Homework for chapters 2 and 3

Chapter 2: 1,2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13 Chapter 3: 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17 Due next Tuesday before class

Reflection of divergent rays

s = s'
Object distance = image distance

Virtual image

Paraxial ray image

Angles are small cosine=1 and sine equals angle

h = s tan = s ' tan ' tan sin cos ' sin s' = s =s =s tan ' cos sin ' sin ' since s' n' = = s ' n We have s' n' = s n

Spherical surfaces

Many (not all) optical instruments use spherical surfaces

Primary and secondary foci and focal planes

f ' n' = f n

How rays focus

All parallel rays focus on the focal plane Position depends on angle of incidence Paraxial rays Principal axis going thru center

Real and Virtual Images

Real-you can see it on a screen

Virtual-you think its there

Sign convention
All from left to right Up is positive for object and image dimensions
Left s s f f r + + Right + + +

Gaussian Formula for spherical surfaces

n' = ' n = + ' =
n ' n ' = n + n n + n ' = (n ' n) h h h n + n ' = (n ' n) s s' r

Gaussian Formula n n ' n ' n + = s s' r

Other forms of Gaussian Formula

n n ' n ' n + = s s' r If object is at primary focus f, s' is at infinity n n ' n ' n + = f r n n ' n = f r If object is at infinity, s' is secondary focus f ' n n ' n ' n + = f' r n ' n ' n = f' r

Other forms of Gaussian Formula

n n' = f f' n' f ' = n f n n' n n' + = = s s' f f'

Magnification

M 'Q ' CM ' = MQ CM y' s ' r = y s+ r D e f i n e m a g n i f ic a t i o n m y' s ' r m = = y s+ r

Parallel ray method

Oblique ray-method 1

Need to know f

Oblique ray method 2

Dont need to know f

Power and reduced vergence

Inverted quantities can be thought of as radii of curvature Power of the surface Vergences n n' V =n/s P= = Power f f' V ' = n '/ s ' V +V ' = P n ' n K = 1/ r = (n ' n) K P= r

Problem 5, 6
r=-2.0 cm, y=2.5 cm, s=10.0 cm, n=1.3330 Want f, f, P, s, and y

Problem 5, 6-Graphical solution

Nomography
n=1.5 r=2.0cm s=12.0 s=? s/n = 12/1 =12 f/n=r/(n-n)=4.0 s=9 cm

Proof of Validity for Nomography

It can be proven that for the diagram here,

1 1 1 + = a b c

A a

C c 60 60 b

Use the law of sine and identities sums of angles