He could be hundreds of thousands of years as thought to be. And the statue is made of limestone so it can last a very long time. But with the erosion occurring he might not be around for another 4500 years. The Sphinx is important to the Egyptian people. He has been around for a long time and if he leaves it could mean losing a piece of history. Archeologists are trying to find a way to save the Sphinx so he could stay around for a lilt while longer.

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