B rpye nsnecrnoro arcxoro nnnrnncra Orro Ecnepcena paccmarpnnaercx
px ocnonntx nponem omero xstxosnannx n rnanntm opasom nsanmoornomenne nornuecxnx n rpammarnuecxnx xareropn. Cnoe nccneonanne O. Ecnepcen crponr n mnpoxom nnane n na marepnane ontmoro xonnuecrna pasnoopasntx no crpyxrype xstxon. Knnra npecrannxer snaunrentnt nnrepec nx mnpoxnx xpyron xstxoneon.
HPEHCAOBHE I Hsnecrnt arcxn xstxone Orro Ecnepcen (18601943) nocnxrnn nent px rpyon nonpocam omero xstxosnannx (stx, Cncrema rpammarnxn, Vuennx ]onernxn), nonpocam ncropnn n reopnn anrnncxoro xstxa (Hporpecc n xstxe, n cnennantnom npnmenennn x anrnncxomy xstxy, ,Pocr n crpo anrnncxoro xstxa, Ipammarnxa conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa na ncropnuecxo ocnone [n 7 romax], Ocnont anrnncxo rpammarnxn), a raxxe nonpocam meronxn npenoanannx nnocrpanntx xstxon (Kax npeno- anart nnocrpannt xstx). Bnpoxnm xpyram unrarene Ecnepcen nsnecren n nepnym ouepet cnoe reopne nporpecca n xstxe, cnxsanno c npenosnecennem anannrnuecxoro crpox xstxa n c nocxnanennem anrnncxoro xstxa xax xxot camoro conepmennoro ns cymecrnymmnx xstxon. 3ra reopnx n cnoe npemx noneprnact n name neuarn sacnyxenno cypono xpnrnxe. Onaxo nnnrnncrnuecxne nosspennx Ecnepcena nentsx nonnocrtm cnecrn x +ro reopnn. Fyyun nnnrnncrom mnpoxnx nnrepecon n mnpoxoro xpyrosopa, Ecnepcen pasnnnaer n cnonx rpyax nent px reopernuecxnx nonoxenn, mnorne ns nnx npecrannxmr nnrepec n nx conpemennoro conercxoro xstxosnannx. Hpana, cneyer ormernrt, uro Ecnepceny ne yanoct cosart nentnym n crponym cncremy: n ero rpyax nnrepecnte nanmennx n uacrnte ntnot nepexo coueramrcx c nonepxnocrntmn n neoocnonanntmn oomennxmn, ne coornercrnymmnmn ro omnpno npenapnrentno paore, xoropym npoenan anrop no conpannm n anannsy marepnana ns pasnnuntx xstxon semnoro mapa. Hepannonenntm n orentntx cnonx uacrxx oxastnaercx n ero rpy ,unnoco]nx rpammarnxn (1924). 3arnanne +roro rpya cneyer nonnmart n rom cmtcne, uro n nem paccmarpnnamrcx nsanmoornomennx mexy rpammarnuecxnmn n nornuecxnmn xareropnxmn, r. e. cnxst mexy xstxom n mtmnennem. Ecnepcen crannr cee nentm ntxcnnrt, xaxne xareropnn mtmnennx naxoxr orpaxenne n rpammarnuecxnx xareropnxx n n xaxo crenenn rpammarnuecxne xareropnn coornercrnymr nornuecxnm nnn pacxoxrcx c nnmn. Hcxox ns raxo nocranonxn nonpoca, Ecnepcen ntnnraer, nanpnmep, nponemy nsanmoornomenn mexy rpammarnuecxo xareropne npemenn (anrn. tense) n xareropne peantnoro Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npemenn (anrn. time) n px pyrnx noontx nponem. Taxax nocranonxa nonpoca ne ntstnaer nospaxenn n moxer npn npannntnom n nymunnom anannse mare- pnana npnnecrn x nectma nnoornopntm pesyntraram. Ecnn ntnot, x xoroptm npnxonr Ecnepcen, ne ncera oxastnamrcx oocnonanntmn n yenrentntmn, +ro nponcxonr no ro npnunne, uro n pxe cnyuaen emy memaer, c ono cropont, nonepxnocrnt noxo x xstxontm xnnennxm, c pyro neocrarouno oruernnnoe pasrpannuenne pasntx c]ep xstxa rpammarnxn n nexcnxn. II Cranx cee nentm nccneonart ]nnoco]nm rpammarnxn, neoxonmo, ouennno, npexe ncero ycranonnrt, uro raxoe rpammarnxa n uem ona ornnuaercx or nexcnxn. Orrpannunn npenapnrentno rpammarnxy or nexcnxn, moxno tno t sarem nepern x paccmorpennm nsanmoornomenn mexy rpammarnuecxnmn n nornuecxnmn xareropnxmn, r. e. x ]nnoco]nn rpammarnxn, ecnn nontsonartcx repmnnonorne Ecnepcena. Onaxo Ecnepcen ne aer uerxoro orrpannuennx 1 . He onpeennn npenapnrentno cnenn]nxy rpammarnxn, on n nenom pxe cnyuaen npnnnexaer x paccmorpennm raxne xstxonte xnnennx, xoropte nonce ne xnnxmrcx rpammarnuecxnmn, npnuem ne enaer no +romy nonoy nnxaxnx oronopox, n n pesyntrare cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro nsnoxenne yro t nce npemx ocraercx n pamxax ]nnoco]nn rpammarnxn, xorx n ecrnnrentnocrn +ro concem ne rax. Hanpnmep, paccmarpnnax rpammarnuecxym xareropnm npemenn n ee nsanmoornomennxx c peantntm npemenem, Ecnepcen nsyuaer ne rontxo rnarontnte npemena, xoropte xnnxmrcx rpammarnuecxnm cpecrnom ntpaxennx npemenn, no n ntpaxenne npemenntx nonxrn n nexcnuecxnx snauennxx cnon n cnonoopasonarentntx a]]nxcon. Ha crp. 329 on ronopnr: Paccmorpen raxnm opasom npemennte ornomennx, ntpaxaemte npemenamn nnuntx ]opm rnarona, mt nepeem renept x nonpocy o rom, ner nn cxontx rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn sa npeenamn +ro onacrn, n paccmarpnnaer raxne uncro nexcnuecxne xnnennx, xax snauenne npe]nxca ex- n cnone ex-king, snauenne npnnararentnoro late n couerannn the late Lord Mayor, snauenne npnnararentnoro future, nanpnmep n couerannn a future Prime Minister n r. ., xorx +rn ]axrt ne nmemr nnxaxoro ornomennx x rpammarnxe. Camn no cee raxne xnnennx, esycnonno, sacnyxnnamr rmarentnoro nsyuennx, no +ro onxno trt enom nexcnxonornn. Hpn rom cnocoe nx paccmorpennx, xaxo mt naxonm y Ecnepcena, cnenn]nxa rpammarnxn crnpaercx. Heuro noonoe onapyxnnaercx n npn paccmorpennn xareropnn poa. Paccmorpen (crp. 265 n cn.) rpammarnuecxym xareropnm poa n nnoenponecxnx xstxax, Ecnepcen anee nepexonr x raxnm cnyuaxm, xax anrn. man-servant, maid- servant, he-devil, girl-friend, re nce eno n nexcnuecxnx snauennxx xomnonenron cnoxntx cnon; raxne cnyuan ne nmemr ornomennx x rpammarnxe n ee nponemam. Ecnepcen nesamerno ntxonr sa npeent rpammarnxn n npn nsnoxennn nectma cymecrnennoro nonpoca o pasnnunn mexy ]opmynamn n cnoontmn
1 Cp. crp. 31 n cn.
ntpaxennxmn nnn cnoontmn cnonocouerannxmn (cm. rn. 1, crp. 16 n cn.). Conocrannxx na npenoxennx conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa How do you do? 3pancrnyre! n I gave the boy a lump of sugar an mantunxy xycox caxapy, Ecnepcen cnpanennno sameuaer, uro nepnoe ns nnx, xax n npenoxennx Good morning! opoe yrpo!, Thank you! Cnacno n p., npecrannxer coo nensmenxemym ]opmyny. Taxym ]opmyny, ronopnr on, moxno noneprnyrt anannsy n noxasart, uro ona cocronr ns necxontxnx cnon, no ona nocnpnnnmaercx n rpaxryercx xax nenoe, snauenne xoroporo moxer trt conepmenno ornnuntm or snauenn cocrannxmmnx ero cnon, nsxrtx n orent- nocrn... Herxo samernrt, uro npenoxenne I gave the boy a lump of sugar nmeer nno xapaxrep. B nem moxno ntennrt yapennem nmoe ns nonnosnauntx cnon, cenart naysy, nanpnmep nocne boy, samennrt mecronmenne I mecronmennem he nnn she n r.. (crp. 1617). 3ect sarparnnaercx, raxnm opasom, nectma naxnt nonpoc o nexcnxannsannn nentx npenoxenn, nnn, ecnn npnmennrt repmnnonornm npo]. A. H. Cmnpnnnxoro, o npenoxennxx, nxoxmnx n cncremy xstxa 1 : +rn npenoxennx ne cosamrcx sanono n nponecce peun, a nnocxrcx n peut xax roronte ennnnt. Or nanmenn Ecnepcen anee nepexonr x nonpocy o ]opmynax n pasnnuntx onacrxx rpammarnuecxoro crpox. uopmynamn n +rom cmtcne oxastnamrcx n raxne ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx, xax oxen nont; onn roxe ne cosamrcx sanono n nponecce peun, a nnocxrcx n peut xax roronte ennnnt: raxym ]opmy ronopxmn oxsarentno onxen tn ycntmart, npexe uem on mor cam ee ynorpenrt, rora xax ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx, opasonannte c nomomtm oxonuannx -s, on ne oxsarentno onxen tn cntmart, a mor opasonart cam no omemy npannny. Taxoe pasnnuenne ]opmyn n cnoontx ntpaxenn ymeno ncnontsyercx n antnemem nsnoxennn nx xapaxrepncrnxn cymnocrn rpammarnuecxoro crpox. Hpn +rom, onaxo, cneonano t ormernrt, uro ,]opmynt no ncex cnyuaxx npecrannxmr coo pesyntrar nexcnxannsannn roro nnn nnoro xnnennx cnnraxcnca nnn mop]onornn annoro xstxa. Ecnepcen +roro ne ormeuaer. Taxnm opasom, rpannnt rpammarnxn n sect ocramrcx nexcntmn. III Hepexox anee x cocrnenno rpammarnuecxnm reopnxm Ecnepcena, mt onxnt npexe ncero ocranonnrtcx na nectma cnoeopasno rpaxronxe pasnnunx mexy mop]onorne n cnnraxcncom. Ho mnennm Ecnepcena, +ro pasnnune ocnonano ne na xaxom-nno pasnnunn oexron nsyuennx, a rontxo na pasnnunn n noxoe nccneonarenx x +rnm oexram. Marepnan, c xoroptm nmeer eno mop- ]onornx, no Ecnepceny, nnuem ne ornnuaercx or marepnana, c xoroptm nmeer eno cnnraxcnc. Kax mop]onornx, rax n cnnraxcnc nsyuamr ncm conoxynnocrt rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn xstxa. Pasnnune xe mexy nnmn saxnmuaercx, no Ecnepceny, n rom, uro mop]onornx noxonr x xnnennxm nsnne, r. e. ner or ]opmt x snauennm, a cnnraxcnc nsnyrpn, r. e. or snauennx x ]opme. Tax, nanpnmep, ecnn mt ronopnm, uro ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna cy- mecrnnrentntx opasyercx n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe n ontmnncrne
1 A. H. C m n p n n n x n . Hexcnxonornx anrnncxoro xstxa, 1956, crp. 228. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cnyuaen npn nomomn oxonuannx -s, n orentntx cnyuaxx npn nomomn oxonuannx -en, npn nomomn nsmenennx xopnenoro rnacnoro n r. ., ro +ro yer cnnraxcnc, nocxontxy mt nem npn +rom or snauennx x ]opme. Ecnn xe mt ronopnm, uro oxonuanne -s moxer ntpaxart n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe cneymmne snauennx: 1) mnoxecrnennoe uncno cymecrnnrentntx, 2) ponrentnt naex cymecrnnrentntx (-s), 3) 3-e nnno enncrnennoro uncna nacroxmero npemenn nsxnnrentnoro naxnonennx rnaronon, 4) nearpnyrnnnym ]opmy npnrxxarentntx mecronmenn (hers n r. n.), ro +ro yer mop]onornx, nocxontxy mt nem or ]opmt x snauennm. Taxoe pasrpannuenne noxoa nsnne n noxoa nsnyrpn x onnm n rem xe xnnennxm, noome ronopx, nosmoxno (xorx ,noxo nsnne n +rom cmtcne npecrannxercx mano nnoornopntm). Ho conepmenno neonycrnmo npnmenxrt x +romy cnoeopasnomy pasnnuennm repmnnt mop]onornx n cnnraxcnc, xoropte no anne n omenpnnxro nayuno rpannnn nmemr concem pyroe snauenne. Honnnnoe xe pasnnune mexy mop]onorne n cnnraxcncom y Ecnepcena crnpaercx. Tax, nanpnmep, n mop]onornm on nxnmuaer nopxox cnon, nocxontxy nccneonarent paccmarpnnaer ero nsnne, r. e. ycranannnnaer, xaxne snauennx moxer nmert ro nnn nnoe pacnonoxenne cnon n npenoxennn. Vnorpenenne npnntuntx repmnnon n nenpnntunom snauennn ncera cosaer ceptesnte npnnnnnnantnte rpynocrn. Hpnnxrt npenoxennoe Ecnepcenom ynorpenenne repmnnon ,mop]onornx n cnnraxcnc conepmenno nenosmoxno. IV Bnnoe mecro n rpammarnuecxo cncreme Ecnepcena sannmaer ero reopnx ,rpex panron, xoropax nepnonauantno tna nsnoxena n ero Ipammarnxe conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa n n necxontxo nsmenennom nne nxnmuena n ,unnoco]nm rpammarnxn. Cornacno +ro reopnn, cneyer pasnnuart cnona rpex panron: 1) cnona nepnnunte, 2) cnona nropnunte, nnn amnxrt, 3) cnona rpernunte, nnn cymnxrt. 3ro pasnnuenne ocnonano na cneymmem npnnnnne: nepnnunte cnona croxr, rax cxasart, camn no cee n ne onpeenxmr xaxoro-nno pyroro cnona; cnona nropnunte croxr npn xaxom-nnyt nepnnunom cnone n onpeenxmr ero; cnona rpernunte croxr npn xaxom-nnyt nropnunom cnone n onpeenxmr ero. Pasymeercx, sameuaer anee Ecnepcen, tnamr cnona, xoropte croxr npn rpernuntx (nx moxno tno t nasnart uerneprnuntmn); tnamr n cnona, xoropte croxr npn uerneprnuntx (nx moxno tno t nasnart nxrnuntmn), n r. .; onaxo n ycranonnennn antnemnx rpaann ner neoxonmocrn, nocxontxy uerneprnunte, nxrnunte n r. . cnona nnuem ne ornnuamrcx or rpernuntx; no+romy moxno orpannunrtcx rpemx panramn. Bsanmoornomenne mexy +rnmn rpemx panramn n uacrxmn peun, a raxxe mexy panramn n unenamn npenoxennx ocraercx y Ecnepcena ne nnonne xcntm. nx nnnmcrpannn cnonx nonoxenn Ecnepcen npnnonr raxne anrnncxne npnmept: extremely hot weather (extremely rpernunoe cnono, hot nropnunoe cnono, weather nepnnunoe cnono), a furiously barking dog. Taxnm opasom, nep- nnuntmn cnonamn oxastnamrcx n nepnym ouepet cymecrnnrentnte, nropnuntmn npnnararentnte, rpernuntmn napeunx. Onaxo
oroxecrnnrt nonxrne nepnnunoro cnona c nonxrnem cymecrnnrentnoro n r. . nce xe nentsx: nepnnuntm cnonom moxer trt n mecronmenne n r. . C pyro cropont, nentsx raxxe oroxecrnnrt nepnnunoe cnono c nonexamnm: ononnenne roxe yer nepnnuntm cnonom. Xapaxrepno nx nce +ro xonnennnn Ecnepcena ro, uro n cncreme rpex panron ne naxonrcx mecra nx rna- rona-cxasyemoro. Hpana, na crp. 112 ynomnnaercx o rom, uro rnaron n nnuno ]opme moxer trt rontxo nropnuntm cnonom, no +ro nonyrnoe saxnnenne ne menxer cymecrna ena: cncrema rpex panron saymana xax cncrema oprannsannn esrnarontntx couerann. B cymnocrn, cncrema rpex panron xapaxrepnsyer ornomennx, cxnatnammnecx nnyrpn cnonocouerannx, nenrpom xoroporo xn- nxercx cymecrnnrentnoe (nnn cycranrnnnoe mecronmenne). Honnnno onacrtm npnmenennx reopnn rpex panron xnnxercx, raxnm opasom, nmennoe cnonocoueranne. Onaxo Ecnepcen npnmenxer nonxrnx rpex panron ne rontxo x +ro onacrn. Hepnnuntmn +nemenramn moryr, cornacno ero reopnn, trt n nounnennte npenoxennx. Tax, nanpnmep, n cocrane cnoxnonounnennoro npenoxennx That he will come is certain nounnennoe npenoxenne that he will come yer, no Ecnepceny, nepnnuntm +nemenrom; n cocrane cnoxnonounnennoro npenoxennx I like a boy who speaks the truth npenoxenne who speaks the truth yer nropnuntm +nemenrom n r. n. (cp. crp. 117 n cn.). Taxoe npnmenenne +rnx repmnnon npecrannxer coo, ouennno, yxe antne- mn mar npnmenenne nonxrn, ntpaoranntx na marepnane nmennoro cnonocouerannx, x xnnennxm, xapaxrepntm nx cnoxnoro npenoxennx. Taxnm opasom, reopnx rpex panron nmeer cnoe snauenne n onpeenenno ysxo c]epe, no ne moxer samennrt nn reopnm uacre peun, nn reopnm unenon npenoxennx. V pyro cymecrnennt nynxr n rpammarnuecxo reopnn Ecnepcena npecrannen reopne nexcyca n mnxnnn. Ho +rnmn repmnnamn nopasymenamrcx xnnennx, anno snaxomte nnnrnncrnuecxo nayxe. Pasnnuenne ,nexcyca n mnxnnn +ro pasnnuenne npenxarnnntx n nenpenxarnnntx couerann cnon. 3nemenrapnte npnmept, xoropte npnnonr Ecnepcen na crp. 108 coaxa naer n nammax coaxa, nnnmcrpnpymr xnnennx, xoropte oosnauannct pasnnuntmn repmnnamn. Camo coo pasymeercx, uro otuntm cnyuaem nexcyca xnnxercx npenoxenne: cnxst mexy nonexamnm n cxasyemtm yer, ecnn nontsonartcx repmnnonorne Ecnepcena, nexcycno cnxstm, nocxontxy no ncxxom npenoxennn nannno axr npennnponannx yrnepxenne nnn orpnnanne cnxsn mexy nonexamnm n cxasyemtm. Onaxo ,nexcyc moxer ncrpernrtcx n n nnom rpammarnuecxom o]opmnennn. Hexcycom yer, no Ecnepceny, n raxoe npenxarnnnoe coueranne, xoropoe cocronr ne ns nonexamero n cxasyemoro, a ns pyrnx +nemenron npenoxennx, nanp.: mep coueranne her sing n npenoxennn I heard her sing (crp. 133). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Taxnm opasom, no nonxrne nexcyca nooyr nce re xnnennx, xoropte nonyunnn y nac nasnanne nropnuno npenxarnnnocrn 1 coueranne ,oexrnt naex c nn]nnnrnnom, aconmrnax xoncrpyxnnx n r.n. Bo ncex +rnx cnyuaxx nonxrne nexcyca rpaxryercx xax nonxrne cnnraxcnuecxoe: ne orentnte xstxonte ennnnt opasymr nexcyc, ecnn mexy nnmn cymecrnymr npenxarnnnte ornomennx. B raxom nonnmannn repmnn nexcyc nnonne npnemnem: on oomaer nent px xstxontx xnnenn, oennxx nx no onomy cymecrnennomy npnsnaxy. Onaxo Ecnepcen pacmnpxer +ro nonxrne nacrontxo, uro ono ntxonr sa npeent cnnraxcnca n nponnxaer n nexcnxonornm. Tax, nanpnmep, cymecrnnrentnte nmena ecrnnx (arrival npntrne n r. n.) on nastnaer nexcycntmn cymecrnnrentntmn na rom ocnonannn, uro onn oo- snauamr ne orentno cymecrnymmn npemer, a onpemeuennoe ecrnne npemera, ntpaxennoro pyrnm cymecrnnrentntm nnn mecronmennem, nanpnmep: the doctors arrival npntrne oxropa (crp. 131). Xo paccyxennx sect, no-nnnmomy, npnmepno cneymmn: coueranne nmenn c nnuno ]opmo rnarona, nanpnmep the doctor arrived oxrop npntn, opasyer nexcyc, nocxontxy mexy oenmn cocranntmn uacrxmn couerannx cymecrnymr npen- xarnnnte ornomennx; n cymecrnnrentnom arrival npntrne xax t nopasymenaercx ecrnymmee nnno; cneonarentno, npenxarnnnte ornomennx onapyxnnamrcx xax t nnyrpn cymecrnnrentnoro, xoropoe n nonyuaer y Ecnepcena nanmenonanne nexcycnoro cymecrnnrentnoro. Ho raxo nepenoc cnnraxcnuecxoro nonxrnx nexcyca nnyrpt cnona, r. e. nepenoc ero n nexcnxonornm, nnmaer +ro nonxrne oruernnnoro rpammarnuecxoro coepxannx n neer x cmemennm conepmenno pasnnuntx onacre nnnrnncrnuecxoro nccne- onannx. 3ect mt onxrt nnnm crnpanne rpannn mexy rpammarnxo n nexcnxonorne, o xoropom mna peut ntme. VI Cxonym renennnm onapyxnnaer Ecnepcen n npn paccmorpennn pyrnx xnnenn xstxa. Xapaxrepno xnnxercx n +rom ornomennn ero rpaxronxa repmnnon axrnnnt n naccnnnt. 3rn repmnnt nmemr nnonne xcnoe n onpeenennoe coepxanne n npnmenennn x sanorono cncreme rnarona. B raxom snauennn ynorpenxer +rn repmnnt n Ecnepcen (crp. 187 n cn.). Onaxo oruernnnoe rpammarnuecxoe coepxanne +rnx repmnnon y nero naunnaer crn- partcx, noromy uro on npnmenxer nx (npnrom es ncxxnx oronopox) x xnnennxm conepmenno nnoro nopxxa, a nmenno x nexcnuecxnm snauennxm npnnararentntx n cymecrnnrentntx. Tax, na crp. 192 n cn. ner peut o ,axrnnntx n naccnnntx npnnararentntx; n xauecrne npnmepon axrnnntx npnnararentntx npnnoxrcx anrnncxne npnnararentnte troublesome ,ecnoxont, talkative pasronopunnt n r. n., a n xauecrne npnmepon ,naccnnntx npnnararentntx eatable ceont, credible nepoxrnt n r. n. Ha crp. 193 ronopnrcx o axrnnntx n naccnnntx cymecrnnrentntx; axrnnnte cymecrnnrentnte: fisher ptax, liar nxen n r. ., naccnnnte: lessee ,cemmnx (ror, xomy camr n apeny), referee pe]epn (ror, xomy nonpoc
1 Cm. crartm I. H. Boponnono. Bropnunax npenxarnnnocrt n anrnncxom xstxe. Hnocrpannte xstxn n mxone, 1950, N 6.
nanpannen na paccmorpenne) n r. . He npnxonrcx cnopnrt c rem, uro n nexcnuecxom snauennn +rnx npnnararentntx n cymecrnnrentntx coepxarcx +nemenrt snauennx, n onnx cnyuaxx axrnnnoro npnsnaxa cnoconocrn ax- rnnno nponsnonrt ecrnne, nnn ecrnymmero nnna, a n pyrnx cnoconocrn noneprartcx ecrnnm, nnn nnna, noneprammerocx ecrnnm. Hocrontxy nocxontxy +rn pasnnunx cnxsant co cnonoopasonarentntmn cy]]nxcamn, onn, esycnonno, cocrannxmr oprannuecxym uacrt cnonoopasonarentno cncremt anrnncxoro xstxa. Onaxo neoxonmo xcno ornnuart raxne cnyuan or rpammarnuecxo xareropnn sanora n or enennx rnarontntx ]opm na axrnnnte n naccnnnte: n rnaronax mt nmeem eno c pasnnuntmn ]opmamn onoro n roro xe cnona, r. e. c rpammarnuecxo xarero- pne, xoropax nxonr n cncremy rpammarnuecxnx xareropn rnarona, a n npnnararentntx n cymecrnnrentntx c nexcnuecxnmn snauennxmn, oycnonnenntmn (n ro ne ncera) snauennem cnonoopasonarentntx +nemenron. Cmemenne +rnx xstxontx xnnenn, npnnanexamnx pasnnuntm c]epam xstxa, npnnonr, xax yxe ormeuanoct, x crnpannm rpannn mexy nexcnxo n rpammarnxo. Hocxontxy rpy Ecnepcena osarnannen unnoco]nx rpammarnxn (a ne unnoco]nx xstxa noome), nonpoc o nexcnuecxnx snauennxx cnon, sann- cxmnx or snauenn cnonoopasonarentntx cy]]nxcon, ne onxen tn t noome paccmarpnnartcx; ecnn xe onycrnrt paccmorpenne +roro nonpoca, ro nnmt c nentm oruernnno orrpannunrt rpammarnuecxne xnnennx xstxa or nerpammarnuecxnx. VII Hosnnnx Ecnepcena n nonpoce o anannrnuecxnx ]opmax cnon rpeyer ocooro paccmorpennx. B nonpoce o naexax anrnncxnx cymecrnnrentntx Ecnepcen cronr na esycnonno npannntno nosnnnn. B ocroxrentno nonemnxe c 3onnenmenom on ornepraer npnuncnenne npenoxntx couerann x naexam (crp. 200 n cn.), cnpanennno yxastnax, uro 3onnenmen n pyrne croponnnxn npenoxntx naexe nanxstnamr conpemennomy anrnncxomy xstxy xareropnn, cymecrnymmne n xstxax ]nexrnnnoro crpox, nanpnmep n narnncxom nnn n penne-anrnncxom. C pyro cropont, o anannrnuecxnx ]opmax rnarona Ecnepcen ntcxastnaer cnopnte cyxennx. Ha crp. 51 on sameuaer: ...tno t nenpannntntm nxnmuart ocoym ]opmy yymero npemenn n cncremy npemen anrnncxoro xstxa. Ho ero mnennm, +roro ne cneyer enart noromy, uro, c ono cropont, snauenne yymero npemenn moxno ntpasnrt es ocoo rnarontno ]opmt (I start to-morrow at six n r. n.), a c pyro ono uacro nepeaercx npn nomomn couerann (phrases), xoropte ntpaxamr ne uncrym yymnocrt, a yymnocrt n couerannn c ononnnrentntmn orrenxamn nonn, oxsannocrn n r. n. Hpnsnanax anee, uro rnaron shall moxer conepmenno repxrt snauenne oxsannocrn (nanpnmep, n npenoxennn I shall be glad if you can come), Ecnepcen sameuaer, uro shall ecrnnrentno ouent nnsox x cocroxnnm ncnomorarentnoro rnarona yymero npemenn, no nce xe orxastnaercx npnsnart Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cymecrnonanne ]opmt yymero npemenn n anrnncxom xstxe, cctnaxct na ro, uro annt rnaron ynorpenxercx ne no ncex nnnax. uro xe xacaercx nep]exrntx n nnrentntx ]opm, ro Ecnepcen (cm. rn. XIX n XX) ne naxonr npenxrcrnn x npnsnannm nx anannrnuecxnmn ]opmamn rnarona. Taxnm opasom, n +rom nonpoce on npnepxnnaercx omenpnnxro rouxn spennx. VIII Baxnoe snauenne nx nponemarnxn xnnrn nmeer, xoneuno, nonpoc o nsanmoornomennxx mexy naxponnuecxnm n cnnxponnuecxnm noxoom x xstxontm xnnennxm. Co npemenn ntxoa n cner Kypca ome nnnrnncrnxn u. e Coccmpa +ror nonpoc ntstnaer, xax nsnecrno, mnoro cnopon cpen xstxoneon, n rom uncne n cpen conercxnx. Hosnnnx Ecnepcena n +rom nonpoce, necomnenno, npecrannxer nx conercxoro unrarenx snaunrentnt nnrepec. B nauane rn. II (Cncremarnuecxax rpammarnxa) Ecnepcen saxnnxer: 3a nocnenne cro ner crapte merot nnnrnncrnuecxoro nccneonannx tnn samenent nontmn meroamn ncropnuecxo rpammarnxn n +rnm nnnrnncrnxa nnpane ropnrtcx. Hcropnuecxax rpammarnxa ne rontxo onnctnaer xnnennx, no n oxcnxer nx (crp. 29), n anee: Ho xax nn nennxn ycnexn nontx meroon nc- cneonannx, nentsx satnart, uro mt ne nce eme cxasann, ecnn ncronxonann ]axrt xstxa n cnere ero ncropnn. axe nocne roro, xax mnorne nenpannntnte opasonannx tnn nosneent x onee pannnm npannntntm, pyrne nce xe ocrannct nenpannntntmn, xax t anexo n npomnoe mt nn yrnynxnnct... Mnorne nenpannntnocrn moxno oxcnnrt, no oxcnenne ne ycrpanxer nx: nx ronopxmnx na conpemennom xstxe onn ocramrcx cront xe nenpannntntmn, xax ecnn t nx nponcxoxenne ne tno oxcneno... Bo ncxxom cnyuae, ncro- pnuecxax nnnrnncrnxa ne moxer cenart nenyxno onncarentnym, nocxontxy ncropnuecxax nnnrnncrnxa ncera onxna ocnontnartcx na onncannn rex +ranon n pasnnrnn xstxa, xoropte nam nenocpecrnenno ocrynnt (crp. 30). Taxoe nonnmanne nsanmoornomenn mexy nymx noxoamn x xstxontm xnnennxm n nenom nnonne connaaer c rem, xoropoe aer npo]. A. H. Cmnpnnnxn n cnoe xnnre penneanrnncxn xstx 1 . Hmenno raxoe nonnmanne npecrannxercx nam nanonee npannntntm. Bospaxart moxno tno t rontxo npornn repmnna onncarentnax nnnrnncrnxa, onncarentnt cnoco, rax xax cnono onncarentnt nerxo moxno nonxrt n cmtcne ammn rontxo onncanne n ne ammn oxcnennx xnnenn. B +rom ornomennn repmnn ,cnnxponnuecxn npecrannxercx ropaso onee yauntm. Hcxox ns raxoro nonnmannx, Ecnepcen crponr cnom rpammarnuecxym cncremy n onncarentnom, r. e. cnnxponnuecxom nnane. annte naxponnuecxoro xapaxrepa npnnnexamrcx ram, re +ro coecrnyer onee nonnomy n ncecroponnemy ocnemennm rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn (nanpnmep, n rnane o xareropnn poa, crp. 263 n cn.), no ne nnocxocrn paccmorpennx xnnenn nnre ne cmemnnamrcx. Oruernnnoe pasnnuenne nyx noxoon x xstxontm
1 Cm. A. H. C m n p n n n x n . penneanrnncxn xstx. 1955, crp. 5 n cn.
]axram cocrannxer, esycnonno, ony ns cnntntx cropon unnoco]nn rpammarnxn. IX Moxno tno t ormernrt n nent px pyrnx nponem, no xoroptm Ecnepcen ntcxastnaer cnoeopasnte, nnora cnexne n nnrepecnte, nnora cnopnte n axe nenpnemnemte cyxennx: nponemy uacre peun (rn. IVVI), nponemy rnarontntx npemen n cnxsn c xareropne nna (rn. XIXXX), nponemy xnaccn]nxannn ntcxastnann (rn. XXII), nponemy orpnnannx (rn. XXIV) n p. axe n rex cnyuaxx, xora xonnennnx Ecnepcena ntstnaer cept- esnte nospaxennx, ona nnrepecna rem, uro ynr mtcnt unrarenx n sacrannxer ero rnyxe nymartcx n nponemy, urot ncxptrt xopnn ecnepcenoncxnx xonnennn n onponeprnyrt nx. Taxnm opasom, mt naxonm n xnnre Ecnepcena mnoxecrno mtcne, anexo ne pannonenntx. B ne uepeymrcx npannntnte nanmennx n nnoornopnte uacrnte ntnot c nponsnontntmn, a n pxe cnyuaen npensxrtmn oomennxmn. Hpnxonrcx xoncrarnponart, uro Ecnepcen nepexo cmemnnaer rpammarnuecxne xnnennx c nerpammarnuecxnmn, a no mnornx cnyuaxx ne nymtnaercx ocrarouno rnyoxo n cymnocrt xstxontx xareropn, xoropte on paccmarpnnaer. Hent px ceptesntx neoueron n +rom ornomennn pocaercx n rnasa mano-mantcxn nororonnennomy unrarenm. Hpn ncem rom unnoco]nx rpammarnxn, necomnenno, npecrannr nx conercxoro unrarenx nesaypxnt nnrepec. Onnne n pasnoopasne xstxonoro marepnana, opnrnnantnte n n pxe cnyuaen neoxnannte pasmtmnennx anropa sannrepecymr unrarenx-xstxonea n sacranxr ero rnyxe saymartcx na cymnocrtm mnornx xstxontx xnnenn. B. H.iuu. I . a e a 1 HBAR IPAMMATHKA Ionopxmn n cnymarent. uopmynt n cnoonte ntpaxennx. Ipammarnuecxne rnnt. Hocrpoenne npenoxenn. IOBOPRmHH H CAYmATEAL Cymnocrtm xstxa xnnxercx uenoneuecxax exrentnocrt exrentnocrt onoro nnnnna, nanpannennax na nepeauy ero mtcne pyromy nnnnny, n exrentnocrt +roro pyroro, nanpannennax na nonnmanne mtcne nepnoro. Ecnn mt xornm nonxrt npnpoy xstxa n, n uacrnocrn, ry ero onacrt, xoropax nsyuaercx rpammarnxo, mt ne onxnt ynycxart ns nny ynomxnyrtx nyx nme nponsnoxmero n nocnpnnnmammero peut, nasonem nx npome ronopxmnm n cnymarenem. B npexnne npemena +ror nponecc ocranancx Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nesameuenntm; cnona n ]opmt cnon paccmarpnnannct xax ecrecrnennte npemert, cymecrnymmne camn no cee. B snaunrentno mepe +ro oxcnxnoct, nepoxrno, upesmepntm nnnmannem x nanncanntm nnn naneuaranntm cnonam; onaxo raxax xonnennnx conepmenno necocroxrentna, uro moxno xcno nonxrt, ecnn xort cxontxo-nnyt nymartcx n +ror nonpoc. Mt nastnaem nyx nme nponsnoxmero n nocnpnnnmammero peut ronopxmnm n cnymarenem. Hponsnocnmoe n cntmnmoe cnono ecrt nepnonauantnax ]opma xstxa, ropaso onee naxnax, uem ero nropnunax ]opma, npoxnnxmmaxcx n nnctme (neuarn) n urennn. Conepmenno ouennno, uro nponsnocnmoe n cntmnmoe cnono onaano nepnocrenenno naxnocrtm n n reuenne rex nencuncnnmtx nexon, xora uenoneuecrno eme ne nsopeno nnctmennocrn nnn xora ono nontsonanoct em n orpannuenntx npeenax. Ho axe n renept, n nam nex mnpoxoro pacnpocrpanennx raser, noannxmmee ontmnncrno nme ropaso ontme ronopnr, uem nnmer. Bo ncxxom cnyuae, nenosmoxno nonxrt, uro raxoe xstx n xax on pasnnnaercx, ecnn ne ncxonrt nocroxnno n npexe ncero ns nponecca ronopennx n cnymannx n ecnn xorx t na mrnonenne satrt o rom, uro nnctmo rontxo samennrent ycrno peun. Hanncannoe cnono noono mymnn o rex nop, noxa xro-nnyt ne oxnnnr ero, mtcnenno npenparnn n coornercrnymmee cnono ycrno peun. Ipammarncr ncera onxen trt nauexy, urot nsexart nonymex, n xoropte ero moxer sanecrn op]orpa]nx. Bor necxontxo ouent npocrtx npnmepon. Oxonuanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx n 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna nacroxmero npemenn rnaronon y raxnx cnon, xax ends ,xonnt, xonuaer, locks sanopt, sannpaer, rises noemt, nonnmaercx, onnaxono no nanncannm -s; no n ecrnnrentnocrn mt nmeem rpn pasnnuntx oxonuannx, uro nnno ns nx ]onernuecxo rpancxpnnnnn [endz, lOks, raiziz]. Touno rax xe oxonuanne -ed n nanncannn coornercrnyer rpem pasnnuntm oxonuannxm n nponsnomennn, nanpnmep: sailed nntn, locked sanep, ended ,xonunn [seild, lOkt, endid]. Hcxox ns nanncannx, moxno noymart, uro ]opmt npomemero npemenn paid nnarnn n said cxasan opasymrcx onnaxono, no ornnuno or ]opmt stayed ocrancx; onaxo n ecrnnrentnocrn paid n stayed opasymrcx no omemy npannny [peid, steid], a said c coxpamenntm rnacntm [sed] npecrannxer coo nenpannntnoe opasonanne. Ecnn nnctmennax peut npnsnaer rontxo ono cnono there, ro ycrnax peut pasnnuaer n no snyuannm n no snauennm (raxxe n rpammarnuecxomy) na cnona there; cp., nanpnmep, npenoxenne There [Dq] were many people there ['DF q] Tam tno mnoro napoy. nnrentnocrt, ya- penne n nnronannx, ouent nnoxo orpaxennte nnn concem ne orpaxennte na nnctme, nrpamr naxnym pont n rpammarnxe ycrnoro xstxa, n +ro nocroxnno nanomnnaer nam o naxno ncrnne: rpammarnxa onxna n nepnym ouepet nmert eno co snyxamn n nnmt no nropym ouepet c yxnamn. mOPMYAL H CBOBOHLE BLPAEHHR Ecnn renept, nocne npnneenntx npenapnrentntx sameuann, mt oparnmcx x ncnxonornuecxo cropone xstxono exrentnocrn, ro npexe ncero samernm naxnoe pasnnune mexy ]opmynamn nnn ennnnamn rnna ]opmyn n cnoontmn ntpaxennxmn. Px ennnn xstxa, npnuem nmoro xstxa, nmeer
xapaxrep ]opmyn; nnaue ronopx, n nnx nnxro nnuero ne moxer nsmennrt. Tax, ntpaxenne How do you do? Kax noxnnaere? n xopne ornnuno or ntpaxennx I gave the boy a lump of sugar an mantunxy xycox caxapy. B nepnom npenoxennn nnuero nsmennrt nentsx: nentsx axe nepecrannrt yapenne, cxasan How do you do?, nnn cenart naysy mexy cnonamn. H n ornnune or npexnnx npemen n namn nn ne npnnxro ronopnrt How does your father do? nnn How did you do? Hpana, eme moxno, cxasan How do you do? necxontxnm npncyrcrnymmnm, nsmennrt yapenne n nponsnecrn And how do you do, little Mary? Ho ]axrnuecxn How do you do? nyxno cunrart sacrtnme ]opmyno. To xe ornocnrcx n x Good morning!, Thank you, Beg your pardon n pyrnm ntpaxennxm noonoro poa. Pasymeercx, raxym ]opmyny moxno noneprnyrt anannsy n noxasart, uro ona cocronr ns necxontxnx cnon; no ona nocnpnnnmaercx n rpaxryercx xax nenoe, snauenne xoroporo moxer trt conepmenno ornnuntm or snauenn cocrannxmmnx ero cnon, nsxrtx n orentnocrn. Beg your pardon, nanpnmep, uacro osnauaer Hoxanycra, nonropnre, uro Bt cxasann; x ne concem paccntman; How do you do? renept yxe ne xnnxercx nonpocom, rpeymmnm ornera, n r. . Herxo samernrt, uro npenoxenne I gave the boy a lump of sugar nmeer nno xapaxrep. B nem moxno ntennrt yapennem nmoe ns nonnosnauntx cnon, cenart naysy, nanpnmep nocne boy, samennrt mecronmenne I mecronmennem he nnn she, a rnaron gave rnaronom lent nnn nmecro the boy nocrannrt Tom n r. . Moxno ncrannrt n npenoxenne cnono never n nponsnecrn pyrne nsmenennx. B ro npemx xax npn ynorpenennn ]opmyn nce eno n namxrn n n nocnponsneennn ycnoennoro, cnoonte ntpaxennx rpeymr ymcrnenno exrentnocrn nnoro poa; ronopxmn onxen cosanart nx n xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae sanono, nxnmuax n npenoxenne neoxonmte nx +roro cnyuax cnona. Honyuennoe raxnm opasom npenoxenne moxer n rom nnn nnom ornomennn connaart c rem, uro ronopxmn cntman nnn nponsnocnn panee; +ro ne menxer cyrn ena. Baxno ro, uro, cosanax npenoxenne, ronopxmn onnpaercx na onpeenennt opasen. Hesanncnmo or roro, xaxne cnona on nonpaer, on crponr npenoxenne no +romy opasny. H axe es cnennantno nororonxn n onacrn rpammarnxn mt uyncrnyem, uro npenoxennx John gave Mary the apple ,xon an Mepn xnoxo, My uncle lent the joiner five shillings ,Mo xx oonxnn cronxpy 5 mnnnnnron xnnxmrcx ananornuntmn, r. e. uro onn cosant no ennomy opasny. B oonx cnyuaxx nannno onn n ror xe rnn npenoxennx. Cnona, ns xoroptx cocroxr +rn npenoxennx, pasnnunt, no rnn onn n ror xe. Kax xe nosnnxamr raxne rnnt npenoxenn n cosnannn ronopxmero? Manentxn peenox ne snaer rpammarnuecxnx npannn, cornacno xoroptm nonexamee sannmaer nepnoe mecro, a xocnennoe ononnenne ncera cronr nepe npxmtm; n nce xe es nororonxn n onacrn rpammarnxn on nsnnexaer ns ecuncnennoro xonnuecrna npenoxenn, xoropte on cntman n ycnonn, ocrarouno onpeenennoe nonxrne o nx crpyxrype n moxer nocrponrt noonoe npenoxenne cam. Pasymeercx, rpyno nnn nenosmoxno oxapaxrepnsonart +ro nonxrne es raxnx repmnnon, xax nonexamee, rnaron n r. n. Kora peenox nponsnocnr npannntnoe npenoxenne, nocrpoennoe no onpeenennomy opasny, Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nn on, nn ero cnymarenn ne n cocroxnnn onpeennrt, xnnxercx nn ono uem-ro nontm, cosanntm nm camnm, nnn xe npenoxennem, xoropoe on cntman npexe n rouno raxom xe nne. Baxno sect rontxo ro, uro peenxa nonnmamr n yyr nonnmart nnpet, ecnn ero npenoxenne coornercrnyer xstxontm nopmam roro omecrna, n xoropom on xnner. Ecnn t +ro tn peenox ]pannys, on cntman t ecxoneunoe mnoxecrno raxnx npenoxenn xax Pierre donne une pomme a Jean ,Htep aer xnoxo Xany, Louise a donn sa poupe a sa soeur ,Hynsa ana xyxny cnoe cecrpe n p., n n cnyuae neoxonmocrn mor t cxasart uro-nnyt npoe: Il va donner un sou a ce pauvre enfant ,On conpaercx art cy +romy enomy peenxy. Hemenxn peenox, coornercrnenno, nocrponn t cnoe npenoxenne no nnomy rnny c dem n der nmecro ]pannyscxoro a n r. . (Cp. Language, rn. VII). Taxnm opasom, cnoonte ntpaxennx moxno onpeennrt xax coennennx xstxontx ennnn, cosannte na annt cnyua no onpeenennomy opasny, xoropt nosnnx n nocosnannn ronopxmero n pesyntrare roro, uro on cntman orpomnoe xonnuecrno npenoxenn, nmemmnx omne ueprt. Orcma cneyer, uro pasnnune mexy cnoontmn ntpaxennxmn n ]opmynamn n pxe cnyuaen ynannnnaercx rpyno; ero moxno onapyxnrt rontxo npn nomomn rmarentnoro anannsa: nx cnymammero re n pyrne na nepnt nsrnx xaxyrcx conepmenno onnaxontmn, n npn +rom ]opmynt moryr nrpart n ecrnnrentno nrpamr ontmym pont n ntpaorxe moene n cosnannn ronopxmnx, rem onee uro mnorne ns nnx ncrpeuamrcx ouent uacro. Hpnneem eme necxontxo npnmepon. uem xnnxercx npenoxenne Long live the King! a spancrnyer xopont! ]opmyno nnn cnoontm ntpaxennem? Cocrannrt ecuncnennoe xonnuecrno npenoxenn no +romy opasny nenosmoxno. Taxne couerannx, xax Late die the King! a nponnrcx xnsnt xoponx! (yxn. a ymper xopont nosno!), Soon come the train! a npnyer cxopee noes!, ne ynorpenxmrcx n name npemx nx ntpaxennx xenannx. C pyro cropont, moxno cxasart Long live the Queen! a spancrnyer xoponena!, nnn the President npesnenr, nnn Mr. Johnson. Hntmn cnonamn, rnn npenoxennx, n xoropom na nepnom mecre cronr napeune, sa nnm cneyer rnaron n cocnararentnom naxnonennn n, naxonen, nonexamee, a nce nmecre ntpaxaer xenanne, conepmenno ntmen ns ynorpenennx xax npoyxrnnnt opasen. Btpaxennx xe, xoropte eme ynorpenxmrcx, npecrannxmr coo nepexnrxn +roro rnna. Taxnm opasom, npenoxenne Long live the King! cneyer paccmarpnnart rax: ono cocronr ns ]opmynt Long live, n ocnone xoropo nexnr meprnt rnn, n nmoro nonexamero. Ho+romy mt naxonm sect rnn npenoxennx, nmemmn ynorpenenne, ropaso onee orpannuennoe n name npemx, uem n pannne +noxn pasnnrnx anrnncxoro xstxa. B crarte x. Poca no nonpocam +rnxn x namen npnnnnn, c]opmynnponannt cneymmnm opasom: Loyal is that loyally does Hoxnen ror, xro nocrynaer noxntno. 3ro npenoxenne snyunr neecrecrnenno, nocxontxy anrop nocrponn ero no opasny nocnonnnt Handsome is that handsome does ,Kpacnn ror, xro xpacnno nocrynaer; no on conepmenno ne cunraercx c rem, uro
xax t ono nn nocnpnnnmanoct npexe, n momenr ero cosannx, renept ono xnnxercx ]axrnuecxn nnmt ]opmyno, na uro yxastnaer ynorpenenne orno- cnrentnoro that es onpeenxemoro cnona n nopxox cnon. Pasnnune mexy ]opmynamn n cnoontmn ntpaxennxmn nponnstnaer nce pasent rpammarnxn. B mop]onornn noonoe pasnnune onapyxnnaercx no ]nexrnnntx ]opmax. uopma mnoxecrnennoro uncna eyen rnasa crana ntxonrt ns ynorpenennx n XVI n.; renept ona meprna. Ho xora-ro ne rontxo +ro cnono, no n rnn, no xoropomy ono tno opasonano, xnnxnnct xnntmn +nemenramn anrnncxoro xstxa. Enncrnenntm coxpannnmnmcx o namnx ne cnyuaem opasonannx mnoxecrnennoro uncna nyrem npnannennx oxonuannx -en x enncrnennomy uncny xnnxercx cnono oxen nont. Tenept ono xnner n xauecrne ]opmynt, a ero rnn yxe anno ntmep. B ro xe npemx shoen ,ammaxn, fone nparn, eyen rnasa, kine xopont tnn ntrecnent ]opmamn shoes, foes, eyes, cows, nnn, nnaue ronopx, mnoxecrnennoe uncno +rnx cnon tno nepeo]opmneno n coornercrnnn c xnntm rnnom, xoropt mt naxonm n kings, lines, stones (xoponn, nnnnn, xamnn) n p. 3ror rnn cran ceuac nacrontxo ynnnepcantntm, uro emy cneymr nce nonte cnona: bicycles nenocnnet, photos ,]ororpa]nn, kodaks ]oroannapart xoax, aeroplanes camonert, hooligans ,xynnrant, ions nont, stunts ]oxyct n p. Kora nnepnte tno nponsneceno eyes nmecro eyen, ono xnnnoct ananornuecxnm opasonannem no rnny cnon, yxe nmenmnx oxonuanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna -s. Tenept xe, xora peenox n nepnt pas ronopnr eyes, nenosmoxno pemnrt, nocnponsnonr nn on panee cntmannym ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna, nnn xe, ycnonn ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna eye, oannxer x ne oxonuanne -s (]onernuecxn [z]) n coornercrnnn c rem rnnom, xoropt on ntennn ns mnoxecrna noontx cnon. Pesyntrar n oonx cnyuaxx onn n ror xe. Ecnn t cnoonoe coueranne xstxontx +nemenron, xoropoe nponsnonr nnnnnyym, ne connaano n noannxmmem ontmnncrne cnyuaen c rpannnonno ]opmo, ro pasnnrne xstxa ncntrtnano t sarpynennx; nenerxo tno t nontsonartcx xstxom, ecnn t ronopxmemy npnxonnoct opemenxrt cnom namxrt sanomnnannem xaxoro +nemenra n orentnocrn. Kax moxno samernrt, rnnom n mop]onornn xnnxercx ro, uro npnnxro nastnart npannntntmn opasonannxmn, nenpannntnte xe opasonannx npecrannxmr coo ]opmynt. B reopnn cnonoopasonannx npnnxro ntenxrt npoyxrnnnte n nenpoyxrnnnte cy]]nxct. Hpnmepom npoyxrnnnoro cy]]nxca moxer cnyxnrt cy]]nxc -ness, nocxontxy moxno opasonart raxne nonte cnona, xax weariness ,ycranocrt, closeness yxora, perverseness ynpxmcrno n r. . Haoopor, cy]]nxc -lock n cocrane cnona wedlock cynpyxecrno xnnxercx nenpoyxrnnntm, rax xe xax n cy]]nxc -th n cnonax width mnpnna, breadth ,mnpnna, health soponte; nontrxa Pacxnna cosart cnono illth no ananornn c wealth orarcrno ne nmena ycnexa; no-nnnmomy, nn onoro nonoro cnona c raxnm cy]]nxcom sa necxontxo cor ner ne noxnnnoct. 3ro eme pas nnnmcrpnpyer cxasannoe ntme: rnn npnnararentnoe + -ness nce eme xnner, n ro npemx xax wedlock n pyrne npnneennte ntme cnona c cy]]nxcom -th xnnxmrcx ]opmynamn ntne meprnoro rnna. Onaxo nocnenn tn xnntm, xora opasonanoct cnono width. B re oranennte npemena moxno tno npnannrt +ro oxonuanne (rora ono snyuano npnnnsnrentno -imu) x nmomy npn- Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nararentnomy. C reuennem npemenn +ro oxonuanne cnenoct x snyxy m (th), n ononpemenno noneprcx nsmenennm rnacnt nepnoro cnora. B pesyntrare cy]]nxc nepecran trt npoyxrnnntm. Ho+romy uenonexy, ne snammemy ncropnuecxo rpammarnxn, nenosmoxno ynnert, uro raxne napt cnon, xax long : length, broad : breadth, wide : width, deep : depth, whole : health, dear : dearth, npecrannxmr coo onn n ror xe rnn opasonannx. 3rn cnona nepeanannct ns noxonennx n noxonenne xax nexne enncrna, r. e. ]opmynt. Kora xe noxnnxnact norpenocrt n nonom acrpaxrnom cymecrnnrentnom (x nontsymct sect otuntm repmnnom nx raxnx cnon), ro opamannct yxe ne x cy]]nxcy -th, a x cy]]nxcy -ness, npncoennenne xoroporo ne conponoxanoct nsmenennem npnnararentnoro n no+romy ne ntstnano sarpynenn. Te xe coopaxennx ocramrcx n cnne n nx cnoxntx cnon. Bostmem rpn pennnx cnoxntx cnona, nxnmuammnx hts om, htsb]nde, htsming, htswof. Bce onn opasonant no otunomy rnny, xapaxrepnomy nx pennnx cnoxntx cnon; re, xro nnepnte cosan +rn cnona, coopasonannct c otuntmn npannnamn; raxnm opasom, nepnonauantno +rn cnona npecrannxnn coo cnoonte ntpaxennx. Ho, nepexox ns noxonennx n noxonenne, onn crann rpaxronartcx xax nentnte, neunennmte cnona n no+romy noneprnnct otuntm snyxontm nsmenennxm: onrn rnacnt t coxparnncx; [s] osnonunnoct nepe snonxnmn snyxamn; [m] nocne [s] nepemno n [t]; [w] n [f] ncuesnn, a rnacnte nroporo xomnonenra peynnponannct. B pesyntrare noxnnnnct conpemennte ]opmt husband myx, husting(s) rpnyna, hussy xenmnna ypnoro noneennx ]onernuecxn [hAzbqnd, hAstiNz, hAzi]. Hepnonauantnax npounax cnxst co cnonom hts nocrenenno ocnaena, ocoenno nocne nepexoa onroro n n n]ronr house. Hapxy c pacxoxennem no ]opme noxnnnnct ne menee snaunrentnte pacxoxennx no snauennm, rax uro nnxomy, xpome nnn, sannmammnxcx +rnmonorne, ne npner n ronony cnxstnart cnona husband, hustings nnn hussy co Cnonom house. C rouxn spennx conpemenno xnno peun +rn rpn cnona ne xnnxmrcx cnoxntmn; onn crann, cornacno repmnnonornn, npnnxro sect, ]opmynamn n naxoxrcx n onom pxy c pyrnmn nycnoxntmn cnonamn nexcnoro nnn satroro nponcxoxennx, raxnmn, nanpnmep, xax sopha nnan nnn cousin xysen. uro xacaercx cnona huswif, ro sect onapyxnnamrcx pasnnunte crenenn nsonxnnn no ornomennm x cnonam house n wife xena. Hussy [hAzi] n snauennn ,xenmnna ypnoro noneennx yrparnno ncxxym cnxst c oonmn xomnonenramn; onaxo nx ycrapenmero snauennx nrontnnx n craptx cnonapxx sacnnerentcrnonant pasnnunte ]opmt, n xoroptx npoxnnxmrcx npornnopeunnte renennnn: cp. huswife [hAzwaif], hussif [hAzif], hussive. Kpome roro, n snauennn xosxxa oma mt naxonm housewife, re ]opma oonx xom- nonenron nonnocrtm coxpannnact; no +ro, no-nnnmomy, cpannnrentno neannee nonoopasonanne; ero ne npnsnanan, nanpnmep, eme 3nt]nncron n 1765 r. Taxnm opasom, renennnx npenparnrt pennee cnoxnoe cnono n ]opmyny n ontme nnn mentme crenenn ncrpeuaer conpornnnenne co cropont xnnoro uyncrna xstxa, xoropoe n nexoroptx snauennxx nocnpnnnmaer +ro cnoxnoe cnono xax cnoonoe ntpaxenne; nnaue ronopx, nmn npoonxann coennxrt na xonxperntx xomnonenra, ne ymax o cymecrnonannn ]opmynt, xoropax onee nnn menee oxamenena no snyuannm n no snauennm. H +ro anexo ne pexoe xnnenne: cnono grindstone n xauecrne ]opmynt crano nponsnocnrtcx [grinstqn] c
otuntm coxpamennem rnacnoro n oonx xomnonenrax; onaxo noenna renennnx rpaxronart grindstone xax cnoonoe coueranne, uro namno orpaxenne n mnpoxo pacnpocrpanennom nponsnomennn [graindstoun]; n cnone waistcoat ,xnner noxnnxercx nonoe snyuanne [weistkout] nmecro [weskqt], xapaxrepnoro nx ]opmynt; nponsnomenne cnona fearful crpamnt op]o+nncrt XVIII n. amr xax ferful, no renept ono ncera nponsnocnrcx [fiqf(u)l]. pyrne npnmept npnneent n moe xnnre A Modern English Grammar. I, 4. 34 n cn. Heuro noonoe moxno ynnert n n cnonax, xoropte ne xnnxmrcx cnoxntmn. B cpeneanrnncxn nepno mt naxonm xparxne rnacnte y mnornx npnnararentntx n cpannnrentno crenenn: deppre, grettre npn deep rnyoxn, great (greet) nennxn. Hexoropte ns +rnx ]opm cpannnrentno crenenn npenparnnnct n ]opmynt n xax raxonte tnn nepeant nocneymmnm noxonennxm. B conpemennom xstxe ns noontx ]opm ncrpeuamrcx rontxo latter ,nocnenn n utter nonnt, coxpannnmne xparxne rnacnte n pesyntrare or- ptna or ]opm nonoxnrentno crenenn late n out n nsnecrnoro cemanrnuecxoro ooconennx. Ho pyrne ]opmt cpannnrentno crenenn tnn sanono opasonant xax cnoonte couerannx deeper, greater, a raxxe later n outer, xoropte ropaso nnxe cnxsant c late n out, uem latter n utter. Cxonte xnnennx mt naxonm n onacrn yapennx. Pasymeercx, ern ntyunnamr yapenne, rax xe, xax onn ntyunnamr n snyxn xaxoro cnona, rax uro n n +rom cmtcne nponsnomenne cnona ecrt onpeenennax ]opmyna. Onaxo n nexoroptx cnonax nosmoxno cronxnonenne nyx nopm yapennx, no cnona xax cnoonte ntpaxennx moryr nnora cosanartcx n momenr peun. Kax npannno, npnnararentnte na -able, -ible nmemr yapenne na uerneprom cnore or xonna n cnny pnrmnuecxoro npnnnnna. Cornacno +romy npnnnnny, rnacnt, orenennt onnm (cnatm) cnorom or nepnonauantnoro yapennx, renept ncera necer yapenne: cp. 'despicable npespennt (nepnonauantno, xax no ]pannyscxom xstxe, " despi'cable), 'comparable cpannnmt, rlamentable npncxopnt, 'preferable npenournrentnt n p. V nexoroptx ns +rnx cnon n pesyntrare pnrmnuecxoro npnnnnna yapntm oxastnaercx ror xe camt cnor, uro n y coornercrnymmero rnarona: con'siderable snaunrentnt, 'violable napymnmt. Ho y pyrnx npnnararentntx eno ocronr nnaue. Hpn cnoonom opasonannn, ecnn t ronopxmn ncxonn ns rnarona n sarem npncoennxn -able, axnenryannx tna t nno: npnnararentnoe, coornercrnymmee rnarony ac'cept, y Bexcnnpa n y nexoroptx pyrnx no+ron snyuano 'acceptable; ra xe ]opmyna coxpannnact n npn urennn monnrnennnxa. Onaxo n pyrnx cnyuaxx cnono nepecrponnoct n crano snyuart ac'ceptable; refutable snyuano ['refjutqbl], no renept onee otuntm crano [ri'fjutqbl]; 'respectable ycrynnno mecro re'spectable; mexcnnponcxoe n cnenceponcxoe 'detestable tno sameneno de'testable, xoropoe naxonm y Mnntrona; n cnone admirable npenocxont nonomy nponsnomennm [qd'mairqbl] ne yanoct ntrecnnrt crapoe nponsnomenne ['x dmirqbl]; onaxo y orpomnoro ontmnncrna npnnararentntx nonnocrtm noenna ananornx nnn cnoonoe opasonanne: a'greeable npnxrnt, de'plorable nnauennt, re'markable ,sameuarentnt, irre'sistible neorpasnmt. Ananornunax opta nanmaercx n y cnon c pyrnmn oxonuannxmn: 'confessor n con'fessor ncnonennx, ca'pitalist n 'capitalist xannranncr, de'monstrative n 'demonstrative yenrentnt n p. Hnora nsmenxercx n snauenne cnon: cnoonoe opasonanne coxpanxer ne rontxo yapenne, no n snauenne cnona, or xoroporo ono opasonano, a ]opmyna Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
sannmaer onee nnn menee ooconennoe nonoxenne (npnmept cm. n A Modern English Grammar, rn. V). B pnrancxom nponsnomennn advertisement [qd'vq tizmqnt] oxnnenne nnna rpannnonnax ]opmyna, n ro npemx xax amepnxancxoe nponsnomenne [" x dvq'taizmqnt] nnn ['x dvq" taizmqnt] npecrannxer coo cnoonoe opasonanne or ocnont rnarona. Pasnnune mexy ]opmynamn n cnoontmn couerannxmn sarparnnaer raxxe n nopxox cnon. Onoro npnmepa yer ocrarouno: noxa some + thing xnnxercx cnoontm couerannem nyx +nemenron, xoropte omymamrcx xax raxonte, mexy nnmn no omemy npannny moxno ncrannrt pyroe npnnararentnoe some good thing. Onaxo xax rontxo something cranonnrcx sacrtnme ]opmyno, ero yxe nentsx pacunennrt, n npnnararentnoe onxno cneonart sa nnm: something good. Cp. raxxe pasnnune mexy npexnnm They turned each to other n conpemenntm They turned to each other Onn nonepnynnct pyr x pyry. Cpamenne nexora camocroxrentntx xomnonenron n ]opmyny ne ncera tnaer onnaxono sanepmenntm: ecnn n cnyuae breakfast +ro cpamenne npoxnnxercx n n nponsnomennn [brekfqst] (npn [breik, fa st]) n n ]opmax he breakfasts, breakfasted (panee breaks fast, broke fast), ro n cnyuae take place ono ne oneeno o raxo crenenn, no rem ne menee +ro ntpaxenne roxe npecrannxer coo ]opmyny co snauennem nmert mecro, cnyuartcx; ona neer cex ne rax, xax rnaron take c pyrnm ononnennem; pyroe ononnenne npn take moxer n nexoroptx cnyuaxx trt nocranneno na nepnoe mecro (a book he took) nnn moxer crart nonexamnm n naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn (the book was taken); no n ornomennn take place nn ro, nn pyroe nenosmoxno. Pasymeercx, nentsx orpnnart n nannune comnnrentntx cnyuaen: nnora rpyno cxasart, nmeem nn mt eno c ]opmyno nnn ner; onaxo ycranonneno, uro pasnnune mexy ]opmynamn n cnoontmn couerannxmn oxnartnaer ncm c]epy xstxono exrentnocrn. uopmyno moxer trt nenoe npenoxenne nnn rpynna cnon, ono cnono nnn uacrt cnona, r. e. nenaxno, xaxon ee cocran; naxno, urot xnntm uyncrnom xstxa ona nocnpnnnmanact xax neuro ennoe, ne unennmoe n ne pasnoxnmoe rax, xax unenxrcx n pasnaramrcx cnoonte couerannx. Tnn, nnn opasen, x xoropomy nocxonr ]opmyna, moxer ncuesnyrt ns xstxa nnn eme cymecrnonart n xstxe; no rnn, no xoropomy crponrcx cnoonoe coueranne, onxen trt oxsarentno xnntm; no+romy ]opmynt moryr trt xax npannnt- ntmn, rax n nenpannntntmn, no cnoonte couerannx ncera onapyxnnamr npannntnoe opasonanne. IPAMMATHHECKHE THHL Hponecc nosnnxnonennx rpammarnuecxnx rnnon, nnn opasnon, n cosnannn naunnammnx ronopnrt ere noncrnne nopasnrenen, n no mnornx cnyuaxx mt naxonm nmontrnte npnmept ero nnnxnnx na ncropnm xstxon. B nemenxom xstxe npncranxa ge-, xoropax morna npncoennxrtcx cnauana x nmo ]opme rnarona nx ntpaxennx saxonuennocrn ecrnnx, c reuennem npemenn crana cnxstnartcx cnennantno c npnuacrnem npomemero npemenn. B rnarone essen ecrt (nn].) nponsomno, onaxo, ecrecrnennoe cnnxnne rnacnoro npncranxn n nauantnoro rnacnoro camoro rnarona n raxnm opasom nosnnxna
]opma gessen; +ra ]opma tna nocnpnnxra xax ]opmyna, n n ne nepecran ntenxrtcx ror npe]nxc, xoropt ntenxercx n ]opmax getrunken ntnnrt, gegangen ymemn, gesehen nnennt n p.; sarem n couerannxx rnna Ich habe getrunken und gessen nonnn n noen gessen tno nocnpnnxro xax nenonnax ]opma n ononneno npncranxo ge- (ich habe getrunken und gegessen); napannennsm tn noccranonnen. Ipammarnuecxne nantxn moryr, raxnm opasom, npnnecrn x romy, uro c onpeenenno rouxn spennx moxno nasnart nstrounocrtm. Heuro noonoe nmeer mecro no mnornx cnyuaxx ynorpenennx it. B conpemenntx xstxax nepe cxasyemtm ncera cronr nonexamee, a no+romy npenoxenne es nonexamero nocnpnnnmaercx xax nenonnoe. B onee pannne npemena npn raxnx rnaronax, xax nar. pluit ner oxt, ningit ner cner n p., nnxaxoro mecronmennx ne rpeonanoct (n nrantxncxom xstxe o cnx nop coxpannnoct piove, nevica); onaxo no ananornn c ecuncnenntmn couerannxmn rnna I come x npnxoxy, he comes ,on npnxonr n p. n anrnncxom xstxe tno oanneno it, orxya it rains ner oxt, it snows ner cner n p. n coornercrnenno no ]pannyscxom, nemenxom, arcxom n pyrnx xstxax il pleut ner oxt, es regnet, del regner. Ftno npannntno sameueno, uro neoxonmocrt mecronmennx nauann omymart ocoenno rora, xora crann ntpaxart pasnnune mexy yrnepxennem n nonpocom c nomomtm nopxxa cnon (er kommt on ner, kommt er? ner nn on?). Touno raxnm xe opasom renept moxno ntpasnrt pasnnune mexy es regnet n regnet es? Taxne rnaront, xax rain, snow, nepnonauantno ynorpenxnnct es nonexamero. Hocxontxy axe renept ouent rpyno nornuecxn onpeennrt, uro oosnauaer nonexamee it n xaxoe ono nmeer snauenne, mnorne yuente 1
paccmarpnnamr ero npocro xax rpammarnuecxn npnem, nonoxmn npenoxenne no otunt rnn. Ftnamr n raxne cnyuan, xora n npenoxennn nmeercx peantnoe nonexamee, no mt nouemy-ro nnonm mecronmenne it. Hanpnmep, moxno cxasart To find ones way in London is not easy ,Opnenrnponartcx n Honone ne nerxo; onaxo cunramr onee yontm nn]nnnrnn cpasy ne nnonrt; no n n +rom cnyuae mt ne naunnaem c rnarona n ne ronopnm Is not easy to find ones way in London, nocxontxy mt npnntxnn, uro npenoxennx, naunnammnecx c rnarona, xnnxmrcx nonpocnrentntmn. Mt ronopnm: It is not easy n r. . Touno rax xe moxno cxasart: That Newton was a great genius cannot be denied uro Htmron tn nennxnm rennem, nentsx orpnnart. Onaxo, ecnn mt ne xornm naunnart c nounnennoro npenoxennx, npnxonrcx cxasart It cannot be denied that Newton was a great genius. B raxnx npenoxennxx it xnnxercx npecrannrenem cneymmero sa nnm nn]nnnrnna nnn npnarounoro npenoxennx, noono romy xax n npenoxennn He is a great scoundrel, that husband of hers On ontmo mepsanen, ee myx he xnnxercx npe- crannrenem cnon that husband of hers. Cp. raxxe pasronopnoe npenoxenne It is perfectly wonderful the way in which he remembers things Hpxmo ynnnrentno, xax on nce nomnnr. Ftno t nenonxo cxasart She made that he had committed many offences appear clearly Ona noxasana xcno, uro on conepmnn mnoro npocrynxon, re rpammarnuecxne xomnonenrt tnn t pacnonoxent rax, xax +ro otuno tnaer npn couerannn make appear noxasart (She made his guilt appear clearly ,Ona xcno noxasana ero nnny). 3ra nenonxocrt ycrpanxercx nocranonxo it
1 Cpen nnx Fpyrman. Cm. raxxe nnxe, pasen Po Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nepe nn]nnnrnnom: She made it appear clearly that he had committed many offences. Taxnm opasom, nonyuaercx, uro mnorne npannna ynorpenennx it oycnonnent, c ono cropont, crpemnennem ronopxmero conmart onpeenennte opasnt nocrpoennx npenoxennx, xapaxrepnte nx ecuncnennoro xonnuecrna npenoxenn c pyrnmn nonexamnmn nnn ononnennxmn, a, c pyro cropont, crpemnennem nsexart rpomosxnx xoncrpyxnn, xoropte moryr npnnecrn nnora x nenpannntnomy nonnmannm npenoxennx. Hoontm xe opasom nao oxcnnrt n npannna ynorpenennx ncnomorarentnoro rnarona do n nonpocnrentntx npenoxennxx. B nenom nx anrnncxoro xstxa xapaxrepna renennnx crannrt nonexamee nepe cxasyemtm; no e npornnocronr pyrax renennnx ntpaxart nonpoc oparntm nopxxom cnon rnaron nonexamee, nanpnmep n ycrapenom npenoxennn Writes he? ,Hnmer nn on? (cp. nem. Schreibt er? n ]pann. Hcrit-il?). Hapxy c +rnm no mnornx nonpocnrentntx npenoxennxx ncrpeuaercx n raxo nopxox cnon: ,ncnomorarentnt rnaron nonexamee rnaron (Can he write? Moxer nn on nncart?, Will he write? Fyer nn on nncart?, Has he written? Hanncan nn on? n p.). B raxo xoncrpyxnnn nonnosnaunt rnaron cronr nocne nonexamero, xax n n otuntx yrnepnrentntx npenoxennxx. Cosanne xomnpomnccntx ]opm rnna Does he write? Hnmer nn on? ano nosmoxnocrt npnmnpnrt ne npornnononoxnte renennnn: c ]opmantno rouxn spennx rnaron, xorx n nenonnosnaunt, cronr nepe nonexamnm nx ntpaxennx nonpoca, c pyro cropont, nonexamee cronr nepe cmtcnontm rnaronom. Bcnomorarentnt rnaron, onaxo, ne nyxen, ecnn nonexamnm n npenoxennn cnyxnr nonpocnrentnoe mecronmenne (Who writes?), nocxontxy ono, ecrecrnenno, crannrcx na nepnoe mecro, n, raxnm opasom, npenoxenne n es does coornercrnyer omemy opasny 1 . HOCTPOEHHE HPEAOEHHH Hpenoxenne (ecnn ocrannrt n cropone roronte ]opmynt) ne nosnnxaer n cosnannn ronopxmero cpasy, a cosaercx nocrenenno n nponecce peun. Hpana, +ro ne ncera tnaer rax narnxno, xax n nnxecneymmem npnmepe. Hpenonoxnm, uro x ncrpernn xoro-nnyt n xouy paccxasart emy uro-ro. naunnam pasronop raxnm opasom: There I saw Tom Brown and Mrs. Hart and Miss Johnstone and Colonel Dutton... Tam x nnen Toma Fpayna, n mnccnc Xapr, n mncc xoncron, n nonxonnnxa arrona... Haunnax nepeuncnenne, x eme ne pemnn, cxontxnx nnn x ynomxny n n xaxom nopxxe nasony nx. Ho+romy n xaxom cnyuae mne npnxonrcx ynorpenxrt coms n. Ecnn xe, c pyro cropont, npncrynax x paccxasy, x snam rouno, xoro ynomxny, x ynorpenm and rontxo nepe nocnennm
1 Cp. Language, crp. 357 n cn. Vnorpenenne do n orpnnarentntx npenoxennxx oycnonneno ananornuntm xomnpomnccom mexy crpemnennem nomecrnrt orpnnanne o rnarona n cnennantntm npannnom, no xoropomy orpnnanne not onxno croxrt nocne rnarona: n npenoxennn I do not say ne ronopm ono cronr nocne rnarona, ntpaxammero npemx, uncno n nnno, no nepe cmtcnontm rnaronom; cp. mom xnnry Negation in English and in Other Languages crp. 10 n cn..
nmenem n onymy ero n ocrantntx cnyuaxx. Kpome roro, sect ecrt n pyroe pasnnune: n nepnom cnyuae (There I saw Tom Brown, and Mrs. Hart, and Miss Johnstone, and Colonel Dutton) x nponsnomy xaxoe nmx c nonnxennem rona, xax yro conpamct saxonunrt npenoxenne, a no nropom cnyuae (There I saw Tom Brown, Mis. Hart, Miss Johnstone, and Colonel Dutton) nce nmena, xpome nocnenero, nponsnocnrcx c nontmennem rona. cno, uro nropax xoncrpyxnnx, npenonarammax rount npenapnrentnt samtcen npenoxennx n nenom, onee cnocrnenna nnctmenno peun, a nepnax ycrno. Onaxo n nncarenn moryr nnora npnerart x pasronopnomy crnnm n +rom n n pyrnx cnyuaxx. Onnm ns xpynntx macrepon pasronopnoro crnnx n anrnncxo nnreparype tn e]o, y xoroporo, n uacrnocrn, naxonm: Our God made the whole world, and you, and I, and all things Ham rocnot cornopnn nect mnp, n nac, n menx, n nce (na semne) (Ponnson Kpyso, 2. 178). 3ect na ro, uro npenoxenne cosaercx nocrenenno, mar sa marom, yxastnaer n ]opma I nmecro me. Hcxox ns +roro, moxno oxcnnrt mnorne orcrynnennx or cnnraxcnuecxnx npannn, nanpnmep raxne cnyuan, xax Hee that rewards me, heaven reward him Tor, xro nosnarpaxaer menx, a nosnarpanr ero neo (Bexcnnp). Ecnn nncarent ynorpenn mecronmenne thou rt, on, necomnenno, ynorpenr n rnarontnym ]opmy c oxonuannem -st, ecnn rnaron cronr cpasy nocne mecronmennx; n npornnnom cnyuae on moxer satrt o +rom n ynorpenrt rnarontnym ]opmy, coornercrnymmym mecronmennm you, xoropoe moxer ncnntrt n ero yme nocosnarentno. Tax, y Bexcnnpa: Thou stroakst me and made much of me (Fypx, 1. 2. 333). Taxxe n Fapon, opamaxct x Cynne: Thou, who didst subdue Thy countrys foes ere thou wouldst pause to feel The wrath of thy own wrongs, or reap the due Of hoarded vengeance... thou who with thy frown Annihilated senates... thou didst lay down (uant Iapont, IV. 83). Taxne nepexot y Fapona ncrpeuamrcx nepexo. Hoontm xe opasom uacro nccxxaer nnnxnne comsa if, rpeymmero cocnararentnoro naxnonennx, xora nann or comsa cronr nropo rnaron. Cp. y Bexcnnpa: If Hamlet from himseife be tane away, And when hes not himselfe, dos wrong Laertes, Then Hamlet does it not (Iamner, V. 2. 245); If he be a whoremonger, and comes before him, he were as good go a mile on his errand (Mepa sa mepy, III. 2. 37). Taxxe y Pacxnna: But if the mass of good things be inexhaustible, and there are horses for everybody, why is not every beggar on horseback? V mnccnc Vop: A woman may chat with whomsoever she likes, provided it be a time of holiday, and she is not betraying her art 1 . Kaxt, xro yer nnnmarentno ncnymnnartcx n otunt pasronop, naer mnorouncnennte nornepxennx romy, uro ronopxmn crponr npenoxenne nocrenenno. Ho mepe nocrpoennx npenoxennx on moxer nsmennrt nepnonauantnt nnan coomennx cnonx mtcne; on moxer sannyrtcx, npepnart nsnoxenne n, naxonen, nocrponrt npenoxenne conepmenno nnaue, uem ono tno saymano panee. B nnctmenno peun (n uacrnocrn, n neuarn) +ro xnnenne, nastnaemoe anaxony]om, ncrpeuaercx, xoneuno, snaunrentno pexe; no yuentm nsnecrno, uro ono ncrpeuaercx n sect. B xauecrne nnnmcrpannn x nosnonm cee npnnecrn orptnox ns mexcnnponcxoro Koponx Hnpa (IV. 3. 19 n
1 pyrne ananornunte npnmept copan Ant]onco Cmnr (C. Alphonso S m i t h, The Short Circuit, Studies in English Syntax, crp. 39). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cn.), xoropt ne rpeyer nnxaxnx xommenrapnen. B camom pannem nsannn xnapro +ror orptnox nsnoxen rax (n nsannn ]onno ncx cnena onymena): Patience and sorrow strove, Who should expresse her goodliest [ . ] You have seene, Sun shine and raine at once, her smiles and teares, Were like a better way those happie smilets, That playd on her ripe lip seeme[d] not to know, What guests were in her eyes which parted thence, As pearles from diamonds dropt [. ] In briefe, Sorow would be a raritie most beloued, If all could so become it 1 . Hexoropte nsarenn orxastnamrcx or nontrxn narn xaxo-nno cmtcn n crpoxax 2021, n ro npemx xax pyrne cunramr, uro cnona like a better way ncxaxent, n crapamrcx ncnpannrt nx camtmn pasnnuntmn nyrxmn (Were linkd a better way, Were like a better day, Were like a better May, Were like a wetter May, Were like an April day, Were like a bridal day, Were like a better-ing day n r. n.; noponee cm. n xempnxcxom nsannn). Ho nnxaxoro ncnpannennx ne norpeyercx, ecnn oparnrt nnnmanne na ro, uro +ro ronopnr npnnopnt, npnntxmn x xemanno-yronuennomy crnnm ntpaxennx cnonx mtcne. B +rnx nyx manentxnx cnenax (ecrnne III, cnena 1 n cnena, npnneennax sect) on ne moxer ronopnrt npocro n ecrecrnenno; on nocroxnno nmer nontx cpannenn n nonyuaer ontmoe yonontcrnne or neoxnanntx cnon n ntpaxenn. Ho+romy x npouen t +ror orptnox cneymmnm opasom, nsmennn nnmt nynxryannm: You have seen Sunshine and rain at once; her smiles and teares Were like
,Bt nnenn cnxnte connna n oxt ononpemenno; ee yntxn n cnest tnn noont... (Hponsnocx +rn cnona c nontmennem rona n c neontmo nayso nocne like, on crapaercx narn xpacnnoe cpannenne, no ne yonnernopen rem, uro emy npnxonr na ym, n ronopnr cee: Her, x ntpaxyct nnaue): a better way. (Tenept x namen nyumn cnoco ntpasnrt ro, uro x nnen na nnne Kopennn): those happy smilets That playd on her ripe lip seemd not to know What guests were in her eyes 2 .
Ocnonnax saaua +ro rnant noxasart unrarenm, uro xstx ne raxon, xaxnm on nam npecrannxercx npn onocroponnem nsyuennn ero no cnonapxm n otuntm rpammarnxam. stx +ro conoxynnocrt nantxon, npnntuntx ecrnn, a xaxoe cnono n xaxoe nponsnecennoe npenoxenne ecrt cnoxnoe ecrnne co cropont ronopxmero. Fontmax uacrt +rnx ecrnn onpeenxercx rem, uro ronopxmn cam enan n noontx cnryannxx, a nocnenee, n cnom ouepet, rem, uro emy npnxonnoct neonoxparno cntmart or pyrnx. Ho n xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae (ecnn ne cunrart nocnponsneennx otuntx ]opmyn)
1 samennn streme onee ymecrntm strove, a seeme ]opmo seemed, a raxxe nocrannn rouxn nocne goodliest n dropt. B +rnx nonpocax mnennx ncex nsarene cxoxrcx. 2 Hpnnonrcx n coxpamennom nne ns moe crartn n xnnre A Book of Homage to Shakespeare, 1916, crp. 481 n cn.
ronopxmemy npnxonrcx npnmenxrt xstxonte nantxn x anno cnryannn, urot ntpasnrt ro, uro no ncex noponocrxx nnxora o +roro ne ntpaxanoct. H no+romy on ne moxer trt paom +rnx nantxon; on onxen npncnocannnart nx x nsmenxmmnmcx norpenocrxm. B pesyntrare moryr nosnnxnyrt nonte nantxn n npnntuxn nnn, nnaue ronopx, nonte rpammarnuecxne ]opmt n nonte npannna nx ynorpenennx. Ipammarnxa, raxnm opasom, cranonnrcx uacrtm nnnrnncrnuecxo ncnxonornn nnn ncnxonornuecxo nnnrnncrnxn. 3ro, onaxo, ne enncrnennt nyrt, no xoropomy moxno nepecrponrt n nononnnrt rpammarnxy, ecnn mt xornm ocnoonrt ee or neanrnsma n ormarnsma otuntx rpexon mnornx rpammarncron. 3ro n cocrannr coepxanne nocneymmnx rnan. I . a e a I I CHCTEMATHHECKAR IPAMMATHKA Onncarentnax n ncropnuecxax nnnrnncrnxa. Ipammarnxa n cnonapt. 3nyxn. Otunoe enenne rpammarnxn. Honax cncrema. Mop]onornx. OHHCATEALHAR H HCTOPHHECKAR AHHIBHCTHKA nnennx xstxa moxno paccmarpnnart c nyx rouex spennx onncarentno n ncropnuecxo. Onn coornercrnymr crarnxe n nnamnxe (xnnemarnxe) n ]nsnxe n pasnnuamrcx rem, uro n nepnom cnyuae xnnennx paccmarpnnamrcx xax naxoxmnecx n cocroxnnn pannonecnx, a no nropom n cocroxnnn nnxennx. 3a nocnenne cro ner crapte merot nnnrnncrnuecxoro nccneonannx tnn samenent nontmn meroamn ncropnuecxo rpammarnxn n +rnm nnnrnncrnxa nnpane ropnrtcx. Hcropnuecxax rpammarnxa ne rontxo onnctnaer xnnennx, no n oxcnxer nx; ona noxastnaer nsanmocnxst mexy xnnennxmn, xoropte panee cunrannct nsonnponanntmn. Taxnm opasom, ona, es ncxxoro comnennx, ocrnrna mnornx nontx n naxntx pesyntraron. Tam, re mt npexe nnenn nponsnontnte npannna n neoxcnnmte ncxnmuennx, renept no mnornx cnyuaxx mt nnnm npnunnt xnnenn. Hpexe ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna feet or cnona foot nora rontxo ynomnnanact cpen nemnornx ncxnmuenn x npannny, cornacno xoropomy mnoxecrnennoe uncno anrnncxnx cymecrnnrentntx opasyercx c nemomtm -s; renept xe mt snaem, uro onroe [i ] mnoxecrnennoro uncna +ro pesyntrar perynxpnoro pasnnrnx pennemero anrnncxoro [n ] n uro +ro [n ] no ncex cnyuaxx, re ono ncrpeuanoct, uepes cranm [e ] (o nacroxmero npemenn npecrannennym n anrnncxom nanncannn) nepemno n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe n [i ] (cp. feed nnrart, green sene- nt, sweet cnaxn n p.). B cnom ouepet snyx [n ] n ]opme fn t, xax ro noxasana ncropnuecxax rpammarnxa, nosnnx n pesyntrare nepernaconxn nepnonauantnoro rnacnoro [o ], xoropt coxpannncx n ]opme enncrnennoro uncna fo t, re on nperepnen, no omemy npannny, cyxenne n nepemen n ycrno peun n [u], xorx nanncanne o cnx nop coxpanxer oo. Hepernaconxa tna ntsnana snyxom i n cneymmem cnore; n nparepmancxom xstxe oxonuannem pxa ]opm mnoxecrnennoro uncna tno -iz. Oxastnaercx, uro +ro oxonuanne, ocrannnmee Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cne n nsmenennom rnacnom xopnx n sarem ornanmee, xnnxercx perynxpntm pasnnrnem oxonuannx mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xoropoe mt naxonm, nanpnmep, n narnncxom -es. Taxnm opasom, ro, uro c onocroponne (crarnuecxo) conpemenno anrnncxo rouxn spennx xnnxercx nsonnponanntm ]axrom, (nnamnuecxn) coornocnrcx c mnorouncnenntmn pyrnmn ]axramn na onee pannnx +ranax pasnnrnx +roro xe xstxa nnn pyrnx xstxon ro xe cemtn. Henpannntnte opasonannx na ono crann oxastnamrcx no mnornx cnyuaxx nepexnrxamn npannntntx opasonann onee pannnx cran; raxnm opasom, xnnennx, panee oxyrannte rtmo, ocnemamrcx xpxnm cnerom. 3ro ornocnrcx ne rontxo x ncropnuecxo nnnrnncrnxe n ysxom cmtcne cnona, no n x cpannnrentno nnnrnncrnxe, xoropax xnnxercx pyro nerntm ro xe nayxn. Cpannnrentnax nnnrnncrnxa ananornuntmn meroamn ononnxer annte, nonyuennte ns nnctmenntx namxrnnxon, nyrem conocrannennx xstxon c omnm ,npexom, or xoroporo ne coxpannnoct nnctmenntx namxrnnxon. Ho xax nn nennxn ycnexn nontx meroon nccneonannx, nentsx satnart, uro mt ne nce eme cxasann, ecnn ncronxonann ]axrt xstxa n cnere ero ncropnn. axe nocne roro xax mnorne nenpannntnte opasonannx tnn nosneent x onee pannnm npannntntm, pyrne nce xe ocrannct nenpannntntmn, n xaxoe t anexoe npomnoe mt nn yrnynxnnct... Bo ncxxom cnyuae, neoxcnenno ocraercx camax pannxx cranx, ocrynnax nx nsyuennx, n ee nao npnnnmart xax ona ecrt: n nacroxmee npemx mt nonnocrtm ocnoonnnct or npepaccyxa nepnoro noxonennx xomnaparnnncron, xoropte nonarann, uro nnoenponecxn xstx, xnnxmmncx ocnono name cemtn xstxon (Grundsprache), onontno rouno npecrannxn nepnonauantnt xstx namnx pennemnx npexon (Ursprache). Mnorne nenpannntnocrn moxno oxcnnrt, no oxcnenne ne ycrpanxer nx: nx ronopxmnx na conpemennom xstxe onn ocramrcx cront xe nenpannntntmn, xax ecnn t nx nponcxoxenne ne tno oxcneno. H +ro pasnnune mexy npannntntmn n nenpannntntmn opasonannxmn ncera nmeer cymecrnennoe snauenne nx ncnxonornuecxo cropont xstxono exrentnocrn: npannntnte ]opmt +ro ]opmt, xoropte cnyxar ronopxmemy aso nx nonoopasonann, a nenpannntnte ]opmt ronopxmn uacro cxnonen samenxrt nonoopasonannxmn, cosanntmn no npnnnnny ananornn. Bo ncxxom cnyuae, ncropnuecxax nnnrnncrnxa ne moxer cenart nenyxno onncarentnym, nocxontxy ncropnuecxax nnnrnncrnxa ncera onxna ocnontnartcx na onncannn rex +ranon n pasnnrnn xstxa, xoropte nam nenocpecrnenno ocrynnt; n ornomennn xe mnornx xstxon nsnecrna rontxo ona cranx pasnnrnx, xoropax moxer crart npemerom nayunoro nsyuennx. C pyro cropont, nsyuax xstxn, ne cneyer ynycxart ns nny n ro, uro mt ysnaem n pesyntrare nsyuennx raxnx xstxon, xoropte noamrcx ncropnuecxomy nccneonannm, a nmenno: xstxn ncera naxoxrcx n cocroxnnn nsmenennx, onn nnxora ne tnamr nonnocrtm sacrtnmnmn; n xaxom ns nnx oxsarentno nmemrcx +nemenrt, xoropte moryr nsmennrtcx n npeenax axe onoro noxonennx. 3ro nensexno ntrexaer ns camoro cymecrna xstxa n ns roro, xax xstx nepeaercx or onoro noxonennx x pyromy.
IPAMMATHKA H CAOBAPL Hepexox x nonpocy o rom, xax nyume ncero onnctnart xstxonte ]axrt, mt cpasy ncrpeuaemcx c nectma cymecrnenntm pasnnunem mexy rpammarnxo n cnonapem (nexcnxonorne). Ipammarnxa nmeer eno c omnmn ]axramn xstxa, a nexcnxonornx c ennnuntmn (cp. Sweet, Collected Papers, Oxford, 1913, 31) 1 . Hsnecrno, uro cat xomxa oosnauaer onpeenennoe xnnornoe, n +ro ennnunt ]axr, ornocxmncx rontxo x annomy cnony; no opasonanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna nyrem oannennx snyxa -s npecrannxer coo omn ]axr, nocxontxy on xacaercx raxxe mnornx pyrnx cnon: rats xptct, hats mnxnt, works paort, books xnnrn, caps manxn, chiefs nauantnnxn n r. . Ecnn nmenno n +rom cocronr nonnnnoe pasnnune mexy rpammarnxo n cnonapem, ro rora opasonanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna oxen or ox non ne onxno noome narn cee mecra n anrnncxo rpammarnxe, a onxno ynomnnartcx rontxo n cnonapxx. Oruacrn +ro nepno; cnonapn ecrnnrentno yxastnamr nenpannntnoe opasonanne ]opm n coornercrnymme cnonapno crarte, no ne cunramr nyxntm yxastnart opasonanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna or raxnx cnon, xax cat n pyrne. Touno rax xe ocronr eno c nenpannntntmn n npannntntmn rnaronamn. Onaxo ncxnmuart noonte nenpannntnte opasonannx ns rpammarnxn ne cneyer: onn neoxonmt, rax xax yxastnamr npeent, n xoroptx ecrnymr omne ]axrt nnn npannna: ecnn n rpammarnxe nnuero ne cxasart o oxen, yuamncx moxer noymart, uro mnoxecrnennoe uncno or ox yer oxes. Taxnm opasom, rpammarnxa n cnonapt n nexoroptx ornome- nnxx nepexptnamr pyr pyra n nmemr eno c onnmn n remn xe ]axramn. Tenept mt nnnm, uro npnnxroe n rpammarnxax npocroe nepeuncnenne uncnnrentntx neymecrno. Onaxo, c pyro cropont, raxne ]axrt, xax opasonanne nopxxontx uncnnrentntx c nomomtm oxonuannx -th n uncnnrentntx 20, 30 n p. c nomomtm oxonuannx -ty, eccnopno, ornocxrcx x onacrn rpammarnxn. uro xacaercx npenoron, ro cnonapn conepmenno npannntno yxastnamr na pasnnunx n nx ynorpenennn (nanpnmep, npenoron at, for, in n p.) noono romy, xax n nnx ormeuamrcx pasnnunte snauennx rnaronon put n set. Ho, c pyro cropont, npenorn naxoxr cee mecro n n rpammarnxax, nocxontxy onn cnxsant c onpeenenntmn omnmn ]axramn. Vxaxy na nexoropte ns nnx. Xorx npenorn n moryr ynpannxrt sanncnmtmn nonpocnrentntmn npenoxennxmn (They disagree as to how he works V nnx ner cornacnx n nonpoce o rom, xax on paoraer; That depends on what answer she will give 3ro sanncnr or roro, xaxo ona acr orner), onn ne moryr nnonrt npenoxennx c comsom that (xax +ro nosmoxno n arcxom: Der ar ingen tvivl om at han er drxbt Her comnennx, uro on tn ynr); ocnonnoe ncxnmuenne cocrannxer coueranne in that (They differ in that he is generous and she is miserly Onn ornnuamrcx pyr or pyra rem, uro on mept, a ona cxynax). Taxnm opasom, y Iontcmnra mt naxonm na napnanra cnnraxcnuecxo xoncrpyxnnn co cnonom sure: Are you sure of all this, are you sure
1 ne nonnmam, xax Byxapr moxer ronopnrt cneymmee: Cymecrnyer nnmt ona rpammarnxa, xoropax nastnaercx nayxo o snauennxx, nnn, nepnee, nayxo o oosnauennxx... H cnonapt ne nxnmuaer nnuero, uro t ne nxnmuana rpammarnxa; cnonapt aer an]annrnt yxasarent x ne (Hugo Schuchardt-Brevier, 127). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
that nothing ill has befallen my boy? Vnepent nn nt n +rom, ynepent nn nt, uro c monm mantunxom ne cnyunnoct nnuero ypnoro? pyrne omne ]axrt ornocxrcx x couerannm nyx npenoron, nanpnmep n ntpaxennn from behind the bush ns-sa xycra (samertre, uro to behind nenosmoxno), nsanmoornomennxm mexy npenorom n napeunem (cp. climb up a tree nnesrt na epeno, he is in on nnyrpn [xomnart n r. .]; cp. in his study n xannere; he steps in on nxonr; cp. He steps into his study On nxonr n cno xanner). Ipammarnxa nmeer eno raxxe c pyrnmn omnmn ]axramn n onacrn ynorpenennx npenoron, a nmenno, ona paccmarpnnaer nonpoc o rom, xax npenorn ntpaxamr npetnanne n onpeenennom mecre nnn nnxenne (yanenne nnn npnnnxenne), a raxxe nonpoc o nsanmoornomennxx mexy noxantntm n npemennmm snauennxmn onoro n roro xe npenora. Ho n nepnym ouepet rpammarnxa paccmarpnnaer cnyuan ynorpenennx raxnx npenoron, xoropte repxmr cnoe noxantnoe nnn npemennye snauenne n nncxoxr na nonoxenne nycrtx, nnn ecnnerntx (ncnomorarentntx) cnon. Tax ocronr eno c npenorom of n couerannn the father of the boy oren peenxa (cp. po. n. n couerannn the boys father), all of them ,xaxt ns nnx, the City of London nononcxoe Cnrn, that scoundrel of a servant +ror nerox cnyra n p.; ro xe ornocnrcx n x to nepe nn]nnnrnnom n n cnyuaxx, xora ono ynorpenxercx n repmnnonornn mnornx rpammarncron xax +xnnnanenr arentnoro naexa (I gave a shilling to the boy = I gave the boy a shilling an mantunxy mnnnnnr). B nexoroptx cnyuaxx, onaxo, pasrpannuenne mexy rpammarnxo n cnonapem cranonnrcx comnnrentntm n n xaxo-ro crenenn nponsnontntm. Hmoe xstxonoe xnnenne moxno paccmarpnnart nno nsnne, nno nsnyrpn, ncxox ns ero nnemne ]opmt nnn ns ero nnyrpennero snauennx. B nepnom cnyuae mt naunnaem co snyuannx (cnona nnn xaxo-nno nno uacrn xstxonoro ntpaxennx), a sarem nepexonm x snauennm, cnxsannomy c nnm. Bo nropom cnyuae mt ornpannxemcx or snauennx n saaem cee nonpoc, xaxoe ]opmantnoe ntpaxenne +ro snauenne naxonr n annom xonxpernom xstxe. Ecnn oosnaunrt nnemnmm ]opmy yxno u, a snauenne yxno 3, +rn na noxoa x xstxonomy xnnennm moxno nsopasnrt coornercrnenno ]opmynamn u~3 n 3~u. B cnonape, raxnm opasom, moxno cnauana (u~3) nsxrt cnono, nanpnmep anrnncxoe cnono cat xomxa, n sarem oxcnnrt ero snauenne nnn nyrem onncannx n onpeenennx ero no-anrnncxn, xax n onoxstunom cnonape, nnn nyrem nepenoa ]pannyscxnm chat, xax n nyxstunom cnonape. Cnonapt aer pasnnunte snauennx onoro n roro xe cnona; +rn snauennx n nexoroptx cnyuaxx moryr c reuennem npemenn nacrontxo ororn pyr or pyra, uro ]axrnuecxn opasymr na nnn ontme cnon: cp., nanpnmep anrn. cheer: (1) nnno, (2) ,yromenne, (3) xopomee nacrpoenne, (4) npnnercrnennt nosrnac. Hpn noxoe u~3 cnona, nmemmne onnaxonoe snyuanne (omo]ont n omonnmt), nomemamrcx nmecre; nanpnmep, anrn. sound: (1) snyx, (2) son, myn, (3) ,sopont, (4) nponnn. Ecnn nauart paccmorpenne c nnyrpenne cropont (3~u), ro pacnonoxenne marepnana yer conepmenno nntm. Mt moxem nontrartcx cncremarnsnponart n pacnonoxnrt n onpeenennom nornuecxom nopxxe nce oosnauaemte xstxom npemert n ornomennx. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx +ro concem ne rpyno, nanpnmep n ornomennn uncnnrentntx, mecro xoroptx, xax yxe yxastnanoct ntme, ne n rpammarnxe, a n cnonape: one, two, three... Ho n xaxo
nocneonarentnocrn nyxno tno t pacnonoxnrt cnona image nsopaxenne, picture xaprnna, photo ]ororpa]nx, portrait noprper, painting xaprnna, drawing sketch xapanamnt noprper, sketch napocox? Mnp, oxpyxammn nac, neotuano cnoxen, a npemert n mtcnn, ntpaxaemte xstxom, mnoroopasnt. Ho+romy anexo ne npocro narn yonnernopnrentnoe nornuecxoe pacnonoxenne nx cnonapnoro cocrana. B +rom ornomennn nsnecrna nontrxa Poxe (Roget, Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases). Fannn (Bally, Trait de stylistique fransaise, r. II) nnec ynyumenne n pasmemenne cnon y Poxe, no ero cnncox ropaso menee nonon. Ecnn npn noxoe u~3 pacnonoxenntmn nmecre oxasannct omo]ont, ro renept pxom cneyer pasmecrnrt cnnonnmt; rax, dog coaxa oxaxercx pxom c hound oxornnutx coaxa, pup menox, whelp ,menox, erentm, cur nopnxxxa, mastiff macrn], spaniel cnantent, terrier reptep n p.; cnono way n snauennn nyrt pxom c road opora, path ,rponnnxa, trail cne, rponnnxa, passage npoxo, a n snauennn cnoco pxom c manner cnoco, method mero, mode opas. Touno rax xe cnono cheer yer nomemeno nmecre c raxnmn cnonamn, xax repast nnpmecrno, food ,nnma, provision npoonontcrnne, meal ea, n c raxnmn, xax approval ,oopenne, sanction canxnnx, applause annoncmenrt, acclamation mymnoe oopenne n p. Bce +rn sameuannx ornocxrcx, ecrecrnenno, x onoxstunomy cnonapm rnna 3> u; n nyxstunom xe cnonape cnauana aercx nnoxstunoe cnono, a sarem coornercrnymmee cnono nnn cnona ponoro xstxa. B cnxsn c rpynocrtm cncremarnuecxoro pacnonoxennx ennnuntx ]axron ontmnncrno cnonape orpannunnaercx an]annrntm pacnonoxennem, yontm nx npaxrnuecxnx nene, no conepmenno nenayuntm. Ecnn t nam an]annr tn nooen cancxpnrcxomy an]annry, n xoropom snyxn, opasyemte onnm n rem xe opranom peun, pacnonaramrcx pxom, ro on tn t, xoneuno, conepmennee, uem narnncxn an]annr, re pacnonoxenne snyxon otuno cnyuanoe; snyxn b n p, d n t, nanpnmep, oranent n nem pyr or pyra, n, naoopor, snyxn, ne nmemmne nnuero omero, rnacnte n cornacnte, es ncxxoro ocnonannx nomement pxom. Moxno tno t npecrannrt cee raxxe nnoe pacnonoxenne cnon, xora pxom nomemannct t cnona nacrontxo nnsxne no snyuannm, uro ono cnono moxno tno n peun npnnxrt sa pyroe, nanpnmep: bag ,nopr]ent n beg npocnrt, bag n back cnnna. B nenom, onaxo, nnonne yonnernopnrentnym cncremy n cnonapno uacrn xstxa cosart nenosmoxno. Bcxxn, xro, noono mne, npnnnmaer nonoxenne Cynra o rom, uro rpammarnxa nmeer eno c omnmn ]axramn, a cnonapt c ennnuntmn, cornacnrcx, uro +rn ne onacrn moryr nnora nepexptnart pyr pyra n uro nexoropte xnnennx neoxonmo nnn yono paccmarpnnart n n rpammarnxe, n n cnonape. Onaxo cymecrnyer nenax c]epa xstxa, nx xoropo rpyno narn mecro n ycranonnenno raxnm opasom nyxuacrno cncreme, +ro c]epa snauenn cnon. o cnx nop ne cymecrnyer omenpnnxroro repmnna nx +ro onacrn xstxoneuecxo nayxn. Fpeant, onn ns nnonepon n +ro onacrn, ynorpenxer cnono cemanrnxa (smantique) or rp. ssmaino, n ro npemx xax pyrne ronopxr o cemacnonornn; nexoropte (C+c, x. A. I. Myppe) ynorpenxmr cnono cemaronornx (sematology), y Hopena naxonm ,cemonornm (semology), onontno napnapcxoe opasonanne or rp. ssma, ssmatos, xoropoe, xcrarn cxasart, osnauaer snax, a ne oosnauenne; naxonen, nen V+nn (Welby) ynorpenxer repmnn cnrnn]nxa (significs), roxe ntstnammn Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
ceptesnte nospaxennx. nx oosnauennx +ro onacrn x yy nontsonartcx repmnnom Fpeanx cemanrnxa. B nocnenee npemx ona nce ontme npnnnexaer nnnmanne yuentx. B pesyntrare roro, uro n conpemenno nnnrnncrnxe npnnxro ceuac ncropnuecxoe nanpannenne, crarnuecxo cemanrnxe nocnxmeno ropaso mentme paor, uem nnamnuecxo, r. e. nonpocy o rom, xax n xoe ncropnuecxoro pasnnrnx xstxa nsmenxmrcx snauennx cnon. Mexy rem crarnuecxax cemanrnxa raxxe moxer npecrannrt ontmo nnrepec, uro nornepxaer, nanpnmep, xnnra K. O. 3pmana (K. O. E r d ma n n. Die Bedeutung des Wortes). Hecmorpx na ro, uro npemerom cemanrnxn xnnxercx xnaccn]nxannx n cncremarnsannx snauenn n nsmenenn snauenn n uro +ra nernt xstxoneuecxo nayxn nmeer, raxnm opasom, eno ne c omnmn, a c ennnuntmn ]axramn, cemanrnxy n rpammarnxy nnxro otuno ne nxnmuaer (xpome Hnpona. Cm. ]ynamenrantnt rpy: Ny r o p. Grammaire historique de la langue fransaise). Ho+romy x mory nos- nonnrt cee ncxnmunrt cemanrnxy ns paccmorpennx n n annom rome. 3BYKH Hepexox x rpammarnxe, nao ormernrt, uro nourn no ncex nccneonannxx n xauecrne nepnoro pasena aercx reopnx snyxon esornocnrentno x snauennm, xoropoe moxer trt c nnmn cnxsano. Bosmoxnocrt ome reopnn o snyxax uenoneuecxo peun, o cnocoax nx opasonannx opranamn peun n couerannn nx pyr c pyrom n cnorn n ennnnt ntcmero nopxxa ntrexaer ns camo npnpot ycrno peun. Hapxy c +rnm cymecrnyer reopnx snyxon, cnocrnenntx annomy xonxpernomy xstxy. nx omero yuennx o snyxax peun onontno ynorpenrentntm xnnxercx repmnn ]onernxa, xorx on n ncnontsyercx raxxe nx oosnauennx reopnn snyxon xonxpernoro xstxa: rax, nanpnmep, mt ronopnm o anrnncxo ]onernxe n r. n. Moxer trt, tno t nenecoopasno orpannunrt cnono ]onernxa ome ]onernxo, a nx xnnenn, cnocrnenntx xonxpernomy xstxy, ynorpenxrt cnono ]ononornx (nanpnmep, anrnncxax ]ononornx), no +ror repmnnonornuecxn nonpoc ne nmeer ocooro snauennx. Hexoropte anropt cxnonnt pasrpannunnart snauenne +rnx nyx cnon, npnmenxx repmnn ]onernxa nx oosnauennx onncarentnoro (crarnuecxoro), a repmnn ,]ononornx nx ncropnuecxoro (nnamnuecxoro) yuennx o snyxax (Laut, lehre); pyrne ynorpenxmr +rn repmnnt naoopor (de Saussure-Schehaye). B saauy anno xnnrn ne nxonr noponoe nsnoxenne ]onernxn nnn ]ononornn; onaxo necxontxo sameuann yyr ne nnmnnmn. Pacnonoxenne marepnana n ontmnncrne xnnr no ]onernxe npecrannxercx mne onontno eccncremntm; yxe n camom nauane yuamerocx cnnaer c ronxy orpomnoe xonnuecrno erane ns pasnnuntx onacre. B npornnononoxnocrt +romy n cnoe cocrnenno ]onernxe (arcxoe nsanne Fonetik, 18971899, nemenxoe nsanne Lehrbuch der Phonetik, anrnncxoe nsanne roronnrcx x neuarn) x crpemnncx nocrponrt ncm ]onernuecxym reopnm onee cncremarnuno n +rnm onerunn nsyuenne annoro npemera nx yuamnxcx, o uem cnnerentcrnyer mox mnoronernxx npaxrnxa npenoanannx ]onernxn. Mo mero cocronr n cneymmem: cnauana nyxno naunnart c mentuamnx ennnn, c cocranntx uacre snyxon; npn +rom neoxonmo nsyunrt pesyntrar aprnxynxnnn xaxoro ns opranon peun, naunnax c ry n nepexox nocrenenno x nnyrpennnm opranam peun,
npnuem paccmarpnnart xaxt ns nnx cnauana n saxptrom, a sarem n onee orxptrtx nonoxennxx; nocne nsyuennx ncex opranon peun cneyer nepern x camnm snyxam npoyxry ononpemennoro ecrnnx ncex opranon peun, n, naxonen, x couerannxm snyxon. Hsnarax ]ononornm onoro ns xstxon namnx nnnnnnsonanntx napoon, neoxonmo cxasart xoe-uro o rom, xaxnm opasom snyxn nsopaxamrcx rpannnonno op]orpa]ne. B ncropnuecxo ]ononornn snyxn n nanncanne nentsx paccmarpnnart orentno, xorx ouent naxno n ne cmemnnart ono c pyrnm. K +romy nonpocy moxno, pasymeercx, noxonrt c nyx npornnononoxntx rouex spennx: moxno naunnart c nanncannx n sarem ycranannnnart snyuanne, cnxsannoe c nnm , a moxno, naoopor, nauart co snyxa n sarem nepern x ero yxnennomy oosnauennm. Hepnt noxo +ro noxo unrammero, nropo noxo nnmymero. annoe ntme onpeenenne ]onernxn yuenne o snyxax es- ornocnrentno x nx snauennm ne nnonne nepno, nocxontxy, sannmaxct snyxamn nmoro xstxa, nenosmoxno nonnocrtm ornneutcx or snauennx. Baxno ycranonnrt, xaxne snyxn ncnontsymrcx n xstxe nx pasnnuennx cnon, r. e. snauenn. Cmemenne nyx snyxon n onom xstxe neer x cmemennm cnon c conepmenno pasnnuntm snauennem, no re xe camte snyxn n pyrom xstxe moryr ne nrpart noono ponn, n pesyntrare uero pasnnune mexy nnmn xnnxercx nx ronopxmnx necymecrnenntm. Hyxno raxxe samernrt, uro mnoroe ns roro, uro otuno nsnaraercx n ]ononornn, morno t trt rouno c raxnm xe nnn axe c ontmnm ycnexom nomemeno n pyrnx pasenax rpammarnxn. Ipammarncrt pexo tnamr nocneonarentnt n +rom ornomennn; x onxen npnsnart, uro tn nenocneonarenen n cam, nocnxrnn n nepnom rome xnnrn A Modern English Grammar necxontxo crpannn nonpocy o pasnnunn n yapennn y cymecrnnrentntx n rnaronon (present, object n p.). Bmecre c rem nentsx ne npnsnart, uro mnoroe n rpammarnxe moxno c onnaxontm nnn nourn c onnaxontm npanom ornocnrt x pasnnuntm ee pasenam. OBLHHOE EAEHHE IPAMMATHKH Orrpannunn raxnm opasom namy onacrt, moxno oparnrtcx x romy, uro cunraercx otuno nenrpantno onacrtm rpammarnxn, a nnora axe ntaercx sa rpammarnxy n nenom. Hpemer rpammarnxn ennrcx noannxmmnm ontmnncrnom rpammarncron na rpn ocnonnte uacrn: 1. Mop]onornm, nnn cnononsmenenne. 2. Cnonoopasonanne. 3. Cnnraxcnc. Taxoe enenne c ero nocneymmnmn nopasenennxmn nmeer cnate cropont. Kax noxaxer npnneennt nnxe osop, cosart crponym rpammarnuecxym cncremy na +ro ocnone nentsx. Hpn rpannnonnom nocrpoennn mop]onornx otuno nopasenxercx na rnant, xaxax ns xoroptx nocnxmena onncannm ono ns uacre peun. Cymecrnnrentnte xax camt npnnnnernponannt paspx nomemamrcx na nepnom mecre, sarem cneymr npnnararentnte n r. .; npenorn n comst sannmamr nocnenee mecro. V rpammarncra ecrt uro cxasart o xaxom xnacce. B Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npnmenennn x cymecrnnrentntm aercx onncanne ]nexcn (oxonuann), nnn, nnaue ronopx, nsnaramrcx nsmenennx anntx cnon. Onaxo npn +rom nnuero ne ronopnrcx o snauennn nsmenenn n o ]ynxnnxx xonxperntx ]opm, ecnn ne cunrart roro, uro nopasymenaercx n raxnx nasnannxx, xax ponrentnt naex, mnoxecrnennoe uncno n r. n. Pacnonoxenne ]opm napanrmarnuecxoe; nce ]opmt onoro cnona amrcx nmecre, no ne enaercx nnxaxo nontrxn conocrannrt onn n re xe oxonuannx, ecnn onn ncrpeuamrcx n pasnnuntx napanrmax. Tax, n penneanrnncxom, nanpnmep, arentnt naex mnoxecr- nennoro uncna npnnonrcx orentno n xaxom rnne cxnonennx, xorx no ncex cnyuaxx on xapaxrepnsyercx onnm n rem xe oxonuannem -um. anee onnctnamrcx npnnararentnte. Pacnonoxenne marepnana n +rom pasene ne menxercx; pasnnune no orentntm xstxam cocronr nnmt n rom, uro (n xstxax raxoro rnna, xax narnncxn, penneanrnncxn n p.) cymecrnymr cnennantnte ]opmt nx rpex rpammarnuecxnx poon n no+romy napanrmt oxastnamrcx onee pasnnrtmn, uem y cymecrnnrentntx. C pyro cropont, nocxontxy oxonuannx npnnararentntx no mnornx cnyuaxx connaamr c oxonua- nnxmn cymecrnnrentntx, +ra rnana no mnorom xnnxercx nonropennem nepno. Ecnn mt sarem oparnmcx x rnane, nocnxmenno uncnnrentntm, ro naem noonym xe rpaxronxy nx ]nexcnn n ro mepe, n xaxo onn nonepramrcx nsmenennxm (+ro xacaercx uame ncero nepntx no cuery uncnnrentntx). Hpnuem nenpannntnte opasonannx npnnoxrcx nonnocrtm, a npn paccmorpennn npannntntx orctnamr x rnane o npnnararentntx. Kpome roro, n rnane, nocnxmenno uncnnrentntm, rpammarncr enaer ro, uro emy n n ronony ne npnmno t enart n nyx npetymnx rnanax on aer nonnoe n cncremarn- snponannoe nepeuncnenne ncex cnon, xoropte ornocxrcx x +romy paspxy. Cneymmax rnana nocnxmena mecronmennxm; onn rpaxrymrcx n nenom rax xe, xax cymecrnnrentnte, no c rem snamenarentntm ornnunem, uro sect, xax n n rnane o uncnnrentntx, npnnonrcx nonnocrtm cnncox +rnx cnon, axe ecnn n opasonannn ro nnn nno ]opmt ner nnuero ocoennoro. Fonee roro, +rn cnona xnaccn]nnnpymrcx yxe ne no rnnam cxnonennx (pasnnunte ocnont n r. n.), xax cymecrnnrentnte, a no snauennm: nnunte, npnrxxarentnte, yxasarentnte n r. . Bo mnornx rpammarnxax aercx raxxe cnncox mecronmenntx napeun, xorx onn ne nmemr nnuero omero c mop]onorne n cocrnennom cmtcne +roro cnona, nocxontxy nnment cnononsmennrentntx ]nexcn. Inaront, noono cymecrnnrentntm, onnctnamrcx esornocnrentno x nx snauennm n x snauennm nx ]nexrnnntx ]opm, ecnn ne cunrart yxasannx, uro raxax-ro ]opma xnnxercx ]opmo nepnoro nnna enncrnennoro uncna, n ynorpenennx repmnnon nsxnnrentnoe naxnonenne, cocnararentnoe naxnonenne n r. . Hapeunx nmemr rontxo onn rnn nsmenennx crenenn cpannennx, xoropte n npnnoxrcx n rpammarnxax. Ho, xpome roro, n rnane o napeunxx aercx raxxe xnaccn]nxannx napeun no snauennm: napeunx npemenn, mecra, crenenn, opasa ecrnnx n r. .; +ro noono romy, xax ecnn t n nepno rnane ananoct nopasenenne cymecrnnrentntx na cymecrnnrentnte npemenn (ro, mecxn, neenx...), mecra (crpana, ropo, epennx...) n r. . uacro sect pasnnuamrcx napeunx nepnoopasnte n nponsnonte n npnnoxrcx npannna opasonannx napeun or npnnararentntx, uro, es comnennx, ornocnrcx xo nropo uacrn rpammarnxn x cnonoopasonannm.
anee cneyer xnacc npenoron. Hocxontxy npenorn nensmenxemt, a mnorne rpammarncrt nce xe xorxr cxasart uro-nnyt n o nnx, onn npnnoxr cnncxn npenoron, ynpannxmmnx pasnnuntmn naexamn, xorx, xaxercx, xcno, uro +ra rpynnnponxa cocrannxer onn ns pasenon cnnraxcnca naexe. Haxonen, nyr comst n mexomernx. urot cxasart uro-nnyt o +rnx nensmenxemtx cnonax, mnorne rpammarncrt nepeuncnxmr nx n nnora nopasenxmr na paspxt, cxonte c paspxamn, ycranonnenntmn nx napeun. Cneymmn pasen nocnxmen cnonoopasonannm (anrn. word-formation, nem. Wortbildung, ]pann. derivation). Cneyer ormernrt, uro nmecre c ]opmo xaxoro cnonoopasonarentnoro +nemenra (npe]nxca, cy]]nxca) aercx ero snauenne. uro xacaercx nopxxa nsnoxennx, ro on tnaer pasnnuntm: onn anropt ocnontnamrcx na ]opme (cnauana npe]nxct, sarem cy]]nxct, npnuem xaxt ns nnx paccmarpnnaercx orentno), pyrne na snauennn (opasonanne acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx, nasnann ecrnymmnx nnn, xaysarnnntx rnaronon n r. .), a nexoropte ecnopxouno cmemnnamr ro n pyroe. Otunoe enenne na uacrn peun ne ncera nenecoopasno. Tax, n ono ouent xopome rpammarnxe anrnncxoro xstxa mt naxonm pasen, n xoropom paccmarpnnamrcx cymecrnnrentnte c oxonuannem -ics (politics nonnrnxa n p.) n nonnom orptne or npnnararentntx na -ic, n ro npemx xax n rpertem pasene paccmarpnnaercx cycranrnnannx npnnararentntx, npoxnnxmmaxcx n cy]]nxce mnoxecrnennoro uncna -s; raxnm opasom, +rn rpn xnnennx rpaxrymrcx rax, xax yro mexy nnmn ner nnuero omero. Tpertx uacrt, cnnraxcnc, n ontme mepe nocnxmena onncannm snauennx (r. e. ]ynxnnn) ]nexrnnntx ]opm, paccmarpnnaemtx c pyro rouxn spennx n nepno uacrn (naexn cymecrnnrentntx, npemena n naxnonennx rnaronon n r. .). Ho sect ne pasnpamrcx re ]opmt, xoropte tnn onncant n pasene cnonoopasonannx. Onaxo n nexoroptx rnanax cnnraxcnca mt naxonm rpaxronxy xstxontx xnnenn ononpemenno n c rouxn spennx ]opmt n c rouxn spennx snauennx (nocrpoenne npenoxenn, nopxox cnon). Taxoro xparxoro nsnoxennx pasnnuntx rnan rpannnonntx rpammarnx ocrarouno, urot xcno ynnert, xax onn nenocneonarentnt n eccncremnt. Cncrema nocrpoennx raxnx rpammarnx, ecnn sect moxno ronopnrt o cncreme, npecrannxer coo nepexnrox mnaenuecxoro cocroxnnx rpammarnuecxo nayxn; ee nonynxpnocrt moxno oxcnnrt rontxo rem, uro mt nce npnntxnn x ne c ercxnx ner. Mnorne rpammarncrt uacrnuno nsmenxnn cncremy n ynyumann orentnte ee pasent, no n nenom ona ne tna samenena onee nayuno cncremo. 3ro, necomnenno, ne nerxax saaua, o uem, moxer trt, nyume ncero cnnerentcrnyer neyaua nyx ceptesntx nontrox H. Pnca (John Ri e s, Was ist Syntax?, Marburg, 1894) n A. Hopena (Vert Sprek, Stockholm, 1903 n cn., eme ne oxonuena). Oe xnnrn coepxar mnoro ocrpoymntx sameuann n spano xpnrnxn onee pannnx rpammarnx, no rpammarnuecxne cncremt, nsnoxennte n nnx, npecrannxmrcx mne neyonnernopnrentntmn n naymanntmn. Onaxo x ne yy xpnrnxonart nx, a npnney cnon cocrnennte nsrnxt no +romy nonpocy, Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npeocrannxx camomy unrarenm pemnrt, n uem x cornacen n n uem necornacen c monmn npemecrnennnxamn 1 . HOBAR CHCTEMA Crponym cncremy moxno cosart n rom cnyuae, ecnn ncxonrt ns npnnnnna nycroponnero noxoa, xoropt mt ycranonnnn n nexcnxonornn. Taxxe n n rpammarnxe moxno naunnart nno nsnne, nno nsnyrpn 2 . B nepno uacrn (u>3) mt ncxonm ns ]opmt xax anno nennunnt, a sarem ycranannnnaem ee snauenne nnn ]ynxnnm; no nropo (3>u), naoopor, mt ncxonm ns snauennx nnn ]ynxnnn, n ycranannnnaem, xax onn ntpaxamrcx n ]opme. uaxrt rpammarnxn n oenx uacrxx onn n re xe, pasnnuen nnmt noxo x nnm: oe uacrn rpammarnxn c nx pasnnuno rpaxronxo ononnxmr pyr pyra n, nsxrte nmecre, amr nonnt n xcnt osop omnx ]axron roro nnn nnoro xstxa. MOPmOAOIHR Hrax, n nepno uacrn mt nem or ]opmt x snauennm (u>3). 3ry uacrt x npenaram nastnart mop]onorne, xorx +romy cnony npnaercx raxnm opasom cmtcn, necxontxo ornnunt or roro, xoropt ono otuno nmeer. 3ect rpaxrymrcx conmecrno ennnnt, nmemmne onnaxonoe nnemnee ntpaxenne: n onom pasene oxonuanne -s, e- pyrom oxonuanne -ed, n rpertem nepernaconxa n r. . Baxno ormernrt, onaxo, uro snauenne nn n xoem cnyuae ne ntnaaer npn +rom ns nonx spennx; n xaxom cnyuae mt onxnt ycranonnrt ]ynxnnm nnn ynorpenenne annoro oxonuannx nnn xaxo-nno pyro ennnnt, a +ro n ecrt orner na nonpoc: uro +ro osnauaer? Bo mnornx cnyuaxx ocrarouno ynorpenrt coornercrnymmn repmnn: n ornomennn -s n cnone cats yxasart, uro ono npenpamaer ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna cat n ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna, a n ornomennn oxonuannx -ed coomnrt, uro n raxnx cnyuaxx, xax added, ono oosnauaer npnuacrne nropoe (naccnnnoe) n nperepnr n r. . Taxne onpeenennx moxno nasnart cnnraxcnuecxnmn. B camtx npocrtx cnyuaxx moxno orpannunrtcx nemnornmn cnonamn, a onee erantnt ananns ocrannrt nx nropo uacrn rpammarnxn. Xorx Cynr npononr ]axrnuecxn raxoe xe pasrpannuenne mexy nymx uacrxmn rpammarnxn, xax n x, x nce xe ne mory cornacnrtcx co cneymmnm ero yrnepxennem: He rontxo nosmoxno, no n xenarentno rpaxronart ]opmy n snauenne nesanncnmo pyr or pyra no
1 Kpnrnxy Pnca (xocnennym) x an n moem osope xnnrn Xontrxaysena (Ho l t h a u s e n, Altislndisches Elementarbuch; cm. Nord. tidsskrift f. filologi, tredie rnkke, IV, 171), a xpnrnxy Hopena n Danske studier, 1908, 208 n cn. 2 Taxoe enenne npononrcx yxe n moe paore Studier over engelske kasus, Copenhagen, 1891, crp. 69, sarem ono nonropxercx n xnnre Progress in Language, 1894, crp. 141 (renept Chapters on English, crp. 4), nosmoxno, no nnnxnnem Iaenenna (v. d. G a b e l e n t z, Chinesische Grammatik), y xoroporo moxno narn ananornunoe enenne. Onaxo n xnracxom xstxe c ero nonntm orcyrcrnnem ]nexcn, nce o raxo crenenn ornnuaercx or enponecxnx xstxon (ncx rpammarnxa cocronr ns npannn nopxxa cnon n ynorpenennx nycrtx cnon), uro ero cncremy nentsx es nsmenenn nepenecrn na namn xstxn.
xpane mepe n nsnecrno crenenn. Ta uacrt rpammarnxn, xoropax cnennantno sannmaercx ]opmamn n, no nosmoxnocrn, nrnopnpyer snauennx +rnx ]opm, nastnaercx mop]onorne. Ta uacrt rpammarnxn, xoropax, no nosmoxnocrn, nrnopnpyer pasnnunx mexy ]opmamn n cocpeorounnaer cnoe nnnmanne na nx snauennn, nastnaercx cnnraxcncom (A New English Grammar, I, 204). ne mory cornacnrtcx co cnonamn no nosmoxnocrn nrnopnpyer. 3aaua rpammarncra onxna cocroxrt n rom, urot nocroxnno epxart n none spennx oe cropont: snyuanne n snauenne. uopma n ]ynxnnx n xnsnn xstxa neorennmt; n xora xstxoneuecxax nayxa ronopnna o ono ns cropon, nrnopnpyx pyrym, n raxnm opasom, ynycxana ns nna nx nocroxnnym nsanmocnxst, +ro nanocnno e ymep. B neantnom xstxe, couerammem maxcnmantnym ntpasnrentnocrt c nerxocrtm ynorpenennx xstxontx cpecrn n nonntm orcyrcrnnem ncxnmuenn, nenpannntntx opasonann n nycmtcnenntx ntpaxenn, cncremarnsannx rpammarnxn ne npecrannxna t nnxaxnx rpynocre, nocxontxy ono onpeenennoe snyuanne ncera nmeno t ono onpeenennoe snauenne, n, naoopor, ono snauenne nnn ]ynxnnx ntpaxannct t onnm n rem xe ]opmantntm cpecrnom. 3ro nanmaercx n xaxo-ro mepe n rpammarnxe raxnx ncxyccrnenntx xstxon, xax no, re pas nancera nyxno sanomnnrt npannno, uro mnoxecrnennoe uncno cymecrnnrentntx ntpaxaercx cxonuannem -i (3>u) nnn uro oxonuanne -i n cnom ouepet ncera oosnauaer mnoxecrnennoe uncno cymecrnnrentntx (u>3); raxnm opasom, cymecrnyer nonnoe coornercrnne mexy mop]onornuecxo n cnnraxcnuecxo ]opmynnponxamn xnnennx. Onaxo peantnte xnnte xstxn nmemr concem pyroe crpoenne; onn ne moryr trt pasenent npxmtmn nnnnxmn, nepecexammnmncx no npxmtmn yrnamn, xax ontmax uacrt reppnropnn Coennenntx Braron, a cxopee nanomnnamr reppnropnm Enpont c ee npnuynnno nsornyrtmn n nsnnnammnmncx rpannnamn. Ho n +ro cpannenne nnnmcrpnpyer ]axrt xnnoro xstxa ne nonnocrtm: n xstxe ona onacrt uacro nepexptnaer pyrym xax ecnn t onn reorpa]nuecxn paon npnnanexan ononpemenno nym nnn rpem rocyapcrnam. Hn n xoem cnyuae nentsx ynycxart ns nny, uro ona ]opma moxer nmert na nnn necxontxo snauenn nnn noome moxer trt nnmena snauennx, a ono n ro xe snauenne nnn ]ynxnnx moryr oosnauartcx ro onnm, ro pyrnm ]opmantntm cpecrnom nnn ne ntpaxartcx nnxaxnm ]opmantntm cpecrnom. B oenx uacrxx cncremt mt ntnyxent no+romy coennxrt nmecre xstxonte ]axrt, ornnuammnecx pyr or pyra, n pasennxrt xstxonte ]axrt, xoropte, xasanoct t, npnnanexar x onomy n romy xe paspxy. Hyxno, onaxo, ncxuecxn crpemnrtcx npnart pasenam n nopasenennxm rpammarnxn xax moxno menee ncxyccrnennt n naymannt xapaxrep n nserart nenyxntx nonropenn nyrem nepexpecrntx cctnox. nosnonm cee xparxo nsnoxnrt coepxanne pasnnuntx pasenon mop]onornn n rom nne, n xaxom onn tnn paspaorant n moe xnnre A Modern English Grammar, eme ne ntmeme ns neuarn. Hoono romy, xax n monx rpyax no ]onernxe x epy cnauana xomnonenrt snyxon, sarem snyxn n, naxonen, couerannx snyxon, x npenaram n sect naunnart c xomnonenron cnon, sarem nepexonrt x cnonam, a or nnx x couerannxm cnon. Cneyer, xoneuno, yunrtnart, uro rpannnt mexy +rnmn pasenamn ne ncera xnnxmrcx ocrarouno uerxnmn n neocnopnmtmn: not ne n couerannn could not ne mor npecrannxer Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
coo orentnoe cnono; raxxe n n amepnxancxom nanncannn can not ne mory nnmercx n na cnona, no n Anrnnn cannot nnmercx cnnrno. Pasymeercx, neuarnax op]orpa]nx ne moxer trt pemammnm ]axropom; onaxo na ro, uro pasnpaemax ennnna xnnxercx nnora ne cnonom, a nnmt ero uacrtm, yxastnamr ]onernuecxne cnnxnnx cant, dont, wont. Hanpornn, oxonuanne ponrentnoro naexa s onapyxnnaer renennnm crart onee nesanncnmtm or npemecrnymmero cnona, nanpnmep n rpynnonom ponrentnom naexe (the King of Englands power nnacrt xoponx Anrnnn, somebody elses hat mnxna (npnnanexamax) xomy-ro pyromy, Bill Stumps his mark ormerxa Fnnnx Cramnca; cp. Chapters on English, rn. III). B uacrn, osarnannenno 3nemenrt cnona, mt ronopnm o xaxom a]]nxce (npe]nxce, cy]]nxce nnn nn]nxce) n orentnocrn, yxastnaem ero ]opmy nnn ]opmt n onpeenxem ero ]ynxnnm nnn ]ynxnnn. Hpn +rom mt ne yem paccmarpnnart orentnte paspxt cnon (uacrn peun) nocneonarentno onn sa pyrnm, a nostmem, nanpnmep, oxonuanne -s (c ero rpemx pasnnuntmn ]onernuecxnmn ]opmamn [s, z, iz]). Cnauana yxastnaercx ero ]ynxnnx n xauecrne noxasarenx mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx, sarem ]ynxnnx ponrentnoro naexa, anee 3 n. enncrnennoro uncna nacroxmero npemenn rnaronon n, naxonen, noxasarenx nearpnyrnnno ]opmt npnrxxarentntx mecronmenn, nanpnmep ours. Oxonuanne -n (-en) noontm xe opasom cnyxnr nx opasonannx ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna oxen, nearpnyrnnno ]opmt npnrxxarentnoro mecronmennx mine, npnuacrnx beaten nrt, nponsnonoro npnnararentnoro silken menxont, nponsnonoro rnarona weaken ocnanxrt n r. . B ocotx rnanax mt paccmarpnnaem menee pocammnecx n rnasa +nemenrt cnona nsmenennx ero xopnx: osnonuenne xoneunoro cornacnoro nx opasonannx rnaronon (halve ennrt nononam, breathe tmart, use ,ncnontsonart or half nononnna, breath txanne, use nontsa); nepernaconxy (ymnayr) nx opasonannx ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna (feet or foot nora) n nx opasonannx rnaronon (feed xopmnrt or food nnma), uepeonanne (anayr) nx opasonannx nperepnra sang n npnuacrnx sung or rnarona sing nert; nsmenenne yapennx, ornnuammee rnaron object nospaxart or cymecrnnrentnoro object npemer. 3ect moxno ronopnrt raxxe o npenpamennn nonnosnaunoro cnona that [pxt] n nycroe cnono c rem xe nanncannem, no c nponsnomennem [pqt]. Moryr, noxany, nospasnrt, uro, pacnonarax marepnan raxnm opasom, mt cmemnnaem xnnennx, ornocxmnecx x nym pasnnuntm onacrxm cnononsmenennm n cnonoopasonannm. Ho npn onee nnsxom paccmorpennn cranonnrcx xcno, uro ouent rpyno, a, moxer trt, n noome nenosmoxno ycranonnrt c rounocrtm, re npoxonr rpannna mexy cnononsmenennem n cnonoopasonannem. B uacrnocrn, opasonanne cymecrnnrentntx xencxoro poa n anrnncxom xstxe (shepherdess nacrymxa) ornocnrcx ncera x onacrn cnonoopasonannx; ro xe nanmaercx o nexoropo crenenn n no ]pannyscxom xstxe (maotresse); no uro cxasart o ]pann. paysanne xpecrtxnxa or paysan ,xpecrtxnnn? Moxno nn oropnart ero or bon xopomn, bonne xopomax, n xoroptx ycmarpnnaercx ]nexcnx n xoropte paccmarpnnamrcx n cnononsmenennn? Hpenmymecrno npenoxennoro sect pacnonoxennx marepnana cocronr n rom, uro ono cnonr noenno xstxonte ]axrt, xoropte nx xnnoro uyncrna xstxa npecrannxmrcx roxecrnenntmn nnn cxontmn, n orxptnaer rnasa
rpammarncry na mnoroe, uro nnaue, nepoxrno, ycxontsnyno t ns ero nonx spennx. Bostmem, nanpnmep, pasnnunte oxonuannx -en y npnnararentntx, nponsnontx rnaronon n npnuacrn: no ncex +rnx xareropnxx oxonuanne -en onapyxnnaercx (nesanncnmo or roro, coxpannnoct nn ono c pennnx npemen nnn tno oanneno nosnee) nocne onnx n rex xe cornacntx, n ro npemx xax nocne pyrnx cornacntx ono orcyrcrnyer (r. e. tno yrpaueno nnn ne tno oanneno). 3amertre raxxe napannennsm mexy arpnyrnnno ]opmo na -en n pyro ]opmo es -en: a drunken boy ntxnt mantunx: he is drunk on ntxn; ill-gotten wealth naxnroe neuecrntm nyrem orarcrno: Ive got x nmem; silken dalliance ,nsxmnax onronnx: clad in silk oert n menx; in olden days n npexnne nn: the man is old +ror uenonex crap; hidden treasures cnpxrannte coxponnma: it was hid ono tno cnpxrano (hid nepnonauantnax ]opma, ceuac raxxe hidden); the maiden queen encrnennax xoponena: an old maid crapax ena. Moxno noxasart, uro nce +ro naxonrcx n onontno nmontrno cnxsn c oannennem -en xo mnornm rnaronam, xoropoe nmeno mecro oxono 1400 r. n ano ne rontxo raxne ]opmt, xax happen cnyuartcx, listen cnymart, frighten ,nyrart, no n raxne rnaront, xax broaden pacmnpxrt, blacken uepnnrt, moisten ynnaxnxrt; nocnenne ceuac nocnpnnnmamrcx xax opasonannte or npnnararentntx, n ro npemx xax no cnoemy nponcxoxennm onn npecrannxmr coo nnmt ]onernuecxoe ynnnenne yxe cymecrnonanmnx r n a r o n o n, xoropte nmenn ry xe camym ]opmy, uro n npnnararentnte. ( eme ne ycnen onynnxonart, xax oeman n Modern English Grammar, I, crp. 34, onncanne +rnx xnnenn.) Honoe pacnonoxenne marepnana, raxnm opasom, npnnnexaer nnnmanne x romy, uro panee ocrananoct nesameuenntm. B cnxsn c nonpocom o cnonoopasonannn yer, noxany, nennmnnm nospasnrt sect npornn otuno nx anrnncxnx rpammarnx npaxrnxn paccmarpnnart ]opmarnnt narnncxnx cnon, ycnoenntx anrnncxom xstxom, xax anrnncxne ]opmarnnt. Hanpnmep, npe]nxc pre- nnnmcrpnpyercx raxnmn cnonamn, xax precept nacrannenne, prefer npenounrart, present ,npecrannxrt, a re- raxnmn, xax repeat nonropxrt, resist npornnocroxrt, redeem ntxynart, redolent naroyxammn n p., xorx uacrt cnona, xoropax ocraercx nocne ornxrnx npe]nxca xax raxonax ne cymecrnyer n anrnncxom xstxe (cept, fer n r. .). 3ro noxastnaer, uro nce npnneennte cnona (xorx nepnonauantno onn n tnn opasonant c nomomtm npe]nxcon prx, re) xnnxmrcx n anrnncxom xstxe neennmtmn ]opmynamn. 3amertre, uro n noontx cnonax nepnt cnor nponsnocnrcx c xparxnm rnacntm [i] nnn [e] (cp. prepare ,npnroronnxrt, preparation npnroronnenne, repair unnnrt, reparation ,ncnpannenne); no napxy c raxnmn cnonamn cymecrnymr n pyrne c on- naxontm nanncannem nauana cnona, no c pyrnm nponsnomennem, r. e. c onrnm [i ]; n sect nannno nonnnnt anrnncxn npe]nxc c cocrnenntm snauennem: presuppose npenonarart, predetermine npeonpeenxrt, re-enter nnont norn, re-open nnont orxptrt. Tontxo +ro pre- n +ro re- moryr trt nxnmuent n anrnncxym rpammarnxy: ocrantnte cnona npnnanexar cnonapm. Hoonte xe coopaxennx ocramrcx n cnne nx cy]]nxcon: xorx cymecrnyer anrnncxn cy]]nxc -ty, n uncno npnmepon na cnona c +rnm cy]]nxcom ne cneyer nxnmuart raxne cnona, xax beauty [bju ti], noromy uro n anrnncxom xstxe ner raxo ennnnt, xax [bju ] (beau [bou] renept ne nmeer nnuero omero c beauty). Beauty xe xnnxercx enntm nentm, ]opmyno; +ro nnno xorx t ns roro, uro coornercrnymmee npnnararentnoe yer beautiful. Moxno axe ycra- Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nonnrt nponopnnm: anrn. beautiful : beauty = ]pann. beau: beaut (rax xax no ]pannyscxom cnone -t xnnxercx xnntm cy]]nxcom). Anrnncxax rpammarnxa onxna tna t ynomxnyrt cy]]nxc -ty n cnonax safety esonacnocrt, certainty ,ynepennocrt, a raxxe yxasart na nsmenenne xopnx n raxnx cnyuaxx, xax reality ,ecrnnrentnocrt or real ecrnnrentnt, liability ornercrnennocrt or liable ,ornercrnennt n r. . Cneymmax uacrt nocnxmena rax nastnaemtm rpammarnuecxnm nnn ncnomorarentntm cnonam: mecronmennxm, ncnomorarentntm rnaronam, npenoram, comsam, no nnmt nocrontxy, nocxontxy onn ecrnnrentno xnnxmrcx uacrxmn rpammarnxn, r. e. omnmn ntpaxennxmn. B nynxre will (c ero onee xparxo ]opmo 11 n hell n r. .) mt raxnm opasom ynomxnem ero ynorpenenne nx ntpaxennx (1) nonn, (2) yymnocrn n (3) npnntunoro ecrnnx. Ho, xax tno yxasano ntme, sect nentsx nponecrn uerxo rpannnt mexy rpammarnxo n cnonapem. Haxonen, n uacrn, nocnxmenno couerannxm cnon, mt nepeuncnnm nce rnnt nopxxa cnon n yxaxem na pont nopxxa cnon n peun. Tax, nanpnmep, coueranne cymecrnnrentnoe + cymecrnnrentnoe, ecnn ornneutcx or raxnx coennenn, xax Captain Hall xannran Xonn, ynorpenxercx n pasnnuntx rnnax cnoxntx cymecrnnrentntx, nanpnmep: mankind uenoneuecrno, wineglass ,oxan, stone wall xamennax crena, cotton dress xnonuaroymaxnoe nnarte, bosom friend saxatunt pyr, womanhater xenonenanncrnnx, woman author ,nncarentnnna; ornomennx mexy nymx xomnonenramn, pasymeercx, cneyer rounee onpeennrt xax c rouxn spennx ]opmt (yapenne, a raxxe, no nropym ouepet, op]orpa]nx), rax n c rouxn spennx snauennx. Hpnnararentnoe + cymecrnnrentnoe ynorpenxercx rnanntm opasom n raxnx amnxrntx rpynnax, xax red coat xpacnax mnnent, orxya noxnnxmrcx cnoxnte cnona rnna blackbird uepnt pos; raxne cnoxnte cnona, xax redcoat pnrancxn conar, ror, xro nocnr xpacnym mnnent, npecrannxmr coo ocot rnn. Coueranne cymecrnnrentnoe + rnaron opasyer npenoxenne, nanpnmep: father came oren npnmen, re father xnnxercx nonexamnm. Hpn oparnom nopxxe cnon cymecrnnrentnoe moxer n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn trt none- xamnm (nanpnmep, n nnonom npenoxennn: said Tom cxasan Tom, n nonpoce: Did Tom?, nocne onpeenenntx napeun: And so did Tom rax cenan n Tom, n ycnonntx npenoxennxx es comsa: Had Tom said that, I should have believed it ,Ecnn t +ro cxasan Tom, x t nonepnn); n pyrnx cnyuaxx cymecrnnrentnoe moxer trt ononnennem (nanpnmep, I saw Tom nnen Toma) n r. . 3ect, ecrecrnenno, x mory art nnmt omne xonrypt moe cncremt; erantnax ee paspaorxa yer npnneena n yymnx ntnycxax moe rpammarnxn. Mnornx, nepoxrno, ynnnr nxnmuenne n mop]onornm yxasanntx xnnenn, no x nosnonxm cee ymart, uro +ro enncrnenno nocneonarentnt cnoco paccmorpennx rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn, nocxontxy nopxox cnon npecrannxer coo, xoneuno, n raxo xe crenenn ]opmantnt +nemenr n nocrpoennn npenoxennx, xax n camn ]opmt cnon. 3rnmn sameuannxmn x saxanunnam paccmorpenne nepnoro ocnonnoro pasena rpammarnxn, n xoropom xstxonte ]axrt onnctnamrcx nsnne c rouxn spennx nx snyuannx nnn ]opmt. Herxo samernrt, uro n name cxeme ner mecra nx otuntx napanrm, ammnx nce ]opmt onoro n roro xe cnona, nanpnmep nar. servus, serve, servum, servo, servi; amo, amas, amat, amamus n r. . Hoonte napanrmt moryr trt nonesnt
yuamnmcx 1 , n n moe cncreme nx moxno art n npnnoxennn x mop]onornn. Onaxo ne cneyer ynycxart ns nna, uro c uncro nayuno rouxn spennx napa- nrma cocrannxercx ne ns onnx rpammarnuecxnx ]opm, coennenntx noenno, a ns pasnnuntx ]opm onoro cnona, xoropte cnxsant pyr c pyrom rontxo c rouxn spennx nexcnxn. Hpenoxennoe sect nocrpoenne xnnxercx uncro rpammarnuecxnm, nocxontxy ono npenonaraer paccmorpenne rpammarnuecxnx omo]onon (omomop]em) (n nepno uacrn) n rpammarnuecxnx cnnonnmon (no nropo). Hanomnnm, uro raxne xe na pasena tnn ycranonnent nx cnonapx.
I . a e a I I I CHCTEMATHHECKAR IPAMMATHKA ( Hp o o o . re u u e ) Cnnraxcnc. Vnnnepcantnax rpammarnxa? Pasnnunx mexy xstxamn. Kaxne xareropnn npnsnanart. Cnnraxcnuecxne xareropnn. Cnnraxcnc n nornxa. Honxrnnte xareropnn. CHHTAKCHC Bropo ocnonno pasen rpammarnxn, xax mt yxe ronopnnn, sannmaercx paccmorpennem rex xe camtx xnnenn, uro n nepnt, no c pyro rouxn spennx, a nmenno nsnyrpn, nnn c rouxn spennx snauennx (3>u). Mt nastnaem +ror pasen cnnraxcncom. Ero nopasenennx ycranannnnamrcx n coornercrnnn c rpammarnuecxnmn xareropnxmn, snauenne n ynorpenenne xoroptx n peun n aercx n +rom pasene. Ona ns rnan cnnraxcnca paccmarpnnaer uncno; cnauana nepeuncnxmrcx pasnnunte cnocot opasonannx mnoxecrnennoro uncna (dogs coaxn, oxen ,nont, feet norn, we mt, those re n r. .); +ro moxno cenart es ontmoro rpya n n camom omem nne nyrem cctnox na coornercrnymmne naparpa]t mop]onornn, n xoroptx tnn yxe paccmorpent nce oxonuannx n pyrne ]opmarnnt. 3arem onnctnamrcx ocoennocrn, cnocrnennte ncem ]opmam enn- crnennoro uncna n ncem ]opmam mnoxecrnennoro uncna nesanncnmo or cnocoa nx opasonannx, nanpnmep: ynorpenenne mnoxecrnennoro uncna n couerannn a thousand and one nights rtcxua n ona nout (n arcxom n nemenxom nnny nannunx uncnnrentnoro onn ynorpenxercx ]opma enncrnennoro uncna), enncrnennoro uncna n couerannn more than one man onee onoro uenonexa (== more men than one), poonoe ynorpenenne enncrnennoro nnn mnoxecrnennoro nx oosnauennx ncero xnacca (a cat is a four-footed animal roura uerneponoroe xnnornoe, cats are four-footed animals rouru uerneponorne xnnornte) n mnorne pyrne xnnennx, xoropte ne mornn narn cee mecra n pasene mop]onornn.
1 Xorx rpyno nonxrt nonesnocrt napanrm, xoropte ncrpeuamrcx otuno n anrnncxnx rpammarnxax nx nnocrpannen: I got, you got, he got, we got, you got, they got I shall get, you will get, he will get, we shall get, you will get, they will get n r. . Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Ho sarononxom Haex mt paccmarpnnaem napxy c pyrnmn xnnennxmn ponrentnt naex n ero cnnonnm npenoxnoe coueranne c of (xoropoe uacro omnouno nastnamr ponrentntm naexom): Queen Victorias death == the death of Queen Victoria cmeprt xoponent Bnxropnn. Cneyer ntennrt re cnyuan, re nenosmoxno samennrt ony ns +rnx ]opm pyro (I bought it at the butchers , xynnn +ro n mxcno nanxe, c ono cropont, n the date of her death ,ara ee cmeprn, c pyro). B rnane o crenenxx cpannennx conocrannxmrcx raxne ]opmt, xax sweetest cnauamn, best nannyumn n most evident camt ouennnt, xoropte n mop]onornn paccmarpnnamrcx no pasnnuntmn sarononxamn; sect aercx raxxe ynorpenenne cpannnrentno n npenocxono crenenn, xora peut ner o nyx nnnax nnn npemerax. Ona rnana nocnxmaercx pasnnuntm cnocoam ntpaxennx yymnocrn (I start to-morrow ornpannxmct sanrpa; I shall start to-morrow ornpannmct sanrpa; He will start to-morrow ,On ornpannrcx sanrpa; I am to start to-morrow Mne npecronr ornpannrtcx sanrpa, I may start tomorrow Moxer trt, x ornpannmct sanrpa, I am going to start to-morrow conpamct ornpannrtcx sanrpa). 3rnx yxasann ocrarouno nx roro, urot ncxptrt cymnocrt cnnraxcnuecxoro paccmorpennx rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn. Te xe camte ]axrt, o xoroptx yxe mna peut n mop]onornuecxo uacrn, paccmarpnnamrcx sect c pyro rouxn spennx; mt cranxnnaemcx sect c nontmn nponemamn onee nceoemnmmero xapaxrepa. Ham mero nycroponnero noxoa aer nam nosmoxnocrt cocrannrt onee xcnoe npecrannenne, uem npexnne merot, o cnoxno rpammarnuecxo cncreme raxoro xstxa, xax anrnncxn. urot cenart +ro eme onee ouennntm, mt nontraemcx nsopasnrt n cxemarnuecxom nne ony ns uacre +ro cncremt c ee mnorouncnenntmn nepeceuennxmn ]opm n ]ynxnn. Ecnn renept cpannnrt ne cropont rpammarnxn n ncnomnnrt ro, uro tno cxasano ntme o nyx croponax cnonapx, ro moxno onapyxnrt, uro +rn ne rouxn spennx xnnxmrcx n ecrnnrentnocrn rouxamn spennx cnymarenx n ronopxmero coornercrnenno. B nanore cnymarent nmeer eno c onpeenenntmn snyxamn n ]opmamn n onxen ntxcnnrt nx snauenne; raxnm opasom, on ornpannxercx or nnemne cropont n npnxonr x nnyrpenne (u > 3). Ionopxmn, nanpornn, ornpannxercx or onpeenenntx mtcne, xoropte on conpaercx coomnrt; nx nero sapanee anno nennunno xnnxercx snauenne, n on onxen narn cpecrna nx ntpaxennx +roro snauennx: raxnm opasom, ronopxmn conepmaer nyrt or nnyrpenne cropont x nnemne (3 > u).
YHHBEPCAALHAR IPAMMATHKA? B ornomennn xareropn, xoropte cneyer ycranonnrt n cnnraxcnuecxo uacrn name rpammarnuecxo cncremt, npexe ncero neoxonmo nocrannrt upesntuano naxnt nonpoc, a nmenno: xaxnmn xnnxmrcx +rn xareropnn uncro nornuecxnmn nnn uncro nnnrnncrnuecxnmn xareropnxmn? Ecnn ocranonnrtcx na nepnom pemennn, rora xareropnn oxaxyrcx ynnnepcantntmn, r. e. omnmn nx ncex xstxon. B cnyuae xe nroporo pemennx, xareropnn, nnn no xpane mepe nexoropte ns nnx, yyr xapaxrepnsonart onn nnn necxontxo xstxon n ornnune or ocrantntx. Hocrannennt namn nonpoc, raxnm opasom, cnonrcx x crapomy nonpocy: moxer nn cymecrnonart rax nastnaemax ynnnepcantnax (nnn nceomax) rpammarnxa?
Ornomenne rpammarncron x +romy nonpocy n pasnnunte +noxn tno pasntm. Hecxontxo cronern nasa tno pacnpocrpaneno mnenne, uro rpammarnxa npecrannxer coo npnxnanym nornxy n uro no+romy moxno ycranonnrt npnnnnnt, nexamne n ocnone pasnnuntx rpammarnx cymecrnymmnx xstxon; ncxox ns +roro, enannct nontrxn ycrpannrt ns xstxa nce, uro ne coornercrnonano rouno saxonam nornxn, n nsmepxrt nce n xstxe cornacyxct c xanonamn rax nastnaemo ome nnn ]nnoco]cxo rpammarnxn. K coxanennm, rpammarncrt cnnmxom uacro naxonnnct no nnnxnnem nnnmsnn, cunrax, uro narnncxax rpammarnxa neantnt opasen nornuecxo nocneonarentnocrn, n no+romy n xaxom xstxe onn ncxuecxn ortcxnnann pasnnunx, cymecrnymmne n nartnn. Hepexo anpnopnte paccyxennx n uncrax nornxa noyxann rpammarncron naxonrt n xstxe raxne nemn, o xoroptx onn nnxora ne nomtmnxnn t, ecnn t ne naxonnnct no nnnxnnem narnncxo rpammarnxn, nsyuennem xoropo onn sannmannct c nepntx ne mxont. 3ro cmemenne nornxn n narnncxo rpammarnxn c ntrexammnmn orcma nocnecrnnxmn, +ror npoxpycron mero rpaxronxn ncex xstxon cran ncrounnxom mnorouncnenntx omnox n onacrn rpammarnxn. Kora-ro C+c n cnoe crarte Ipammarnxa n enxrom nsannn Fpnrancxo +nnnxnonenn nncan: Hontrxn narn n anrnncxo rpammarnxe coornomennx, cnocrnennte narnncxo rpammarnxe, npnnenn nnmt x nenentm omnxam n x nonnomy nenonnmannm crpox anrnncxoro xstxa. 3rn cnona n ceuac ne yrepxnn cnom axryantnocrt, n nx ne cneyer satnart rpammarncram nesanncnmo or roro, xaxo xstx onn nsyuamr. B XIX cronernn n cnxsn c pasnnrnem cpannnrentnoro n ncropnuecxoro xstxosnannx n pacmnpennem xpyrosopa ycnnnncx nnrepec x pasnnuntm +xsornuecxnm xstxam. Hpexnne nontrxn cosannx ]nnoco]cxo rpammarnxn tnn orpoment, rax uro ntcxastnannx, noonte npnneennomy nnxe ntcxastnannm Crmapra Mnnnx, crann pexnmn: ,Hpecrantre na mnnyry, uro raxoe rpammarnxa. 3ro camax +nemenrapnax uacrt nornxn. 3ro nauano anannsa mtcnnrentnoro nponecca. Hpnnnnnt n npannna rpammarnxn cnyxar cpecrnom, npn nomomn xoroporo ]opmt xstxa npnnoxrcx n coornercrnne c ynnnepcantntmn ]opmamn mtmnennx. Pasnnunx mexy pasntmn uacrxmn peun, mexy naexamn cymecrnnrentntx, naxnonennxmn n npemenamn rnaronon, ]ynxnnxmn npnuacrn xnnxmrcx pasnnunxmn n mtmnennn, a ne rontxo n cnonax... Crpyxrypa xaxoro npenoxennx +ro ypox nornxn (Rectorial Address at St. Andrews, 1867). Taxne npecrannennx menee ncero onxnt trt cnocrnennt ]nnonoram n nnnrnncram; n +rom ornomennn, noxany, nocnennm xnnxercx Fannn: ,Ipammarnxa ecrt ne uro nnoe, xax nornxa n npnnoxennn x xstxy (Ba l l y, Trait de stylistique fransaise, Heidelberg, 1909, crp. 156). 3naunrentno uame ntcxastnaercx cneymmax rouxa spennx: ,Vnnnepcantnax rpammarnxa rax xe nenosmoxna, xax ynnnepcantnax ]opma nonnrnuecxo xoncrnrynnn nnn pennrnn nnn ynnnepcantnax ]opma pacrennx nnn xnnornoro. Enncrnennax nama saaua no+romy cocronr n ycranonnennn xareropn peantno cymecrnymmnx xstxon n npn +rom mt ne onxnt ornpannxrtcx or rorono cncremt xareropn (S t e i n t h a l, Charakteristik der hauptschlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues, crp. 104 n cn.). Fen]e ronopnr, uro n pesyntrare ycnexon conpemennoro xstxoneennx ynnnepcantnax n ]nnoco]cxax rpammarnxa ncuesna nnesanno n nonnocrtm, rax uro merot n nsrnxt Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nnnrnncron ro +noxn moxno npocnenrt nnmt no xnnram, xoropte ne nmemr nnuero omero c nonnnno nayxo (Geschichte der Sprachwissenschatt, 306). Mannr xe saxnnxer, uro rpammarnuecxne xareropnn ne nmemr nnuero omero c peantntmn ornomennxmn camnx neme (1856, crp. 20; Kleine philologische Schriften, crp. 121). Hecmorpx na orpnnarentnoe ornomenne conpemenntx nnnrnncron x nee rpammarnxn, cosanno nyrem eyxrnnnoro paccyxennx n npnmennmo xo ncem xstxam, mtcnt o cymecrnonannn rpammarnuecxnx nonxrn nnn xareropn nceomero xapaxrepa npemx or npemenn npocxantstnaer n nnnrnncrnuecxo nnreparype. Tax, Ant]onco Cmnr (C. Alphonso Smith) n cnoe nnrepecno paore Studies in English Syntax (crp. 10) nnmer, uro cymecrnyer cnoero poa ennoopasne xstxontx nponeccon, xoropoe npoxnnxercx, onaxo, ne n orentntx cnonax, snyxax nnn ]nexcnxx, a n ornomennxx mexy cnonamn, r. e. n cnnraxcnce. Honnnesncxne cnona, nanpnmep, ne noxoxn na namn, no y nonnnesnnen ecrt cnoe cocnararentnoe naxnonenne, cno crpaarentnt sanor, cnox cncrema npemen n naexe, nocxontxy npnnnnnt cnnraxcnca xnnxmrcx ncnxnuecxnmn n no+romy ynnnepcantntmn. H anee, na crp. 20: Hpnxonmt x mtcnn, uro nopmt cnnraxcnca ne noamrcx ynnuroxennm, rax ynopno onn npoxnnxmrcx nnont n nnont n camtx neoxnanntx mecrax. Fomct, uro cxasannoe ntme o nonnnesnnax ne xnnxercx pesyntrarom rmarentnoro nsyuennx nx xstxa; cxopee ono ocnonano na anpnopnom npenonoxennn, uro nnxro ne moxer oornct es ynomxnyrtx cnnraxcnuecxnx cpecrn; rouno raxnm xe opasom arcxn ]nnoco] Kpoman (Kroman), ycranonnn na nornuecxo ocnone cncremy enxrn npemen, saxnnxer: Camo coo pasymeercx, uro xstx xaxo mtcnxme nannn onxen nmert cpecrna ntpaxennx nx ncex +rnx npemen. 3naxomcrno c peantno cymecrnymmnmn xstxamn yexaer nac n rom, uro npemennmx ]opm n onom xstxe ropaso mentme, a n pyrom ropaso ontme, uem mt t oxnann; ro, uro n onom xstxe ntpaxaercx c neotuano rounocrtm n xaxom npenoxennn, n pyrom xstxe ocraercx noome nentpaxenntm, xax yro ono ne nmeer nnxaxoro snauennx. 3ro moxno nanmart na npnmepe raxo xareropnn, xax cocnararentnoe naxnonenne: xstxn, nmemmne nx cocnararentnoro naxnonennx cnennantnym ]opmy, nonce ne ncnontsymr ee nx onnx n rex xe nene. Ho+romy, necmorpx na ro, uro +ro naxnonenne onnaxono nasnano n anrnncxom, nemenxom, arcxom, ]pannyscxom n narnncxom xstxax, ono ne xnnxercx crporo nenrnuntm n xaxom ns nnx. Conepmenno nenosmoxno art raxoe onpeenenne cocnararentnomy naxnonennm, xoropoe nosnonnno t nam pemnrt, xora cneyer ynorpenrt n rom nnn nnom ns ynomxnyrtx xstxon cocnararentnoe naxnonenne, a xora nsxnnrentnoe. Eme cnoxnee art raxoe onpeenenne, xoropoe ronnoct t nx ncex xstxon ononpemenno. Ho+romy ner nnuero ynnnrentnoro, uro cymecrnyer mnoxecrno xstxon, ne nmemmnx nnuero noxoxero na ro, uro moxno nasnart cocnararentntm naxnonennem, xax t mnpoxo nn nonnmancx +ror repmnn. H ecrnnrentno, ncropnx anrnncxoro n arcxoro xstxon noxastnaer, xax nocrenenno ynxano xora-ro nponneranmee cocnararentnoe naxnonenne n xax c reuennem npemenn ono npenparnnoct n neuro, nanomnnammee pynmenrapnt opran, ynorpenenne xoroporo nno nectma comnnrentno, nno n ntcme crenenn orpannuenno.
PA3AHHHR MEY R3LKAMH 3annmaxct cpannnrentno nexcnxonorne, mt nanmaem, xax npemert, npecrannennte cnonamn, rpynnnpymrcx camtm pasnnuntm opasom coornercrnenno xanpnsam annoro xstxa. To, uro cnnnaercx noenno n onom xstxe, pasnnuaercx n pyrom. Tam, re anrnncxn xstx pasnnuaer clock (crennte, nacrontnte, amennte) uact n watch pyunte uact, a ]pannyscxn horloge (amennte) uact, pendule (nncxune, nacrontnte) uact n montre (xapmannte) uact, nemenxn xstx nmeer ono cnono Uhr uact (on xomnen- cnpyer +ro nonoxenne c nomomtm cnoxntx cnon, xoropte amr nosmoxnocrt ntpasnrt ropaso ontme orrenxon: Turmuhr amennte uact, Schlaguhr uact c oem, Wanduhr crennte uact, Stubenuhr xomnarnte uact; Stutzuhr ,nacrontnte uact, Taschenuhr xapmannte uact); n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer rontxo ono cnono prince npnnn, xnxst (nemenxn xe pasnnuaer Prinz npnnn n Ftrst xnxst); no ]pannyscxom xstxe cnono caf coornercrnyer anrnncxomy coffee xo]e n caf xa]e; ]pann. temps coornercrnyer anrn. time ,npemx n weather noroa, a anrn. time ]pann. temps npemx n fois pas; cnncox noontx cnyuaen moxno tno t snaunrentno nponnrt. To xe nanmaercx n n rpammarnxe: mexy nmtmn nymx xstxamn cymecrnymr pacxoxennx n rpynnnponxe rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn n n ntpaxaemtx pasnnunxx. Taxnm opasom, npn nccneonannn rpammarnxn roro nnn nnoro xstxa neoxonmo xax moxno rmarentnee ntxcnnrt pasnnunx, peantno cymecrnymmne n annom xstxe. Hpn +rom nentsx ntennrt nn ono xareropnn, ne nornepxenno peantntmn xstxontmn ]axramn, ycranonnenntmn na ocnone xstxonoro uyncrna annoro xonnexrnna nnn nannn. Kax t nn nacrannann nornxn, uro npenocxonax crenent xnnxercx neoxonmo xareropne, xoropym xaxax mtcnxmax nannx onxna ymert ntpaxart n cnoem xstxe, nce xe no ]pannyscxom xstxe ner ]opmt npenocxono crenenn, xorx ie plus pur camt uncrt, le plus fin camt ronxn, le meilleur nyumn n nepeamr nonnnnte anrnncxne ]epmt npenocxono crenenn the purest, the finest, the best; +rn ]opmt npecrannxmr coo ne uro nnoe, xax ]opmt cpannnrentno crenenn, xoroptm npnano snauenne onpeenennocrn nyrem npnannennx aprnxnx; nentsx cxasart n ro, uro no ]pannyscxom xstxe ecrt ]opma npenocxono crenenn, cocroxmax ns ]epmt cpannnrentno crenenn c npemecrnymmnm aprnxnem, rax xax uacro onpeenennt aprnxnt orcyrcrnyer, no saro nmeercx pyroe cnono, naroapx ynorpenennm xoroporo ocrnraercx ror xe pesyntrar: mon meilleur ami mo nyumn pyr n r. n. C pyro cropont, n ro npemx xax no ]pannyscxom xstxe cymecrnyer nonnnnax ]opma yymero npemenn (je donnerai x am n r. n.), tno t nenpannntntm nxnmuart ocoym ]opmy yymero npemenn n cncremy npemen anrnncxoro xstxa. Fyymnocrt n anrnncxom xstxe uacro nnn noome ne ntpaxaercx (I start tomorrow at six yesxam sanrpa n mecrt uacon; cp. raxxe if he comes ecnn on npner) nnn ntpaxaercx npn nomomn couerann, xoropte oosnauamr ne npocro yymnocrt, a ntpaxamr eme xaxo-nnyt orrenox: n cnone will (He will arrive at six) saxnmuen +nemenr nonn, n ntpaxennn am to (The Congress is to be held next year Konrpecc onxen cocroxrtcx n yymem, roy) +nemenr npenaueprannx, n cnone may (He may come yet On moxer eme npnrn) +nemenr neynepennocrn n n cnone shall (I shall write to him to-morrow Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
, nannmy emy sanrpa) +nemenr oxsarentcrna. Hpana, nepnonauantnte snauennx uacro tnamr nourn creprtmn, no ne n raxo crenenn, xax no ]pannyscxom, re nepnonauantnoe snauenne nn]nnnrnna + ai (have to...) yymero npemenn nonnocrtm satro. Hponecc crnpannx snauennx ocoenno cnntno cxastnaercx n rnarone shall, xoropt ne nocnr nnxaxoro orrenxa oxsarentcrna, nanpnmep n npenoxennn I shall be glad if you can come yy pa, ecnn nt cmoxere npnrn; xpome roro, ena nn shall ynorpenxercx renept re-nno n cnoem nepnonauantnom snauennn (cp. nnecxoe Thou shalt not kill ,Tt ne onxen ynnart, ne yn c conpemenntm You mustnt walk there Tt ne onxen xonrt rya); raxnm opasom, rnaron shall cronr nnxe ncero x nonnnnomy ncnomorarentnomy rnarony yymero npemenn, n ecnn t on ynorpenxncx so ncex rpex nnnax, moxno tno t es xoneann cxasart, uro n anrnncxom xstxe ecrt yymee npemx. anee, ecnn mt npnnnmaem sa yymee npemx he will come on npner, ro c raxnm xe ocnonannem mt moxem npnsnart sa ]opmt yymero npemenn n he may come, he is coming, he is going to come n pyrne couerannx. Cneonarentno, rnannoe ne n rom, uro will xnnxercx orentntm cnonom, a n rom, uro nx npnsnannx npemenn nannno onxna trt ]opma rnarona, npecrannxmmax coo nepasennmoe enncrno xopneno uacrn n ]nexrnnnoro oxonuannx; nnuro ne nomemano t nam cxasart, uro n annom xstxe cymecrnyer yymee npemx, ecnn t on nmen ncnomorarentnoe cnono (rnaron nnn napeune), xoropoe ecrnnrentno cnyxnno t nx yxasannx na yymee npemx; no rora +ro cnono paccmarpnnanoct t n ro uacrn mop]onornn, xoropax rpaxryer cnona, a ne n pasene, nocnxmennom xomnonenram cnon, re paccmarpnnaercx ]pannyscxoe yymee npemx; n cnnraxcnce, n rom cmtcne, xax mt nonnmaem ero n +ro xnnre, +ro ocroxrentcrno ne nrpano t nnxaxo ponn. KAKHE KATEIOPHH HPH3HABATL Mt ncxonm ns roro npnnnnna, uro n cnnraxcnce nmoro xstxa cneyer npnsnanart rontxo raxne xareropnn, xoropte namnn n nem ]opmantnoe ntpaxenne, no npn +rom nao nomnnrt, uro repmnn ]opma ynorpenxercx sect n ouent mnpoxom cmtcne, nxnmuax ]opmantnte cnona n mecro cnona n npenoxennn. Btnnrax, raxnm opasom, ]opmy xax ntcmn xpnrepn, cneyer, onaxo, ocreperartcx omnounoro npecrannennx, xoropoe moxer noxasartcx ecrecrnenntm cnecrnnem +roro npnnnnna. Mt ronopnm one sheep ona onna, many sheep mnoro onen: onxnt nn mt yrnepxart, uro sheep ne ]opma enncrnennoro uncna n nepnom couerannn nnn ne ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna no nropom, rax xax ono nmeer ony n ry xe ]opmy, n uro +ry ]opmy cxopee cneyer nasnart ]opmo omero uncna, nnn ]opmo nnxaxoro uncna, nnn xax-nnyt n +rom poe? Moxno tno t saxnnrt, uro cut n npenoxennn I cut my finger every day xaxt ent opesam nanen ne xnnxercx ]opmo nacroxmero npemenn, a cut n npenoxennn I cut my finger yesterday nopesan nanen nuepa ne xnnxercx ]opmo npomemero npemenn (nnn nperepnra), nocxontxy +rn ]opmt n oonx npenoxennxx onnaxont. anee, ecnn mt cpannnm our kings love for his subjects nmont namero xoponx x cnonm noanntm n Our kings love their subjects Hamn xoponn nmxr cnonx noan- ntx, mt samernm, uro n oonx cnyuaxx ]opmt onnaxont (xpome uncro
ycnonnoro pasnnunx, xoropoe enaercx na nnctme, no ne n ycrno peun, c nomomtm anocrpo]a), no+romy crporn ]opmanncr cunran t cex ne nnpane enart xaxo-nno ntno ornocnrentno naexa n uncna kings. A xax trt c love? annax ]opma ne aer yxasann na ro, uro n onom couerannn +ro cymecrnn- rentnoe n enncrnennom uncne, a n pyrom rnaron no mnoxecrnennom uncne; n nam npnmnoct t nsopecrn cnennantnoe nasnanne nx cosanno raxnm opasom ouent crpanno xareropnn. Hcrnnnax mopant, xoropym moxno nsnneut ns raxnx npnmepon, cocronr, no moemy mnennm, n cneymmem: nenpannntno paccmarpnnart xaxoe xstxonoe xnnenne n orptne or pyrnx; neoxonmo oxnarnrt nsrnxom xstx n nenom. Sheep n couerannn many sheep xnnxercx ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna, nocxontxy n couerannn many lambs mnoro xrnxr n n rtcxuax noontx cnyuaen anrnncxn xstx npnsnaer ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx; cut n onom npenoxennn cronr n nacroxmem npemenn, a n pyrom n npomemem, nocxontxy noxnnxercx pasnnune, ecnn mecronmenne I samennrt mecronmennem he (he cuts, he cut) nnn ecnn nsxrt pyro rnaron (I tear x pasptnam, I tore x pasopnan); kings n onom cnyuae npecrannxer coo ponrentnt naex enncrnennoro uncna, a n pyrom nmennrentnt naex mnoxecrnennoro uncna, uro nnno ns couerann rnna the mans love for his subjects nmont +roro uenonexa x cnonm noanntm n The men love their subjects 3rn nmn nmxr cnonx noanntx; n, naxonen, love n onom cnyuae cymecrnnrentnoe, a n pyrom rnaron, na uro yxastnaer ]opma n raxnx couerannxx, xax our kings admiration for his subjects nocxnmenne xoponx cnonmn noanntmn n Our kings admire their subjects Hamn xoponn nocxnmamrcx cnonmn noanntmn. Hnaue ronopx, ncxuecxn ocreperaxct nanxstnart rpammarnxe xonxpernoro xstxa pasnnunx n xareropnn, cymecrnymmne n pyrnx xstxax, no ne naxoxmne ]opmantnoro ntpaxennx n annom xstxe, mt onxnt ne menee onacartcx n pyro cmnxn, a nmenno orpnnart cymecrnonanne pasnnun, ntpaxaemtx ]opmantno n xstxe n nenom, rontxo na rom ocnonannn, uro n annom xonxpernom cnyuae onn ne nmemr nnemnero oosnauennx. Bonpoc o rom, cxontxo xareropn n xaxne nmenno xareropnn pasnnuaer annt xstx, onxen pemartcx nx xstxa n nenom nnn no xpane mepe nx nentx paspxon cnon; nx +roro neoxonmo ycranonnrt re ]ynxnnn, xoropte nmemr ]opmantnoe ntpaxenne, axe ecnn onn ntpaxent ne no ncex cnyuaxx; ycranonnennte raxnm opasom xareropnn cneyer sarem npnmenxrt x onee nnn menee ncxnmunrentntm cnyuaxm, xora orcyrcrnyer nnemnxx ]opma, xoropax morna t cnyxnrt nx nac pyxonocrnom. B anrnncxom xstxe, nanpnmep, mt onxnt yem npnsnart mnoxecrnennoe uncno y cymecrnnrentntx, mecronmenn n rnaronon, a y npnnararentntx, xax n y napeun, ero ner; n arcxom, c pyro cropont, mnoxecrnennoe uncno cneyer npnsnart y cymecrnnrentntx, npnnararentntx n mecronmenn, no rnaront ero yxe ne nmemr. 3ror npnnnnn nyxno yer ncnomnnrt n antnemem, xora mt nepeem x onpeenennm xonnuecrna naexe n anrnncxom xstxe. Hpnnnnn, nsnoxennt n npetymnx pasenax, n rpammarnuecxo nnreparype nepexo napymaercx. Mnorne anropt oxorno ronopxr o nerxocrn, c xoropo anrnncxn xstx moxer npenpamart cymecrnnrentnte n rnaront n naoopor, no anrnncxn xstx nnxora ne cmemnnaer +rn na xnacca cnon, axe ecnn on ynorpenxer ony n ry xe ]opmy ro xax cymecrnnrentnoe, ro xax rnaron: a finger nanen n a find naxoxa cymecrnnrentnte, no finger n find n npenoxennn You finger this and find that orparnnaemtcx o onoro, a Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
onapyxnnaemt pyroe xnnxmrcx rnaronamn n no ]nexcnn, n no ]ynxnnn, n no ncem ocrantntm npnsnaxam. B onom ns nsann Iamnera mecro, re ronopnrcx, uro yx ner slow and stately menenno n nennuecrnenno, tno cnaxeno cneymmnm npnmeuannem (x cnony slow): Hpnnararentnte uacro ynorpenxmrcx nmecro napeun. 3ro nenpannntno: n ecrnnrentnocrn slow xnnxercx napeunem, rax xe xax n long n npenoxennn He stayed long On ocranancx onro, xorx ono n nmeer raxym xe ]opmy, xax n couerannn a long stay ,onroe npetnanne, re long npnnararentnoe. Cymecrnnrentnoe n couerannxx five snipe nxrt exacon, a few antelope necxontxo anrnnon nnn twenty sail nanart napycon uacro paccmarpnnaercx xax ]opma enncrnennoro uncna (nnora conparentnoe enncrnennoe). B ecrnnrentnocrn xe ono xnnxercx ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna ne ontme, uem sheep n couerannn five sheep nxrt onen, xoropoe ncera rpaxryercx xax mnoxecrnennoe uncno (nepoxrno, noromy, uro rpammarncram nsnecrno o cymecrnonannn y +roro cnona nensmenxemo ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna eme n penneanrnncxn nepno). Onaxo ncropnx ne nmeer ornomennx x +romy nonpocy. Snipe renept npecrannxer coo ony ns ]opm mnoxecrnennoro uncna paccmarpnnaemoro cnona (nensmenxemoe mnoxecrnennoe), n cymecrnonanne pyro ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna snipes ne onxno saremnxrt nx nac ecrnnrentnoe snauenne ]opmt snipe. CHHTAKCHHECKHE KATEIOPHH Tenept moxno nepnyrtcx x nonpocy o nosmoxnocrn ynnnepcantno rpammarnxn. Bonpoc o ynnnepcantno mop]onornn nnxora ne nosnnxan; xcno, uro peantno cymecrnymmne ]opmarnnt, rax xe xax nx ]ynxnnn n snauenne, tnamr nacrontxo pasnnuntmn n pasntx xstxax, uro nce, ornocxmeecx x nnm, npnxonrcx nsnarart n rpammarnxax xonxperntx xstxon, sa ncxnmuennem pasne necxontxnx omnx nonoxenn o ]pasonom yapennn n nnronannn. Tontxo n ornomennn cnnraxcnca nanmanact renennnx ortcxart neuro omee nx uenoneuecxo peun n nenom, neuro, nenocpecrnenno ocnonannoe na camo npnpoe uenoneuecxoro mtmnennx, nnaue ronopx, na nornxe, n no+romy croxmee ntme cnyuantx ]opm, cymecrnymmnx n rom nnn nnom xonxpernom xstxe. Mt yxe nnenn, uro +ra nornuecxax ocnona ne noxptnaer ncm onacrt cnnraxcnca peantntx xstxon; nexoropte xstxn oxoxrcx es cocnararentnoro naxnonennx, es arentnoro naexa, a nexoropte axe es mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx. Kaxont xe rora npeent nornuecxo ocnont cnnraxcnca, n uro ona noome coo npecrannxer? B cncreme, nameuenno ntme, coepxarcx yxasannx na cnnraxcnuecxym pont, nnn ]ynxnnm, xaxo orentno ]opmt; rax, nx anrnncxoro oxonuannx -s aercx, c ono cropont, nomera mnoxecrnennoe uncno cymecrnnrentntx, a c pyro 3-e nnno enncrnennoro uncna nacroxmero npemenn rnaronon. B xaxoe ns +rnx yxasann nxnmuaercx na nnn necxontxo +nemenron: uacrt peun nnn paspx cnon, enncrnennoe nnn mnoxecrnennoe uncno, rperte nnno n, naxonen, nacroxmee npemx. B anrnncxom xstxe raxne yxasannx cocroxr ns cpannnrentno nemnornx +nemenron; no ecnn mt oparnmcx x narnncxomy xstxy, ro naem, uro ram nce snaunrentno cnoxnee: nanpnmep,
oxonuanne ]opmt bonarum oosnauaer mnoxecrnennoe uncno, xencxn po n ponrentnt naex, a oxonuanne ]opmt tegerentur mnoxecrnennoe uncno, 3-e nnno, nmnep]exr, cocnararentnoe naxnonenne, crpaarentnt sanor; raxxe n n pyrnx cnyuaxx. Ouennno, uro xorx nenosmoxno nnn ne ncera nosmoxno pasennrt +rn +nemenrt c ]opmantno rouxn spennx (uro ntpaxaer, nanpnmep, mnoxecrnennoe uncno, a uro ponrentnt naex n ]opme animalium? A uro c ]opmantno rouxn spennx coornercrnyer snauennxm nnna, nep]exra, nsxnnrentnoro naxnonennx n ecrnnrentnoro sanora n ]opme feci? n r. .), onaxo c rouxn spennx cnnraxcnca ne rontxo nosmoxno, no n nnonne ecrecrnenno paccmarpnnart +rn +nemenrt nsonnponanno n oennxrt npn +rom nce cymecrnnrentnte, nce rnaront, nce ]opmt enncrnennoro uncna, nce ]opmt ponrentnoro naexa, nce ]opmt cocnararentnoro naxnonennx, nce ]opmt 1-ro nnna n r. . Taxnm opasom, mt nonyuaem px nsonnponanntx cnnraxcnuecxnx nonxrn. Ho nao nrn eme antme, nocxontxy +rn nsonnponannte nonxrnx e pxe cnyuaen coennxmrcx nmecre n opasymr rpynnt ntcmero nopxxa nnn onee nceoemnmmne cnnraxcnuecxne paspxt. Taxnm opasom, cymecrnnrentnte, npnnararentnte, rnaront, mecronmennx n r. ., nsxrte nmecre, opasymr cncremy uacre peun nnn paspxon cnon. Enncrnennoe n mnoxecrnennoe uncno (nmecre c nocrnenntm) opasymr xareropnm uncna. Hmennrentnt, nnnnrentnt, arentnt, ponrentnt n pyrne naexn opasymr xareropnm naexa. Hacroxmee, nperepnr (nmnep]exr, nep]exr), yymee n pyrne npemena opasymr xareropnm npemenn. Hsxnnrentnoe, cocnararentnoe, xenarentnoe (onrarnn) n nonennrentnoe naxnonennx opasymr xareropnm naxnonennx. ecrnnrentnt, crpaarentnt n cpenn (menantnt) sanorn opasymr xareropnm sanora. Hepnoe, nropoe n rperte nnna opasymr xareropnm nnna. Myxcxo, xencxn n cpenn po opasymr xareropnm poa. CHHTAKCHC H AOIHKA Vcranonnrt nce +rn cnnraxcnuecxne nonxrnx n xareropnn moxno, ne ntxox nn na mrnonenne sa npeent rpammarnxn. Onaxo xax rontxo mt saaem nonpoc, uro +rn nonxrnx n xareropnn oropaxamr, mt ceuac xe ns onacrn xstxa nonaaem n onacrt nnemnero mnpa 1 nnn n onacrt mtmnennx. Hexoropte ns xareropn, nepeuncnenntx ntme, naxoxrcx n ouennno cnxsn c uem-ro cymecrnymmnm n camtx npemerax; rax, rpammarnuecxax xareropnx uncna, necomnenno, coornercrnyer pasnnunm mexy ennnunocrtm n mnoxecrnennocrtm, cymecrnymmemy no nnemnem mnpe; urot oxcnnrt pasnnunte rpammarnuecxne npemena nacroxmee npemx, nmnep]exr n r. . neoxonmo oparnrtcx x nonxrnm npemenn no nnemnem mnpe; pasnnune
1 Koneuno, n rom nne, xax on orpaxaercx n uenoneuecxom cosnannn. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
mexy rpemx rpammarnuecxnmn nnnamn coornercrnyer ecrecrnennomy pasnnunm mexy ronopxmnm, nnnom, x xoropomy opamena peut, n uem-ro naxoxmnmcx nne nx oonx. nx nexoroptx xareropn cnxst c uem-ro naxoxmnmcx sa npee- namn xstxa ne cront ouennna; n, moxer trt, re anropt, xoropte xorxr ycranonnrt raxym cnxst n cunramr, nanpnmep, uro rpammarnuecxoe pasnnune mexy cymecrnnrentntm n npnnararentntm coornercrnyer nnemnemy pasnnunm mexy nemecrnom n xauecrnom, nnn crpemxrcx ycranonnrt nornuecxym cncremy naexe nnn naxnonenn, nnaamr n rnyoxoe sanyxenne. 3ror nonpoc yer paccmorpen n nocneymmnx rnanax, n mt ynnnm, c xaxnmn cnoxntmn nponemamn on cnxsan. Bnemnn mnp n rom nne, n xaxom on orpaxaercx n uenoneuecxom cosnannn, upesntuano cnoxen; n nentsx ymart, uro moxno cpasy narn camt npocro n camt rount cnoco oosnauennx necmernoro xonnuecrna xnnenn n mnoroopasntx ornomenn mexy nnmn. Ho+romy coornercrnne mexy nnemnnmn n rpammarnuecxnmn xareropnxmn nnxora ne tnaer nonntm; noncmy mt naxonm camte crpannte n neoxnannte nepexpemnnannx n nsanmonepeceuennx. Hpnney xonxpernt npnmep ns onacrn, xasanoct t, cpannnrentno npocro. Ha +rom npnmepe xcno nnno, uro xorx xstxy n neocraer nornuecxo rounocrn, no nce xe on nnonne nonxren. Cpannnm ntcxastnanne omensnecrno ncrnnt n onn ns npnmepon mexcnnponcxo mypocrn, cranmnm noronopxo: 1. Man is mortal uenonex cmepren. 2. Men were deceivers ever Myxunnt ncera tnn omanmnxamn. Paccmarpnnax +rn npnmept c rouxn spennx rpammarnxn, mt nnnm, uro (ne ronopx o pasnnunn n nmenno uacrn cxasyemoro) onn pasnnuamrcx rem, uro n onom cnyuae n nnx npecranneno enncrnennoe uncno, a n pyrom mnoxecrnennoe, n onom cnyuae nacroxmee npemx, a n pyrom npomemee. Tem ne menee, oa npenoxennx coomamr neuro o nenom xnacce; rontxo cam xnacc n oonx cnyuaxx pasnnuen: n nepnom cnyuae nmeercx n nny uenoneuecrno n nenom, esornocnrentno x nony, no nropom rontxo myxcxax uacrt uenoneuecrna; raxnm opasom, n rpammarnuecxom pasnnunn uncen nopasymenaercx pasnnune nona. C pyro cropont, xorx n anntx npnmepax mt ncrpeuaem pasnnunte npemennme ]opmt, pasnnunx no npemenn ne nmemrcx n nny: nepnoe ntcxastnanne ornocnrcx ne rontxo x nacroxmemy momenry, a nropoe ne rontxo x npomnomy. B oonx cnyuaxx ntcxastnaercx yrnepxenne, ne nponoxmee pasnnunx mexy nacroxmnm n npomemnm n pacnpocrpanxemoe na nce npemena. Hornx npenouen t sect xstxonym xoncrpyxnnm, npn xoropo oa npenoxennx nmenn t oomammee uncno (y Fpeanx omnial) n ony n ry xe ]opmy oomammero npemenn; npnuem n raxo xoncrpyxnnn nonexamee nepnoro npenoxennx croxno t n omem poe, a nonexamee nroporo n myx- cxom poe; rora snauenne npnneenntx npenoxenn ne ntstnano t nnxaxnx comnenn: Bce nmn ecrt, tnn n ncera yyr cmeprntmn n Bce nmn myxcxoro nona ecrt, tnn n ncera yyr omanmnxamn. Onaxo n ecrnnrentnocrn n anrnncxom xstxe eno ocronr ne rax; rpammarnxa xe onxna ycranannnnart ]axrt, a ne noxenannx.
HOHRTHHHLE KATEIOPHH Cneonarentno, npnxonrcx npnsnart, uro napxy c cnnraxcnuecxnmn xareropnxmn, nnn xpome nnx, nnn sa +rnmn xareropnxmn, sanncxmnmn or crpyxrypt xaxoro xstxa, n rom nne, n xaxom on cymecrnyer, nmemrcx eme nnexstxonte xareropnn, ne sanncxmne or onee nnn menee cnyuantx ]axron cymecrnymmnx xstxon. 3rn xareropnn xnnxmrcx ynnnepcantntmn, nocxontxy onn npnmennmt xo ncem xstxam, xorx onn pexo ntpaxamrcx n +rnx xstxax xcntm n nenycmtcnenntm opasom. Hexoropte ns nnx ornocxrcx x raxnm ]axram nnemnero mnpa, xax non, pyrne x ymcrnenno exrentnocrn nnn x nornxe. 3a orcyrcrnnem nyumero repmnna x yy nastnart +rn xareropnn nonxrnntmn xareropnxmn. 3aaua rpammarncra cocronr n rom, urot n xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae pasopartcx n coornomennn, cymecrnymmem mexy nonxrnno n cnnraxcnuecxo xareropnxmn. 3ro ornmt ne nerxax saaua, n ona ns rpynocre na nyrn ee paspemennx cocronr n orcyrcrnnn aexnarntx repmnnon: ouent uacro onn n re xe cnona npnmenxmrcx x xnnennxm, npnnanexamnm x rem nym c]epam, xoropte mt xornm pasrpannunrt. Kaxnm opasom ocot naop repmnnon oneruaer ananns rpyno nponemt, moxno noxasart na npnmepe, xoropt nxparne npenocxnrnr coepxanne onoro ns nocneymmnx pasenon nacroxme xnnrn. Po xnnxercx cnnraxcnuecxo xareropne n raxnx xstxax, xax narnncxn, ]pannyscxn n nemenxn; coornercrnymmax ecrecrnennax, nnn nonxrnnax, xareropnx non; non cymecrnyer n peantnom mnpe, no ne ncera on ntpaxaercx n xstxe, axe n raxnx xstxax, xax narnncxn, ]pannyscxn n nemenxn, nmemmnx cncremy rpammarnuecxoro poa, no mnorom coornercrnymmym ecrecrnennomy pasenennm no nony. Taxnm opasom, moxno pasnnuart:
Ipammarnxa Peantnt mnp Po Hon (cnnraxcnuecxn) (nonxrnnt) 1) Myxcxo po 2) Xencxn po 3) Cpenn po cnon 1) Myxcxo non 2) Xencxn non 3) Fecnonte npemert cymecrn
Bostmem renept necxontxo ]pannyscxnx n nemenxnx npnmepon: Der Soldat, le soldat conar xnnte cymecrna myxcxoro nona, myxcxo po; die Tochter, la fille out xnnte cymecrna xencxoro nona, xencxn po; der Sperling nopoe, le cheval nomat xnnte cymecrna oonx nonon, myxcxo po; die Maus, la souris mtmt xnnte cymecrna oonx nonon, xencxn po; das Pferd nomat oa nona, cpenn po; die Schildwache, la sentinelle uacono myxcxo non, xencxn po; das Weib xenmnna xencxn non, cpenn po; der Tisch cron, le fruit ]pyxr ne nmemr nona, myxcxo po; die Frucht ]pyxr, la table cron ne nmemr nona, xencxn po; Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
das Buch xnnra ne nmeer nona, cpenn po 1 . B pyrnx cnyuaxx ner nosmoxnocrn cosart na rnna repmnnon, ns xoroptx onn ornocnncx t x pe- antnomy mnpy n x mnpy ynnnepcantno nornxn, a pyro x mnpy rpammarnxn, no mt ncera onxnt crpemnrtcx x pasrpannuennm +rnx nyx onacre. Hs npnneenntx npnmepon, ornocxmnxcx x poy n nony, nnno, uro nsanmoornomennx mexy cnnraxcnuecxnmn n nonxrnntmn xareropnxmn npecrannxmr coo raxym xe cnoxnym cert, xax ormeuennoe nsanmoornomenne mexy ]opmantntmn n cnnraxcnuecxnmn xareropnxmn (cm. ntme, crp. 47). Taxnm opasom, mt nmeem rponoe nopasenenne, rpn crynenn rpammarnuecxoro anannsa onnx n rex xe xnnenn, nnn rpoxxn noxo x paccmorpennm rpammarnuecxnx ]axron, a nmenno: (A) ]opma, (F) ]ynxnnx n (B) nonxrne. Tenept nostmem onn ns ]ynxnnonantntx (cnnraxcnuecxnx) paspxon n paccmorpnm ero nsanmoornomennx c ]opmo, c ono cropont, n c nonxrnem c pyro. Anrnncxn nperepnr opasyercx pasnnuntmn cnocoamn; n xorx on npecrannxer ony onpeenennym cnnraxcnuecxym xareropnm, no, xax nnno ns nnxecneymme rannnt, ne ncera nmeer ono n ro xe nornuecxoe coepxanne:
A. uopma: F. uynxnnx: B. Honxrne: -ed (handed) -t (fixed) -d (showed)
Hepeantnocrt n nacroxmem npemenn (if we knew ecnn t mt sua.u, I wish we knew xenan t, urot mt sua.u) Fyymee npemx (It is time you went to bed Hopa nam uomu cnart.)
Cnnnyroe nacroxmee npemx (How did you know I was a Dane? Kax nt ysnann, uro x aruannn?) Bnenpemennye snauenne (Men were deceivers ever Myxunnt ncera oi.u omanmnxamn.)
1 3ra repmnnonornx xcnee repmnnonornn Cynra (S we e t, New English Grammar, Oxford, 1892, 146). On ronopnr o ecrecrnennom poe, ecnn nocnenn coornercrnyer nony, n o rpammarnuecxom poe, ecnn on ne coornercrnyer nony; rax, nanpnmep, p.-anrn. wifmann npnnanexnr x rpammarnuecxomy myxcxomy poy, n ro npemx xax p.-anrn. mann npecrannxer coo ecrecrnennt myxcxo po. B moe repmnnonornn oa cnona myxcxoro poa, no wifmann ,xenmnna oosnauaer xnnoe cymecrno xencxoro nona, a mann uenonex, myxunna nnn xnnoe cymecrno myxcxoro nona, nnn xnnoe cymecrno, esornocnrentno x nony.
Taxnm opasom, cnnraxcnuecxne xareropnn, noono nynnxomy nycy, opament n x ]opme, n x nonxrnm. Onn naxoxrcx nocepenne n npecrannxmr coo coennnrentnoe sneno mexy mnpom snyxon n mnpom nonxrn. Kora mt ronopnm (nnn nnmem), mt naunnaem c npano cropont (B) rannnt n nepexonm uepes cnnraxcnc (F) x ]opmantnomy ntpaxennm (A); xora cnymaem (nnn unraem), nnxenne conepmaercx n oparnom nanpannennn: or A uepes F x B. Cneonarentno, nnxenne ocymecrnnxercx raxnm opasom:
B F A F B Ioeopuu: nonxrne > ]ynxnnx > ]opma C.vuame.i: ]opma > ]ynxnnx > nonxrne
Vcranannnnax xareropnn n pasene rpertem (B), neoxonmo ncera nomnnrt, uro onn onxnt nmert nnnrnncrnuecxoe snauenne. Mt xornm nonxrt xstxonte (rpammarnuecxne) xnnennx, a no+romy tno t nenpannntno npncrynart x eny, ne npnnnmax no nnnmanne cymecrnonanne xstxa noome, xnaccn]nnnpyx npemert n nonxrnx esornocnrentno x nx xstxonomy ntpaxennm. Hanpornn, nam cneyer nocrynart, mutatis mutandis, rax, xax mt nocrynann, xora ycranannnnann cnnraxcnuecxne xareropnn: ram mt opamann npncrantnoe nnnmanne na ro, uro namno ntpaxenne n xstxontx ]opmax, a sect mt onxnt cocpeorounrt cnoe nnnmanne na yxe ycranonnenntx cnnraxcnuecxnx xareropnxx. Cncremarnuecxn osop rnanntx nonxrnntx xareropn, nocxontxy onn naxoxr rpammarnuecxoe ntpaxenne, n paccmorpenne nsanmoornomenn mexy +rnmn nymx mnpamn n pasnnuntx xstxax n xnnxercx saaue ontme uacrn +ro paort. He pas nam npnercx xoncrarnponart, uro rpammarnuecxne xareropnn npecrannxmr coo n nyumem cnyuae cnmnromt, nnn renn, orpactnaemte nonxrnntmn xareropnxmn; nnora nonxrne, croxmee sa rpammarnuecxnm xnnennem, oxastnaercx raxnm xe neynonnmtm, xax xanroncxax nemt n cee. H n nenom mt ne onxnt oxnart, uro npnem x ynnnepcantno rpammarnxe n rom cmtcne, n xaxom ee nonnmann crapte rpammarncrt- ]nnoco]t. Pesyntrarom namnx nccneonann yer nnmt raxoe npnnnxenne x ne, xaxoe nosmoxno nx conpemenno nnnrnncrnuecxo nayxn. HPHMEHAHHE K IAABE III Btammncx ncropnx ]pannyscxoro xstxa uepnnan Fpmno (Brunot) npenaraer nponsnecrn penonmnnm n npenoanannn (]pannyscxo) rpammarnxn, naunnax nsyuenne ee nsnyrpn ne c ]opm, a c mtcne, xoropte nonexar ntpaxennm. Ero ]ynamenrantnt rpy La pense et la langue (Paris, Masson et Cie, 1922), neotxnonenno orart nontmn nanmennxmn n meronuecxnmn sameuannxmn, tn onynnxonan, xora onee nyx rpere moe xnnrn tno yxe nanncano n oxonuarentnom nnn nourn n oxonuarentnom nne. Bosmoxno (xorx mne ceuac rpyno cxasart uro-nno onpeenennoe), uro mox xnnra npnnxna t nno nn, ecnn t paora Fpmno noxnnnact o roro, xax nonnocrtm cnoxnnnct mon nsrnxt. Ceuac xe, xorx x npnnercrnym ero xax morymecrnennoro comsnnxa, x pacxoxyct c nnm no xpane mepe no nym naxntm nonpocam. Bo-nepntx, ro, uro on pexomenyer xax npannntnt mero (naunnart c nnyrpenne cropont la pensee), c moe rouxn spennx, onxno trt onnm ns nyx meroon noxoa x ]axram xstxa: onn naunnaer nsnyrpn, pyro nsnne. H, no-nroptx, rpammarnxa onxna orrpannunnartcx or cnonapx, mexy rem xax Fpmno n cnonx cnncxax cnnonnmnuecxnx repmnnon cnnmxom uacro cme- mnnaer +rn onacrn. He mory x raxxe pasennrt ero rnyoxoro npenepexennx x crapo reopnn ,uacre peun, xax t ona nn tna omnouna no mnornx eranxx.
Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
I . a e a I V HACTH PEHH Hpexnne cncremt. Onpeenennx. Ocnona xnaccn]nxannn. stx n peantnax xnsnt. Hmena cocrnennte. Honnnnoe snauenne nmen cocrnenntx. HPEHHE CHCTEML Hpenoananne rpammarnxn npnnxro naunnart c enennx cnon na onpeenennte paspxt, otuno nastnaemte uacrxmn peun (cymecrnnrentnte, npnnararentnte, rnaront n r. n.), n c onpeenennx xaxoro paspxa. enenne cnon na paspxt nocxonr x rpeuecxo n narnncxo rpammarnxe c neontmnmn oannennxmn n nsmenennxmn. uro xacaercx onpeenenn, ro onn ouent anexn or crenenn rounocrn, xapaxrepno nx +nxnnono reomerpnn. Fontmnncrno onpeenenn, axe n nonemnx rpyax, +ro, no cymecrny, onpeenennx mnnmte; n nnx ouent nerxo narn cnate mecra. He yanoct ocrnrnyrt cornacnx n n nonpoce o rom, na uem onxna ocnontnartcx xnaccn]nxannx na ]opme (n nsmenennxx ]opmt), nnn na snauennn, nnn na ]ynxnnn n npenoxennn, nnn na ncex +rnx momenrax, nsxrtx nmecre. Camo ocrpoymno cncremo n +rom ornomennn xnnxercx, xoneuno, cncrema Bappona, xoropt pasnnuaer uertpe uacrn peun: uacrt peun, nmemmym naexn (nmena), uacrt peun, nmemmym npemena (rnaront), uacrt peun, nmemmym n naexn, n npemena (npnuacrnx), n uacrt peun, ne nmemmym nn roro, nn pyroro (uacrnnt). Ecnn +ra cxema renept orpomena, ro rontxo noromy, uro ona cnnmxom xnno npncnoconena nnmt x narnncxomy (n rpeuecxomy) xstxy, no conepmenno nenpnemnema nn nx conpemenntx xstxon, xoropte pasnnnnct ns xstxono crpyxrypt, cxono c narnncxo (nanpnmep, nx anrnncxoro), nn nx xstxon conepmenno nnoro rnna (nanpnmep, +cxnmoccxoro). Taxym xe maremarnuecxym perynxpnocrt, xax n cncreme Bappona, mt naxonm n n cneymme cncreme: nexoropte nmena pasnnuamr npemx, noono rnaronam, n po, noono cymecrnnrentntm (npnuacrnx), pyrne ne pasnnuamr nn po, nn npemx (nnunte mecronmennx). Inaront enncrnennte cnona, conmemammne npemennme pasnnunx c orcyrcrnnem poa. Taxnm opasom, mt nmeem cneymmym cncremy: otunte: c poom, es npemenn nmena nnunte mecronmennx: es poa, es npemenn npnuacrnx: c poom, c npemenem rnaront: es poa, c npemenem 1
3ra cncrema onxrt-raxn npnrona rontxo nx pennnx xstxon name cemtn n ornnuaercx or cncremt Bappona nnmt rem, uro n ocnony xnaccn]nxannn nonoxent pasnnunx n poe, a ne pasnnunx n naexe. Oe cncremt n panno mepe nponsnontnt. B oenx cncremax ornnunrentno uepro rnaronon xnnxercx
1 S c h r o e d e r. Die formelle Unterscheidung der Redetheile im Griechischen und Lateinischen, Leipzig, 1874.
npemx, n +ro namno orpaxenne n nemenxo rpammarnxe, re rnaron nastnaercx Zeitwort npemennmm cnonom; no no raxomy npnsnaxy rnaront orcyrcrnymr n xnracxom xstxe, a, c pyro cropont, nosxe mt ynnnm, uro n cymecrnnrentnte nnora pasnnuamr npemena. Hexoropte rpammarncrt nonaramr, uro ornnunrentno uepro rnarona cnyxar nnunte oxonuannx (Brenrant n p.). Ho +ror xpnrepn roxe ncxnmunn t nannune rnaronon n xnracxom xstxe; xpome roro, rnaront ne pasnnuamr nnna raxxe n arcxom xstxe. Bpx nn moxno ntrn ns nonoxennx, cxasan, noono Bnexepy (S c h l e i c h e r, Nomen und Verbum, Leipzig, 1865, crp. 509), uro rnaront +ro cnona, xoropte nmemr nnn nmenn nnunte oxonuannx, rax xax nx onpeenennx npnnanexnocrn cnona x ro nnn nno uacrn peun snanne ncropnn xstxa ne xnnxercx neoxonmtm. OHPEEAEHHR Paccmorpnm renept xparxo nexoropte ns onpeenenn, anntx n rpammarnxe Xonna n 3onnenmena (J. Ha l l and E. A. S o n n e n s c h e i n, Grammar, London, 1902): Cymecrnnrentnte nastnamr. Mecronmennx oroxecrnnxmr es nasnannx. comnenamct, uro who n npenoxennn Who killed Cock Robin? Kro ynn Koxa Ponna? ecrnnrentno uro-nnyt oroxecrnnxer; ono cxopee npocnr oroxecrnnrt xoro-ro pyroro. A uro oroxecrnnxer none n npenoxennn Then none was for a party Tora nnxro ne tn sa neuepnnxy? Hpnnararentnte ynorpenxmrcx c cymecrnnrentntmn n nenxx onncannx, oroxecrnnennx n nepeuncnennx 1 . Ho pasne npnnararentnte ne moryr ynorpenxrtcx es cymecrnnrentntx? (The absent are always at fault Omcvmcmevmuue ncera nnnonart, He was angry On tn cepoum). C pyro cropont, xnnxercx nn poet n couerannn Browning the poet Fpaynnnr no+r npnnararentntm? C nomomtm rnaronon ronopnrcx uro-ro o uem-nno nnn o xom-nno: You scoundrel Tt nerox sect ronopnrcx neuro o you n raxo xe crenenn, xax n n npenoxennn You are a scoundrel; xpome roro, n nocnenem npenoxennn +ro neuro coomaercx ne n rnarone are, a n npenxarnne. Comst coennxmr rpynnt cnon nnn orentnte cnona. Ho ro xe camoe ornocnrcx n x cnony of n couerannn a man of honour uenonex uecrn, xorx annoe cnono ne cranonnrcx ns-sa +roro comsom. Hn ono ns npnneenntx onpeenenn ne xnnxercx nn ncuepntnammnm, nn yenrentntm 2 .
1 Cnono nepeuncnenne ynorpenxercx sect n snauennn, xoropoe nensnecrno cnonapxm. Ecnn mt nomem +ro cnono n ero otunom snauennn, rora, cornacno onpeenennm, coat nantro n p. n npenoxennn All his garments, coat, waistcoat, shirt and trousers were wet Bcx ero oexa nnxax, xnner, pyamxa n pmxn tna ntmouena yyr npnnararentntmn. 2 Mnoro npemenn cnycrx nocne roro, xax tn nanncan nepnt napnanr moe xnnrn, x nosnaxomnncx c paoro 3onnenmena (S o n n e n s c h e i n, New English Grammar, Oxford, 1921; no mnornx ornomennxx npexpacnax xnnra, xorx n nexoroptx cnyuaxx y menx ecrt nospaxennx no pxy nonpocon). B ne ynyument nexoropte ns onpeenenn. Mecronmenne +ro cnono, ynorpenxemoe nmecro cymecrnnrentnoro nx oosnauennx nnn nepeuncnennx nnn n npemeron, es nastnannx nx. Oosnauenne snaunrentno nyume, uem oroxecrnnenne, no rpynocrt n ornomennn none n who nce xe ocraercx. Counnnrentnt coms +ro cnono, ynorpenxemoe nx coennennx unenon npenoxennx onnaxonoro panra. Hounnnrentnt coms +ro cnono, ynorpenxemoe nx coennennx npnarounoro-napeunx nnn npnarounoro-cymecrnnrentnoro c ocrantno uacrtm cnoxnonounnennoro npenoxennx. Counnnrentnt coms moxer Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
OCHOBA KAACCHmHKAHHH Hexoropte rpammarncrt, uyncrnyx neconepmencrno raxnx onpeenenn, nnann n oruaxnne n orxasannct or paspemennx +ro nponemt meroom anannsa snauenn cnon, npnnanexamnx x pasnnuntm paspxam; onn cunramr, uro enncrnenntm xpnrepnem onxna trt ]opma cnona. Ho raxomy nyrn nomen, nanpnmep, Hernnn (J. Z e i t l i n, On the Parts of Speech. The Noun; cm. The English Journal, mapr, 1914), xorx, x coxanennm, on paccmarpnnaer rontxo cymecrnnrentnte. On npnaer repmnny ]opma onontno mnpoxoe snauenne n saxnnxer, uro n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnnrentnoe o cnx nop eme onaaer onpeenenntmn ]opmantntmn npnsnaxamn, xoropte orcyrcrnymr y ncex pyrnx paspxon cnon. K raxnm npnsnaxam ornocnrcx npe]nrnponanne aprnxnx nnn yxasarentnoro mecronmennx, ncnontsonanne ]nexrnnnoro noxasarenx nx oosnauennx npnrxxarentnocrn n mnoxecrnennocrn n coennenne c npenoramn nx yxasannx ornomenn, xoropte nepnonauantno ntpaxannct ]nexrnnntmn oxonuannxmn. Hpana, on npoxnnxer ocropoxnocrt n oannxer, uro orcyrcrnnx ncex nepeuncnenntx npnsnaxon neocrarouno nx ncxnmuennx xonxpernoro cnona ns cymecrnnrentntx; cymecrnnrentnoe nao xapaxrepnsonart xax cnono, xoropoe nmeer nnn moxer n nmom ynorpenennn nmert yxasannte ]opmantnte npnsnaxn. Ecnn t ]opma n crporom cmtcne +roro cnona tna npnsnana enncrnenntm xpnrepnem, mt npnmnn t x acypnomy saxnmuennm, uro must ,onxen, yyun nensmenxemtm n anrnncxom xstxe, npnnanexnr x romy xe xnaccy, uro n the, then, for, as, enough n r. . Enncrnenntm onpanannem nx ornecennx must x rnaronam xnnxercx napannennsm ynorpenennx ero n xoncrpyxnnxx rnna I must (go) onxen (nrn), Must we (go)? onxnt nn mt (nrn)? c xoncrpyxnnxmn I shall (go), Shall we (go)? Hnaue ronopx, mt npnnnmaem no nnnmanne ero snauenne n ]ynxnnm n npenoxennn. H ecnn t Hernnn nasnan ynorpenenne must c ]opmo nmennrentnoro naexa, nanpnmep I x, ]opmantntm (rouno rax xe, xax coueranne c npenoramn npecrannxer y nero onn ns ]opmantntx xpnrepnen, na ocnonannn xoroptx on npnsnaer cnono cymecrnnrentntm), x cnopnn t c nnm ne no nonoy roro, uro on yunrtnaer noonte momenrt, a no nonoy roro, uro on cunraer nx ]opmantntmn coopaxennxmn. Ho moemy mnennm, yunrtnart nao nce: n ]opmy, n ]ynxnnm, n snauenne. Onaxo neoxonmo nouepxnyrt, uro ]opma, yyun camtm narnxntm xpnrepnem, moxer noynrt nac npnsnart n onom xstxe raxne paspxt cnon, xoropte n pyrnx xstxax ne xnnxmrcx orentntmn paspxamn, a snauenne, xax ono nn naxno, rpyno noaercx anannsy; xnaccn]nxannx n +rom cnyuae ne moxer trt ocnonana na xparxnx n nerxo npnnoxnmtx onpeenennxx. Moxno npecrannrt cee na xpannx rnna xstxono crpyxrypt: rnn c oruernnntmn ]opmantntmn xpnrepnxmn nx xaxoro paspxa cnon n rnn es raxnx nnemnnx noxasarene. Hanontmee npnnnxenne x nepnomy rnny mt naxonm ne n xaxom-nno ns cymecrnymmnx xstxon, a n raxnx ncxyccrnenntx
ynorpenxrtcx raxxe n nx coennennx nentx npenoxenn (Sonnenschein, 59). Onpeenenne onontno cnoxnoe n npenonaraer mnorne pyrne rpammarnuecxne repmnnt; ono ne aer ornera na nonpoc, uro raxoe coms, n uro ecrt omero y +rnx nyx paspxon.
xstxax, xax +cnepanro n eme n ontme crenenn no, re xaxoe nmx napnna- rentnoe oxanunnaercx na -o (no mnoxecrnennom uncne na -i), xaxoe npnnararentnoe na -a, xaxoe (nponsnonoe) napeune na -e, xaxt rnaron na -r, -s nnn -z n sanncnmocrn or naxnonennx. Oparnoe nonoxenne, xora y paspxon cnon ner ]opmantntx noxasarene, naxonm n xnracxom xstxe, re nexoropte cnona moryr ynorpenxrtcx rontxo n onpeenenntx ]ynxnnxx, n ro npemx xax pyrne moryr ]ynxnnonnponart es xaxoro-nno ]opmantnoro nsmenennx ro xax cymecrnnrentnte, ro xax rnaront, ro xax napeunx n r. .; npnuem nx snauenne n xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae onpeenxercx cnnraxcnuecxnmn npannnamn n xonrexcrom. Anrnncxn xstx sannmaer n +rom ornomennn npomexyrounoe nonoxenne, xorx on nce ontme n ontme npnnnxaercx x cncreme xnracxoro xstxa. Bostmem ]opmy round: ona npecrannxer coo cymecrnnrentnoe n couerannn a round of a ladder crynentxa necrnnnt n n npenoxennn He took his daily round On conepman exenennym nporynxy, npnnararentnoe n couerannn a round table xpyrnt cron, rnaron n npenoxennn He failed to round the lamp-post ,Emy ne yanoct oornyrt ]onapnt cron, napeune n npenoxennn Come round to-morrow 3axon sanrpa n npenor n npenoxennn He walked round the house On xonn noxpyr oma. Hoontm xe opasom while moxer trt cymecrnnrentntm (He stayed here for a while On ocrancx sect na nexoropoe npemx), rnaronom (to while away time npononrt npemx) n comsom (while he was away n ro npemx xax ero ne tno). Move moxer trt cymecrnnrentntm n rnaronom, after npenorom, napeunem n comsom n r. . 1
C pyro cropont, cymecrnyer ontmoe xonnuecrno cnon, npnnanexamnx rontxo x onomy paspxy: admiration nocxnmenne, society ,omecrno, life xnsnt moryr trt rontxo cymecrnnrentntmn, polite ,nexnnnt rontxo npnnararentntm, was tn, comprehend cxnartnart rontxo rnaronamn, at y, npn rontxo npenorom. urot ycranonnrt, x xaxomy paspxy ornocnrcx annoe cnono, neocrarouno paccmarpnnart xaxym-nnyt ony nsonnponannym ]opmy. Taxxe ne cymecrnyer n ]nexrnnnoro oxonuannx, xoropoe npecrannxno t coo ncxnmunrentnym cocrnennocrt xaxo-nno ono uacrn peun. Oxonuanne -ed (- d) ncrpeuaercx rnanntm opasom y rnaronon (ended, opened n r. .), no ono moxer raxxe npncoennxrtcx x cymecrnnrentntm nx opasonannx npnnararentntx (blue-eyed ronyornast, moneyed cocroxrentnt, talented oapennt n r. .). Ecnn npnnxrt no nnnmanne snauenne oxonuannx, ro nexoropte oxonuannx moryr ncnontsonartcx n xauecrne xpnrepnx; rax, ecnn npn oannennn -s mt nonyuaem ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna, ro mt nmeem eno c cymecrnnrentntm; ecnn xe nonyuaercx ]opma 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna c rnaronom; n uacrnocrn, +ro onn ns xpnrepnen nx orrpannuennx cymecrnnrentnoro or rnarona round (many rounds of the ladder mnoro crynenex necrnnnt; He rounds the lamp-post On ornaer ]onapnt cron). B pyrnx cnyuaxx pemamme xnnxercx coueraemocrt c onpeenenntmn cnonamn; rax, my n the n couerannn my love for her mox nmont x ne n the love I bear her nmont, xoropym x nnram x ne, n npornnononoxnocrt I love her nmnm ee, noxastnamr, uro love
1 Hosxe mt cnennantno ocranonnmcx na nonpoce o rom, ecrnnrentno nn +ro pasnnunte uacrn peun. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
xnnxercx cymecrnnrentntm, a ne rnaronom, xax n nocnenem couerannn (cp. my admiration moe nocxnmenne, the admiration nocxnmenne, no I admire nocxnmamct; sect admiration n admire ne cmemnnamrcx) 1 . Ouent naxno ormernrt, onaxo, uro, ecnn round, love n orpomnoe xonnuecrno pyrnx anrnncxnx cnon npnnanexar onee uem x onomy paspxy, ro +ro cnpanennno rontxo n ornomennn nsonnponanno ]opmt: n xaxom orentnom cnyuae ynorpenennx cnona ono ornocnrcx x onomy onpeenennomy paspxy n nn x xaxomy pyromy. Ho mnorne anropt ne sameuamr +roro n uacro yr- nepxamr, uro n npenoxennn We tead at the vicarage Mt ntnnnn uam n ome cnxmennnxa mt nmeem eno c ynorpenennem cymecrnnrentnoro (tea ua) n ]ynxnnn rnarona. B ecrnnrentnocrn sect npecrannen nacroxmn rnaron, raxo, xax dine oeart nnn eat ecrt (xort n opasonannt or cymecrnnrentnoro tea n npnrom es xaxoro-nno ocooro oxonuannx n nn]nnnrnne; cp. ntme, crp. 54). Opasonart rnaron or pyroro cnona concem ne ro xe, uro ynorpenrt cymecrnnrentnoe n xauecrne rnarona; nocnenee noome nenosmoxno. Cnonapn no+romy onxnt rpaxronart love (cymecrnnrentnoe) n love (rnaron) xax na pasntx cnona; rouno rax xe cnonapn onxnt rpaxronart n tea (cymecrnnrentnoe), n tea (rnaron). B cnyuaxx rnna wire cneyer ntenxrt axe rpn cnona: 1) npononoxa cymecrnnrentnoe, 2) renerpa]nponart rnaron, opasonannt or nepnoro cnona es xaxnx-nno cnonoopasonarentntx oxonuann, 3) renerpamma cymecrnnrentnoe, opasonannoe or rnarona es xaxoro-nno oxonuannx. Hpn npenoanannn +nemenrapno rpammarnxn x ne cran t naunnart c onpeenennx pasnnuntx uacre peun n rem onee c otuntx onpeenenn, xoropte ronopxr rax mano, a nperenymr na mnoroe. nspan t onee npaxrnuecxn cnoco. Ontrnt rpammarncr, ne npnerax x raxnm onpeenennxm, ncera snaer, uem xnnxercx annoe cnono npnnararentntm nnn rnaronom. H noono romy xax mt c nepnoro nsrnxa pasnnuaem xopony n xomxy, moryr nayunrtcx pasnnuart uacrn peun n ern. Bet onn yuarcx pasnnuart npnntuntx xnnorntx na npaxrnxe, xora nm noxastnamr ocrarounoe xonnuecrno orentntx ocoe n opamamr nx nnnmanne ro na ony, ro na pyrym xapaxrepnym uepry +rnx ocoe. nsxn t xycox cnxsnoro rexcra, nanpnmep xoporxn paccxas, n cnauana an t xypcnnom nce cymecrnnrentnte. Hocne roro xax +rn cymecrnnrentnte yyr ormeuent n xparxo paccmorpent, y yuamnxcx, nepoxrno, ne nosnnxner sarpynennx npn onpeenennn necxontxnx pyrnx cymecrnnrentntx, ananornuntx no snauennm n no ]opme, no nsxrtx n pyrom rexcre n ne ntenenntx xypcnnom; sarem moxno tno t npnnneut nnnmanne yuamnxcx x npnnararentntm, ncnontsyx ror xe camt rexcr, no ntenxx xypcnnom yxe npnnararentnte. Hanmax raxnm opasom sa
1 Cm. Modern English Grammar, II, rn. VIII n IX, re an ocroxrentnt ananns nonpoca o rom, c nacroxmnmn nn cymecrnnrentntmn mt nmeem eno n couerannxx rnna: Motion requires a here and a there nnxenne npenonaraer nonxrnx soeci n ma+, a he on, myxunna, a pick-pocket ,xapmannt nop, my Spanish is not very good mon snannx ucnaucroeo sira ne ouent xopomn n r. . Ocoo nnrepecnt cnyua, re moryr trt comnennx ornocnrentno onpeenennx paspxa cnon, paccmarpnnaercx n Modern English Grammar, II, rn. XII: Crann nn nepnte cnona n anrnncxnx cnoxntx cnonax npnnararentntmn? (Cp. cneymmne npnmept: intimate and bosom friends nnsxne n saraoi:uie pystx, the London and American publishers ,.ouooucrue n amepnxancxne nsarenn, a Boston young lady oocmoucra aptmnx, his own umbrella the cotton one ero cocrnennt sonrnx x.on:amoov+arui n p.)
pasnnuntmn paspxamn, yuamnecx npnoperyr nocrenenno rpammarnuecxoe uyrte n cmoryr pasopartcx n nocneymmnx ypoxax, nocnxmenntx mop]onornn n cnnraxcncy ponoro n nnocrpannoro xstxa. Onaxo x ne crannm cee nentm anart conert no nonoy nauantnoro npenoanannx rpammarnxn, a crpemnmct namernrt nayunoe nonnmanne nornuecxo ocnont rpammarnxn. 3ro moxno nerue ncero cenart, x ymam, nyrem paccmorpennx roro, uro ecrnnrentno nponcxonr, xora mt ronopnm o uem-nnyt, n nyrem anannsa nsanmoornomenn mexy peantntm mnpom n cnocoom ntpaxennx ero xnnenn n xstxe. R3LK H PEAALHAR H3HL B peantno xnsnn mt nmeem eno rontxo c xonxperntmn npemeramn: mt nnnm xaxoe-ro xonxpernoe xnoxo, xpxo-xpacnoe n ono uacrn n xenronaroe n pyro, onpeenennoro pasmepa, ]opmt, neca n crenenn cnenocrn, c onpeenenntm xonnuecrnom nxren n neponnocre, npn onpeenennom ocnemennn, n onpeenennom mecre, n annt momenr annoro nx n r. . Hocxontxy xstx ne n cocroxnnn ntpasnrt nce +rn orrenxn no nce nx xonxpernocrn, nam nx oneruennx xommynnxannn npnxonrcx ornnexartcx or nnnnnyantntx n xonxperntx xapaxrepncrnx: cnono o.oro npnmenxercx ne rontxo x romy xe xnoxy npn pyrnx ocroxrentcrnax, n pyroe npemx, npn pyrom ocnemennn, no raxxe x orpomnomy uncny pyrnx npemeron, xoropte yono oennnrt no rem xe camtm nasnannem. Bet nnaue mt nmenn t ecxoneunoe xonnuecrno nnnnnyantntx nasnann n nam nyxno tno t nsoperart cnona nx nontx npemeron n xaxt momenr nx. Mnp noxpyr nac naxonrcx n nocroxnnom nsmenennn, n urot nocnert sa +rnmn nsmenennxmn, mt cosaem n namem cosnannn nnn, no xpane mepe, n xstxe onpeenennte onee nnn menee cranntnte rouxn, onpeenennte cpenne ennnnt. B peantnom mnpe cpennx ennnn ne tnaer, no onn cymecrnymr n xstxe, n, raxnm opasom, nmecro oosnauennx annoro npemera, cnonom o.oro oosnauaercx nexn cpenn npemer ns omero uncna ncex npemeron, nmemmnx mnoro omnx uepr (no, xoneuno, ne nce). Hnaue ronopx, urot coomnrt namn nneuarnennx n mtcnn, aconmrno neoxonmo nmert onee nnn menee acrpaxrnte 1 oosnauennx nonxrn: o.oro xnnxercx acrpaxrntm no ornomennm x xonxpernomy xnoxy, c xoroptm nam npnxonrcx nmert eno; qpvrm acrpaxrno axe n ontme crenenn; a eme onee acrpaxrnte nonxrnx ntpaxamr raxne cnona, xax rpacui, re.mi n r. n.; xstx ncera nmeer eno c acrpaxrntmn cnonamn; rontxo crenent acrpaxrnocrn nsmenxercx ecxoneuno. Ecnn nt xornre ntsnart n cosnannn coecennxa conepmenno onpeenennoe nonxrne, nt onapyxnre, uro +ro nonxrne camo no cee ouent cnoxnoe. Ono cocronr ns ontmoro xonnuecrna orentntx npnsnaxon nacrontxo ontmoro, uro nt ne cmoxere nx nepeuncnnrt axe n rom cnyuae, ecnn nponnre +ror nepeuent o ecxoneunocrn. Bam npnxonrcx ntnpart, n, ecrecrnenno, nt ocranannnnaerect na raxnx npnsnaxax, xoropte, no namemy
1 Cnono acrpaxrnt ynorpenxercx sect n otunom cmtcne, a ne n rom, n xaxom nm nontsymrcx n nornxo-rpammarnuecxo repmnnonornn, xoropax yer paccmorpena nnxe, n rn. X. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
rnyoxomy yexennm, onee ncero npnront nx roro, urot ntsnart n co- snannn coecennxa ro xe camoe nonxrne. Fonee roro, nt nonpaere raxne npnsnaxn, xoropte nomornn t onpeennrt nonxrne nanonee npocrtm n yontm opasom n nsannnn t nac or neoxonmocrn nnnntx noxcnenn. Ho+romy nmecro a timid gregarious woolly ruminant mammal nyrnnnoe, xnnymee craamn, noxptroe mepcrtm, xnaunoe mnexonnrammee nt cxaxere sheep ,onna, a nmecro male ruler of independent state myxunna npannrent nesanncnmoro rocyapcrna king xopont n r.n. Taxnm opasom, noncmy, re rontxo nosmoxno, ynorpenxercx npocro, a ne cnoxnt repmnn. Ho ne nx ncex cnoxntx nonxrn cymecrnymr cnennantnte npocrte repmnnt; no+romy nepexo nam npnxonrcx cocrannxrt ntpaxennx ns raxnx cnon, xoropte n orentnocrn nepeamr cymecrnennte npnsnaxn annoro nonxrnx. Ho axe n n raxnx cnyuaxx oosnauenne nnxora ne tnaer ncuepntnammnm. B uacrnocrn, onoro n roro xe uenonexa npn pasnnuntx ocroxrentcrnax moxno oosnauart pasnnuntm opasom, n nce-raxn yer xcno, uro peut ner o onom nnne; cp. James Armitage ,xemc Apmnrax, npocro Armitage Apmnrax, nnn npocro James xemc, nnn eme the little man in a suit of grey whom we met on the bridge uenonex manentxoro pocra n cepom xocrmme, xoroporo mt ncrpernnn na mocry, the principal physician at the hospital for womens diseases rnannt npau ontnnnt xencxnx onesne, the old Doctor crapt oxrop, the Doctor oxrop, her husband ee myx, Uncle James xx xemc, Uncle xx nnn npocro he on. B xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae cnymarent oannxer, ocnontnaxct na cnryannn (nnn xonrexcre), r. e. ns cnoero npetymero ontra, orpomnoe xonnuecrno pyrnx xapaxrepntx uepr, xoropte ne namnn xstxonoro ntpaxennx; ocoenno +ro or- nocnrcx x nocnenemy cnyuam, xora uenonex oosnauen rontxo mecronmennem ,on. Cpen npnneenntx oosnauenn ncrpeuamrcx raxne, xoropte, xax moxno nerxo samernrt, nmemr ocot xapaxrep; mt cpasy xe ntenxem re+c n Ap+umaor (n, xoneuno, coueranne re+c Ap+umaor) xax n m e n a c o c r n e n n t e. Cnona xe rnna :e.oeer, epa:, oormop, +vr, oo, nxoxmne n nexoropte ns oosnauenn, nastnamrcx n m e n a m n n a p n n a r e n t n t m n, nocxontxy onn ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx mnornx nnn nnn, no ncxxom cnyuae, snaunrentno ontmero uncna nnn, uem nmena cocrnennte. Paccmorpnm necxontxo noponee, n uem cymnocrt nmen cocrnenntx. HMEHA COBCTBEHHLE Kasanoct t, nmena cocrnennte xnnxmrcx nasnannxmn, xoropte moryr trt npnmenent rontxo x onpeenennomy xonxpernomy nnny. 3romy nncxontxo ne npornnopeunr ro ocroxrentcrno, uro the Pyrenees Hnpenen n the United States Coennennte Brart npecrannxmr coo nmena cocrnennte; necmorpx na ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna, c nomomtm xoropo oosnauaercx annax nent rop n annt nonnrnuecxn oprannsm, onn paccmarpnnamrcx xax ono nenoe, xax nnnnnyantnte npemert; net nenosmoxno ronopnrt o ,ono Hnpenee nnn o onom Coennennom Brare; moxno cxasart rontxo one of the Pyrenees ona ns Hnpeneen, one of the United States onn ns Coennenntx Braron.
3naunrentno cnoxnee ocronr eno c raxnmn cnonamn, xax rou n C+um, xoropte, no omemy mnennm, cunramrcx nmenamn cocrnenntmn, necmorpx na ro, uro, eccnopno, cymecrnyer mnoro nnn, xoroptx nastnamr rou, n mnoro nnn, xoroptx nastnamr C+um, a raxxe snaunrentnoe xonnuecrno nnn, oosnauaemtx n rem n pyrnm nmenem cpasy rou C+um. Pu+ raxxe nmx cocrnennoe, no, xpome Pnma n Hrannn, +ro nasnanne nocxr no xpane mepe nxrt ropoon n Coennenntx Brarax! Kax xe rora cneyer pasnnuart nmena cocrnennte n nmena napnnarentnte? Hsnecrnax nontrxa paspemnrt +ror nonpoc tna cenana xonom Crmaprom Mnnnem (J. S. Mi l l, System of Logic, I, rn. II). Cornacno ero rouxe spennx, nmena cocrnennte nnment conyrcrnymmnx snauenn; onn nnmt o o s n a u a mr nnnnnyantntx nnn nnn nnnnnyantnte npemert, nocxmne +ro nasnanne, no ne yxastnamr n ne nopasymenamr nnxaxnx uepr, cnocrnenntx xm; nx saaua yxasart npemer, o xoropom ner peut, a ne coomnrt o nem uro-nno. C pyro cropont, raxne nmena, xax :e.oeer, xpome o o s n a u e n n x ecuncnennoro xonnuecrna nnnnnon Herp, xemc, xon n r.n., n p n n n o c x r (xonnornpymr) n onpeenennte npnsnaxn: marepnantnocrt, npnnanexnocrt x xnnomy mnpy, pasymnocrt n nsnecrnte nnemnne ]opmt, xoropte mt nastnaem uenoneuecxnmn. Bcxxn pas no+romy, xora nasnannx npemeron amr xaxne-nno cneennx o nnx, nnn, nnaue ronopx, nmemr snauenne, +ro snauenne saxnmueno ne n rom, uro onn oosnauamr, a n rom, uro onn xonnornpymr. Enncrnennte nasnannx npemeron, xoropte nnment xonnorannn, +ro cocrnennte nmena; crporo ronopx, +rn nmena ne nmemr nnxaxoro snauennx. Tax, onn ns conpemenntx arcxnx nccneonarene (H. Be r t e l s e n, Fnllesnavne og egennavne, 1911) ronopnr, uro John xnnxercx nmenem cocrnenntm, nocxontxy nnuero, xpome nasnannx, ne oennxer ncex xonon n ornnune or Pnuapon n Ienpn; nmena napnnarentnte n ornnune or nmen cocrnenntx ntenxmr neuro xapaxrepnoe nx nnnnnyantntx nnn n npemeron, x xoroptm onn ornocxrcx. Taxnm opasom, pasnnune mexy nmenamn cocrnenntmn n nmenamn napnnarentntmn ne nmeer nnxaxoro nnn no xpane mepe nnxaxoro onpeenennoro ornomennx x uncny nnnnnyantntx nnn nnn npemeron, oosnauaemtx +rnmn nmenamn. ymam, onaxo, uro +ra rouxa spennx ne ncxptnaer nce rnynnt nponemt. HOAHHHOE 3HAHEHHE HMEH COBCTBEHHLX Hepnocrenennoe snauenne, no moemy mnennm, nmeer camoe ynorpenenne nmen cocrnenntx ronopxmnmn n nonnmanne nx cnymammnmn. Bcxxn pas, xora nmx cocrnennoe ynorpenxercx n xnno peun, n nx ronopxmero, n nx cnymarenx ono oosnauaer nnmt ono xonxpernoe nnno n orpannunnaercx rontxo nm. Ceronx, n xomnannn cnonx pyse x mory ynorpenrt nmx xon npnmennrentno x onpeenennomy uenonexy, nocxmemy raxoe nmx. Ho +ro ne nomemaer mne sanrpa, n pyro xomnannn ynorpenrt ro xe nmx no ornomennm x nnomy nnny; n oonx cnyuaxx, onaxo, nmx cocrnennoe ntnonnxer ony n ry xe pont: ono ntstnaer n cosnannn cnymarenx nmenno ro snauenne, xoropoe x nmem n nny. Mnnnt n ero nocneonarenn cnnmxom mnoro nnnmannx yenxnn Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
romy, uro moxno nasnart cnonapntm snauennem nmenn, n ouent mano sann- mannct ero xonrexcryantntm snauennem n ro xonxperno cnryannn, n xaxo ono nponsnocnrcx nnn nnmercx. Hpana, conepmenno nenosmoxno onpeennrt snauenne cnona rou, xora aercx rontxo +ro cnono n nnuero ontme; onaxo ro xe camoe moxno cxasart n o mnornx nmenax napnnarentntx. Enncrnenntm uecrntm ornerom na npocty coomnrt snauenne cnon jar, sound, palm nnn tract yer cneymmn: Hoxaxnre mne xonrexcr, n x cxaxy nam snauenne. B onom cnyuae pipe nonnmaercx xax rpyxa (xypnrentnax), n pyrom xax ,noonpononax rpya, n rpertem xax cnncrox, n uerneprom xax rpya oprana; raxxe ocronr eno co cnonom xon: n xaxom orentnom npenoxennn ono nmeer ono onpeenennoe snauenne, xoropoe xncrnyer ns xonrexcra n cnryannn; n ecnn +ro nmx cocrnennoe, ero snauenne n xaxom or- entnom cnyuae yer onee cnennantntm, uem snauenne pipe nnn pyrnx ynomxnyrtx cnon. 3ect mt nanmaem pyrym cropony roro naxnoro ocroxrentcrna, uro ontmnm xonnuecrnom npnsnaxon onaamr nmena cocrnennte, a ne nmena napnnarentnte. Hontsyxct repmnnonorne Mnnnx, no, nonnocrtm pacxoxct c ero rouxo spennx, x ocmenmct yrnepxart, uro nmena cocrnennte (n rom nne, xax onn peantno ynorpenxmrcx) xonnornpymr nanontmee xonnuecrno npnsnaxon. Kora nt cntmnre o xaxom-nnyt uenonexe n nepnt pas nnn n nepnt pas ncrpeuaere ero nmx n raserax, nt ne snaere o nem nnuero, xpome nmenn; no uem ontme nam npnxonrcx cntmart o nem n nnert ero, rem ontme ero nmx nanonnxercx nx nac coepxannem. Hoontm xe opasom, no mepe roro xax nt unraere poman, nospacraer n name snaxomcrno c nepconaxem pomana. Onaxo ro xe camoe nanmaercx n n cnyuae c nmenem napnnarentntm , xora mt cntmnm ero nnepnte, nanpnmep co cnonom ichneumon nxnenmon: sect onxrt- raxn snauenne, nnn xonnorannx, pacrer no mepe pocra namero snannx. Orpnnart +ro moxno tno t, rontxo ecnn cunrart, uro xonnorannx xnnxercx uem-ro npncymnm nmenn n cymecrnymmnm nne cosnannx uenonexa, xoropt snaer n ynorpenxer +ro nmx; onaxo raxoe npenonoxenne acypno n npornnopeunr npannntntm nonxrnxm o cymnocrn xstxa n uenoneuecxo ncnxnxn. Ecnn t nmena cocrnennte ne xonnornponann ontmoro xonnuecrna npnsnaxon, tno t nenosmoxno nonxrt n ncronxonart otunt nepexo nmenn cocrnennoro n nmx napnnarentnoe. Ona monoax aruanxa na nonpoc ]pannysa ornocnrentno npo]eccnn ee orna, ne snax ]pannyscxoro cnona sculpteur ,cxyntnrop, ornernna rax: Il est un Thorvaldsen en miniature 3ro Topea.ioceu n mnnnarmpe. Ocxap Vant nnmer: Every great man nowadays has his disciples, and it is always Judas who writes the biography V xaxoro nennxoro uenonexa n name npemx ecrt yuennxn, a norpa]nm ncera nnmer Hvoa (Intentions, 81) +ro nepnt mar x ntpaxennm a Judas. Vonrep Harep (Pater) ronopnr, uro upannnx tna naxanyne roro, urot crart Hma.ue onee nrantxncxo, uem cama Hrannx (Renaissance, 133). Taxnm nmenno opasom nmx Hesapx crano omnm nasnannem pnmcxnx nmneparopon, nemenxnx xasepon n pyccxnx nape. (B mexcnnponcxo rparenn napo xpnunr: Liue Brutus, liue, liue... Let him be Cxsar a
spancrnyer Fpyr ... nycrt on yer Hesapem Caesar, III. 2. 55.) npnnoxy nnmt necxontxo npnmepon 1 . Hornxn, esycnonno, nnxr +ro, no ormaxnnamrcx or +roro xnnennx, ronopx: Hmena cocrnennte, xoneuno, npnoperamr xonnorannm, xora onn ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx onpeenennoro rnna nme; nanpnmep: uoeeu, 4o+a, ou-Kuxom, Ho.i Hpa, Beueourm, Corpam. Ho npn noonom ynorpenennn raxne nmena n cymnocrn nepecramr trt nmenamn cocrnenntmn; onn npnoperamr nce xapaxrepnte ueprt nmen napnnarentntx (Ke y n e s, Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic, ns. 4, Honon, 1906, crp. 45). Hornx xax raxono c ero cxnonnocrtm x noonenponnnaemtm neperopoxam n mnpe nonxrn ne nnrepecyercx rem, uro nx menx xax nnnrnncra nmeer nepnocrenennoe snauenne: xax morno nonyunrtcx, uro px snyxon, nnmenntx snauennx, ns nexonnornpymmnx npyr cranonxrcx xonnornpymmnmn n npn +rom nonoe nonnoe snauenne cpasy xe npnemnmr nce ronopxmne? Ecnn xe crart na rouxy spennx, nsnoxennym ntme, rpynocrt cpasy ncuesaer. Bor uro nponcxonr n ecrnnrentnocrn: ns pxa xauecrn, xapaxrepnsymmnx nocnrenx annoro nmenn (n, x cxasan t, xonnornpyemtx +rnm nmenem), ntnpaercx ono, nanonee nsnecrnoe; ono ncnontsyercx n nx xapaxrepncrnxn pyroro nnna nnn npemera, onaammero rem xe xauecrnom. Touno raxo xe nponecc mt nanmaem ouent uacro n nmenax napnnarentntx; rax, nnora nnerox, nmemmn ]opmy xonoxontunxa, nastnamr ro.oro.i:uro+, xorx no ncex ocrantntx ornomennxx on ornnuaercx or xonoxontunxa; nnn, nanpnmep, nonnrnuecxoro exrenx nastnamr crapo .uco, cp. raxxe anrn. that pearl of a woman xenmnna-re+:vruua, that jewel of a woman reuuuua- opaeoeuuocmi. Hpnunna raxoro nepexoa snauenn n nmenax cocrnenntx n nmenax napnnarentntx ona, a nmenno nx cnoconocrt xonnornponart; pasnnna mexy oonmn paspxamn uncro xonnuecrnennax. Pasnnune n ynorpenennn cnona Crnsus Kpes nx oosnauennx onpeenennoro nnna n nx oosnauennx oraua moxno cpannnrt c pasnnunem mexy human uenoneuecxn (xonnornpymmnm nce, cnocrnennoe uenonexy) n humane uenoneunt (nsnpammnm ony ns ocoennocre uenonexa). B conpemenno enponecxo cncreme nnuntx nmen, cocroxmnx ns nmenn n ]amnnnn, nponcxonr nepenoc necxontxo nnoro xapaxrepa: peenox npnoperaer ]amnnnm orna na ocnonannn camoro ]axra poxennx. Ftno t cnnmxom nocnemntm yrnepxart, uro, nanpnmep, Tnmnepnen (Tymperleys), npnnanexamne x ono n ro xe cemte, ne nmemr nnuero omero mexy coo, xpome ]amnnnn; nnora nx moxno ysnart no nocy nnn no noxoxe; nnora xe nx omne nacnecrnennte ueprt, ]nsnuecxne n ncnxnuecxne, moryr trt ropaso onee mnorouncnennt, rax uro ]amnnnx Tnmnepne moxer npnopecrn cmtcn, no cymecrny, mano ornnuammncx or cmtcna raxnx nmen napnnarentntx, xax opruupe, qpauvs, ueep nnn onent. Hnora tnaer rpyno onpeennrt, uro xonnornpyer ro nnn nnoe ns +rnx nasnann nnn no xaxnm npnsnaxam moxno onpeennrt, uro uenonex npnnanexnr x romy nnn pyromy xnaccy; onaxo nornxn cxoxrcx na rom, uro +rn nasnannx nmemr xonnorannm. Tora nouemy xe orxastnart n +rom cnony Tu+nep.e?
1 Hnroncxoe cnono, osnauammee xopont karalius, opasonano or nar. Carolus (Kapn Bennxn); raxxe pyccx. ropo.i, nontcx. kryl, nenr. kirly. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Hnaue ocronr, xoneuno, eno c nnuntmn nmenamn, xoropte amrcx onee nnn menee cnyuano. Ona Mo, moxer trt, nonyunna +ro nmx n uecrt cnoe oraro rerxn, a pyrax npocro noromy, uro ponrenxm +ro nmx nonpannnoct. Ho+romy onn ne nmemr nnuero omero, xpome nmenn. Ho net rouno rax xe ocronr eno n n cnyuaxx npoe temple xpam n temple nncox. (ne Mo nmemr ontme omero, uem xpam n nncox; oe onn xnnxmrcx cy- mecrnamn xencxoro nona.) 1 . Bce +ro nnxax ne ner npaspes c moe rouxo spennx, xoropax cocronr n rom, uro ncxxn pas, xora ynorpenxercx nmx Moo, e cosnannn cnymarenx nosnnxaer npecrannenne o nenom pxe cnocrn nnn ornnunrentntx npnsnaxon annoro nnna. Hpornn +ro rouxn spennx ntnnraercx nospaxenne, uro xonnorannx nmenn cocrnennoro +ro ne xauecrno nnn xauecrna, no xoroptm moxno onpeennrt coornercrnymmn xnacc. Hanpnmep, anrnnuannna sa rpannne moxno ysnart no noxpom oext, ]pannysa no nponsnomennm, npoxropa no nenram, anoxara no napnxy; no x ne nxnatnam raxoro coepxannx n +rn nasnannx, rax uro nce +ro ne opasyer uacrn xonnorannn nmen cocrnenntx (n cmtcne Mnnnx) (Ke y n e s, Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic, London, 1906, crp. 43). 3ect xax yro ycranannnnaercx pasnnune mexy cymecrnenntmn npnsnaxamn, saxnmuenntmn n xonnorannn 2 , n necymecrnenntmn nnn cnyuantmn cnocrnamn. Onaxo uerxo nnnnn sect nponecrn nentsx. Ecnn mt xornm ysnart, uro xonnornpyercx nasnannxmn co.i n caxap, nyxno nn npnerart x xnmnuecxomy anannsy n anart xnmnuecxne ]opmynt +rnx nemecrn nnn moxno npnmennrt otunt xpnrepn n npocro nonpoonart nx? Kaxne xauecrna xonnornpymrcx cnonom cooara? B +rom n no mnornx pyrnx noontx cnyuaxx mt es xoneann ynorpenxem napnnarentnte nmena. Ho mt tnn t n ontmom sarpynennn, ecnn t xro-nnyt cnpocnn, xaxoe snauenne mt nxnatnaem n ro nnn nnoe nasnanne n nouemy mt npnmenxem ero n annom cnyuae. Coaxy mt onpeenxem ro no onomy, ro no pyromy npnsnaxy nnn no nenomy pxy npnsnaxon; n ecnn mt npnmenxem cnono cooara x annomy xnnornomy +ro snaunr, uro xnnornoe onaaer ncemn ocrantntmn uepramn, xoropte n conoxynnocrn cocrannxmr npnpoy coaxn 3 . Vnorpenenne nmen cocrnenntx no mnoxecrnennom uncne (cp. Modern English Grammar, II, 4. 4) cranonnrcx raxxe nonxrntm c rouxn spennx nsnoxenno reopnn. B crporom cmtcne nn ono nmx cocrnennoe ne moxer nmert ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna. uopma mnoxecrnennoro uncna y nmen cocrnenntx rax xe nemtcnnma, xax n y mecronmennx : ecrt rontxo ono x, rontxo onn rou, rontxo onn Pu+, ecnn no +rnmn nmenamn nonnmart rontxo annoe nnno nnn ropo, o xoropom mt ronopnm. Ho n ynomxnyrtx nsmenenntx snauennxx ]opma
1 pyro npnmep nepexoa ]amnnnn onoro nnna na pyroe +ro cnyua samyxecrna: Mepn Fpayn n pesyntrare paxa c Ienpn T+nopom cranonnrcx mnccnc T+nop, mnccnc Mepn T+nop nnn axe mnccnc Ienpn T+nop. 2 Cp. ram xe, crp. 24: Mt nxnmuaem n xonnorannm nasnann xnaccon rontxo re npnsnaxn, na xoroptx ocnonana xnaccn]nxannx. 3 Camtm nyumnm, noxany, yer myrnnnoe onpeenenne coaxn: coaxa +ro raxoe xnnornoe, xoroporo nncrnnxrnnno npnsnaer sa coaxy pyrax coaxa.
mnoxecrnennoro uncna cranonnrcx nosmoxno n nx nmen cocrnenntx. Bostmem cneymmne xnacct: 1) Konxpernte npemert nnn nnna, xoropte onee nnn menee cnyuano oosnauamrcx onnm n rem xe nasnannem: B name xomnannn tno rpn roua n nxrt Mepu, ne tn nn n onom ns amepnxancxnx Pu+oe. 2) unent ono cemtn: V ncex Tu+nep.eee nnnnte noct; no npemena Cmmapmoe, Ieupu Cnuurepi. (cp. rn. XIV, mnoxecrnennoe npnnnxennx). 3) Hnna nnn npemert, cxonte c nnnom nnn npemerom, nocxmnm annoe nmx: Joucoui n Maprouu moryr norpxcrn mnp nsoperennxmn; Hvoi, ropo.u Ieupuxu, ropo.eei E.usaeemi nyr cnonm nyrem (Kapnent); ,Cxanncrte ropt n Kanae pexnamnpymrcx xax nxrtecxr Leeapu nmecre nsxrtx. 4) B pesyntrare meronnmnn nmx cocrnennoe moxer ynorpenxrtcx nx oosnauennx nponsneennx, cosannoro anropom, nocxmnm +ro nmx: B +ro ranepee na Pe+opauoma. Cneyer raxxe nomnnrt, uro coepxanne, nxnatnaemoe n nn- nnnyantnoe nmx, npn nnxamem paccmorpennn oxastnaercx acrpaxnne. Kaxax xonxpernax nemt n xaxoe nnno nenpeptnno, c xaxtm mrnonennem nsmenxmrcx. B ero nasnannn ntenxmrcx n saxpennxmrcx nocroxnnte +nemenrt ncex nsmenunntx npoxnnenn, nponcxoxmnx c npemerom, uro xax t npnnonr nx x omemy snamenarenm. Fnaroapx +romy mt moxem nonxrt npenoxennx rnna cneymmnx: He felt convinced that Jonas was again the Jonas he had known a week ago, and not the Jonas of the intervening time On yenncx, uro xonac cnona ror xonac, xoroporo on snan neenm nasa, a ne ror xonac, xoroporo on snan nocne +roro (nxxenc); There were days when Sophia was the old Sopfiia the forbidding, difficult Sophia Ftnn nn, xora Co]nx tna npexne Co]ne nenpnnnexarentno n rxxeno Co]ne (Fennerr); Anna was astounded by the contrast between the Titus of Sunday and Titus of Monday Anna tna ynnnena xonrpacrom mexy Tnrom n nocxpecente n Tnrom n noneentnnx (ram xe); The Grasmere before and after this outrage were two different vales Ipacmnp o n nocne +roro npecrynnennx +ro tnn ne pasnte onnnt (e Knnncn). Bce +rn npenoxennx tno t rpyno oxcnnrt, ecnn t mt orxasann nmenam cocrnenntm n xonnorannn. V nmen cocrnenntx moxer noxnnrtcx n ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna: Darius had known England before and after the repeal of the Corn Laws, and the difference between the two Englands was so strikingly dramatic... ,apnyc snan Anrnnm o n nocne orment xnentx saxonon, n pasnnna mexy nymx Aue.u+u oi.a raxo pamarnuecxo... (Fennerr). C nnnrnncrnuecxo rouxn spennx conepmenno nenosmoxno nponecrn uerxym emapxannonnym nnnnm mexy nmenamn cocrnenntmn n nmenamn napnnarentntmn. Mt yxe nnenn nepexo nmen cocrnenntx n nmena napnnarentnte, no ne menee uacro ncrpeuaercx n oparnt nepexo. Tontxo ouent nemnorne nmena cocrnennte tnn raxontmn ncera (nanpnmep, Rasselas), ontmnncrno xe nennxom nnn uacrnuno nocxoxr x nmenam napnnarentntm n cnennannsnponannom snauennn. nnxercx nn the Union coms n npnmenennn x onpeenennomy oennennm cryenron n Oxc]ope nnn Kempnxe nmenem cocrnenntm? A xax ocronr eno c British Academy Fpnrancxax Axaemnx nnn c Royal Insurance Company Koponencxax crpaxonax xomnannx nnn n Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
pyro onacrn c raxnmn sarnannxmn xnnr, xax Men and Women Myxunnt n xenmnnt, Outspoken Essays Orxponennte ouepxn nnn Essays and Reviews Ouepxn n oospennx? uem onee nponsnontntm xnnxercx nasnanne, rem onee mt cxnonnt cunrart ero nmenem cocrnenntm. Onaxo +ro nonce ne neoxonmoe ycnonne. ynpcxax opora (Dover road) (n snauennn opora, neymax n ynp) nepnonauantno ne xnnxnact nmenem cocrnenntm, n ro npemx xax ynpcxax ynnna (Dover street), ne nmemmax nnxaxo cnxsn c ynpom, morna t c raxnm xe ycnexom trt nasnana v.ue Huuro.iua (Lincoln street) n no+romy c camoro nauana xnnxercx nmenem cocrnenntm. Onaxo c reuennem npemenn n vepcra oopoea moxer crart nmenem cocrnenntm, ecnn nepnonauantnax npnunna ee nanmenonannx yer satra n opora npenparnrcx n otunym ynnny; +ror nepexo moxer trt o nexoropo crenenn orpaxen n xstxe nyrem onymennx aprnxnx. Onn ns nononcxnx napxon mnorne nastnamr eme the Green Park 3enent napx, no nexoropte onycxamr aprnxnt, nastnax ero npocro Green Park, n raxnm opasom npenpamamr ero n nmx cocrnennoe; cp. raxxe Central Park ,Henrpantnt napx n Htm-Hopxe, New College Hont xonnex n Newcastle (nepnonauantno nont samox). Taxnm opasom, orcyrcrnne aprnxnx n anrnncxom xstxe (no ne n nrantxncxom nnn nemenxom) xnnxercx nnemnnm npnsnaxom nmenn cocrnennoro, ornnuammnm ero or nmenn napnnarentnoro. Ho+romy n otunom ynorpenennn raxnx cnon, xax father oren, mother ,mart, cook xyxapxa, nurse nxnx, es aprnxnx cxastnaercx npnnnxenne x nmenam cocrnenntm; es comnennx, onn rax n nonnmamrcx ertmn o onpeenennoro nospacra, n +ro nnonne onpanano, ecnn mart nnn rerxa, opamaxct x peenxy, ronopnr father, nmex n nny ne cnoero orna, a orna peenxa. Cnennannsannx, xoropax nponcxonr, xora nmx napnnarentnoe cranonnrcx nmenem cocrnenntm, ornnuaercx or cnennannsannn n onacrn napnnarentntx nmen ne no xapaxrepy, a nnmt no crenenn. Tax, nanpnmep, the Black Forest (yxn. uepnt nec; eme xcnee +ror nponecc nnen n nem. Schwarzwald) crano nasnannem onpeenenno nenn rop; coornomenne mexy +rnm nasnannem n couerannem the black forest, xoropoe n xauecrne nmenn napnnarentnoro moxer trt npnmeneno x pyromy necy, ananornuno coornomennm mexy the blackbird pos n the black bird uepnax nrnna 1 . Taxnm opasom, n pesyntrare nccneonannx mt npnmnn x saxnmuennm, uro mexy nmenamn cocrnenntmn n nmenamn napnnarentntmn nentsx nponecrn uerxo rpannnt, nocxontxy pasnnune mexy nnmn xonnuecrnennoe, a ne xauecrnennoe. Hasnanne ncera xonnornpyer xauecrno nnn xauecrna, no xoroptm ysnaercx ero nocnrent nnn nocnrenn, cnonmn xauecrnamn ornnuammnecx or py- rnx nnn nnn npemeron. uem onee cnoeopasntm n cnenn]nuntm xnnxercx oosnauaemt npemer, rem onee nepoxrno, uro nasnanne emy yer ano nponsnontno, n rem onee ono npnnnxaercx nnn axe npenpamaercx n nmx
1 Moxno npnnecrn eme onn npnmep rexyuecrn rpannn mexy nmenamn napnnarentntmn n nmenamn cocrnenntmn. Kora mystxanrt ronopxr o eemo cu+qouuu, onn ncera nmemr n nny sameuarentnoe nponsneenne Ferxonena. Taxnm opasom, oeema cu+qouu cranonnrcx nmenem cocrnenntm; onaxo Pomen Ponnan cnona npenpamaer ee n nmx napnnarentnoe, ynorpenxx ee no mnoxecrnennom uncne (uro npoxnnxercx n ]opme aprnxnx; n ro xe npemx enn- crnennoe uncno n sarnannte yxnt noxastnamr, uro ona nonnmaercx xax nmx cocrnennoe), xora on ronopnr o ]pannyscxnx xomnosnropax: Ils faisaient des Neuviume Symphonie et des Quatuor de Franck, mais beaucoup plus difficiles 0nn counnxnn eemie cu+qouuu n Keapmemi upanxa, no ropaso onee rpynte (Xan Kpncro], 5, 83).
cocrnennoe. Ecnn ronopxmn xouer yxasart na xonxpernoe nnno nnn npemer, on nmeer nnora n cnoem pacnopxxennn cnennantnoe nasnanne, r. e. nmx cocrnennoe, xoropoe n anno cnryannn yer nonxro xax oosnauenne +roro nnna nnn npemera; nnora xe emy npnxonrcx cocrannxrt ns pyrnx cnon cnoxnoe oosnauenne, ocrarouno rounoe nx +ro nenn. Bonpoc o rom, xaxnm opasom +ro enaercx, yer paccmorpen n cneymme rnane. I . a e a V CYmECTBHTEALHLE H HPHAAIATEALHLE Osop ]opm. Bemecrno n xauecrno. Cnennannsannx. Hepexo cnon ns onoro paspxa n pyro. pyrne couerannx. OB3OP mOPM Cpen oosnauenn onoro n roro xe nnna, npnneenntx ntme (cm. crp. 69), ncrpeuannct raxne couerannx, xoropte coepxann na xomnonenra, naxoxmnxcx pyr c pyrom n ornomennxx raxoro nopxxa: little man manentxn uenonex, principal physician rnannt npau, old doctor crapt oxrop. Mt nastnaem cnona little manentxn, principal rnannt n old crapt npnnararentntmn, a man uenonex, physician npau n doctor oxrop cymecrnn- rentntmn. Hpnnararentnte n cymecrnnrentnte nmemr mnoro omero, n tnamr cnyuan, xora rpyno cxasart, x xaxomy ns paspxon npnnanexnr annoe cnono. Ho+romy yono nmert repmnn, xoropt oennxn t n ro, n pyroe. B coornercrnnn c narnncxo repmnnonorne, mnpoxo ncnontsyemo n nontx xonrnnenrantntx rpyax no rpammarnxe, x yy ynorpenxrt repmnn n m x (nar. nomen) nx oosnauennx +roro omero paspxa, n xoropt nxoxr n cymecrnnrentnte n npnnararentnte. Anrnncxne yuente ynorpenxmr otuno cnono noun nx oosnauennx roro, uro mt nastnaem c y me c r n n r e n t n t m (substantive); npnnxrax mnom repmnnonornx aer nosmoxnocrt, c ono cropont, ynorpenxrt nx oonx paspxon npnnararentnoe n m e n n o , a c pyro rnaron c y c r a n r n n n p o n a r t, xora peut ner, nanpnmep, o cycranrnnn- ponanntx npnnararentntx. B ro npemx xax n nexoroptx xstxax, nanpnmep n ]nncxom, nenosmoxno narn xaxo-nno xpnrepn no ]nexcnn nx pasrpannuennx cymecrnnrentntx n npnnararentntx n, x npnmepy, cnono suomalainen xnnxercx, raxnm opasom, n m e n e m, nesanncnmo or roro, xax mt ero nepenonm cymecrnnrentntm (]nnn) nnn npnnararentntm (]nncxn), nama cemtx xstxon ncera pasrpannunnaer na paspxa nmen, xorx n c pasno crenentm oruernnnocrn. B pennnx xstxax rpeuecxom, narnncxom n r. . rnannoe pasnnune ]op- mantnoro xapaxrepa nmeer ornomenne x poy n npoxnnxercx n cornaconannn npnnararentntx c cymecrnnrentntmn. B ro npemx xax cymecrnnrentnoe ncera saxpenneno sa onpeenenntm poom, npnnararentnoe nsmenxercx no poam; n Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nocxontxy mt ronopnm bonus dominus, bona mensa, bonum templum, mt onxnt pasnnuart cymecrnnrentnte n npnnararentnte xax na pasntx paspxa nmen. Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro npnnararentnte, ecnn moxno rax ntpasnrtcx, onee ,oprooxcantnt n ornomennn oxonuann poa, uem cymecrnnrentnte: ncrpeuamrcx cymecrnnrentnte myxcxoro poa c oxonuannem -a n cymecrnnrentnte xencxoro poa c oxonuannem -us, no npnnararentnte n myxcxom poe ncera nmemr -us: bonus xopomn, a n xencxom ncera -a: bona (bonus poeta xopomn no+r, bona fagus xopomn yx). B nenom cymecrnnrentnte nmemr ontme nenpannntntx opasonann, uem npnnararentnte (raxont necxnonxemte n neocrarounte cymecrnnrentnte, cymecrnnrentnte, y xoroptx pasnte naexn opasymrcx or pasntx ocnon). To xe xapaxrepnoe pasnnune naxonm n n rpammarnxe nemenxoro xstxa: cymecrnnrentnte onee cnoeopasnt n xoncepnarnnnt, a npnnararentnte onee nonepxent nnnxnnm ananornn. B pomancxnx xstxax, ecnn ne npnnnmart no nnnmanne ncuesnonenne cpenero poa, nanmamrcx re xe nsanmoornomennx mexy nymx paspxamn nmen, xax n narnncxom xstxe, xorx n ycrno peun no ]pannyscxom xstxe pasnnune mexy ]opmamn myxcxoro n xencxoro poa n snaunrentno crenenn crepnoct: donn annt n donne, poli nexnnnt n polie, menu menxo n menue, grec rpeuecxn n grecque nponsnocxrcx onnaxono. ocrono nnnmannx n ro, uro no ]pannyscxom xstxe ner nensmennoro npannna nocranonxn npnnararentntx: n nexoroptx cnyuaxx onn cranxrcx nepe cymecrnnrentntm, a n pyrnx nocne nero. B pesyntrare nnora sarpynnrentno onpeennrt, xaxoe ns nyx couerammnxcx cnon xnnxercx cymecrnnrentntm, a xaxoe npnnararentntm, nanpnmep: un savant aveugle yuent cneno cneno yuent, un philosophe grec rpeuecxn ]nnoco] ]nnoco] rpex (cm. nnxe); a raxne couerannx, xax un peuple ami, une nation amie (raxxe une maotresse femme) moryr nonnmartcx ro xax couerannx cymecrnnrentnoro c npnnararentntm (pyxecrnennt napo, ,pyxecrnennax nannx n r. n.), ro xax couerannx nyx cymecrnnrentntx, xax anrn. boy messenger mantunx-noctntnt, woman writer nncarentnnna. B repmancxnx xstxax noonte comnennx nosnnxnyrt, xax npannno, ne moryr. B ouent pannee npemx npnnararentnte sanmcrnonann px oxonuann y mecronmenn n sarem ntpaorann cnoeopasnoe pasnnune mexy cnntntm n cnatm cxnonennem. Hocnenee xapaxrepnsonanoct nepnonauantno +nemenrom - n, xoropt nocxonr x onomy ns cxnonenn cymecrnnrentntx n pacnpocrpannncx nocrenenno na nce npnnararentnte; +rn oxonuannx ynorpenxnnct rnanntm opasom nocne onpeenxmmero cnona rnna onpeenennoro aprnxnx. B nexoropo crenenn raxoe nonoxenne en coxpannnoct n nemenxom xstxe, re cymecrnymr raxne cnenn]nuecxne ]opmt npn- nararentntx, xax ein alter Mann crapt uenonex, crapnx, der alte Mann, alte Mnner, die alten Mnner n r.n. B ncnancxom xstxe o cnx nop coxpanxercx npexnxx cnoxnax cncrema ]nexcn npnnararentnoro, no pyrne cxannnancxne xstxn snaunrentno ynpocrnnn ee, xorx n coxpannnn nexoropoe pasnnune mexy cnntntmn n cnatmn ]opmamn, nanpnmep arcx. en gammel mand, den gamle mand crapnx. B penneanrnncxom xstxe xaprnna tna npnmepno ro xe, uro n n nemenxom. Ho c reuennem npemenn ]onernuecxne n pyrne nsmenennx cosann cncremy, n xopne ornnunym or npexne. Hexoropte oxonuannx, nanpnmep
oxonuannx, coepxamne r, conepmenno ncuesnn; ro xe nponsomno n c oxonuannxmn -e n -en, xoropte npexe nrpann ouent naxnym pont xax n cncreme cymecrnnrentntx, rax n n cncreme npnnararentntx. Oxonuanne -s, xoropoe panee ynorpenxnoct n xauecrne oxonuannx ponrentnoro naexa enncrnennoro uncna npnnararentntx (myxcxoro n cpenero poa), renept conepmenno ncuesno. H npnnararentnte nmemr renept ennym ]opmy no ncex naexax n n oonx uncnax nesanncnmo or roro, npemecrnyer nm onpeenennt aprnxnt nnn ner. C pyro cropont, ynpomenne ]nexcn cymecrnnrentnoro, xorx n nectma snaunrentnoe, ne tno nponeeno rax nocneonarentno, xax y npnnararentntx. 3ect oxon- uanne -s oxasanoct ocoenno ycrounntm n npenparnnoct n xapaxrepnym uepry cymecrnnrentntx, n ro npemx xax nce cnet nnoenponecxoro cornaconannx conepmenno ncuesnn. Taxnm opasom, npnxonrcx xoncrarnponart, uro n couerannxx the old boys (ponrentnt naex) n the old boys (mnoxecrnennoe uncno) old xnnxercx npnnararentntm, nocxontxy ono ne nmeer oxonuannx, a boys xnnxercx cymecrnnrentntm, nocxontxy ono nmeer oxonuanne -s. Kora mt ynorpenxem the blacks uepnte, npnnararentnoe black cranonnrcx nonnocrtm cycranrnnnponanntm; noontm xe opasom xnnxercx cymecrnnrentntm n the heathens xstunnxn, n ro npemx xax the heathen ,xstunnx, xstuecxn npoonxaer ocranartcx npnnararentntm, xorx ono ne conponoxaercx cymecrnnrentntm, a nnmt ynorpenxercx no repmnnonornn mnornx rpammarnx n ]ynxnnn cymecrnnrentnoro. Taxnm opasom, y Bexcnnpa (Ienpnx V, III. 5. 10) n npenoxennn Normans, but bastard Normans, Norman bastards nepnoe coueranne cocronr ns npnnararentnoro bastard ,nesaxonnopoxennt n cymecrnnrentnoro Normans nopmannt, a nropoe ns npnnararentnoro Norman nopmancxn n cymecrnnrentnoro bastards ,nesaxonnopoxennte. BEmECTBO H KAHECTBO Ham xparxn osop noxasan, uro, xorx ]opmantnte pasnnunx mexy npnnararentntm n cymecrnnrentntm ne onnaxono oruernnnt no ncex paccmarpnnaemtx xstxax, nce xe cymecrnyer renennnx ormeuart +rn pasnnunx. Herxo ynnert raxxe, uro ram, re +ro pasnnune npononrcx, pacnpeenenne cnon na na paspxa n ocnonnom tnaer onnaxontm: cnona, oosnauammne raxne nonxrnx, xax xament, epeno, nox, xenmnna, no ncex xstxax xnnxmrcx cymecrnnrentntmn, a cnona co snauennem ontmo, crapt, xpxn, ,cept no ncex xstxax npecrannxmr coo npnnararentnte. Taxoe coornercrnne nanonr nac na mtcnt, uro pasnnune mexy cymecrnnrentntmn n npnnararentntmn ne moxer trt uncro cnyuantm no-nnnmomy, cymecrnyer xaxax-ro rnyoxax npnunna, xaxoe-ro nornuecxoe nnn ncnxonornuecxoe (nonxrnnoe) ocnonanne, x ycranonnennm xoroporo mt renept n nepeem. Ouent uacro npnxonrcx cntmart, uro cymecrnnrentnte oosnauamr nemecrna (nnn nnn npemert), a npnnararentnte xauecrna, cnocrnennte +rnm npemeram. 3ro onpeenenne, nepoxrno, nexnr n ocnone Camoro nasnannx (anrn. substantive; cp. substance cycrannnx, nemecrno), no ono ne moxer cunrartcx nnonne yonnernopnrentntm. Hasnannx mnornx nemecrn nacrontxo ouennno cnxsant c xauecrnom, uro nonxrnx nemecrno n xauecrno nentsx Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
pasennnrt: the blacks uepnte, eatables ceonte (npoyxrt), desert ,nycrtnx, a plain pannnna nao nasnart cymecrnnrentntmn, n onn ecrnnrentno rpaxrymrcx n xstxe xax raxonte. Fes comnennx, n pyrne cymecrnnrentnte, nponcxoxenne xoroptx ceuac satro, nepnonauantno npecrannxnn coo nasnanne xauecrna, ntenennoe sarem ronopxmnmn. Taxnm opasom, nnnrnncrnuecxn pasnnune mexy nemecrnom n xauecrnom ne moxer nmert ontmoro snauennx. C ]nnoco]cxo xe rouxn spennx moxno yrnepxart, uro mt nosnaem nemecrna rontxo uepes nx xauecrna; cymnocrt xaxoro nemecrna cocronr n cymme rex xauecrn, xoropte mt n cocroxnnn nocnpnnxrt (nnn nonxrt) xax cnxsannte pyr c pyrom. Hpexe cunranoct, uro nemecrna npecrannxmr coo nemn n cee, a xauecrna camn no cee ne cymecrnymr. Tenept nanmaercx oparnax renennnx: cunrart cycrannnm nnn cycrpar pasnnuntx xauecrn ]nxnne, n ro nnn nno crenenn oycnonnenno nantxamn mtmnennx, n yrnepxart, uro n xoneunom cuere nmenno xauecrna cocrannxmr peantnt mnp, r. e. nce, uro moxer trt nocnpnnxro n nmert snauenne nx nac 1 . Hesanncnmo or roro, nacxontxo yenrentntmn noxaxyrcx unrarenm nsnoxennte onot, on onxen npnsnart, uro npexnee onpeenenne eccnntno paspemnrt saraxy rax nastnaemtx acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx, nanpnmep wisdom mypocrt, kindness opora, xoropte no ncex ornomennxx xnnxmrcx cymecrnnrentntmn, rpaxrymrcx xax raxonte no ncex xstxax, no nce xe xnno oosnauamr re xe camte xauecrna, uro n npnnararentnte wise mypt n kind ,opt. Taxnm opasom, n +rnx cymecrnnrentntx ner nnuero nemecrnennoro. Kaxoe t onpeenenne mt nn ann cymecrnnrentntm, npnneennte cnona ncera yer rpyno nonecrn no +ro onpeenenne, a no+romy nyume noxa ocrannrt nx. Mt nepnemcx x nnm necxontxo nosxe (cm. rn. X). CHEHHAAH3AHHR Ornnexaxct noxa or acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx, moxno narn paspemenne nponemt n rom, uro cymecrnnrentnte n nenom onee cnennantnt, uem npnnararentnte; cymecrnnrentnte npnmennmt x mentmemy uncny npemeron, uem npnnararentnte. Ecnn nepenecrn +ro na xstx nornxon, ro moxno cxasart, uro oem cymecrnnrentntx mentme, a coepxanne ontme, uem y npnnararentntx. Hpnnararentnoe oosnauaer n ntenxer ono xauecrno, ono xapaxrepnoe cnocrno, a cymecrnnrentnoe nx ncxxoro, xro ero nonnmaer, nxnmuaer n cex mnoro xapaxrepntx uepr; no nnm cnymarent ysnaer nnno nnn npemer, o xoropom ner peut. B uem cocroxr +rn ueprt, xax npannno, ne yxastnaercx n camom nasnannn; axe n cnyuae onncarentnoro nasnannx nsnpamrcx nnmt onn-na nanonee naxntx npnsnaxa, a ocrantnte npnsnaxn nopasymenamrcx: orannx ouent nerxo ysnaer nxn rnannnr (no-anrnncxn bluebell yxn. ronyo xonoxontunx) nnn xycr exennxn (no-anrnncxn black- berry yxn. uepnax xroa), axe ecnn n annoe npemx roa y nepnoro ner ronytx nneron, a y nroporo uepntx xro 2 .
1 Tpn cnona substance (n substantive), substratum n subject npecrannxmr coo n]]epennnannm apncrorenencxoro to hupokeimenon nonexamee. 2 Moe onpeenenne cxono c onpeenennem Haynx (P a u l, Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, ns. 7, Halle, 1909, 251): Hpnnararentnoe oosnauaer npocroe cnocrno nnn cnocrno, rpaxryemoe xax
Pasnnune mexy oonmn paspxamn ocoenno oruernnno npoxnnxercx rora, xora ono n ro xe cnono moxer ynorpenxrtcx n oenx ]ynxnnxx. Cymecrnyer ontmoe xonnuecrno cycranrnnnponanntx npnnararentntx, no nx snauenne tnaer ncera onee cnennantntm, uem snauenne coornercrnymmnx npnnararentntx; cp., nanpnmep, cathedral coop (]pann. une cathdrale, ncn. un catedral), the blacks uepnte (r. e. nerpt), natives rysemnt n ycrpnnt, sweets ,cnaocrn, evergreens neunosenente pacrennx n r.n. To xe camoe nanmaercx n rora, xora ]ynxnnx npnnararentnoro ncuesaer, nanpnmep n cnonax tithe ,ecxrax uacrt, ecxrnna (nepnonauantno uncnnrentnoe ecxrxn), friend pyr (nepnonauantno npnuacrne or rnarona co snauennem nmnrt); cp. eme raxne narnncxne n rpeuecxne npnuacrnx, xax fact ]axr, secret cexper, serpent smex, Orient Bocrox, horizon ropnsonr. H naoopor, ecnn cymecrnnrentnoe npenpamaercx n npnnararentnoe, ero snauenne cranonnrcx menee cnennantntm. Tax, nanpnmep, ]pannyscxne cnona rose, mauve, puce n p. nmemr onee mnpoxoe snauenne, xora onn npecrannxmr coo npnnararentnte, oosnauammne nnera (posont, posonaro-nnnont, ,xpacnonaro-ypt), uem rora, xora onn xnnxmrcx cymecrnnrentntmn (posa, mantna, noxa); nx moxno npnmennrt x ontmemy xonnuecrny npemeron, nocxontxy onn xonnornpymr rontxo ono ns cnocrn, cocrannxmmnx cymnocrt npemeron, xoropte oosnauannct +rnmn cnonamn n nx nepnonauantnom snauennn 1 . Moxno npnnecrn npnmept raxoro nepexoa n ns anrnncxoro xstxa: chief ,rnannt, choice oropnt, dainty yronuennt (nepnonauantno ,naxomcrno), level ponnt, kindred pocrnennt (nepnonauantno ,pocrno). Harnncxoe npnnararentnoe ridiculus, no Fpeanm (Mlanges de mythologie et de linguistique, Paris, 1882, 6. 171), nosnnxno ns cymecrnnrentnoro cpenero poa ridiculum nocmemnme, opasonannoro rax xe, xax curriculum, cubiculum, vehiculum. B npnmenennn x xnntm cymecrnam ono npnnnmano oxonuannx myxcxoro n xencxoro poa ridiculus, ridicula n naroapx +romy crano npn- nararentntm; no n ro xe npemx ero snauenne crano necxontxo onee omnm, n +nemenr npemernoro snauennx ornan. Hocrenennoe npenpamenne cymecrnnrentnoro n npnnararentnoe nanmaercx n rax nastnaemtx cnatx npnnararentntx n repmancxnx xstxax. Kax yxasan Ocrro]], onn nocxoxr x rnny opasonannx, ananornunomy rp. strab]n xocornast (cym.) npn npnnararentnom strabos xoco, nar. Cato, Catonis xnrpen npn npnnararentnom catus, Macro npn npnnararentnom macer
npocroe; cymecrnnrentnoe xe saxnmuaer n cee nent px cnocrn. Onaxo n cneymmnx crpoxax Haynt, no-nnnmomy, orxonr or cnoero cocrnennoro onpeenennx. He nnmnnm yer nouepxnyrt, uro, xax mt ynnnm n nocneymmnx reopernuecxnx paccyxennxx n npnmepax, x nonce ne xouy cxasart, uro oem nmoro cymecrnnrentnoro ncera n npn ncex ycnonnxx mentme, uem c]epa ynorpenennx nmoro npnnararentnoro: ouent uacro uncnennoe cpannenne cnyuaen, n xoroptx moxno ynorpenrt oa cnona, ncxnmuaercx camnm xapaxrepom cnyuax. 1 Elle avait un visage plus rose que les roses Hnno y nee tno posonee, uem post (A n d o u x, Marie Claire, 234). Pasnnuenne na nnctme mexy des doigts roses posonte nantnt n des gants paille nepuarxn nnera conomt xnnxercx ncxyccrnenntm. Oparnre nnnmanne na neanno nosnnxmee npnnararentnoe peupie, nanpnmep Ses manires affables... un peu trop expansives, un pen penple (P. P o n n a n, Xan Kpncro], 6. 7) n Christophe, beaucoup plus peuple que lui (ram xe, 9, 48). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,xyomant. B repmancxnx xstxax +rn ]opmt pacnpocrpanxnnct nocrenenno, no cnauana onn, noono rpeuecxnm n narnncxnm cnonam, npecrannxnn coo nnmt nposnnme n, raxnm opasom, nmenn nnnnnyantnt xapaxrep. Kax ronopnr Ocrro]], narnncxne nmena M. Porcius Cato, Abudius Rufo n nemenxom nepenoe osnauamr npnnnsnrentno M. Porcius der Kluge Mapx Hopnn Mypt, Abudius der Rote Ayn Ptxn; c rem xe oxonuannem mt naxonm ]opmt n pennenepxnenemenxom xstxe, nanpnmep Ludowig ther snello Hmonnx Ftcrpt, a raxxe cnate ]opmt npnnararentnoro n couerannxx Karl der Groe ,Kapn Bennxn, Friedrich der Weise upnpnx Mypt, August der Starke ,Anrycr Cnntnt n conpemennom nemenxom xstxe. Onpeenennt aprnxnt sect nnauane ne rpeonancx: cp. p. -ncn. Brage Gamle crapnx n nnmt nosxe Are enn (hinn) gamle. Taxxe n n Feonynt]e beahsele beorhta san xonen cnep- xammn nepnonauantno onxno tno rpaxronartcx xax coueranne nyx cymecrnnrentntx, ns xoroptx nropoe xnnxercx npnnoxennem; ro xe ornocnrcx n x hrefen blaca nopon uepnoe cymecrno. Coueranne mxr se goda sxt | Beowulf, cnauana osnauanmee ram cnen onecrnt myx, (a nmenno) Feonynt], ananornuno couerannm xr se cyning sxt, Beowulf ,,ram cnen xopont Feonynt]; onaxo nnocnecrnnn se goda crano cnxstnartcx ontme co cnonom Beowulf nnn c pyrnm cymecrnnrentntm; +ro opasonanne tno pacnpocrpaneno na cyme- crnnrentnte cpenero poa (n pennemem anrnncxom +noce +roro eme ner) n n xonne xonnon npenparnnoct n perynxpnt cnoco opasonannx onpeenenno ]opmt npnnararentntx nepe cymecrnnrentntmn. Konnuecrno cnon, xoropte rpeymr cnao ]opmt npnnararentnoro, nce npemx nospacraer, ocoenno n nemenxom xstxe. B pesyntrare nocrenennoro pasnnrnx, n xoe xoroporo +rn ]opmt crann raxnmn xe npnnararentntmn, xaxnmn tnn crapte cnntnte ]opmt, npexnn nnnnnyannsnpymmn xapaxrep oxasancx yrpauenntm. 3nauenne +rnx cnon crano eme onee omnm, uem tno npexe, xorx eme n o cnx nop moxno cxasart, uro (der) gute (Mann) onee cnennantno, uem (ein) guter (Mann) xopomn uenonex. Fannn (Trait de stylistique fransaise, 305) opamaer nnnmanne na pyroe cnecrnne cycranrnnannn npnnararentnoro: Vous xtes un impertinent Bt narnen onee ]amnntxpno n ntpasnrentno, uem Vous xtes impertinent Bt narnt. 3ect cycranrnnannx ocrnraercx npocro nyrem npnannennx neonpeenennoro aprnxnx. To xe nanmaercx n n pyrnx xstxax: cp., nanpnmep. He is a bore On naoea n He is tedious On nyen; Er ist ein Prahlhans On xnacrynnmxa n Er ist prahlerisch On xnacrnnn. Hoontm xe opasom ocronr eno co cnonamn c ymentmnrentno-nacxarentntm orrenxom: You are a dear Tt ymxa onee ntpasnrentno, uem You are dear Tt (mne) opor, xoropoe ena nn ynorpenxercx. Hpnunna +roro xcna: cymecrnnrentnte ntpasnrentnee npnnararentntx, noromy uro onn onee cnennantnt, xorx n ntpaxamr ro xe camoe nonxrne. Hs +roro onpeenennx ntrexaer, uro camte cnennantnte ns cy- mecrnnrentntx nmena cocrnennte ne moryr trt npenpament n npnnararentnte (nnn n amnxrt; cm. nnxe), ne repxx xapaxrepa nmen cocrnenntx n ne npnoperax onee omero snauennx. Herpyno samernrt, uro n couerannn the Gladstone ministry rnacrononcxoe mnnncrepcrno, r. e. mnnncrepcrno, nosrnannxemoe Inacronom, Gladstone npnnararentnoe naxonrcx n raxom xe ornomennn x Gladstone nmenn cocrnennomy, xax
Roman pnmcxn x Rome Pnm nnn English anrnncxn x England Anrnnx. Fonee omee snauenne npnnararentnoro eme samernee n raxnx cnyuaxx, xax Brussels sprouts pmccentcxax xanycra (xoropax moxer trt ntpamena n n pyrom mecre) nnn Japan table (r. e. cron, nonnponannt no cnocoy, nsoperennomy n nonnn) 1 . HEPEXO CAOB H3 OHOIO PA3PRA B PYIOH Oparnmcx renept x raxnm cnyuaxm, re aexrnnnt n cycranrnnnt +nemenrt ono n ro xe rpynnt moryr onee nnn menee cnoono menxrtcx mecramn. Kyrmpa (Couturat), xoropt n nenom cxnonen ymanxrt pasnnune mexy npnnararentntmn n cymecrnnrentntmn, nosmoxno, ns-sa neontmnx ]opmantntx pasnnun mexy +rnmn paspxamn cnon n ero ponom xstxe, npnnonr raxne npnmept: un sage sceptique est un sceptique sage cxenrnuecxn mypen +ro mypt cxenrnx; un philosophe grec est un grec philosophe rpe- uecxn ]nnoco] +ro ]nnoco] rpex n enaer ntno, uro ornnune sect nnmt n orrenxe; ono ns xauecrn ntenxercx xax onee cymecrnennoe nnn onee naxnoe n nnrepecnoe n anno cnryannn: net ouennno, uro uenonex npexe ncero rpex, a norom yxe ]nnoco], no rem ne menee mt cxopee ronopnm o rpeuecxnx ]nnoco]ax, uem o ]nnoco]cxnx rpexax (Revue de mtaphysique et de Morale, 1912, 9). Tpyno cxasart, xoropoe ns +rnx nyx nonxrn naxnee nnn nnrepecnee. Ho ecnn npnmennrt ynomxnyrt ntme xpnrepn, craner xcno, nouemy, ntnpax mexy nymx cnocoamn oosnauennx (rpexn, xoropte xnnxmrcx ]nnoco]amn, nnn ]nnoco]t, xoropte xnnxmrcx rpexamn), mt, ecrecrnenno, enaem ]nnoco]on (onee cnennantnoe nonxrne) cymecrnnrentntm, a rpexon (onee omee nonxrne) npnnararentntm n ronopnm rpeuecxne ]nnoco]t (les philosophes grecs), a ne naoopor les Grecs philosophes. Hsnecrnax nemenxax xnnra nocnr nasnanne Griechische Denker Ipeuecxne mtcnnrenn. Denkende Griechen ,mtcnxmne rpexn snyuano t ropaso cnaee, nocxontxy npnnararentnoe denkend nmeer onee mnpoxoe n nexcnoe snauenne, uem cymecrnnrentnoe Denker. Hocnenee cpasy xe ntenxer rex, xro mtcnnr rnyxe n npo]eccnonantnee, uem otunte mtcnxmne nmn. Eme onn npnmep. Ioncyopcn re-ro nnmer: Having been a Conservative Liberal in politics till well past sixty, it was not until Disraelis time that he became a Liberal Conservative On tn xoncepnarnnntm nnepanom n nonnrnxe, noxa ne ocrnr cetmoro ecxrxa, n rontxo no npemena nspa+nn cran nnepantntm xoncepnaropom. Cnona conservative n liberal cranonxrcx cymecrnnrentntmn (n npnnnmamr -s no mnoxecrnennom uncne), xora onn oosnauamr unenon nyx
1 Hpannna ynorpenennx nponncntx yxn n cnonax, opasonanntx or nmen cocrnenntx, menxmrcx or xstxa x xstxy: cp. anrn. French ]pannyscxn no ncex cnyuaxx, Frenchify ,o]pannyxnnart; ]pann. fransais ]pannyscxn xax npnnararentnoe n nasnanne xstxa n Fransais ]pannys, franciser o]pannysnrt. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nonnrnuecxnx naprn; ouennno, +ro onee cnennantnoe nonxrne, uem ro, xoropoe nepeaercx anntmn cnonamn, xora onn xnnxmrcx npnnararentntmn 1 . Ecnn mt cpannnm na ntpaxennx: a poor Russian ent pyccxn n a Russian pauper pyccxn nnmn, mt ynnnm, uro cymecrnnrentnoe Russian onee cnennantno, uem cymecrnymmee npnnararentnoe, nocxontxy ono osnauaer ,myxunny nnn xenmnny. C pyro cropont, pauper onee cnennantno, uem poor, xoropoe moxno npnmennrt x nenomy pxy npemeron, xpome nme; pauper nmeer snauenne eme onee cnennantnoe, uem a poor person, nocxontxy nepnoe oosnauaer uenonexa, xoropt nmeer npano na mnnocrtnm nnn nonyuaer ee 2 . PYIHE COHETAHHR Hpannno ontme cnoxnocrn n ontme cnennannsannn cyme- crnnrentntx, raxnm opasom, ocraercx n cnne no ncex rex cnyuaxx, xora ecrt nosmoxnocrt cpannnrt cymecrnnrentnoe n npnnararentnoe c onnaxontm snauennem; no moxno nn npnmennrt +ro npannno x pyrnm cnyuaxm? Moxno nn, nanpnmep, cxasart, uro n nmom couerannn npnnararentnoro n cymecrnnrentnoro nepnoe ncera menee cnennantno, uem nocnenee? B noannxmmem ontmnncrne cnyuaen, es comnennx, +ror xpnrepn ocraercx nepntm, xorx t na ocnonannn npocroro apn]mernuecxoro nocuera. Hano.eou Tpemu: Hanoneonon nemnoro, no cymecrnyer orpomnoe xonnuecrno nnn n npemeron, xoropte xnnxmrcx rpertnmn no nopxxy. Hoea ruuea: xonnuecrno nontx neme npenocxonr xonnuecrno cymecrnymmnx xnnr. Hc.auocru rpecmiuuu: cnpanennno, uro xpecrtxn n mnpe ropaso ontme, uem ncnannen, no npnnararentnoe uc.auocru npnnoxnmo x snaunrentno ontmemy xonnuecrny npemeron n nnn: uc.auocrue eopi, uc.auocrue eooonaoi, uc.auocrue oei, uc.auocrue .ouaou, uc.auocrue ceumepi n r. . Hexoropte ns monx xpnrnxon nospaxann npornn npnneennoro mnom npnmepa a poor widow enax nona; no nx mnennm, ecnn samennrt cnono poor ent cnonom rich orart, ro craner nexcntm, xoro cymecrnyer n mnpe ontme orartx nme nnn non? Onaxo onn ynycxamr ns nny, uro cnono rich orart moxer couerartcx co cnonamn town ropo, village epennx, country crpana, mine maxra, spoil ,otua, store sanac, reward narpaa, attire oexa, experience ontr, sculpture cxyntnrypa, repast yromenne, cake nnpoxnoe, cream cnnnxn, rime ,pn]ma n r. . Am.aumu:ecru oreau: npnnararentnoe ncrpeuaercx, nanpnmep, n crnxornopennxx Bennn n couerannn c cymecrnnrentntmn cloud onaxo, wave ,nonna n islet ocrponox. axe npnnararentnoe peoru, xorx ono n osnauaer ne uacro ncrpeuammncx, moxer trt npnnoxnmo x ecuncnenntm npemeram,
1 pyrne npnmept (nanpnmep, y uecreprona: Most official Liberals wish to become liberal officials ,Fontmnncrno o]nnnantntx nnepanon xorxr crart nnepantntmn unnonnnxamn), cm. n Modern English Grammar, II, 8.14. 2 Mnnnt nnmer (Logic, 15), uro ne cymecrnyer nnxaxoro pasnnunx mexy snauennem round ,xpyrnt n a round object xpyrnt npemer. 3ro o nexoropo crenenn cnpanennno nx rex cnyuaen, xora round xnnxercx npenxarnnom (The ball is round Bap xpyrnt = is a round object ,xnnxercx xpyrnnm npemerom), no x pyrnm cnyuaxm onpeenenne ne noxonr: rax, n npnmenennn x xpyrnomy mapy ono tno t eccoepxarentno ranronorne. Tontxo rora, xora nponcxonr nonnax cycranrnnannx npnnararentnoro, moxno cxasart, uro npnnararentnoe nopasymenaer nonxrne npemera.
nmxm, xamnxm, epentxm, ymcrnenntm cnoconocrxm n, raxnm opasom, ne ntnaaer ns npnneennoro onpeenennx. Ho, xoneuno, nyxno npnsnart, uro uncnono xpnrepn npnmennm ne ncera, rax xax npnnararentnte n cymecrnnrentnte, xoropte moryr couerartcx, ouent uacro oxastnamrcx neconsmepnmtmn: mt ronopnm o cepo+ ra+ue, no xro cxaxer, xaxoe ns cnon npnmennmo x ontmemy xonnuecrny npemeron cnono nn cepi nnn cnono ra+eui? Onaxo npnmennmocrt x ontmemy nnn mentmemy xonnuecrny npemeron cocrannxer nnmt ony cropony nonxrnx omn n cnennantnt. H x cxnonen npnanart ontmee snauenne xomnnexcy xauecrn, saxnmuenntx n cymecrnnrentnom, n ornnune or ntenennx onoro xauecrna y npnnararentnoro. Coueranne pxa npnsnaxon y cymecrnnrentnoro nacrontxo snaunrentno, uro n ouent pexnx cnyuaxx moxno nonyunrt nonnoe npecrannenne o cymecrnnrentnom axe nyrem narpomoxennx onoro npnnararentnoro na pyroe: ncera ocranercx, no ntpaxennm Feprentcena, neonpeennmt x xpo, xoropoe moxer cunrartcx nocnrenem ntenenntx xauecrn. 3ro nexnr n ocnone craporo onpeenennx cymecrnnrentnoro xax cnona, oosnauammero cycrannnm; raxnm opasom, n +rom onpeenennn ecrt onx ncrnnt, no ne ncx ncrnna. Ecnn npnnonrt cpannennx, ro cymecrnnrentnte moxno ynoonrt xpncrannnsannn xauecrn, xoropte n npnnararentntx npecrannent n xnxom cocroxnnn. Heoxonmo raxxe ynomxnyrt, uro n conpemenntx xstxax ecrt nent px cymecrnnrentntx, nmemmnx n ntcme crenenn oomennoe snauenne: eeui, me.o, cvuecmeo. Ho +ro oomennoe snauenne nmeer conepmenno nno xapaxrep, uem snauenne npnnararentntx: noonte cymecrnnrentnte ouent uacro ynorpenxmrcx nx cymmapnoro oosnauennx nenoro pxa eccnopno nemecrnenntx nonxrn (ece omu npeo+emi nmecro nepeuncnennx xnnr, ymar, oext n r. n.). Taxoe ynorpenenne nectma otuno nx ]nnoco]cxoro n acrpaxrnoro nayunoro mtmnennx. B noncenenno peun onn moryr nerouno ynorpenxrtcx nmecro cnennantntx cymecrnnrentntx, xoropte nno orcyrcrnymr n xstxe, nno satrt (cp. anrn. thingummybob, nem. Dingsda). B pyrnx cnyuaxx onn ncrpeuamrcx pexo, sa ncxnmuennem couerannn c npnnararentntmn, re onn cxopee xnnxmrcx cnoero poa rpammarnuecxnm cpecrnom nx cycranrnnannn npnnararentntx, xax, nanpnmep, anrn. one. (Ones n couerannn the new ones xnnxercx sameno cymecrnnrentnoro, ynomxnyroro ne- cxontxo ntme; n couerannn xe her young ones, ecnn peut ner o nrnne, ono nocnonnxer orcyrcrnne cymecrnnrentnoro, coornercrnymmero cnony children ,ern). 3ro oycnonnnnaer nx ynorpenenne n cnoxntx mecronmennxx: anrn. something uro-ro, nothing nnuero, ]pann. quelquechose uro-ro, arcx. ingenting, anrn. somebody xro-ro n r. n. C pyro cropont, ecnn xstx onaaer cnocoom opasonannx npnnararentntx, n nem moryr noxnnrtcx nectma cnennannsnponannte npnnararentnte, nanpnmep: a pink-eyed cat xomxa c xonmnxrnnnrom rnas, a ten-roomed house om n ecxrt xomnar. 3rn npnmept ntnnrannct npornn moe reopnn: xomex ropaso ontme, uem xnntx cymecrn c xonmnxrnnnrom n r. n. Onaxo raxoe nospaxenne, xax mne xaxercx, ne onponep- raer reopnm n nenom n rom nne, n xaxom ona tna nsnoxena sect: nyxno nomnnrt, uro nonnnnoe npnnararentnoe n npnneenntx npnmepax +ro pink n ten coornercrnenno. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Hs cxasannoro cranonnrcx xcntm, xpome roro, uro n rax nastnaemte crenenn cpannennx (greater ontme, greatest camt ontmo), xax npannno, npncymn rontxo npnnararentntm: onn moryr nmert eno rontxo c onnm xauecrnom. uem onee cnennantno nonxrne, rem mentme neoxonmocrn n crenenxx cpannennx. H ram, re mt ncrpeuaem ynorpenenne ]opm cpannnrentno n npenocxono crenenn cymecrnnrentntx, mt onapyxnnaem, uro n onn ntenxmr nnmt ono xauecrno n, raxnm opasom, nepeamr ro xe nonxrne, xax ecnn t onn tnn opasonant or nacroxmnx npnnararentntx. Cp. rp. basileuteros, basileutatos napcrnennee, camt napcrnennt (pyrne npnmept cm. y e n t p mx a, Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen, Straburg, 1893, 1. 415), nenr. szarnr ocen, szamrabb rnynee, ryka ,nnca, rykabb xnrpee. Cp. raxxe ]nncx. ranta eper, rannempi nnxe x epery, syksy ocent, syksymn onee nosne ocentm. Cm. raxxe P a u l, Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, ns. 7, Halle, 1909, 250. Hocnenee sameuanne. Mt ne moxem, ocnontnaxct na cnoxnocrn xauecrn nnn na cnennannsannn oosnauennx, n xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae pemart, uro nepe namn cymecrnnrentnoe nnn npnnararentnoe: +ro moxno ycranonnrt na ocnone ]opmantntx xpnrepnen, npnrom pasnnuntx n pasnnuntx xstxax. B +ro rnane tna nnmt cenana nontrxa ycranonnrt, cymecrnyer nn uro-nnyt n npnpoe neme n n namem mtmnennn, uro onpantnano t pasenenne na cymecrnnrentnte n npnnararentnte, xapaxrepnoe nx raxoro ontmoro xonnuecrna xstxon. Pasymeercx, mexy +rnmn nymx paspxamn cnon nentsx nponecrn uerxo emapxannonno nnnnn, xax xorenn t cenart nornxn: rnopxmne xstx, a nmenno otunte ronopxmne, ne raxne yx rounte mtcnnrenn. Ho onn n ne nnment onpeenenno nornxn; n xax t nn tnn nnora pacnntnuart xonrypt, ocnonnax nnnnx xnaccn]nxannn na cymecrnnrentnte n npnnararentnte, ntpaxennax n rpammarnuecxnx ]opmax, ncera yer nmert nornuecxoe oocnonanne. Tax ocronr eno n n annom cnyuae: cymecrnnrentnte n nenom xapaxrepnsymrcx rem, uro onn nmemr onee cnennantnoe snauenne, a npnnararentnte rem, uro onn nmemr onee omee snauenne, nocxontxy nepnte xonnornpymr onpeenennt xomnnexc xauecrn, a nocnenne yxastnamr na onaanne nnmt onnm xauecrnom 1 . I . a e a VI HACTH PEHH ( Or o u : a u u e )
1 3ra rnana necxontxo nnonsmenena no cpannennm c Sprogets logik, Copenhagen, 1913. He nnocx cymecrnenntx nsmenenn n cnom rouxy spennx, x crpemnncx yuecrt sect xpnrnuecxne sameuannx 3pnnxa (S. E h r l i c h, Sprek och stil, 1914), Feprentcena (H. B e r t e l s e n, Nordisk tidskrift, 1914), Byxapra (H. S c h u c h a r d t, Anthropos, 1914), Fexmana (N. B e c k m a n, Arkiv Inr psykologi och pedagogik, 1922); cp. raxxe V e n d r y e s, Le langage, Paris, 1921, 153 n cn.
Mecronmennx. Inaront. uacrnnt. Oomenne. Cnono. MECTOHMEHHR Mecronmennx npnsnamrcx ncemn xax onn ns paspxon cnon, no n uem cocronr nx ornnunrentnax uepra? Crapoe onpeenenne namno orpaxenne n camom repmnne: mecronmennx ynorpenxmrcx nmecro nasnannx npemera nnn nnna. 3ro onpeenenne tno pasnnro Cynrom (New English Grammar, 196): mecronmenne samenxer cymecrnnrentnoe n ynorpenxercx oruacrn nx xparxocrn, oruacrn no nsexanne nonropennx, a oruacrn nx roro, urot yxnonnrtcx or uerxo ]opmynnponxn mtcnn. Onaxo +ro onpeenenne npnmennmo ne xo ncem cnyuaxm, n ero necocroxrentnocrt cxastnaercx npn anannse nepnoro xe mecronmennx; nenpeyexennomy uenonexy noxasanoct t ouent crpanntm, uro npenoxenne nnxy nac ynorpenxercx nmecro npenoxennx Orro Ecnepcen nnnr Mepn Fpayn; naoopor, ontmnncrno, nepoxrno, cxaxer, uro n 3anncxax o ranntcxo none anrop ynorpenxer cnono Hesapi nmecro cnona . Moxno raxxe cxasart: , Orro Ecnepcen, nacroxmnm saxnnxm..., uro tno t acypno, ecnn t npecrannxno coo nnmt samennrent nmenn. C rouxn spennx rpammarnxn ouent naxno, uro nepnoe nnno, a nmx cronr n rpertem nnne, uro no mnornx xstxax npoxnnxercx n ]opme rnarona. anee, mt ne cranem comnenartcx, uro uurmo n nonpocnrentnoe rmo xnnxmrcx mecronmennxmn, no ne rax nerxo ycranonnrt, xaxne cymecrnnrentnte onn samenxmr. Hpana, mecronmennx ou, oua, ouo uame ncero ynorpenxmrcx nmecro ynomnnannx coornercrnymmero npemera nnn nnna; ne nonexnr comnennm, uro moxno tno t narn nent paspx noontx cnon, no ne nce onn cunramrcx mecronmennxmn. Cp. n anrnncxom xstxe: 1) he, she, it, they ynorpenxmrcx nmecro cymecrnnrentnoro. 2) that, those ro xe camoe: His house is bigger than that of his neighbour ,Ero om ontme, uem om ero cocea. 3) one, ones: a grey horse and two black ones ona nomat cepo macrn n ne noman nopono macrn; I like this cake better than the one you gave me yesterday Mne +ro nnpoxnoe npannrcx ontme, uem ro, xoropoe nt mne ann nuepa. 4) so: He is rich, but his brother is still more so On orar, no ero par eme oraue; Is he rich? I believe so On orar? Mne xaxercx, a. 5) to: Will you come? I should like to Bt npnere? xoren t npnrn. 6) do: He will never love his second wife as he did his first On nnxora ne yer nmnrt cnom nropym xeny rax, xax nmnn nepnym. Taxnm opasom, nonyunncx t paspx cnon-samennrene, xoropte moxno tno t nopasennrt na npocycranrnnnte, npoaexrnnnte, npoanepnantnte, nponn]nnnrnnnte n npornarontnte cnona (a raxxe n cnona, samenxmmne nente npenoxennx, xax cnono so no nropom npnmepe). Ho ena nn raxo paspx moxno tno t cunrart rpammarnuecxnm paspxom. Ouent opnrnnanen n noyunrenen noxo x mecronmennxm Hopena (Vert Sprek, Lund, 1903, 5. 63 n cn.). On npornnonocrannxer mecronmennxm ,+xcnpeccnnnte cememt, xoropte ntnonnxmr nocroxnnym cnrnn]nxarnnnym Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
]ynxnnm, nocxontxy ona ntpaxena n camom xstxe; mecronmennx xe xapaxrepnsymrcx rem, uro nx cnrnn]nxannx xnnxercx nenocroxnno n n xoneunom cuere sanncnr or ocroxrentcrna, xoropoe naxonrcx sa npeenamn xstxa n onpeenxercx cnryanne n nenom. xnnxercx mecronmennem, rax xax ono oosnauaer ono nnno, xora ronopnr xon Fpayn, n pyroe, xora ronopnr Mepn Cmnr. Taxnm opasom, ecnn npnepxnnartcx rouxn spennx Hopena, ro x mecronmennxm nao ornecrn orpomnoe xonnuecrno cnon n rpynn cnon, nanpnmep: uurenoonucaeuuc, ceeoou, cmapuu (ns rpex mantunxon) n r. . Ena nn nayrcx eme cnona onee mecronmennoro xapaxrepa, uem oa n uem (a xax trt co cnonom uaooopom, xora ono ynorpenxercx nmecro uem?); soeci xnnxercx mecronmenntm napeunem mecra, coornercrnymmnm 1 nnny, a ma+ oosnauaer mecro, coornercrnymmee 2 nnn 3 nnny; menepi n moeoa ananornunte mecronmennte napeunx npemenn; no anrn. couerannx here and there, now and then n snauennn n pasnnuntx mecrax, no npemenam ne yyr mecronmennxmn no onpeenennm Hopena. anee, npaei, .eei, e eocrpeceuie, ma .ouaoi, +o .ouaoi roxe mecronmennx. Hopen ncxuecxn ntraercx (no ne ocoenno yc- nemno) oxasart, uro raxoe nmx cocrnennoe, xax rou, ne xnnxercx mecronmennem, xorx ero cnrnn]nxannx onpeenxercx n xaxom xonxpernom cnyuae nce cnryanne. A xax trt co cnonom ome, xora ono ynorpenxercx peenxom n snauennn mo oren? Paspx, ycranonnennt Hopenom, cnnmxom omnpen n cnnmxom pasnopoen, n nce xe nenerxo nonxrt, xax no ero onpeenenne moryr noorn raxne cnona, xax nonpocnrentnoe rmo, nonpocnrentnoe :mo nnn raro-mo, uu:eeo n r. n. Onaxo camt ontmo nopox n ero nocrpoennxx cocronr n rom, uro on cosaer xareropnn, ocnontnaxct nnmt na cemanrnxe, x t cxasan, na no- nxrnxx, n conepmenno ne opamaer nnnmannx na cnocot ntpaxennx snauenn, cymecrnymmne n xstxe, r. e. ne opamaer nnnmannx na ]opmantnte +nemenrt. Ecnn xe nmert n nny oa ]axropa, ro mt naem, uro ecrt cmtcn oennnrt n onom paspxe no npouno ycranonnnmnmcx nasnannem +ecmou+euu nexoropte shifters (repmnn, xoropt x ynorpenxm n xnnre Language, crp. 123), reminders (ram xe, crp. 353), cnona-samennrenn n penxnnonnte cnona. Moxer trt, n nenerxo cxasart, ncxox ns nonxrn, ury oennxer nce +rn cnona, no xaxt ns rpannnonno ntenxemtx nopaspxon nmeer onpeenennym cmtcnonym omnocrt: nnunte mecronmennx c coornercrnymmnmn npnrxxarentntmn yxasarentnte mecronmennx ornocnrentnte mecronmennx nonpocnrentnte mecronmennx neonpeenennte mecronmennx. Hpana, n ornomennn nocnenero nopaspxa cneyer xoncrarnponart nexcnocrt rpannn (cp., nanpnmep, ueromopie n +uoeue), no+romy rpammarncrt uacro cnopxr o rom, xaxne cnona cneyer ornecrn x +romy nopaspxy. Hpnneennax xnaccn]nxannx mano ornnuaercx or nmo pyro rpammarnuecxo xnaccn]nxannn: ncera nayrcx norpannunte cnyuan. anee, xora mt oparnmcx x ]opmam n ]ynxnnxm +rnx mecronmenn n pasnnuntx xstxax, mt onapyxnm nent px uepr, xoropte ornnuamr mecronmennx or pyrnx cnon. Onaxo +rn ueprt pasnnunt n pasntx xstxax n y pasntx mecronmenn n onom n rom xe xstxe. Ouent uacro mecronmennx xapaxrepnsymrcx ]ynxnnonantntmn n ]opmantntmn anomannxmn. B anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer pasnnune mexy nymx naexamn: he him, they them, n mexy amnxrno n neamnxrno ]opmamn: my mine; cymecrnymr raxxe pasnnunx n poe: he she (ananornuno who what); nenpannntnoe opasonanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna n cnonax he, she they, that
those; couerannx rnna somebody, something, xoroptx ner cpen otuntx npnnararentntx; ynorpenenne each es cymecrnnrentnoro nnn aprnxnx n r. . 1
Cxontmn ocoennocrxmn xapaxrepnsymrcx mecronmennx n n pyrnx xstxax; no upannyscxom, nanpnmep, cneyer yxasart na cnennantnte ]opmt je, me, tu, te n r. ., ynorpenxemte nnmt n recno cnxsn c rnarontntmn ]opmamn. Tepmnn mecronmenne nnora orpannunnaercx (otuno n rpyax ]pannyscxnx anropon, no raxxe n n Coomennn Oennennoro xomnrera no nonpocam repmnnonornn) rontxo remn cnonamn, xoropte n coornercrnnn c nx ]ynxnne x yy nastnart n rn. VII nepnnuntmn cnonamn; my cunraercx y nnx ,npnrxxarentntm npnnararentntm, a this n couerannn this book ,yxasarentntm npnnararentntm. Her, onaxo, nn manemnx ocnonann pasennxrt my n mine nnn, eme xyxe, his n npenoxennn His cap was new Ero manxa tna nonax n His was a new cap nnn this n npenoxennn This book is old ,3ra xnnra crapax n This is an old book 3ro crapax xnnra 2 n ornocnrt ony n ry xe ]opmy x pasnnuntm uacrxm peun, rem onee uro npn +rom y npnnararentntx npnxonrcx ntenxrt re xe camte nopaspxt (npnrxxarentnte, yxasarentnte), xaxne cymecrnymr y mecronmenn. nomen t axe antme n nxnmunn t n mecronmennx rax nastnaemte mecronmennte napeunx then rora, there ram, rya, thence orrya, when xora, where re, whence orxya n p., xoropte nmemr px uepr, cnocrnenntx mecronmennxm, n opasonant xnno or nnx (oparnre nnnmanne n na raxne opasonannx, xax whenever xora t nn; cp. whoever xro t nn, somewhere re-ro n p.). uncnnrentnte uacro amrcx xax camocroxrentnax uacrt peun. Onaxo tno t, nepoxrno, npannntnee paccmarpnnart nx xax ocot nopaspx nnyrpn mecronmenn, c xoroptmn onn nmemr necxontxo cxontx uepr. One onn, yyun uncnnrentntm, npecrannxer coo n anrnncxom xstxe, xax n n pyrnx xstxax, raxxe neonpeenennoe mecronmenne (one never knows nnxora ne snaemt), cp. raxxe coueranne oneself. Ero ]onernuecxn cnao ]opmo xnnxercx rax nastnaemt neonpeenennt aprnxnt; n ecnn coornercrnymmn emy ,onpeenennt aprnxnt cnpanennno npnuncnxercx x mecronmennxm, x nnm xe nao npnuncnnrt n a, an, ]pann. un n r. . Cunrart aprnxnn ocoo uacrtm peun, xax +ro enaercx n nexoroptx rpammarnxax, nenenecoopasno. Anrn. other tno nepnonauantno nopxxontm uncnnrentntm nropo, noono conpemennomy arcxomy anden; renept xe ono otuno npnuncnxercx x mecronmennxm, n +ro onpantnaercx ero ynorpenennem n cocrane couerann each other, one another ,pyr pyra. Fontmnncrno uncnnrentntx necxnonxemt. Onaxo n xstxax, re nexoropte ns nnx cxnonxmrcx, onn onapyxnnamr nenpannntnocrn, cxonte c remn, xoropte npncymn pyrnm mecronmennxm. Ecnn nxnmuart uncnnrentnte n mecronmennx, ro rya xe cneyer ornecrn n neonpeenennte uncnnrentnte many
1 Cneyer raxxe ormernrt, uro snonxn snyx [p], oosnauaemt na nnctme uepes th, ncrpeuaercx n nauane cnona rontxo y mecronmenn thou, the, that n p., nxnmuax cma n raxne mecronmennte napeunx, xax then, there, thus. 2 Pasnnune n ]ynxnnn (panre) ananornuno pasnnunm mexy cnonom poor ent n npenoxennn The poor people loved her Fente nmn nmnnn ee n rem xe cnonom n npenoxennn The poor loved her Fente nmnnn ee n mexy cnonom two na n npenoxennn There were only two men Ftno rontxo oea uenonexa n n npenoxennn There were only two Ftno rontxo oeoe. 3onnenmen ( 118) ronopnr, uro both n couerannn both boys oa mantunxa xnnxercx npnnararentntm, a n couerannn both the boys mecronmennem-npnnoxennem. 3ro, eccnopno, nectma neecrecrnennoe pasnnuenne. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,mnorne, few nemnorne: nornuecxn onn croxr n rom xe camom pxy, uro n mecronmennx all nce, some nexoropte n orpnnarentnte none n no nnxaxne, ncera cunranmnecx mecronmennxmn. Ho n raxom cnyuae n much, little n couerannxx much harm mnoro npea, little gold mano sonora mt raxxe onxnt nxnmunrt n paspx mecronmenn (n couerannxx c nemecrnenntm cymecrnnrent- ntm, cp. rn. XIV) 1 . Bce +rn rax nastnaemte xnanrn]nxarnnnte cnona ornnuamrcx or otuntx xnann]nxarnnntx npnnararentntx, nocxontxy onn moryr ynorpenxrtcx camocroxrentno (es aprnxne) xax nepnnunte cnona; nanpnmep, mt ronopnm Some (many, all, both, two) were absent Hexoropte (mnorne, nce, oa, noe) orcyrcrnonann; All (much, little) is true Bce (mnoroe, nemnoroe) xnnxercx npano; +rn cnona ncera croxr nepe xnann]nxarnnntmn cnonamn n ne moryr ynorpenxrtcx n ]ynxnnn npenxarnna: a nice young lady ,npnxrnax monoax ama ro xe camoe, uro n a lady who is nice and young ama, xoropax npnxrna n monoa; onaxo raxoe nepememenne nenosmoxno nx couerannx many ladies mnorne amt, much wine mnoro nnna, rax xe xax ono nenosmoxno nx couerann no ladies nnxaxne amt, what ladies xaxne amt, that wine ro nnno n p. B saxnmuenne moxno cxasart necxontxo cnon o nasnannxx nexoroptx nopaspxon. Or n o c n r e n t n t e mecronmennx: n namn nn, xora nce oxastnaercx ornocnrentntm, moxno tno t, noxany, nnecrn onee ymecrnoe nasnanne, a nmenno c o e n n n r e n t n t e nnn c n x s y mmn e mecronmennx, nocxontxy onn coennxmr (cnxstnamr) npenoxennx npnmepno rax xe, xax otunte comst: n camom ene, moxno comnenartcx, ne xnnxercx nn anrn. that cxopee comsom, uem mecronmennem; cpannnre nosmoxnocrt onymennx that: I know the man (that) you mentioned snam uenonexa, xoroporo nt ynomxnynn n I know (that) you mentioned the man snam, uro nt ynomxnynn +roro uenonexa; cpannnre raxxe nenosmoxnocrt nocranonxn npenora nepe that: the man that you spoke about uenonex, o xoropom nt ronopnnn, no the man about whom you spoke ,uenonex, o xoropom nt ronopnnn. Hn u n t e mecronmennx: ecnn onn cnyxar nx oosnauennx nnna n cmtcne uenonex, ro +ro onpeenenne nenpnmennmo n cnyuaxx c nem. er, ]pann. elle n anrn. it, xora onn ynorpenxmrcx co cnonom cron (nem. der Tisch, ]pann. la table, anrn. the table). B ropaso ontme crenenn onn nenpnmennmt x esnnuntm it, es, il n ntpaxennxx it rains ,ner oxt, es regnet n il pleut, c rem xe snauennem. Ecnn xe no repmnnom n n u n t nonnmart rpn rpammarnuecxnx nnna (cm. rn. XVI), ro, crporo ronopx, x nnuntm mecronmennxm moxno npnuncnnrt rontxo nepnte na nnna, nocxontxy ocrantnte mecronmennx (this +ror, who xro, nothing nnuero n r. n.) xnnxmrcx mecronmennxmn 3-ro nnna n rouno raxo xe crenenn, xax he on nnn she ona. Onaxo ouent rpyno narn nyumee nasnanne, uem nnunte mecronmennx, a +ro n ne rax naxno. Orrpannuenne nnuntx mecronmenn or yxa- sarentntx nnora tnaer sarpynnrentntm; rax ocronr eno n arcxom xstxe, re de, dem no ]opme croxr n onom pxy c yxasarentntmn mecronmennxmn den, det, no ]ynxnnonantno npecrannxmr coo mnoxecrnennoe uncno xax or den, det, rax n or han, hun on, ona.
1 B pyrom snauennn little otunoe npnnararentnoe, nanpnmep my little girl mox manentxax enouxa.
IAAIOAL Inaront n ontmnncrne xstxon, no ncxxom cnyuae, n raxnx xstxax, xax nnoenponecxne, cemnrcxne n yrpo-]nncxne, onaamr nacrontxo ontmnm xonnuecrnom ornnunrentntx uepr, uro conepmenno neoxonmo npnsnart nx orentntm paspxom cnon, axe ecnn n nexoroptx cnyuaxx ra nnn pyrax xapaxrepnax uepra orcyrcrnyer. Onn xapaxrepnsymrcx pasnnuennem nnn (1-ro, 2- ro, 3-ro), npemen, naxnonenn n sanoron (cp. ntme, crp. 62). uro xe xacaercx snauennx rnaronon, ro onn, cornacno Cynry, oosnauamr xnnennx; rnaront moxno pasennrt na: oosnauammne ecrnne (ecm, oiuum, voueaem, eoeopum n r. .), oosnauammne nponecc (cmauoeumc, pacmem, mepem, v+upaem n r. .) n oosnauammne cocroxnne (cnum, ocmaemc, roem, rueem, npemepneeaem n p.), xorx ecrt raxxe nemano rnaronon, xoropte rpyno nxnmunrt n xaxo-nno ns +rnx xnaccon (conpomue.emc, npesupaem, veoroaem). Hourn ncera moxno onpeennrt, xnnxercx nn annoe nonxrne rnarontntm nnn ner. A npn couerannn rnarona c mecronmennem (ou ecm n r. .) nnn c cymecrnnrentntm (:e.oeer ecm n r. .) onapyxnnaercx, uro rnaron coomaer couerannm ocot xapaxrep sanepmennocrn n cosaer (onee nnn menee) saxonuennoe ntcxastnanne, uero ne nonyuaercx npn coennennn cymecrnnrentnoro nnn mecronmennx c npnnararentntm nnn napeunem. Inaron aer xnsnt npenoxennm n no+romy ocoenno naxen npn nocrpoennn npenoxenn. Hpenoxenne nourn ncera coepxnr rnaron; couerannx xe es rnarona, nmemmne saxonuennt xapaxrep, npecrannxmr coo ncxnmuennx. Hexoropte rpammarncrt axe nannune rnarona cunramr oxsarentntm ycnonnem nx roro, urot annoe ntcxastnanne moxno tno npnsnart npenoxennem. 3ror nonpoc yer paccmorpen n ono ns nocneymmnx rnan. Cpannnnax couerannx cooara .aem n .amua cooara, mt ynnnm, uro, xorx .aem n .amua xnno recno cnxsant pyr c pyrom n moryr trt nasnant ]opmamn onoro n roro xe cnona, onaxo nnmt nepnoe cnonocoueranne sanepmeno xax saxonuennoe ntcxastnanne. Coueranne xe .amua cooara nnmeno cnenn]nuno sanepmennocrn n crannr nac nepe nonpocom: Hy n uro xe c +ro coaxo? Taxax cnoconocrt cosanart npenoxennx onapyxnnaercx y ncex rex ]opm, xoropte uacro nastnamrcx npenxarnnntmn (finite) ]opmamn, no orcyrcrnyer y ]opm rnna .amuu n ceoeuui (npnuacrnx), .ami, ecmi (nn]nnnrnnt) n r. . Hpnuacrnx xnnxmrcx no cymecrny npnnararentntmn, opasonanntmn or rnarona, a nn]nnnrnnt nmemr px omnx uepr c cymecrnn- rentntmn, xorx cnnraxcnuecxn n npnuacrnx n nn]nnnrnnt coxpanxmr mnoro omero c rnaronom. Taxnm opasom, c onpeenenno rouxn spennx mt nmeem nonnoe ocnonanne orpannunrt npnmenenne repmnna rnaron remn npenxarnnntmn ]opmamn, xoropte onaamr cnenn]nuecxn rnarontno cnoconocrtm opasontnart npenoxennx; mt nnpane raxxe paccmarpnnart ,nepnt (npnuacrnx n nn]nnnrnnt) xax ocot npomexyrount paspx mexy cymecrnnrentntmn n rnaronamn (cp. rpannnonnoe nasnanne npnuacrnx participium, r. e. ro, uro npnuacrno x xapaxrepncrnxe cymecrnnrentnoro n rnarona). Onaxo nce xe nyxno npnsnart, uro necxontxo neecrecrnenno pasennxrt anrn. eat n eaten n raxnx npenoxennxx, xax He is eating the apple ,On ecr xnoxo, He will eat the apple On yer ecrt xnoxo, He has eaten the apple On cen xnoxo, n n npenoxennxx He eats the apple On ecr xnoxo n He Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
ate the apple On en xnoxo. Ho+romy nenpenxarnnnte ]opmt nyume paccmarpnnart nmecre c npenxarnnntmn, xax +ro enaercx n ontmnncrne rpammarnx. HACTHHL Hourn no ncex rpammarnxax napeunx, npenorn, comst n mexomernx paccmarpnnamrcx xax uertpe camocroxrentntx uacrn peun; raxnm opasom, pasnnune mexy nnmn npnpannnnaercx x pasnnunm mexy cymecrnnrentntmn, npnnararentntmn, mecronmennxmn n rnaronamn. Ho n raxom cnyuae necxonte ueprt +rnx cnon cnntno npeynennunnamrcx, a cxonte ueprt coornercrnenno saremnxmrcx; no+romy x npenaram nepnyrtcx x crapo repmnnonornn, cornacno xoropo nce uertpe paspxa cocrannxmr onn uacrnnt. C rouxn spennx ]opmt nce onn nensmenxemt, ecnn ne npnnnmart no nnnmanne cnoconocrt nexoroptx napeun opasontnart cpannnrentnym n npenocxonym crenenn, noono npnnararentntm, c xoroptmn onn coornocxrcx. Ho nx roro, urot onennrt pasnnunx n snauennn nnn ]ynxnnn, xoropte noynnn mnornx rpammarncron paccmarpnnart +rn cnona xax uertpe camocroxrentnte uacrn peun, neoxonmo pocnrt nsrnx na pyrne cnona, ne nxoxmne n +rn paspxt. V mnornx cnon onapyxnnaercx ornnunrentnax ocoennocrt, xoropax oosnauaercx pasntmn nasnannxmn n no+romy ne nocnpnnnmaercx xax ono n ro xe xnnenne n xaxom cnyuae: +ro pasnnune mexy cnonom, xoropoe xnnxercx camo no cee saxonuenntm (nnn xnnxercx saxonuenntm n annom ynorpenennn), n cnonom, xoropoe rpeyer nsnecrnoro ononnennx, otuno orpannunrentnoro xapaxrepa. Tax, nanpnmep, mt nnnm saxonuennt rnaron n npenoxennxx Ou noem, Ou uepaem, Ou ua:uuaem n ror xe rnaron c oannennem n npenoxennxx Ou noem necum, Ou uepaem ua po.e, Ou ua:uuaem paoomv n r. . Hpn +rom rnaron npnnxro nastnart nenepexontm n nepnom cnyuae n nepexontm no nropom, a oannenne x rnarony nastnaercx ononnennem. pyrne xe rnaront, x xoroptm +rn repmnnt otuno ne npnmenxmrcx, nmemr ]axrnuecxn ry xe camym ocoennocrt: n npenoxennn Ou +orem rnaron xnnxercx saxonuenntm, a n npenoxennn Ou +orem nemi rnaron +orem sanepmaercx nn]nnnrnnom. nx nocnenero pasnnunx ner ycranonnnmerocx repmnna; ynorpenxemte nexoroptmn nccneonarenxmn repmnnt nesanncnmt rnaron n ncnomorarent- nt rnaron ne nnonne aexnarnt. Tax, nanpnmep, n anrnncxom xstxe napxy c ycrapentm ynorpenennem rnarona can mory c oannennem pyroro rnna (n npenoxennn He could the Bible in the holy tongue On snan nnnm na cnxmennom xstxe) mt naxonm n raxne couerannx, xax He is able On n cocroxnnn, He is able to sing On n cocroxnnn nert, He wants to sing ,,On xouer nert. Cma xe ornocnrcx pasnnune mexy npenoxennxmn He grows On pacrer, re rnaron xnnxercx saxonuenntm, n He grows bigger On cranonnrcx ontme, n xoropom saxonuennocrt npnaercx npenxarnnom; cp. raxxe Troy was Tpox tna n Troy was a town Tpox tna ropoom. H nce xe, necmorpx na noonte pasnnunx, nnxomy ne npnxonr n ronony cunrart +rn rnaront pasnnuntmn uacrxmn peun, ncxox ns saxonuennocrn nnn nesaxonuennocrn nx snauennx n onpeenenntx couerannxx.
Ecnn renept oparnrtcx x raxnm cnonam, xax on nnn in, mt naem xnnennx, conepmenno ananornunte rontxo uro npnneenntm; cp. couerannx Put your cap on Haentre manxy n Put your cap on your head Haentre manxy na ronony, He was in On tn nnyrpn n He was in the house On tn nnyrpn oma. Onaxo on n in n nepnom cnyuae nx ynorpenennx nastnamr napeunxmn, a no nropom npenoramn, paccmarpnnax nx xax ne pasnnunte uacrn peun. Pasne ne ecrecrnennee tno t nxnmunrt nx n onn paspx n xoncrarnponart, uro on n in nmemr nnora saxonuennoe snauenne, a nnora rpeymr oannennx (nnn ononnennx)? Bostmem pyrne npnmept: He climbs up On xapaxaercx eeepx n He climbs up a tree On xapaxaercx eeepx no epeny, He falls down On naaer euus n He falls down the steps On naaer euus no crynentxam (cp. He descends ,On cnycxaercx nnn He ascends On nonnmaercx c ononnennem, cxaxem, the steps no crynentxam nnn es nero); He had been there before On tn ram nperoe n He had been there before breakfast On tn ram oo sanrpaxa 1 . Kax onpeennrt, ncxox ns otuntx xpnrepnen, uem xnnxercx near oxono n npenoxennn It was near one oclock Ftno oxono uacy, npenorom nnn napeunem? (Cp. na cnnonnma almost nourn n about oxono, ns xoroptx nepnt nastnamr napeunem, a nropo npenorom.) Fnnsxoe coornercrnne mexy ononnennem x npenory n ononnennem x rnarony npoxnnxercx n rom cnyuae, xora npenor xnnxercx ne uem nntm, xax rnarontno ]opmo n ocoom ynorpenennn: cp. concerning ornocnrentno (nem. betreffend) n past n npenoxennn He walked past the door at half-past one On npomen mnmo nepn n nononnne nroporo; nocnenee npecrannxer coo npnuacrne passed c pyrnm nanncannem; n npenoxennn He walked past On npomen mnmo npn past ner ononnennx. Her nnxaxnx ocnonann ntenxrt n ocot paspx n comst. Cp. raxne cnyuan, xax after his arrival noc.e ero npntrnx n after he had arrived nocne roro xax on npntn, before his breakfast o sanrpaxa n before he had breakfasted ,o roro xax on nosanrpaxan, He laughed for joy On cmexncx om paocrn n He laughed for he was glad On cmexncx, noromy uro tn pa. Pasnnna mexy nnmn nnmt n rom, uro n onom cnyuae oanneno cymecrnnrentnoe, a n pyrom npenoxenne. Tax nastnaemt coms xnnxercx no+romy ]axrnuecxn npenorom x npenoxennm. Pasnnune mexy nymx ynorpenennxmn onoro n roro xe cnona saxnmuaercx rontxo n xapaxrepe oannennx n nn n uem ontme. Taxnm opasom, ecnn ne rpeyercx orentnoro repmnna nx rnarona, snauenne xoroporo sanepmaercx nentm npenoxennem, n ornnune or rnarona, snauenne xoroporo sanepmaercx cymecrnnrentntm, oxastnaercx nsnnmnnm n repmnn coms. Coxpanenne +roro nasnannx oxcnxercx nnmt rpannne, a ne xaxnmn-nno nayuntmn coopaxennxmn. Taxnm opasom, ner nnxaxnx ocnonann cunrart comst orentno uacrtm peun. 3amertre napannennsm n cneymmnx cnyuaxx: 1) I believe in God nepm n ora; 2) I believe your words nepm namnm cnonam; 3) I believe (that) you are right nepm, uro nt npant n 1) They have lived happily ever since C rex nop onn xnnn cuacrnnno; 2) They have lived happily since their marriage Onn xnnn cuacrnnno co npemenn cnatt;
1 Cp. raxxe the house opposite ours om uanpomue namero n the house opposite om uanpomue. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
3) They have lived happily since they were married Onn xnnn cuacrnnno c rex nop, xax noxennnnct. Moxno narn axe noxxoe ynorpenenne onoro n roro xe cnona n onom n rom xe npenoxennn, nanpnmep: After the Baden business, and he had [= after he had] dragged off his wife to Champagne, the Duke became greatly broken Hoc.e aencxoro ena n (nocne roro) xax on ynes cnom xeny n Bamnant, repnor tn ouent paccrpoen (Texxepe); n ecnn +ro pexn cnyua, ro ne nyxno satnart, uro cront xe pexnm xnnxercx n ynorpenenne onoro n roro xe rnarona cnauana n xauecrne nepexonoro, a sarem n xauecrne nenepexonoro n onom n rom xe npenoxennn nnn ynorpenenne ero cnauana c cymecrnnrentntm-ononnennem, a sarem c ononnnrentntm npenoxennem. Kax noxastnamr npnneennte npnmept, ono n ro xe cnono moxer ynorpenxrtcx ro n xauecrne npenora, ro n xauecrne coms a; n pyrnx cnyuaxx nmeercx neontmoe pasnnune: because of his absence ns-sa ero orcyrcrnnx n because he was absent noromy uro on orcyrcrnonan, uro ncropnuecxn oxcnxercx nponcxoxennem because ns by cause no npnunne (xora-ro ronopnnn because that he was absent no npnunne, uro on orcyrcrnonan). Bcrpeuamrcx raxxe cnyuan, xora annoe cnono nmeer nnmt ono ynorpenenne, nnn c otuntm ononnennem, nnn c nentm npenoxennem n xauecrne ononnennx: during his absence n reuenne ero orcyrcrnnx, while he was absent n ro npemx xax on orcyrcrnonan. Ho +ro ne onxno nomemart nam cunrart npenorn n comst onnmn n remn xe cnonamn, noono romy xax n onn n ror xe paspx sauncnxmrcx nce rnaront, xorx ne nce onn moryr couerartcx c ononnnrentntm npenoxennem. Onpeenenne comsa xax npenora, npncoennxmmero npenoxenne, nenpnmennmo x pxy cnon, xoropte otuno npnuncnxmrcx x comsam, nanpnmep and n npenoxennxx He and I are great friends On n x ontmne pystx, She sang and danced Ona nena n rannenana nnn or n npenoxennn Was it blue or green? Ftno nn ono ronyoe nnn senenoe? n r. . 3rn xe camte cnona moryr ynorpenxrtcx n nx coennennx npenoxenn: She sang, and he danced Ona nena, a on rannenan, He is mad, or I am much mistaken On cymacmemn, nnn x ouent omnamct. B oonx cnyuaxx onn npecrannxmr coo counnnrentnte cpecrna cnxsn, n ro npemx xax npenorn n re comst, xoropte mt paccmarpnnann o cnx nop, xnnxmrcx nounnnrentntmn cpecrnamn; onaxo xorx +ro n naxnoe ornnune, nce xe ner ocrarountx ocnonann ntenxrt ns-sa +roro annte cnona n orentnte paspxt cnon. And n n with c osnauamr nourn ono n ro xe; pasnnna mexy nnmn cocronr nnmt n rom, uro nepnoe xnnxercx counnnrentntm cnonom, a nropoe nounnnrentntm; +ro nmeer nsnecrnte rpammarnuecxne nocnecrnnx: samertre, nanpnmep, ]opmy rnarona n npenoxennn He and his wife are coming Hpnesxamr on n ero xena n npornnononoxnocrt pyro ]opme n npenoxennn He with his wife is coming Hpnesxaer on co cnoe xeno (He is coming with his wife) n npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne n arcxom xstxe: Han og hans kone kommer Hpnesxamr on n eeo xena, no Han kommer med sin kone On npnesxaer co ceoe xeno. Onaxo nnny nesnaunrentnocrn cmtcnonoro pasnnunx crporoe npannno nnora napymaercx. Hanpnmep, y Bexcnnpa: Don Alphonso, With other gentlemen of good esteeme Are journying on Ant]onco c pyrnmn nopxnamn xopome penyrannn nyremecrnymr (cm. Modern English
Grammar, II, 6. 53 n cn.) 1 . Both, either n neither ornnuamrcx rem, uro ,npenocxnmamr and, or n nor, no +ro ne aer ocnonannx paccmarpnnart nx xax ocot paspx. B xauecrne nocnene uacrn peun n otuntx cnncxax npnnoxrcx mexomernx; no +rnm nasnannem oennxmr xax cnona, xoropte ynorpenxmrcx rontxo n xauecrne mexomern (n cocrane nexoroptx ecrt snyxn, orcyrcrnymmne n otuntx cnonax; nanpnmep, snyx f, nponsnocnmt na noxe, or nnesanno onn, nnn snyx npnumoxnnannx, nerouno nsopaxaemt na nnctme uepes tut; pyrne cocroxr ns otuntx snyxon: hullo, oh), rax n cnona otunoro xstxa: cp. Well! Why! Fiddlesticks! Nonsense! Come! n ennsanernncxoe Go to! Oennxer +rn cnona ono cnoconocrt ynorpenxrtcx camocroxrentno, n xauecrne camocroxrentnoro ntcxastnannx; n ocrantnom xe nx moxno ornecrn x pasnnuntm paspxam cnon. Ho+romy nx ne cneyer orenxrt or nx otunoro ynorpenennx. Mexomernx, xoropte ne moryr ynorpenxrtcx nnaue, xax n xauecrne mexomern, nenecoopasnee ncero ornecrn x ocrantntm uacrnnam. OBOBmEHHE Hame nccneonanne npnnonr x ntnoy, uro rontxo cneymmne paspxt cnon xnnxmrcx n ocrarouno crenenn rpammarnuecxn oruernnntmn n moryr trt ntenent n camocroxrentnte uacrn peun: 1) Cymecrnnrentnte (nxnmuax nmena cocrnennte). 2) Hpnnararentnte. B nexoropom ornomennn (1) n (2) moryr trt oennent no omnm nasnannem Hmena. 3) Mecronmennx (nxnmuax uncnnrentnte n mecronmennte napeunx). 4) Inaront (c nexoroptmn comnennxmn ornocnrentno roro, nxnmuart nn cma nepnt). 5) uacrnnt (cma ornocxrcx cnona, xoropte nastnamrcx otuno napeunxmn, npenoramn, comsamn counnnrentntmn n nounnnrentntmn n mexomernxmn). 3ror nxrt paspx moxno oxapaxrepnsonart orpnnarentno, xax paspx, cocroxmn ns cnon, xoropte nentsx ornecrn nn x onomy ns npemecrnymmnx uertpex paspxon. Ha +rom x saxanunnam cno osop pasnnuntx paspxon cnon nnn uacre peun. Herpyno samernrt, uro, necmorpx na mon mnorouncnennte xpnrnuecxne sameuannx, ocoenno no nonoy mnpoxo npnnxrtx onpeenenn, x nce xe cmor coxpannrt mnoroe ns rpannnonno xnaccn]nxannn. ne cxnonen norn rax anexo, xax, nanpnmep, C+nnp (Language, 125), xoropt saxnnxer, uro ,nnxaxax nornuecxax xnaccn]nxannx uacre peun ycranonnenne nx uncna, npnpot n neoxonmtx rpannn ne npecrannxer nx nnnrnncra nn
1 As n than npn cpannennn xnnxmrcx counnnrentntmn: I like you nearly as well as (better than) her (r. e. as nnn than I do her); I like you nearly as well as (better than) she (r. e. as nnn than she does). Ho ns-sa raxnx cnyuaen, xax I never saw anybody stronger than he (r. e. is) n than him uyncrno npannntnoro ynorpenennx naexe nerxo npnrynnxercx, n he ynorpenxercx nmecro him n naoopor. Hpnmept cm. raxxe n Chapters on English, London, 1918, crp. 60 n cn. Vnorpenenne nmennrentnoro naexa nocne as sacrannxer axe nexoroptx ronopnrt like I nmecro like me (ram xe, crp. 62). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
manemero nnrepeca, nocxontxy xaxt xstx nmeer cnom cocrnennym cncremy. Bce sanncnr or ]opmantntx pasnnun, xoropte npnsnaer annt xstx. ecrnnrentno, ro, uro n onom xstxe oosnauaercx rnaronom, n pyrom moxer oosnauartcx npnnararentntm nnn napeunem: ne nyxno axe ntxonrt sa npeent anrnncxoro xstxa, urot ynnert, uro ona n ra xe mtcnt moxer trt ntpaxena npenoxennem He happened to fall Emy cnyunnoct ynacrt n npenoxennem He fell accidentally On ynan cnyuano. Moxno cocrannrt axe cnncox cnnonnmnuecxnx ntpaxenn, n xoroptx cymecrnnrentnte, npnnararentnte, napeunx n rnaront menxmrcx mecramn xax yro conepmenno nponsnontno. Hpnmept: He moved astonishingly fast. ,On nnrancx ynnnrentno tcrpo. He moved with astonishing rapidity. ,On nnrancx c ynnnrentno tcrporo. His movements were astonishingly rapid. ,Ero nnxennx tnn ynnnrentno tcrptmn. His rapid movements astonished us. ,Ero tcrpte nnxennx ynnnxnn nac. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. ,Ero nnxennx ynnnxnn nac cnoe tcrporo. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. ,Ftcrpora ero nnxenn tna ynnnrentna. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. ,Ftcrpora, c xoropo on nnrancx, ynnnxna nac. He astonished us by moving rapidly. ,On ynnnxn nac rem, uro nnrancx tcrpo. He astonished us by his rapid movements. ,On ynnnxn nac cnonmn tcrptmn nnxennxmn. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. ,On ynnnxn nac tcrporo cnonx nnxenn. Hpana, +ro xpann cnyua, nosmoxnocrt xoroporo cnxsana c ynorpenennem nexcycntx cnon (orrnarontntx cymecrnnrentntx n rax nastnaemtx acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx), cnennantno npncnoconennte x romy, urot nepenonrt cnona ns onoro paspxa n pyro, xax yer noxasano n rn. X. B noannxmmem xe ontmnncrne cnyuaen raxoe xonrnnponanne oxastnaercx nenosmoxntm. Bostmem npocroe npenoxenne, nanpnmep: This little boy picked up a green apple and immediately ate it 3ror manentxn mantunx noopan senenoe xnoxo n nemenenno cen ero. 3ect paspxt cnon crporo nenonnxnt n ne onycxamr nnxaxo rpancnosnnnn: cymecrnnrentnte (boy, apple), npnnararentnte (little, green), mecronmennx (this, it), rnaront (picked, ate), uacrnnt (up, and, immediately). Ho+romy x epyct yrnepxart, uro pasrpannuenne mexy anntmn nxrtm paspxamn pasymno, xorx n nenosmoxno onpeennrt nx rax rouno, urot ne ocrananoct comnnrentntx n norpannuntx cnyuaen. Hentsx rontxo ymart, uro +rn paspxt uncro nonxrnnte: onn xnnxmrcx r p a m m a r n u e c x n m n paspxamn n xax raxonte n nexoropo crenenn no rontxo n nexoropo naptnpymrcx no pasntm xstxam. Onn, moxer trt, ne nooyr x +cxnmoccxomy
nnn xnracxomy xstxy (na npornnononoxntx cnyuax) rax, xax noxoxr x narnncxomy nnn anrnncxomy, no nx ncex nnx neoxonmt rpannnonnte repmnnt cymecrnnrentnoe, npnnararentnoe n r. . Ho+romy nocnenne n yyr coxpanent n rex snauennxx n c remn oronopxamn, o xoroptx mna peut ntme. CAOBO uro raxoe cnono? H uro raxoe ono orentnoe cnono (ne na nnn ontme)? 3ro ouent cnoxnte nponemt, xoropte ne moryr ocrartcx nesarponyrtmn n nacroxme xnnre 1 . Cnona xnnxmrcx xstxontmn ennnnamn, no ne ennnnamn snyxontmn: nnxaxo uncro ]onernuecxn ananns noroxa snyxon ne moxer ycranonnrt xonnuecrno cnon, cocrannxmmnx +ror norox, n rpannnt mexy orentntmn cnonamn. 3ro anno tno npnsnano ]onerncramn n comnennm ne nonexnr: a maze nanpnnr snyunr conepmenno raxxe, xax amaze ynnnxrt, in sight n none spennx xax incite nocrpexart, a sister cecrpa xax assist her ,nomorart e, ]pann. a semble noxasanoct xax assembl copannt, il lemporte on ero ynocnr xax il en porte on nocnr nexoropte ns nnx n r.n. He moxer trt pemammnm n nanncanne, nocxontxy uacro ono tnaer ouent ycnonntm, sanncnr or mot, a n nexoroptx crpanax or npannrentcrnenntx pe]opm, ne ncera xopomo npoymanntx. Pasne nsmennrcx cymnocrt ntpaxennx at any rate no ncxxom cnyuae, ecnn ero nanncart, xax +ro ceuac nnora e- naercx, at anyrate? Hnn any one xro-nnyt, some one xro-ro, ecnn nx nanncart anyone, someone (No one nnxro npecrannxer coo ananornunoe opasonanne, no op]orpa]nx noone rax n ne crana omenpnnxro, nocxontxy +ro cnono crano t unrartcx xax noon nonent). Ena nn cymecrnymr xaxne-nno ocnonannx nx cneymmero o]nnnantnoro nanncannx nemenxnx cnon: miteinander ,pyr c pyrom, infolgedessen nnny +roro, zurzeit n nacroxmee npemx n p. B cnonx nepntx xnnrax F+ppn ynorpenxn mornancxoe ntpaxenne I suppaud, nepoxrno, noromy, uro cunran ero rnaronom rnna suppose nonarart, no nosxe emy yxasann na nponcxoxenne +roro ntpaxennx, n ceuac, ecnn x ne omnamct, on nnmer Ise uphauld (= I shall uphold yy yrnepxart). Bce +ro cnnerentcrnyer o rom, xax rpyno ycranonnrt, uem xnnxmrcx nexoropte couerannx nymx nn orentntmn cnonamn nnn onnm cnnrntm cnonom. C pyro cropont, cnona ne xnnxmrcx nonxrnntmn ennnnamn, nanpnmep, xax yxastnaer Hopen, cnono triangle rpeyrontnnx n cnonocoueranne three-sided rectilinear figure rpexcroponnxx npxmonnnenax ]nrypa connaamr no snauennm rouno rax xe, xax n nsnecrnte yxe nam Ap+umaor n cmapi epa: e cepo+ rocmm+e, romopoeo +i ecmpemu.u ua +ocmv, morymne oosnauart onoro n roro xe uenonexa. Hocxontxy, cneonarentno, nn snyuanne, nn snauenne camn no cee ne amr nam ornera na ro, uro npecrannxer coo ono cnono n
1 Bonpoc o onpeenennn cnona ocyxancx no mnornx nnnrnncrnuecxnx paorax. Vnomxny nnmt nexoropte: N o r e e n, Vert Sprek, Lund, 1903, 7. 13 n cn; H. P e d e r s e n, Gntt. gel. Anz., 1907, 898; We c h s s l e r, Giebt es Lautgesetze?, 19; B o a s, Handbook of Amer. Indian Languages, I, 28; S a p i r, Language, 34; V e n d r y e s, Le langage, 85. 103; A. G a r d i n e r, British Journal of Psychology, April, 1922. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
uro npecrannxer coo onee uem ono cnono, mt onxnt nx pemennx +roro nonpoca oparnrtcx x rpammarnuecxnm (cnnraxcnuecxnm) xpnrepnxm. B nnxenpnneenntx cnyuaxx uncro nnnrnncrnuecxne xpnrepnn noxastnamr, uro coueranne nyx orentntx cnon npenparnnoct n ono nenoe cnono. Hem. Gromacht n ar. stormagt ornnuamrcx n +rom ornomennn or anrn. great power nennxax epxana, uro nornepxamr n nx ]nexcnn: die europischen Gromachte, de europniske stormagter enponecxne nennxne epxant, no n anrnncxom xstxe +ro coueranne ncrpeuaercx n c nntm nopxxom cnon: the great European Powers 1 . uncnnrentnte 5 + 10 xax n narnncxom xstxe (quindecim), rax n n anrnncxom (fifteen) ornnuamrcx no snyuannm or npocrtx uncnnrentntx, xoropte nomnn n nx cocran; narnncxoe duodecim ornnuaercx raxxe n rem, uro ono ne nmeer ]opmt arentnoro naexa duobusdecim n r. . upann. quinze, douze npecrannxmr coo eme onee recnoe enncrno, nocxontxy onn conepmenno norepxnn cxocrno c cinq, deux n dix. ar. een og tyve nanart onn npecrannxer coo ono cnono, necmorpx na nanncanne, nocxontxy ra xe camax ]opma ynorpenxercx nepe cymecrnnrentntm cpenero poa een og tyve er ,nanart onn ro (no et er onn ro). Anrn. breakfast sanrpaxart, vouchsafe ,yocrannart cocroxnn ns nyx cnon, noxa ne crann ronopnrt he breakfasted, he vouchsafes nmecro onee pannero he broke fast, he vouches safe; cp. crp. 23. Each other pyr pyra morno t nperenonart na cnnrnoe nanncanne, nocxontxy npenor crannrcx nepe ncem couerannem (with each other), n ro npemx xax pantme npenor crannncx nepe nroptm +nemenrom each with other. Bo ]pan- nyscxom xstxe je men fuis crano je menfuis yeram n nnmercx rax c nonntm npanom, nocxontxy nep]exr yer je me suis enfui; onaxo napannentnoe ntpaxenne je men vais yxoxy nnmercx ncera pasentno; npana, n pasronopno peun uacro ronopxr je me suis en-all nmecro ysaxonennoro je men suis all, no sect cnnouenne ne moxer trt raxnm nonntm, xax n cnone enfuis, rax xax cnnxnnm n ony ]opmy npenxrcrnyer ynorpenenne pasntx ocnon (vais, all, irai). upann. rpublique, anrn. republic pecnynnxa xnnxmrcx onnm nentm, uero nentsx cxasart o nar. res publica, rax xax onn cxnonxmrcx orentno: rem publicam. Orcyrcrnne nnyrpenne ]nexcnn n nem. jedermann, jedermanns ,xaxt, die Mitternacht nonnout (jeder xnnxercx no nponcxoxennm nmenn- rentntm naexom, mitter arentntm) noxastnaer nonnoe oennenne xomnonenron, noono romy, xax +ro nanmaercx n nar. ipsum camoro nmecro eumpse (ipse nponsomno ns is-pse). Bo ncex +rnx cnyuaxx moxno xoncrarnponart nonnoe cnnxnne nyx cnon n ono, nocxontxy cymecrnymr esomnounte nnnrnncrnuecxne xpnrepnn, noxastnammne, uro xnnoe uyncrno xstxa ecrnnrentno rpaxryer nx xax ono nenoe. Hnaue ocronr eno c anrn. he loves on nmnr, xoropoe nnora cunramr raxnm xe enncrnom, xax nar. amat (ama-t) nmnr: n anrnncxom xstxe xomnonenrt moxno pasennnrt (he never loves on nnxora ne nmnr) n nsonnponart xaxt ns nnx, n ro npemx xax n nar. amat +roro cenart nentsx. Touno rax xe ]pann. il a aim on nmnn ne xnnxercx enntm nentm, xaxnm
1 Moxno, noxany, cxasart, uro nar. forsitan moxer trt onee cnnoueno n rex cnyuaxx, xora nocne nero cronr nsxnnrentnoe naxnonenne, uem n rex cnyuaxx, xora, n coornercrnnn c ero nponcxoxennem (fors sit an) cneyer cocnararentnoe. upann. peut-xtre moxer trt xnnxercx ceuac onnm cnonom. 3ro nornepxaercx cneymmnm ntpaxennem: il est paut-xtre riche.
xnnxercx nar. amavit nonmnn, nocxontxy moxno cxasart il na pas aim, a-t-il aim n r. n. (cm. mom xpnrnxy pasnnuntx yuentx, Language, crp. 422 n cn.). Hnora nanmaercx n oparnt nponecc or nenoro cnona x onee cnoontm coennennxm. Cnennenne mexy nymx xomnonenramn anrnncxnx cnoxntx cymecrnnrentntx ceuac mentme, uem pantme (n uem n nemenxom n n arcxom). B ro npemx xax nem. Steinmauer xamennax crena n ar. stenmur no ncex ornomennxx nenoe cnono, anrn. stone wall n pyrne noonte couerannx cneyer n nacroxmee npemx paccmarpnnart cxopee xax na cnona: stone xax amnxr, a wall xax nepnnunoe cnono. 3ro nornepxaercx ne rontxo nontm (nnn xonenmmnmcx) yapennem,. no n pyrnmn coopaxennxmn: nosmoxnocrtm xoopnnannn c npnnararentntmn: his personal and party interests ,ero nnunte n napmuuie nnrepect, among the evening and weekly papers cpen ee:epuux n exeneentntx raser, a Yorkshire young lady monoax ocoa ns Hopxmnpa; ynorpenennem cnona one: five gold watches, and seven silver ones ,nxrt sonortx uacon n cemt cepeopuix; ynorpenennem napeun: a purely family gathering uncro ce+eua ncrpeua; orentntm ynorpenennem: any position, whether State or national nmoe nonoxenne, yt ono eocvoapcmeeuuoe nnn nannonantnoe, things that are dead, second-hand, and pointless nemn meprnte, emopocmeneuuie n nenyxnte. Hexoropte ns +rnx xomnonenron aexrnnnponannct nacrontxo, uro moryr npnnnmart oxonuanne npenocxono crenenn -est (chiefest rnannemn, choicest oropnemn), n or nnx moxno opasonart napeunx (chiefly rnanntm opasom, choicely c ntopom, ocropoxno); cm. Modern English Grammar, II, rn. XIII, cp. raxxe ntme cnocxy na crp. 67. B npnmepe ns Bexcnnpa so new a fashioned robe raxoe nonomonoe nnarte mt nnnm, uro cnoxnoe cnono pyroro poa (new-fashioned) nocnpnnnmaercx xax cnaxnnoe nexpenxnmn cnxsxmn. Bce +rn coopaxennx, panno xax n nsmenenne nauantntx snyxon, xapaxrepnoe, nanpnmep, nx xentrcxnx xstxon, n raxne xnnennx, xax p. -ncn. Hann kvapsk eigi vita On crasa. ceo ne snart, r. e. On cxasan, uro on ne snaer, a raxxe mnorne pyrne 1 noxastnamr, nacxontxo rpyno n nexoroptx cnyuaxx cxasart, re ono cnono n re na. uacro nomoraer nosmoxnocrt pasentnoro ynorpenennx xomnonenron, no ne cneyer satnart, uro ecrt cnona, xoropte mt onxnt npnsnart cnonamn, no xoropte no rem nnn nntm npnunnam ne moryr ynorpenxrtcx orentno. Hanpnmep, pyccxne npenorn, cocroxmne ns onoro snyxa (c, e), nnn ]pannyscxne cnona rnna je, tu, le nnxora ne ynorpenxmrcx orentno, xorx n nocnenem cnyuae raxomy ynorpenennm ne npenxrcrnymr nnxaxne uncro ]onernuecxne npnunnt. Ecnn onn cunramrcx cnonamn, ro noromy, uro onn moryr ynorpenxrtcx n pasnnuntx couerannxx c pyrnmn cnonamn, xoropte, es comnennx, npecrannxmr coo camocroxrentnte cnona; cneonarentno, je, tu n r. n. xnnxmrcx ne uacrxmn cnon, a nentmn cnonamn. Touno rax xe n n nemenxom xstxe an, bei, statt n npenoxennxx Ich nehme es an , npnnnmam +ro, Wir wohnten der Versammlung bei Mt npncyrcrnonann na copannn, Es findet nur selten statt 3ro nponcxonr nnmt nspexa xnnxmrcx cnonamn, n nocneonarentnax op]orpa]nx onxna tna t nncart an zu nehmen, bei zu wohnen, es hat statt gefunden nmecro otunoro cnnrnoro nanncannx: net nosnnnx anntx cnon conepmenno raxax xe, xax n n npenoxennxx gem zu
1 Cp. cnyuan nepepasnoxennx (a naddre > an adder ramxa n r. n.), Language, 173, 132; ]pann. nonpocnrentnoe ti ns est-il, fait-il; ram xe, 358. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nehmen npnnnmart oxorno, dort zu wohnen xnrt ram, er hat etwas gefunden ,on namen uro-ro n r. n. 1
He cneyer nnxora satnart, uro cnona nourn ncera ynorpenxmrcx n cnxsno peun, re onn onee nnn menee recno cnxsant c pyrnmn cnonamn; npn +rom cnona, cnxsannte c rem nnn nntm cnonom, nomoramr, a nnora xnnxmrcx npocro nesamennmtmn n ycranonnennn snauennx +roro cnona. Hsonnponannte cnona, n rom nne, n xaxom mt naxonm nx n cnonapxx n ]nnonornuecxnx rpyax, npecrannxmr coo acrpaxnnn, n n raxom nne onn nmemr mano omero c nonnnno xnno peutm. Hpana, n ornerax n pennnxax cnona ncrpeuamrcx n n nsonnponannom nne, npnuem axe raxne cnona, xoropte n pyrnx ycnonnxx ne moryr ynorpenxrtcx orentno; cp. if n npenoxennn If I were rich enough... Yes, if! Ecnn t x tn ocrarouno orar... a, ecnn (t)!, no sect snauenne nonn- maercx ns npemecrnymmero rax xe, xax Yesterday Buepa, ecnn ono xnnxercx ornerom na nonpoc When did she arrive? Kora ona npnexana?, osnauaer Ona npnexana nuepa. Ho raxoe nsonnponannoe ynorpenenne cneyer paccmarpnnart xax ncxnmuenne, a ne xax npannno. V nac ner repmnna nx couerannx cnon, xoropte opasymr cmtcnonoe enncrno, xorx onn n ne oxsarentno nomemamrcx n nenocpecrnennom cocecrne pyr c pyrom; a no+romy xcno, uro onn ne opasymr ono nenoe cnono, a npecrannxmr coo na nnn ontme orentntx cnona. Hx moxno nasnart ooopoma+u nnn eipareuu+u 2 , xorx pyrnmn anropamn +rn repmnnt ynorpenx- mrcx n nnom snauennn. Cnona puts off opasymr ntpaxenne, snauenne xoroporo (orxnatnaer) nentsx ntnecrn ns cocrannxmmnx ero cnon, nsxrtx n orentnocrn. 3rn cnona moryr trt pasennent: cp. he puts it off; cp. raxxe nem. wenn auch ecnn axe, opasymmee oopor, nanpnmep n npenoxennn wenn er auch reich ist xort on n orar.
1 V conpemenntx rpammarncron moxno nnora narn xyptesnte npeynennuennx n nenpannntnte xonnennnn ornocnrentno paccmarpnnaemo nponemt; rax, nanpnmep, onn ns nnx sameuaer, uro mnoxecrnennoe uncno no ]pannyscxom xstxe opasyercx npenosnnne z: (le)z-arbres epentx n r. n.; no xax rora trt c beaucoup darbres mnoro epenten n les pommes xnoxn? pyrne yrnepxamr, uro cymecrnnrentnte no ]pannyscxom xstxe n nacroxmee npemx cxnonxmrcx c nomomtm aprnxnx (B r u n o t, La pense et la langue, Paris, 1922, 162): le cheval, du cheval, au cheval; no xax trt c Pierre, de Pierre, a Pierre, xoropte ne nmemr aprnxnx? (Kpome roro, +ro nentsx nastnart cxnonennem n cocrnennom cmtcne cnona.) Haxonen, onn nemenxn anrop ronopnr, uro nem. der Mann, dem Mann n r. n. opasymr ono cnono, rax uro n annom cnyuae mt nmeem ]nexcnm n nauane, rounee n cepenne cnona nmecro npexne ]nexcnn na xonne cnona. 2 V Ecnepcena phrase ynorpenxercx n snauennn ]pasa, ntpaxenne, oopor; no-pyccxn yaunee tno t ynorpenrt ]pasa, ecnn t +ror repmnn ne ncnontsonancx onontno mnpoxo n conepmenno nnom snauennn. Hpu+. nepee.
I. a e a VI I TPH PAHIA Hounnenne. Cymecrnnrentnte. Hpnnararentnte. Mecronmennx. Inaront. Hapeunx. Ipynnt cnon. Hounnennte npenoxennx. 3axnmunrentnte sameuannx. HOHHHEHHE Bonpoc o rom, x xaxomy ns paspxon npnnanexnr ro nnn nnoe cnono (x cymecrnnrentntm, npnnararentntm nnn eme x xaxomy-nno), nonpoc, cnxsannt c paccmorpennem cnona xax raxonoro. Orner na annt nonpoc moxno no+romy narn n cnonapxx 1 . Tenept xe mt npncrynnm x paccmorpennm couerann cnon; npn +rom mt onapyxnm, uro xorx cymecrnnrentnoe ncera ocraercx cymecrnnrentntm, a npnnararentnoe npnnararentntm, n cnxsno peun cymecrnyer onpeenennax cncrema nounnennocrn, nsnecrnax rpaannx, anano- rnunax pacnpeenennm cnon no uacrxm peun, no ne nonnocrtm sanncxmax or nero. B nmom cnoxnom oosnauennn npemera nnn nnna (cp., nanpnmep, re, xoropte x npnnen na crp. 69), ncera onapyxnnaercx, uro ono ns cnon nmeer nepnocrenennoe snauenne, a pyrne npncoennxmrcx x nemy na nonoxennn nounnenntx cnon. Inannoe cnono onpeenxercx (yrounxercx, mon]nnnpyercx) pyrnm cnonom, xoropoe n cnom ouepet moxer onpeenxrtcx (yrounxrtcx, mon]nnnponartcx] eme xaxnm-ro rpertnm cnonom, n r. . Taxnm opasom, ycranannnnamrcx nsnecrnte panrn cnon n coornercrnnn c rem, xnnxmrcx nn onn no ornomennm pyr x pyry onpeenxmmnmn nnn onpeenxemtmn. B couerannn :pesei:auo rapra noeooa cnono noeooa, xoropoe, es comnennx, saxnmuaer n cee rnannym mtcnt, moxno nasnart nepnnuntm (primary); rapra, onpeenxmmee cnono noeooa, nropnuntm (secondary), a :pesei:auo rpernuntm (tertialy), nocxontxy ono onpeenxer cnono rapra. Xorx rpernunoe cnono moxer anee onpeenxrtcx pyrnm (uerneprnuntm quaternary) cnonom, a nocnenee n cnom ouepet eme xaxnm-nnyt pyrnm (nxrnuntm quinary) n rax anee, ner neoxonmocrn pasnnuart onee rpex crenene, nnn panron, nocxontxy ner nnxaxnx ]opmantntx nnn nntx uepr, ornnuammnx nocneymmne panrn or rpernuntx cnon. Tax, n ntpaxennn Heco+ueuuo, ue o:eui v+uo cocmae.euui omeem cnona ueco+ueuuo, ue n v+uo, xorx onn n onpeenxmr cneymmee sa nnmn cnono, rpammarnuecxn cxont pyr c pyrom n c rpernuntmn cnonamn; nanpnmep, n couerannxx ueco+ueuuo v+ui omeem, ue v+ui omeem, o:eui v+ui omeem.
1 3amertre, onaxo, uro nmoe cnono nnn rpynna cnon, nnn uacrt cnona moryr trt npenpament n cymecrnnrentnoe, xora nx ynorpenenne nmeer xapaxrep nnrnponannx (Modern English Grammar, II, 8. 2), nanpnmep: Your late was misheard as light Bame late tno ycntmano omnouno xax light, His speech abounded in I think sos Ero peut nsonnonana cnonamn rax ymam, There should be two ls in his name B ero ]amnnnn cneyer nncart na n. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Ecnn renept cpannnrt coueranne pocmuo .amua cooara (cooara, .amua pocmuo), n xoropom cooara nepnnunoe cnono, .amua nropnunoe, a pocmuo rpernunoe, c couerannem cooara .aem pocmuo, craner xcno, uro n oonx cnyuaxx nannno ona n ra xe nounnennocrt. Onaxo mexy nnmn nce xe ecrt npnnnnnnantnoe pasnnune, xoropoe rpeyer ocotx repmnnon nx xaxoro ns npnneenntx rnnon couerann: nepnoe coueranne mt yem nastnart mnxnne, nropoe nexcycom. O +rom pasnnunn yxe ynomnnanoct ntme (cm. crp. 95), a noponee yer ronopnrtcx n rn. VIII, re mt raxxe noxaxem, uro cymecrnymr n pyrne nnt nexcyca, xpome rnna cooara .aem. Cneyer ormernrt, uro cooara xnnxercx nepnnuntm cnonom ne rontxo, xora ono ntnonnxer ]ynxnnm nonexamero, xax n npenoxennn Cooara .aem, no n rora, xora ono xnnxercx ononnennem x rnarony, xax n npenoxennn B eurv cooarv, nnn ononnennem x npenory, xax n npenoxennn Ou oerum sa cooaro. uro xacaercx repmnnonornn, ro repmnnt nepnnunt, nropnunt n ,rpernunt moryr npnmenxrtcx n x mnxnnn n x nexcycy; onaxo yer nyume nmert nx roro n pyroro ocote repmnnt: amnxr nx nropnuntx cnon n mnxnnn n anexc nx nropnuntx cnon n nexcyce. K rpernuntm cnonam moxno npnmennrt repmnn cymnxr, a x uerneprnuntm, ecnn norpeyercx cnennantnt repmnn (uro cnyuaercx pexo), cy-cymnxr 1 . Touno rax xe, xax moryr ncrpernrtcx na (nnn onee) onopontx 2
nepnnuntx cnona (nanpnmep, cooara u roura voera.u npo:i), moryr, pasymeercx, ncrpernrtcx n na nnn onee onopontx amnxra x onomy n romy xe nepnnunomy cnony, nanpnmep: uumepecua +o.ooa reuuuua, re cnona uumepecua n +o.ooa n onnaxono crenenn onpeenxmr cnono reuuuua, cp. raxxe much (II) good (II) white (II) wine (I) onntnoe xopomee enoe nnno c very (III) good (II) wine (I) ouent xopomee nnno. Onoponte amnxrt uacro coennxmrcx npn nomomn cnxsymmnx cnon: ooro.uei u eempeui oeui; o.ecmuu, xomi u o.uuui po+au. Tam, re ner cnxsymmero cnona, nocnenn amnxr uacro naxonrcx n ocoo recno cnxsn c nepnnuntm cnonom, xax t opasyx c nnm ono nonxrne, ono cnoxnoe nepnnunoe cnono (+o.ooa reuuuua), ocoenno n nexoroptx sacrtnmnx couerannxx (in high good humour, by great good fortune, Modern English Grammar, II, 15.15; extreme old age, ram xe, 12.47). Hnora xe nepnt ns nyx amnxron cxnonen crart n nounnenne xo nropomy n raxnm opasom npenparnrtcx n neuro npoe cymnxra; cp. anrn. burning hot soup, a shocking bad nurse. Taxnm nmenno opasom cnono very, xoropoe tno npnnararentntm (n o cnx nop xnnxercx npnnararentntm n couerannn the very day ror camt ent) n uoceponcxom a verray parfit gentil knight ncrnnnt conepmennt naropont ptnapt, crano cnauana npomexyrountm mexy amnxrom n cymnxrom, a sarem npenparnnoct n cymnxr, xoropt nao ornecrn x napeunxm; pyrne npnmept cm. n Modern English Grammar, II, 15.2. Ananornuntm n xaxo-ro crenenn xnnxercx n nice
1 Tenept x npenounram repmnn nepnnunoe cnono (primary) repmnny ocnonnoe cnono (principal), xoropoe x ynorpenxn n Modern English Grammar, r. II. nx nepnnunoro cnona n mnxnnn moxno tno t nnecrn repmnn cynepmnxr, a nx nepnnunoro cnona n nexcyce repmnn cynepnexc n cynexc nx rpernunoro cnona n nexcyce, no +rn rpomosxne repmnnt nsnnmnn. 2 V Ecnepcena coordinate counnnrentnte; onaxo nam npecrannxercx onee yauntm yrnepnnmncx n pycncrnxe repmnn onoponte (unent), xoropt, ymaercx, n rounocrn nepeaer coepxanne, nxnatnaemoe sect Ecnepcenom n cnono coordinate. Hpu+. nepee.
(and) n couerannn nice and warm onontno renno (15, 29), x xoropomy nmeercx nmontrnax napannent n nr. belle: Giacosa, Foglie, 136 il concerto... On ci ho belle rinunziato; ram xe: 117 Tu lhai belle trovato. pyrnmn npnmepamn na ynorpenenne amnxron nmecro oxnaemtx cymnxron xnnxmrcx ]pann. elle est toute surprise; les fenxtres grandes ouvertes. Onoponte cymnxrt naxonm n cneymmnx cnyuaxx: a logically and grammatically unjustifiable construction ,nornuecxn n rpammarnuecxn neonpanannax xoncrpyxnnx; a seldom or never seen form pexo ncrpeuammaxcx nnn nnxora ne ncrpeuammaxcx ]opma. B npnmepax, npnneenntx ntme, mt nmenn cymecrnnrentnte n ]ynxnnn nepnnuntx cnon, npnnararentnte n ]ynxnnn amnxron n napeunx n ]ynxnnn cymnxron; n ecrnnrentno, cymecrnyer onpeenennoe coornercrnne mexy rpemx uacrxmn peun n rpemx ycranonnenntmn panramn. Bcem +rnm cnonam, cneonarentno, moxno axe art coornercrnymmne onpeenennx. Tax, cymecrnnrentnte moxno onpeennrt xax cnona, xoropte otuno tnamr cnonamn nepnnuntmn, npnnararentnte amnxramn, a napeunx cymnxramn. Onaxo +ro coornercrnne xnnxercx anexo ne nonntm, xax yer nnno ns cneymmero osopa: cncrema paspxon cnon n cncrema panron npnnanexar n ecrnnrentnocrn x nym pasnnuntm onacrxm. CYmECTBHTEALHLE Cymecrnnrentnte n xauecrne nepnnuntx cnon. Hnxaxnx ononnnrentntx npnmepon ne rpeyercx. Cymecrnnrentnte n xauecrne amnxron. anno ycranonnnmncx cnoco ynorpenxrt cymecrnnrentnoe n xauecrne amnxra cocronr n nocranonxe cymecrnnrentnoro n ponrentnom naexe, nanpnmep: Shelleys poems crnxn Le..u, the butchers shop nanxa +cuura, St. Pauls Cathedral coop ce. Hae.a. Onaxo cneyer samernrt, uro ]opma ponrentnoro naexa moxer trt n nepnnuntm cnonom (n pesyntrare rax nastnaemoro +nnnncnca), nanpnmep: I prefer Keatss poems to Shelleys npenounram crnxn Knrca (cmuxa+) Le..u, I bought it at the butchers xynnn +ro y +cuura, St. Pauls is a fine building (Coop) ce. Hae.a sameuarentnoe sanne. B anrnncxom xstxe +nemenr, xoropt tn nepntm xomnonenrom cnoxnoro cnona, n nacroxmee npemx uacro cneyer paccmarpnnart xax camocroxrentnoe cnono n ]ynxnnn amnxra: cp. stone wall ra+euua crena, a silk dress and a cotton one ue.roeoe nnarte n x.on:amoov+aruoe, o rom, xaxnm opasom +ro nponcxonr, cm. ntme, crp. 105. pyrne npnmept na ynorpenenne cymecrnnrentntx n ]ynxnnn amnxra: women writers nncarentnnnt, cocrn. reuuuui-nucame.u, a queen bee n:e.a-+amra, boy messengers +a.i:uru-noci.iuie, n nouemy t cma ne ornecrn raxxe Captain Smith, Doctor Johnson; cp. orcyrcrnne ]nexcnn n nem. Kaiser Wilhelms Erinnerungen nocnomnnannx rasepa Bnntrentma (nnpouem, n cocranntx rnrynax nanmamrcx ontmne xoneannx). B nexoroptx cnyuaxx, xora mt xornm coennnrt na cycranrnnntx nonxrnx, oxastnaercx nenosmoxntm nnn nenenecoopasntm cenart ono cymecrnnrentnoe amnxrom x pyromy nyrem npocroro cononoxennx; sect xstxn ouent uacro npneramr x onpeennrentnomy ponrentnomy naexy nnn x coornercrnymmemy couerannm c npenorom: cp. nar. urbs Romae ropo Pnm Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
(cp. cononoxenne n ar. byen Rom n, c pyro cropont, couerannx rnna Captain Smith), ]pann. la cit de Rome, anrn. the city of Rome n r. n. n anee nnrepecnte ntpaxennx n anrnncxom xstxe rnna a devil of a fellow, that scoundrel of a servant, his ghost of a voice; nem. ein alter Schelm von Lohnbedienter (c ncxnmunrentntm ynorpenennem nmennrentnoro naexa nocne von); ar. den skurk av en tjener; et vidunder av et barn, del fntil Nielsen; ]pann. ce fripon de valet; un amour denfant; celui qui avait un si dr]le de nom; nr. quel ciarlatano dun dottore; quel pover uomo di tuo padre n r. n. 3ro cnxsano c ynorpenennem npnrxxarentnoro mecronmennx: dit fn ypax rt +raxn n cxannnancxnx xstxax n n ncn. Pobrecitos de nosotros!, Desdichada de mi! Cp. no nonoy +roro n noontx xnnenn Gr i mm, Personenwechsel; S c h u c h a r d t Hugo Schuchardt-Brevier, 197; T e g n r, Om genus i svenskan, Stockholm, 1892, 115 n cn.; S a n d f e l d, Dania, VII. Cymecrnnrentnte n xauecrne cymnxron (cynexcon). Taxoe ynorpenenne ncrpeuaercx pexo, sa ncxnmuennem onpeenenntx rpynn cnon, re ono xnnxercx otuntm (cm. nnxe, crp. 114). Hpnmept: emotions, part religious... but part human uyncrna, om:acmu pennrnosnte.., no om:acmu uenoneuecxne (Crnnencon); The sea went mountains high Mope nstmanoct o ntcort rop. B npenoxennxx Come home Hnre oo+o n I bought it cheap xynnn +ro oe- ueeo home n cheap tnn cnauana cymecrnnrentntmn, no renept onn otuno nastnamrcx napeunxmn; cp. raxxe go South exart ua me. HPHAAIATEALHLE Hpnnararentnte n xauecrne nepnnuntx cnon: You had better bow to the impossible (e. u.) Bam t nyume npexnonnrtcx nepe ueeos+orui+, Ye have the poor (mn. u.) always with you Beouie ncera c namn (Modern English Grammar, II, rn. XI); no n cnyuaxx savages nxapn, regulars perynxpnte nocxa, Christian xpncrnane, the moderns nmn nonoro npemenn n r. n. mt nmeem eno c otuntmn cymecrnnrentntmn, na uro yxastnaer oxonuanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna; rouno raxxe n n cnyuae the child is a dear peenox npe.ecmi, uro nnno ns ynorpenennx aprnxnx (Modern English Grammar, rn. IX). Hem. Beamter cnyxamn cunraercx otuno cymecrnnrentntm, no, xax noxastnaer ]nexcnx, +ro cxopee npnnararentnoe n ]ynxnnn nepnnunoro cnona: der Bearnte, ein Beamier. Hpnnararentnte n xauecrne amnxron: npnmepon ne rpeyercx. Hpnnararentnte n xauecrne cymnxron. B couerannxx a fast moving engine oicmpo nnrammncx noxomornn, a long delayed punishment oo.eo orxnatnaemoe naxasanne, a clean shaven lace :ucmo ntpnroe nnno n n pyrnx noontx cnyuaxx ncropnuecxn npannntnee nastnart ntenennte cnona napeunxmn (n nnx oxonuanne napeun -e crano nemtm, noono pyrnm ]onernuecxn ocnanenntm -e), a ne npnnararentntmn n ]ynxnnn cymnxra. Ho nonoy new-laid eggs, cheerful tempered men n r. n. cm. Modern English Grammar, II, 15.3; no nonoy burning hot cm. ntme, crp. 109.
MECTOHMEHHR Mecronmennx n xauecrne nepnnuntx cnon: I am well ,B sopon, This is mine 3ro moe, Who said that? Kmo omo cxasan?, What happened? Umo cnyunnoct?, Nobody knows Hurmo ne snaer n r. n. (Ho nobody n couerannn a mere nobody nnuroxecrno xnnxercx otuntm cymecrnnrentntm; cp. mn. u. nobodies). Mecronmennx n ]ynxnnn amnxron: this hat oma mnxna, mv hat +o mnxna, what hat? rara mnxna?, no hat uurara mnxna n r. n. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx mexy +rnmn nymx ynorpenennxmn mecronmenn pasnnunx no ]opme ner; n pyrnx cnyuaxx nanmaercx n ]opmantnoe pasnnune: cp. mine my, none no; raxxe n n nem. mein Hut +o mnxna der meine ,mox. 3amertre raxxe: Hier ist in Umstand (in Ding) richtig genannt, aber nur iner (ines) 3ect npannntno nasnano oouo ocroxrentcrno (ooua nemt), no rontxo oouo (ooua). Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe ]opmantnte pasnnunx raxxe nnora ncrpeuamrcx: mon chapeau mox mnxna le mien mox; ce chapeau oma mnxna celui-ci +ra; quel chapeau rara mnxna lequel? xaxax?; chaqae chacun xaxt; quelque quelqu un xaxo-nnyt. Mecronmennx n ]ynxnnn cymnxron. Kpome mecronmenntx napeun, xoropte nnnmcrpnponart npnmepamn ner neoxonmocrn, ncrpeuamrcx n raxne cnyuan, xax I am that sleepy rax xouy cnart, The more, the merrier uem ontme, rem necenee, none too able ne cnnmxom cnocont, I wont stay any longer ne ocranyct ontme, nothing, loth concem ne neoxorno, somewhat paler than usual necxontxo nenee, uem otuno 1 . IAAIOAL Hpenxarnnnte ]opmt rnaronon moryr ynorpenxrtcx rontxo xax nropnunte cnona (anexct) n nnxora xax nepnnunte n rpernunte cnona. Ho npnuacrnx, noono npnnararentntm, tnamr nepnnuntmn cnonamn (The living are more valuable than the dead uevuue onee nennt, uem +epmeie) n amnxramn (the living dog xuea coaxa). Hn]nnnrnn xe, n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn, moxer ntnonnxrt nmym ns rpex ]ynxnn; n anrnncxom xstxe n onpeenenntx cnyuaxx on rpeyer to (cp. nem. zu, ar. at). Crporo ronopx, mne cneonano t paccmarpnnart couerannx rnna to go n r.n. no sarononxom panrn rpynn cnon. Hn]nnnrnn n xauecrne nepnnunoro cnona: To see is to believe Veuoemi snaunr noeepumi (cp. Seeing is believing), She wants to rest Ona xouer omoixami (cp. She wants some rest, c coornercrnymmnm cymecrnnrentntm). upann. Esprer, cest jouir, Il est dfendu de fumer ici; sans courir, au lieu de
1 Bcrpeuamrcx n couerannx mecronmenntx n uncnnrentntx napeun c amnxramn, xoropte ne rax nerxo noamrcx anannsy: this once, we should have gone to Venice, or somewhere not half so nice (Masefield); Are we going anywhere particular? Hcnxonornuecxn nx moxno oxcnnrt ncxox ns roro, uro once = n onpeenennoe npemx, somewhere n anywhere = (n)onpeenennoe, nmoe mecro; raxnm opasom, amnxr ornocnrcx x nopasymenaemomy cymecrnnrentnomy. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
courir. Hem. Denken ist schwer, Er verspricht zu kommen; ohne zu laufen; anstatt zu laufen n r. n. Hn]nnnrnn n ]ynxnnn amnxra: the never to be forgotten look nnxora ne satnaemt nsrnx; cp. raxxe: in times to come; There isnt a girl to touch her; the correct thing to do; in a way not to be forgotten (Modern English Grammar, II, 14.4 n 15.8). upann. la chose a faire, du tabac a fumer. (B nemenxom xstxe n pesyntrare raxoro ynorpenennx nn]nnnrnna nosnnxno ocooe naccnnnoe npnuacrne: das zu lesende Buch.). Hcn.: todas las academias existentes y por existir (Iantoc). Taxoe ynorpenenne nn]nnnrnna o nexoropo crenenn xomnencnpyer orcyrcrnne nonnoro xomnnexra npnuacrn (yymero, naccnnnoro n r. n.). Hn]nnnrnn n ]ynxnnn cymnxra: He came here to see you On npnmen cma, urot noeuoami nac; To see him, one would think; I shudder to think of it. HAPEHHR Hapeunx n ]ynxnnn nepnnuntx cnon. Taxoe ynorpenenne napeun ncrpeuaercx pexo; n xauecrne npnmepa moxno npnnecrn npenoxenne He did not stay for long On ne ocrancx uaoo.eo; cp. raxxe Hes only just back from abroad. 3ro ynorpenenne npncyme n ocnonnom mecronmenntm napeunxm: from here ,orcma, till now o cnx nop. Hnn eme npnmep: He left there at two oclock: there cnyxnr ononnennem x left. B xstxe ]nnoco]on here n there moryr trt raxxe nacroxmnmn cymecrnnrentntmn: Motion requires a here and a there; in the Space-field lie innumerable other theres (New English Dictionary; cm. Modern English Grammar, II, 8. 12). Hapeunx n ]ynxnnn amnxron. Taxoe ynorpenenne raxxe nectma pexo: the off side, in after years, the few nearby trees (CBA), all the well passengers (CBA), a so-so matron (Fapon). B ontmnncrne cnyuaen ner naonocrn ynorpenxrt napeune n ]ynxnnn amnxra, rax xax cymecrnyer coornercrnymmee npnnararentnoe. (Mecronmennte napeunx: the then government, the hither shore; Modern English Grammar, II, 14.9.) Hapeunx n ]ynxnnn cymnxron. Hpnmept ne nyxnt, rax xax nx annoro paspxa +ro otunoe ynorpenenne. Kora or rnarona nnn npnnararentnoro opasyercx cymecrnnrentnoe onpeenxmmee cnono xax t nonnmaercx na onee ntcoxym crynent n ns rpernunoro cnona cranonnrcx nropnuntm; re nosmoxno, +ro ntpaxaercx n ynorpenennn ]opmt npnnararentnoro nmecro ]opmt napeunx: aoco.mmuo uoei aoco.mmua uoeusua coeepueuuo me+ui coeepueuua me+uoma onucieaem mo:uo mo:uoe onucauue meepoo eepm +o meepoa eepa cvoum cmpoeo cmpoea cvoi :umaem euu+ame.iuo euu+ame.iui :umame.i II + III I + II Hyxno ormernrt, uro npnnararentnte, oosnauammne pasmep (great ,ontmo, small manentxn), ynorpenxmrcx xax cnnnyrte +xnnnanenrt
napeun crenenn (much mnoro, little mano): anrn. a great admirer of Tennyson ,ontmo nounrarent Tennncona, ]pann. un grand admirateur de Tennyson. Ho nonoy raxnx cnnnyrtx cymnxr-amnxron cp. Modern English Grammar, II, 12. 2 n pasen o nexcycntx cnonax nnxe, crp. 156. Kepm (C u r me, A Grammar of the German Language, New York, 1922, 136) ynomnnaer o nem. die geistig Armen, etwas lngst Bekanntes, n xoropom geistig n lngst ne npnnnmamr oxonuann, noono napeunxm, xorx n onpeenxmr cymecrnnrentnoe: eno n rom, uro Armen n Bekanntes npecrannxmr coo ne cymecrnnrentnte, a nnmt npnnararentnte n ]ynxnnn nepnnuntx cnon, na uro yxastnaer nx ]nexcnx. Hexoropte anrnncxne cnona moryr ynorpenxrtcx noxxo: these are full equivalents (for) +ro no.uie oreuea.eumi nnn fully equivalent (to) no.uocmim oreuea.eumui; cp. raxxe the direct opposites (of) nnn directly opposite (to); Maxone nnmer: The government of the Tudors was the direct opposite to the government of Augustus. 3ect to ontme noxonr x npnnararentnomy opposite, uem x cymecrnnrentnomy, n ro npemx xax direct npenonaraer ynorpenenne cymecrnnrentnoro. B arcxom xstxe npn nepenoe le malade imaginaire mnnmt ontno nanmaercx xoneanne mexy den indbildt syge n den indbildte syge. IPYHHL CAOB Ipynnt cnon, cocroxmne ns nyx nnn ontmero xonnuecrna cnon, mexy xoroptmn moryr trt camte pasnnunte nsanmoornomennx, no mnornx cnyuaxx moryr rpaxronartcx xax ono cnono. Hnora axe rpyno tnaer cxasart, c onnm nn nnn c nymx cnonamn mt nmeem eno; cp. crp. 103. To-day xora-ro npecrannxno coo na cnona, no renept nanmaercx nospacrammax renennnx nncart ero es e]nca (today); xpome roro, nosmoxnocrt cxasart from today cnnerentcrnyer o rom, uro to yxe ne nmeer cnoero nepnonauantnoro snauennx. Tomorrow sanrpa raxxe xnnxercx renept nentm cnonom, nocxontxy moxno cxasart axe I look forward to tomorrow. Onaxo nx nac n nacroxme rnane ne nmeer nnxaxoro snauennx, sa ono nnn sa na orentntx cnona npnnnmart +rn couerannx n pyrne comnnrentnte cnyuan; rpynna cnon (rouno rax xe xax n orentnoe cnono) moxer trt n nepnnuno, n amnxrom, n cymnxrom. Ipynnt cnon pasnnunoro rnna n ]ynxnnn nepnnuntx cnon: Sunday afternoon was fine Bocrpecui oeui tn xopomnm; I spent Sunday afternoon at home nponen eocrpecui oeui oma; We met the kind old archbishop of York ,Mt ncrpernnn ooopoeo cmapoeo apxuenucrona Hoprcroeo; cp. anee anrn. It had taken him ever since to get used to the idea; You have till ten to-night. From infancy to manhood is rather a tedious period (Kaynep); ]pann. jusqu au roi la cru; Nous avons assez pour jusqu a samed; ncn. Hasta los malvados creen en l (Iantoc). Ipynnt cnon n ]ynxnnn amnxron: a Sunday afternoon concert eocrpecui oueeuo xonnepr; the Archbishop of York apxnenncxon Hoprcru, the party in power npaeua naprnx; the kind old Archbishop of Yorks daughter ,out ooopoeo cmapoeo apxuenucrona Hoprcroeo; cp. raxxe a Saturday to Monday excursion; the time between two and four; his after dinner pipe. Ipynnt cnon n ]ynxnnn cymnxron (rpernuntx cnon): He slept all Sunday afternoon On cnan ece eocrpecuoe noc.eooeoeuuoe epe+. He smokes after dinner On xypnr noc.e ooeoa, He went to all the principal cities of Europe Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,On nyremecrnonan no ece+ e.aeui+, eopooa+ Eeponi; He lives next door to Captain Strong; The canal ran north and south; He used to laugh a good deal; five feet high; He wants things his own way; Things shall go man-of-war fashion. He ran upstairs three steps at a time; cp. aconmrnym xoncrpyxnnm n rnane Hexcyc (IX). Kax yxe moxno tno nnert ns npnneenntx npnmepon, rpynna, ntnonnxmmax ]ynxnnm nepnnuno, nropnuno nnn rpernuno, cama moxer coepxart xomnonenrt, xoropte naxoxrcx n ornomennxx, oosnauenntx +rnmn rpemx repmnnamn. Panr camo rpynnt +ro ono, a panr nnyrpn rpynnt pyroe. B pesyntrare moryr nosnnxart onontno cnoxnte nsanmoornomennx; onaxo nx ncera nerxo noneprnyrt anannsy c ro rouxn spennx, xoropax tna pasnnra n +ro rnane. 3ro moxno noxcnnrt na npnmepax: We met the kind old Archbishop of York Mt ncrpernnn oporo craporo apxnenncxona Hopxcxoro: nocnenne mecrt cnon opasymr ony nepnnunym rpynny ononnenne x met, no cama rpynna cocronr ns nepnnunoro cnona Archbishop n uertpex amnxron the, kind, old, of York; nnn, cxopee, nao cxasart, uro Archbishop of York, cocroxmee ns nepnnunoro cnona Archbishop n amnxra of York, xnnxercx nep- nnuno rpynno, onpeenxemo rpemx amnxramn the, kind n old. Ho amnxr of York n cnom ouepet cocronr ns uacrnnt (npenora) of n ee ononnennx, nepnnunoro cnona York. anee, ncx +ra rpynna moxer trt npenpamena n amnxr nyrem ynorpenennx n ]opme ponrentnoro naexa: We met the kind old Archbishop of Yorks daughter Mt ncrpernnn out ooopoeo cmapoeo apxuenucrona Hoprcroeo. He lives on this side the river On xnner na +ro cropone pexn; sect ncx rpynna, cocroxmax ns nocnennx nxrn cnon, xnnxercx rpernuno no ornomennm x lives xnner; on this side, cocroxmee ns uacrnnt (npenora) on n ononnennx this (amnxr) side (nepnnunoe cnono), camo xnnxercx rpynnontm npenorom n npnnnmaer n xauecrne ononnennx rpynny the (amnxr) river (nepnnunoe cnono). Ho n npenoxennn The buildings on this side the river are ancient 3annx na +ro cropone pexn pennne ra xe camax rpynna, cocroxmax ns nxrn cnon, xnnxercx amnxrom x cnony buildings. Taxnm opasom moxno ocrnrnyrt ecrecrnennoro n nocneonarentnoro anannsa axe camtx cnoxntx couerann, ncrpeuammnxcx n xstxe 1 . HOHHHEHHLE HPEAOEHHR Ocot cnyua orpomno naxnocrn cocrannxmr rpynnt, nastnaemte otuno nounnenntmn npenoxennxmn. Hounnennte npenoxennx moxno onpeennrt xax uacrn npenoxennx, camn nmemmne ]opmy npenoxennx (xax npannno, n nx cocran nxonr npenxarnnnax ]opma rnarona). B sanncnmocrn or
1 Onn pyr paccxasan mne onaxt cneymmn cnyua, nponcmemn c cemnnernnm mantunxom. Mantunx cnpocnn orna, moryr nn ern ronopnrt, xora onn poxamrcx. Her! cxasan oren. ,Tora samernn mantunx, ouent crpanno, nouemy n paccxase o Hone n nnnn ronopnrcx, uro Job cursed the day that he was born. Peenox npnnxn sect rpynny ([npoxnxn] ent, xora on ponncx) nepnnunym sa rpynny ([pyrancx] n ent, xora on ponncx) rpernunym.
ocroxrentcrn, nounnennoe npenoxenne moxer trt n nepnnuntm, n nropnuntm, n rpernuntm. 1. Hounnennte nepnnunte npenoxennx. That he will come is certain To, :mo ou npuoem, ne nonexnr comnennm (cp. His coming is certain). Who steals my purse steals trash Kmo rpaoem +o roue.er, xpaer xnam (cp. He steals trash). What you say is quite true To, :mo ei eoeopume, conepmenno nepno (cp. Your assertion is. . .). I believe whatever he says nepm ncemy, :mo oi ou uu eoeopu. (cp. ... all his words). I do not know where I was born ne snam, eoe poou.c (cp. ... my own birthplace). I expect (that) he will arrive at six oxnam, :mo ou npuovoem e uecmi (cp. ... his arrival). We talked of what he would do Mt eceonann o rom, :mo ou ovoem oe.ami (cp. ... of his plans). Our ignorance of who the murderer was Hame nesnanne roro, rmo oi. voue. (cp. ... of the name of the murderer). B nepntx rpex npenoxennxx nounnennoe npenoxenne xnnxercx nonexamnm, n ocrantntx ononnennem nnn x rnarony, nnn x npenory of. Ho cymecrnyer cnoero poa ncenorpammarnuecxn ananns, npornn xoroporo x onxen ocoenno npeocrepeut unrarenx: ronopxr, uro n npenoxennxx, noontx nropomy, nonexamnm x steals trash xnnxercx he; ono, no mnennm nexoroptx rpammarncron, nopasymenaercx n who, n ornocnrentnoe npnarounoe npenoxenne cronr x nemy n raxom xe ornomennn, xax x cnony man n couerannn the man who steals uenonex, xoropt xpaer. 3ro ona ns mnornx neymecrntx ntymox, xoroptmn sacopnnn n ycnoxnnnn rpammarnxy. Taxne omtcnt ne coecrnymr npannntnomy nonnmannm ]axron xstxa 1 .
1 Cynr (New English Grammar, 112 n 120) sameuaer, uro n npenoxennn What you say is true To, uro nt ronopnre, cnpanennno nponcxonr crymenne, npnuem cnono what ntnonnxer ononpemenno ]ynxnnn nyx cnon: ono xnnxercx ononnennem x say n nounnennom npenoxennn n nmecre c rem nonexamnm x rnarony is n rnannom npenoxennn; n npenoxennn What I say I mean To, uro x ronopm, x n nmem n nny what xnnxercx ononnennem xax n rnannom, rax n n nounnennom npenoxennn, a n npenoxennn What is done cannot be undone uro cenano, roro nentsx ncnpannrt what nonexamee n n rnannom n n nounnennom npenoxennn. anee on ronopnr, uro nounnennoe npenoxenne, nnonmoe raxnm crymenntm (condensed) ornocnrentntm cnonom, cronr otuno nepe rnanntm, a ne nocne nero n uro ecnn nsmennrt nopxox cneonannx npenoxenn, ro orcyrcrnymmee coornocnrentnoe cnono yer noccranannnnartcx: It is quite true what you say; If I say a thing, I mean it. Onaxo nocnenee npenoxenne ne xnnxercx rpammarnuecxnm +xnnnanenrom npenoxennx What I say I mean; n nem ner nn anreneenra, nn ornocnrentnoro cnona; n npenoxennn xe It is quite true what you say cnono it nentsx nasnart anreneenrom what, nocxontxy nenosmoxno cxasart it what you say; o rom, uro ono npecrannxer coo n ecrnnrentnocrn, cm. ntme, crp. 25. What ne moxer nmert anreneenra. Honoxenne o nnn nocne rnannoro npenoxennx no+romy ne nmeer nn manemero snauennx nx crymenntx mecronmenn: n nexoroptx ns npenoxenn Cynra nannno otunt nopxox c nonexamnm na nepnom mecre, a n npenoxennn What I say I mean +m]arnuecxax nocranonxa ononnennx na nepnom mecre; +ro nnno ns conepmenno ecrecrnennoro npenoxennx I mean what I say, n xoropom Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
II. Hpenoxennx n ]ynxnnn amnxron. I like a boy who speaks the truth nmnm mantunxa, romopi eoeopum npaeov (cp. ... a truthful boy npannnom mantunxa). This is the land where I was born 3ro crpana, e romopo poou.c (cp. my native land mox ponax crpana). Cronr samernrt, uro uacro, xora nepe namn xax yro na ornocnrentntx npenoxennx npn onom anreneenre (r. e. nepnnunom cnone), nropoe npenoxenne n ecrnnrentnocrn onpeenxer anreneenr, yxe onpeenennt nepntm npenoxennem, n raxnm opasom, xnnxercx amnxrom x nepnnuno rpynne, cocroxme ns nepnnunoro cnona n nepnoro ornocnrentnoro npenoxennx n xauecrne amnxra. B cneymmnx npnmepax x ntenxm +ry nepnnunym rpynny xypcnnom: They murdered all they met whom they thought gentlemen; There is no one who knows him that does not like him; It is not the hen who cackles the most that lays the largest eggs. III. Hpenoxennx n ]ynxnnn cymnxron. Whoever said this, it is true Kmo oi omo ue crasa., +ro nepno (cp. anyhow ,no ncxxom cnyuae). It is a custom where I was born 3ro otua (ram), eoe poou.c (cp. there ,ram). When he comes, I must go Koeoa ou npuoem, x onxen yrn (cp. then).
what xnnxercx ornocnrentntm mecronmennem, xorx Cynr ne npnsnaer ero crymenntm mecronmennem. (B nocneymmnx pasenax on cosaer nsnnmnne rpynocrn, ne nnx pasnnunx mexy ornocnrentntm n sanncnmtm nonpocnrentntm npenoxennem.) Inannoe nospaxenne npornn rouxn spennx Cynra saxnmuaercx, onaxo, n pyrom: neecrecrnenno yrnepxart, uro what ntnonnxer ]ynxnnm nyx cnon ononpemenno. What camo no cee ne xnnxercx nonexamnm x is true: ecnn saart nonpoc What is true? uro cnpanennno?, orner nnxax ne yer rontxo what uro, a what you say uro nt ronopnre; noontm xe opasom yer ocroxrt eno n n pyrnx npenoxennxx. What ononnenne x say n nnuero ontme, conepmenno rax xe, xax which n npenoxennn The words which you say are true Cnona, xoropte nt ronopnre, cnpanennnt; no n n nocnenem npenoxennn, no moemy mnennm, nonexamnm x are xnnxercx the words which you say, a ne npocro the words. Tontxo raxnm opasom rpammarnuecxn ananns moxno npnnecrn n coornercrnne co spantm cmtcnom. Onnonc (O n i o n s, An Advanced English Syntax, London, 1904, 64) ronopnr o onymennn anreneenra n npenoxennn Hona: To help who want, to forward who excel Homout rem, xro nyxaercx, nponnrart rex, xro ntenxercx (nmeercx n nny those who); no on ne nnnr, uro +ro ne moxer nomout emy n npenoxennn I heard what you said cntman, uro nt cxasann, nocxontxy nepe what ncrannrt nnuero nentsx. Onnonc ne paccmarpnnaer what xax ornocnrentnoe cnono; raxoe what rpyno tno t nrncnyrt n cosannym nm cncremy. Hn on, nn Cynr n +ro cnxsn ne ynomnnamr neonpeenennte or- nocnrentnte cnona whoever xro t nn, whatever uro t nn xorx onn ornnuamrcx or ,crymenntx ornocnrentntx cnon rontxo oannennem ever. Hpenoxennx rnna Whoever steals my purse steals trash Kro t nn yxpan mo xomenex, yxpaer xnam nnn Whatever you say is true ,uro t nt nn cxasann, cnpanennno cneyer anannsnponart no ncex ornomennxx, noono coornercrnymmnm npenoxennxm c who nnn what. Kora nxxenc nnmer: Peggotty always volunteered this information to whomsoever would receive it Herrorrn ncera oxorno anana +ry nn]opmannm ncxxomy, xro xoren ee nonyunrt, on ynorpenxer whom nenpannntno, nocxontxy nonexamnm x would receive xnnxercx whosoever, xorx nce nounnennoe npenoxenne cnyxnr o- nonnennem x to; no whomsoever tno t ynorpeneno npannntno, ecnn t npenoxenne nmeno cneymmn nn: (to) whomsoever it concerned. Cp. raxxe He was angry with whoever crossed his path n y Knnrcnn: Be good, sweet maid, and let who can be clever. Pacxnn (Ruskin) nnmer: I had been writing of what I knew nothing about: sect what ynpannxercx npenorom about, n ro npemx xax of ynpannxer ncem nounnenntm npenoxennem, cocroxmnm ns cnon what I knew nothing about.
If he comes I must go Ec.u ou npuoem, onxen yrn (cp. in that case n +rom cnyuae). As this is so, there is no harm done Hocro.irv omo mar, ne nonyunnoct nnxaxoro npea (cp. accordingly coornercrnenno). Lend me your knife, that I may cut this string a mne rno nox, :mooi +oe ompesami omom unaeam (cp. to cut it with urot orpesart). Oparnre ocooe nnnmanne na nepnt npnmep, n xoropom npenoxenne, nnonmoe whoever, ne xnnxercx nn nonexamnm, nn npxmtm ononnennem, xax +ro tno c npenoxennxmn, paccmorpenntmn ntme, a cronr n onee cnoonom ornomennn x it is true. Onpeenenne repmnna nounnennoe npenoxenne (clause) rpeyer nexoroptx sameuann no nonoy otuno repmnnonornn, n coornercrnnn c xoropo raxne npenoxennx oosnauamrcx repmnnamn sanncnmoe, ,nounnennoe npenoxenne n npornnononoxnocrt rnanntm npenoxennxm; coornercrnymmne repmnnt cymecrnymr n n pyrnx xstxax, nanpnmep nem. Nebensatz npnarounoe npenoxenne, Hauptsatz rnannoe npenoxenne. Ho ner nnxaxo neoxonmocrn n cnennantnom repmnne nx oosnauennx roro, uro otuno nastnaercx rnanntm npenoxennem. Cneyer npexe ncero samernrt, uro rnannax mtcnt ne ncera ntpaxaercx n rnannom npenoxennn: cp., nanpnmep, This was because he was ill 3ro oi.o noromy, uro on tn onen. Mtcnt, ntpaxennax rnanntm npenoxennem n cnyuae It is true that he is very learned Jmo npaeoa, uro on ouent yuent, moxer trt nepeana npocrtm na- peunem: Certainly he is very learned ,Koue:uo, on ouent yuent. Ho cranonnrcx nn or +roro mtcnt o ero yuenocrn ns nounnenno rnanno mtcntm? Cpannnre raxxe na ntpaxennx: I tell you that he is mad ronopm nam, uro on cymacmemn n He is mad, as I tell you On cymacmemn, xax x nam ronopm. anee, ecnn mt onpeennm rnannoe npenoxenne xax ocrarox nocne ornxrnx nounnenntx npenoxenn, ro nonyunm camte xyptesnte pesyntrart. Hyxno npnsnart, uro n nexoroptx cnyuaxx nounnennte npenoxennx moxno onycrnrt es samernoro ymepa nx snauennx, xoropoe n xaxo-ro crenenn xnnxercx saxonuenntm camo no cee: I shall go to London (if I can) noey n Honon (ecnn cmory), (When he got back) lie dined with his brother (Kora on nepnyncx) on nooean co cnonm parom. Ho axe n sect ne npecrannxercx neoxonmtm cnennantnt repmnn nx roro, uro ocraercx nocne onymennx raxnx +nemenron couerannx; n nem ne tno t naonocrn, ecnn t ror xe pesyntrar nonyunncx nocne onymennx cnnonnmnuecxnx ntpaxenn, nmemmnx nnym ]opmy: I shall go to London (in that case) noey n Honon (n +rom cnyuae) nnn (After his return) he dined with his brother (Hocne ero nosnpamennx) on nooean co cnonm parom. Ecnn mt ornnmem where I was born re x ponncx or rpex npenoxenn, npnneenntx ntme, ro ocranercx: (1) I do not know ne snam, (2) This is the land 3ro crpana n (3) It is a custom 3ro otua. Onaxo paccmarpnnart +rn ennnnt xax ocoym rpammarnuecxym xareropnm rax xe mano ocnonann, xax ner ocnonann paccmarpnnart c +ro rouxn spennx n re uacrn, xaxne nonyunnnct n pesyntrare onymennx ntenenntx nnxe uacre npenoxenn: (1) I do not know my birth-place, (2) This is my native land, (3) It is a custom at home. Eme xyxe, onaxo, xora uacrt, nonyuennax n pesyntrare orceuennx nounnenntx npenoxenn, noome nnmena cmtcna: (Who steals my purse) steals trash; n eme onee acypno: (What surprises me) is (that he should get Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
angry). Moxno nn n camom ene cxasart, uro cnoneuxo is coepxnr rnannym mtcnt? Ipammarnuecxoe enncrno +ro npenoxenne n nenom, nxnmuax nce, uro ronopxmn nnn nnmymn ncnontsonan nx ntpaxennx cnoe mtcnn; ono onxno partcx nennxom; n rora yer espasnnuno, uem ntpaxeno nonexamee nnn xaxo-nno pyro unen npenoxennx nentm nn npenoxennem (oruero emy aercx nasnanne nounnennoe npenoxenne), onnm cnonom nno rpynno cnon pyroro rnna. 3AKAKHHTEALHLE 3AMEHAHHR Ipammarnuecxax repmnnonornx, npenoxennax sect, cornacno xoropo pasenenne na rpn panra rpaxryercx xax ornnunoe or pasenennx na cymecrnnrentnte, npnnararentnte n napeunx, no mnornx ornomennxx npenournrentnee, uem nyranax n npornnopeunnax repmnnonornx, xoropym mt naxonm no mnornx rpammarnuecxnx paorax. B snauennn, coornercrnymmem monm rpem panram, uacro ynorpenxmrcx cnona cycranrnnnt, aexrnnnt, anepnantnt nnn ronopnrcx, uro ro nnn nnoe cnono ynorpeneno anepnantno n r. n. (cm., nanpnmep, New English Dictionary o ntpaxennn a sight too clever). Hexoropte orxponenno nastnamr what uro, ,xaxo nnn several necxontxo n onom cnyuae cymecrnnrentntmn, a n pyrom npnnararentntmn, xorx amr oa cnona no sarononxom mecronmenne (Wendt). uantx n Topn (Falk & Torp) nopn. sig nastnamr cycranrnnntm nosnparntm mecronmennem, a sin aex- rnnntm. nosnparntm mecronmennem, no nocnenee cycranrnnno n couerannn hver tog sin, se tog jeg min. Mnorne yuente ronopxr o npnnmennom ponrentnom (=amnxry) n npornnononoxnocrt npnrnarontnomy ponrentnomy (adverbial genitive), onaxo nocnenee ntpaxenne nexoroptmn, xorx n ne ncemn, ynorpenxercx rontxo n npnmenennn x ponrentnomy naexy npn rnarone. B xnnre, The Kings English nx cymnxrntx rpynn n nounnenntx npenoxenn ynorpenxercx repmnn anepnannn, no x, xaxercx, nnxora ne ncrpeuan repmnnon ,aexrnnannn n cycranrnnannn n npnmenennn x amnxram n nepnnuntm cnonam. Moemy repmnny nepnnunoe npnnararentnoe coornercrnymr cneymmne repmnnt: cycranrnnnoe npnnararentnoe, cycranrnnnponannoe npnnararentnoe, aconmrnoe npnnararentnoe, npnnararentnoe n aconmrnom ynorpenennn (no cnono aconmrnt ynorpenxercx raxxe n n conepmenno nntx snauennxx, nanpnmep aconmrnt ornoxnrentnt naex), xnasn- cymecrnnrentnoe (cp. New English Dictionary, the great), cnoonoe npnnararentnoe (S we e t, New English Grammar, 178, o nem. die Gute), npnnararentnoe, uacrnuno npenparnnmeecx n cymecrnnrentnoe (ram xe, 179, o the good), +xnnnanenr cymecrnnrentnoro, Onnonc (O n i o n s, An Advanced English Syntax, London, 1904, 9) ynorpenxer nocnenee ntpaxenne: mexy npounm, on npnmenxer repmnn +xnnnanenr npnnararentnoro x cymecrnnrentnomy n ]ynxnnn npnnoxennx, nanpnmep: Simon Lee, the old huntsman Cnmon Hn, crapt oxornnx, nnn x cymecrnnrentnomy, nnn orrnarontnomy cymecrnnrentnomy xomnonenry cnoxnoro cymecrnnrentnoro, nanpnmep: cannon balls. B couerannn a lunatic asylum ncnxnarpnuecxax ontnnna, no ero mnennm, lunatic xnnxercx cymecrnnrentntm (n +ro npannntno: cp. ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna lunatics), no +ro cymecrnnrentnoe on nastnaer +xnnnanenrom npnnararentnoro; cneonarentno, on onxen cxasart, uro n couerannn sick room xomnara ontnoro cnono sick xnnxercx npnnararentntm, xoropoe npecrannxer coo +xnnnanenr cymecrnnrentnoro ( 9.3), no +ror +xnnnanenr cymecrnnrentnoro onxen n ro xe camoe npemx trt +xnnnanenrom npnnararentnoro n coornercrnnn c ero paccyxennxmn n 10.6!. Bor npnmep ,ynpomenno ennoopasno repmnnonornn n cepnn 3onnenmena.Cp. Modern English Grammar, II, 12. 41. London n couerannn the London papers nononcxne rasert nastnamr +xnnnanenrom npnnararentnoro, a the poor n camocroxrentnom ynorpenennn +xnnnanenrom cymecrnnrentnoro; raxnm opasom, n couerannn the London poor nononcxne ente cymecrnnrentnoe onxno trt +xnnnanenrom npnnararentnoro, a npnnararentnoe +xnnnanenrom cymecrnnrentnoro. Hexoropte ronopxr, uro n couerannn the top one nepxnn cymecrnnrentnoe cnauana aexrnnnponano, a sarem cycranrnnnponano, n uro oa +rn npenpamennx cnxsant co cnonom one. Cp. Modern English Grammar, II, 10.86: no moe cncreme top ncera ocraercx cymecrnnrentntm, no sect ono cnyxnr amnxrom x nepnnunomy cnony one. Mox repmnnonornx raxxe snaunrentno npome, uem repmnnonornx, nanpnmep, rpammarnxn Hoyrcmt, re mt naxonm raxne oosnauennx, xax arpnyrnnnt ortmennt amnxr, cocroxmn ns cymecrnnrentnoro nnn mecronmennx c npemecrnymmnm npenorom, nmecro moero
repmnna npenoxnte (rpynnonte) amnxrt(Hoyrcma ynorpenxer cnono a m n x r n onee mnpoxom snauennn, uem x). Tenept mt moxem no ocronncrny onennrt ro, uro Cynr ntcxasan n 1876 r. (Collected Papers, Oxford, 24): Ecrt ono nmontrnoe ocroxrentcrno, xoroporo o cnx nop ne sameuann rpammarncrt n nornxn: onpeenenne cymecrnnrentnoro, crporo ronopx, ornocnrcx rontxo x nmennrentnomy naexy. Kocnennte naexn n ecrnnrentnocrn xnnxmrcx arpnyrnnntmn cnonamn, a ]nexcnx, n cymnocrn, ne uro nnoe, xax cpecrno npenpamennx cymecrnn- rentnoro n npnnararentnoe nnn napeune. 3ro conepmenno xcno n ornomennn ponrentnoro naexa... Tax xe xcno, uro noctem n couerannn flet noctem xnnxercx uncrtm napeunem npemenn. Onaxo Cynr ne nomecrnn n cnoe xnnre Anglo- Saxon Grammar ponrentnt naex cymecrnnrentntx n pasen npnnararentntx n, xoneuno, npannntno cenan, nocxontxy ro, uro on ronopnr, +ro rontxo nononnna ncrnnt: xocnennte naexn xnnxmrcx cpecrnamn npenpamennx cymecrnnrentnoro, xoropoe n nmennrentnom naexe npecrannxer coo nepnnunoe cnono, no nropnunoe cnono (amnxr) nnn rpernunoe cnono, no cymecrnnrentnoe nce xe ocraercx cymecrnnrentntm. Ecrt onpeenennoe coornercrnne mexy rpontm enennem na cymecrnnrentnoe, npnnararentnoe, napeune n rpemx panramn; c reuennem npemenn ouent uacro amnxrnte ]opmt cymecrnnrentnoro nepexoxr n nacroxmne npnnararentnte, a cymnxrnte ]opmt n napeunx (npenorn n r. n.); onaxo +ro coornercrnne nnmt uacrnunoe, a nenonnoe. Kn a c c n ]n x a n n x n o u a c r x m p e u n n x n a c c n ] n x a n n x n o p a n r a m o r p a x a mr n e p a s n n u n tx r o u x n s p e n n x n a o n o n r o xe c n o n o n n n o n y n r y xe ] o p m y : c n a u a n a n x m o xn o p a c c m a r p n n a r t c r o u x n s p e n n x r o r o , u r o o n n n p e c r a n n x mr c a m n n o c e e , a s a r e m c r o u x n s p e n n x n x c o u e r a n n x c p y r n m n c n o n a m n.
I. a e a VI I I KHKHHR H HEKCYC Amnxrt. Hexcyc. ATKHKTL Tenept mt nepexonm x paccmorpennm ]ynxnnn amnxron: nx xaxo nenn amnxrt npncoennxmrcx x nepnnuntm cnonam? Cneyer pasnnuart necxontxo paspxon amnxron. Camtmn naxntmn ns nnx xnnxmrcx amnxrt, xoropte moxno tno t nasnart o r p a n n u n r e n t n t m n, nnn x n a n n ]n x a r n n n t m n: nx ]ynxnnx cocronr n orpannuennn nepnnunoro cnona, r. e. n orpannuennn uncna npemeron, nx oosnauennx xoroptx ono moxer trt ynorpeneno, nnaue ronopx, nx Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cnennannsannn n yrounennx. Tax, cnono rpacui n couerannn rpacua posa orpannunnaer npnmenenne cnona posa onnm xonxperntm nopaspxom; ono cnennannsnpyer n onpeenxer posy, o xoropo x ronopm, ncxnmuax ente n xenrte post; raxnm xe opasom ocronr eno n n pyrnx cnyuaxx: Hano.eou Tpemu, uoea ruuea, uc.auocrue rpecmiue, oeoua eooea n r. n. Ecnn ncnomnnrt, uro raxne npnmept npnnonnnct ntme n no- rnepxenne resnca o ontme cnennannsannn cymecrnnrentntx no cpannennm c npnnararentntmn, moxer nosnnxnyrt nonpoc: ner nn npornnopeunx mexy rem, uro mt ronopnnn ntme, n rem, uro mt yrnepxaem ceuac? Onaxo npn onee nnsxom paccmorpennn moxno nnert, uro nnonne ecrecrnenno, xora menee cnennantnt repmnn ynorpenxercx nx antnemero yrounennx roro, uro yxe camo no cee xnnxercx o nexoropo crenenn cnennannsnponanntm: cnoco, xaxnm ocrnraercx ontmax crenent cnennannsannn, ananornuen cnocoy, xaxnm ntxoxr na xptmy sannx npn nannunn necrnnn: ecnn ono necrnnnt neocrarouno, epyr camym ntcoxym necrnnny, xoropax nmeercx n pacnopxxennn; x ne npnnxstnamr cneymmym no nennunne; ecnn n +roro oxastnaercx neocrarouno, oannxmr rpertm no nennunne n r. n. Touno ro xe nponcxonr n co cnonom eooea: xora ono ne xnnxercx ocrarouno cnennantntm, oannxmr cnono oeoua. H xorx ono menee cnennantno, uem eooea, rem ne menee, npn ero oannennn nosnnxaer nosmoxnocrt ocrnut onee ntcoxo crenenn cnennannsannn; ecnn xe n +ro oxastnaercx neocrarountm, oannxercx cymnxr o:eui, nmemmn ropaso onee omee snauenne, uem cnono oeoua. Booea no cnoemy snauennm cnennantno, oeoua eooea onee cnennantno, a o:eui oeoua eooea eme onee cnennantno; onaxo o:eui npecrannxer coo menee cnennantnoe cnono, uem oeoua, a oeoua menee cnennantno, uem eooea. Xorx nmena cocrnennte n cnennannsnponant n ntcme crenenn, nce xe nosmoxna nx antnemax cnennannsannx c nomomtm amnxron. Mo.ooo Bepuc nno osnauaer nnoe nnno, uem cmapi Bepuc, nno, ecnn ronopxmn (n cnymarent) nmemr n nny ono n ro xe nnno, cnennantno nouepxnnaer ero monoocrt (n +rom cnyuae ono ntnaaer ns uncna orpannunrentntx amnxron; cp. nnxe, crp. 126). Cpen orpannunrentntx amnxron cneyer ynomxnyrt nexoropte, nmemmne mecronmennt xapaxrep. Cnona this n that n couerannn this rose, that rose ornnuamrcx or pyrnx amnxron rem, uro onn ne xnnxmrcx nn n xaxo mepe onncarentntmn: enncrnennoe nx nasnauenne c n e n n a n n s a n n x, nesanncnmo or roro, conponoxamrcx nn onn yxasarentntm xecrom nnn ner. To xe ornocnrcx n x rax nastnaemomy onpeenennomy aprnxnm the, xoropt npannntnee tno t nastnart onpeenxmmnm nnn ntenxmmnm aprnxnem; on npecrannxer coo nanmenee cnennantnt ns ncex amnxron; n nce xe on cnennannsnpyer ontme, uem ontmnncrno pyrnx cnon, n raxo xe mepe, xax anrn. this nnn that (onpeenennt aprnxnt npecrannxer coo ]onernuecxn ocnanennym ]opmy mecronmennx that). B couerannn the rose cnono rose orpannunnaercx ono onpeenenno poso, xoropym x nmem n nny n annt momenr n xoropym onxnt nmert n nny n nt, nnn noromy, uro ona tna rontxo uro ynomxnyra, nnn noromy, uro cnryannx n nenom yxastnaer nmenno na +ry posy. Cp. Shut the door, please Hpnxpore, noxanycra, (annym xonxpernym) oeepi. B ro npemx xax cnono king xopont camo no cee moxer trt npnmeneno x cornxm nme, the king xnnxercx n raxo xe crenenn onpeenenntm, xax n nmx
cocrnennoe: ecnn ono ynorpeneno n cepenne paccxasa nnn pasronopa o xonxpernom xopone, rora nmeercx n nny nmenno +ror xopont; n ocrantntx cnyuaxx yer nopasymenartcx nam xopont, ntnemnn xopont crpant, n xoropo mt xnnem. Ho cnryannx moxer nsmennrtcx, a rora n onpeenxmmax pont aprnxnx anromarnuecxn menxercx. The King is dead. Long live the King! ,Kopont ymep. a spancrnyer xopont! (upann. Le roi est mort. Vive le roi!) B nepnom npenoxennn ynomnnaercx onn xopont, xoroporo cnymammne eme nonaramr xnntm, a no nropom npenoxennn nopasymenaercx yxe pyroe nnno saxonnt nacnennx nepnoro. Touno rax xe ocronr eno n cnyuaxx rnna The Doctor said that the patient was likely to die soon ,ormop cxasan, uro naueum, nepoxrno, cxopo ymper; ananornunt n npnmept, npnneennte Cynrom (New English Grammar, 2031), n xoroptx on ycmarpnnaer aprnxnt ynnxyma: the Devil txnon (nouemy on ronopnr, uro a devil nmeer pyro cmtcn?), the sun ,connne, the moon nyna, the earth semnx n r. n. (ananornuno: De u t s c h b e i n, System der neuenglischen Syntax, Cothen, 1917, 245). ecrnnrentno, ner nnxaxnx ocnonann ntenxrt paspx nnn n npemeron, xoropte npecrannxmr coo ynnxymt. Ho +ro ne enncrnennax ]ynxnnx onpeenennoro aprnxnx. B raxnx cnyuaxx, xax the English. King aue.ucru xopont, the King of England xopont Aue.uu, the eldest boy cmapuu mantunx, the boy who stole the apples ,mantunx, romopi vrpa. o.oru n r. n., amnxrt, ntenennte xypcnnom, camn no cee ocrarount nx roro, urot ntnonnxrt nnnnnyannsnpymmym pont, n aprnxnt, xorx ero n rpeyer ycranonnnmeecx ynorpenenne, moxer no+romy paccmarpnnartcx xax nornuecxn nsnnmnn ne rontxo n anrnncxom, no n n pyrnx xstxax. Hoxany, ero moxno tno t nasnart aprnxnem ononnnrentnoro onpeenennx. Coornomenne mexy the King n the English King ananornuno coornomennm mexy he, they n camocroxrentnom ynorpenennn, xora nx nnonne ocrarouno nx oosnauennx nnna nnn nnn, na xoropte yxastnaer cnryannx (He can afford it On moxer nosnonnrt cee +ro, They can afford it Onn moryr nosnonnrt cee +ro), n remn xe camtmn mecronmennxmn, xora onn onpeenxmrcx ornocnrentntmn npenoxennxmn (He that is rich can afford it Tor, xro orar, moxer nosnonnrt cee +ro, They that are rich can afford it Te, xro orart, moryr nosnonnrt cee +ro). Cp. raxxe na cnyuax ynorpenennx the same, c ono cropont, es conponoxammnx cnon, n snauennn ,ro xe camoe nnno nnn npemer, xoropt tn rontxo uro ynomxnyr; c pyro n couerannn c onpeennrentntm npenoxennem: the same boy as (nnn that) stole the apples ror camt mantunx, xoropt yxpan xnoxn. Onaxo, xax ormeuaercx n Oxc]opcxom cnonape, onpeenennt aprnxnt npn cnone same uacro oosnauaer neonpeenennt npemer, nanpnmep: All the planets travel round the Sun in the same direction Bce nnanert npamamrcx noxpyr Connna n onom n rom xe nanpannennn; n +rom cmtcne no ]pannyscxom xstxe ynorpenxercx neonpeenennt aprnxnt (deux mots qui signifient une mrme chose na cnona, xo- ropte oosnauamr onn n ror xe npemer); anrnnuane uacro ronopxr one and the same onn n ror xe, re one onn, rax cxasart, nerpannsyer onpeenennt aprnxnt; rax xe ocronr eno n n pyrnx xstxax: nar. unus et idem, rp. (ho) heis Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
kai ho autos, nem. ein und derselbe, ar. een og samme (N.B.: es onpeenennoro aprnxnx 1 ). Amnxr, npecrannxmmn coo ponrentnt naex nnn npn- rxxarentnoe mecronmenne, ncera orpannunnaer, xorx n ne ncera n raxo crenenn, xax onpeenennt aprnxnt. My father mo oren n Johns head ronona xona xnnxmrcx npeentno onpeenenntmn n nnnnnyannsnponanntmn, nocxontxy y uenonexa moxer trt rontxo onn oren n ona ronona. Ho uro moxno cxasart o couerannxx my brother mo par n Johns hat mnxna xona? V menx moxer trt necxontxo parten, a xon moxer onaart ne ono mnxno, n nce xe n ontmnncrne cnyuaen +rn ntpaxennx yyr nonxrt xax conepmenno onpeenennte. My brother arrived yesterday Mo par npntn nuepa, Did you see my brother this morning? Bt nnenn ceronx yrpom moero para?, Johns hat blew off his head V xona cnerena mnxna n xaxom cnyuae cnryannx n xonrexcr noxaxyr, xoropt ns monx parten nmeercx n nny, a n nocnenem npenoxennn nopasymenaercx, xoneuno, xonxpernax mnxna, xoropym xon naen n annom cnyuae. Ho raxo crenenn onpeenennocrn ner, ecnn +rn ntpaxennx ynorpenxmrcx n npenxarnne: xora npecrannxmr xoro- nnyt n ronopxr This is my brother 3ro mo par nnn xora ronopxr This is not Johns hat 3ro ne mnxna xona, ro paccmarpnnaemte cnona moryr nmert neonpeenennoe snauenne: onn ns monx parten n ona ns mnxn xona. B nemenxom xstxe npenosnrnnnt ponrentnt naex npnnnocnr snauenne onpeenennocrn (Schillers Gedichte crnxornopennx Bnnnepa), no nocrnosnrnnnt raxoro snauennx ne npnnnocnr. Ho+romy moxno cxasart einige Gedichte Schillers nexoropte crnxornopennx Bnnnepa n neoxonmo ynorpenrt onpeenennt aprnxnt (die Gedichte Schillers crnxornopennx Bnnnepa), ecnn neoxonma ra xe crenent onpeenennocrn, uro n npn ynorpenennn npenosnrnnnoro ponrentnoro naexa. Aprnxnt neoxonm n npn ynorpenennn npenoxno rpynnt nmecro ponrentnoro naexa: die Gedichte von Schiller crnxornopennx Bnnnepa; raxxe n n pyrnx xstxax: the poems of Schiller, les ponmes de Schiller, i poemi dello Schiller. B nexoroptx xstxax moxno ynorpenrt npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne c uacrnuno orpannunrentntm snauennem. B cpenenepxnenemenxom moxno tno cxasart ein son bruoder onn ero par, a renept ronopxr ein Bruder von ihm. B
1 3ect ne mecro nx noponoro nsnoxennx uacro npnuynnntx cnyuaen ynorpenennx onpeenennoro aprnxnx, xoropoe tnaer pasnnuntm n pasnnuntx xstxax n axe n onom n rom xe xstxe n pasnnunte cronernx. Hnora ynorpenenne aprnxnx oycnonnnnaercx uncro cnyuanocrtm; nanpnmep, anrn. at bottom na ne npecrannxer coo onee pannee at the (atte) bottom sect aprnxnt ncues n pesyntrare omensnecrnoro ]onernuecxoro nponecca. Hmontrnte, xort n ne nnonne yenrentnte, reopnn no nonoy nosnnxnonennx n pacnpocrpanennx aprnxnx no mnornx xstxax naxonm y Bmrre (G. S c h t t t e, Jysk og mstdansk artikelbrug, Videnskabernes selskab, Copenhagen, 1922). Ftno t nnrepecno nccneonart, xaxnmn cnocoamn ntpaxamr onpeenennocrt xstxn, ne nmemmne onpeenennoro aprnxnx. B ]nncxom xstxe, nanpnmep, pasnnune mexy nmennrentntm n naprnrnnntm naexamn uacro coornercrnyer pasnnunm mexy onpeenenntm aprnxnem n neonpeenenntm (nnn orcyrcrnnem aprnxnx): Linnut (nm. n.) ovat (mn. u.) puusa Hrnnt (naxoxrcx) na epene; Lintuja (naprnrnnnt) on (e. u.; rax tnaer ncera, xora nonexamee cronr n naprnrnne) puusa Ha epene ecrt nrnnt Ammuin linnut sacrpennn nrnn, Ammuin lintuja sacrpennn nexoroptx nrnn (E l i o t, A Finnish Grammar, Oxford, 1890, crp. 131. 126). Haprnrnnnt naex, onaxo, ontme coornercrnyer ]pannyscxomy naprnrnnnomy aprnxnm, uem ]nncxn nmennrentnt naex anrnncxomy onpeenennomy aprnxnm.
nrantxncxom xstxe npnrxxarentnte mecronmennx ne xnnxmrcx onpeenenntmn, orxya nosmoxnt un mio amico; alcuni suoi amici; con due o tre amici suoi; Si comunicarono certe loro idee di gastronomia (Cepao). Taxnm opasom, nx roro, urot cenart ntpaxenne onpeenenntm, nyxen aprnxnt: il mio amico. Onaxo x +romy npannny ecrt nnrepecnoe ncxnmuenne: aprnxnt ne ynorpenxercx npn cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx nnsxoe pocrno: mio fratello mo par, suo zio ero xx. Ecnn ne omnamct, +ro ynorpenenne nauanoct c raxnx couerann, xax mio padre, mia madre, re onpeenennocrt xnnxercx ecrecrnenntm cnecrnnem roro, uro y uenonexa moxer trt rontxo onn oren n ona mart. Bnocnecrnnn raxoe ynorpenenne pacnpocrpannnoct no ananornn na pyrne nasnannx pocrna. Bnonne ecrecrnenno, uro npn ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna aprnxnt nyxen: i miei fratelli; c pyro cropont, nnonne ecrecrnenno n ro, uro on ne ynorpenxercx npn npenxarnne: questo libro n mio +ra xnnra mox. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe npnrxxarentnte mecronmennx xnnxmrcx onpeenenntmn, uro nornepxaercx nx couerannem c ]opmamn cpannnrentno crenenn, nanpnmep mon meilleur ami mo nyumn pyr. 3ect mecronmenne nrpaer raxym xe pont, xax aprnxnt n couerannn le meilleur ami 1 . pyrax ]opma ynorpenxercx n (ycrapenom) couerannn un mien ami = nr. un mio amico, renept otuno un de mes amis (un ami a moi). B anrnncxom xstxe neonpeenennocrt npnrxxarentnoro mecronmennx nepeaercx couerannem c of: a friend of mine mo pyr, some friends of hers nexoropte ee pystx; cp. raxxe any friend of Browns nmo ns pyse Fpayna; +ro coueranne ynorpenxercx raxxe, urot nsexart cronxnonennx npnrxxarentnoro mecronmennx (nnn ponrentnoro naexa) c xaxnm-nno pyrnm onpeenxmmnm mecronmennem: that noble heart of hers; this great America of yours n r. n. Hocxontxy naprnrnnnoe oxcnenne sect ncxnmuaercx 2 +rn xoncrpyxnnn moxno nasnart ncenonaprnrnnntmn. Tenept mt nepeem x ueoepauu:ume.iui+ aomurma+, nanpnmep: My dear little Ann! oporax Anna! Amnxrt ynorpenent sect ne nx roro, urot ntennrt cpen necxontxnx Ann ry Anny, o xoropo ner peut, a nnmt nx roro, urot oxapaxrepnsonart ee; nx moxno nasnart yxpamammnmn (epitheta ornantia), nnn, c pyro rouxn spennx, ncranntmn (parenthetic) amnxramn. Hx ynorpenenne otuno nocnr xapaxrep +monnonantnt nnn axe cenrnmenrantnt (nnpouem, ne ncera necrnt nx oosnauaemoro nnna); orpannunrentnte xe amnxrt ncera tnamr uncro nnrennexryantntmn. Hepnte ouent uacro ynorpenxmrcx c nmenamn cocrnenntmn: Rare Ben Jonson, Beautiful Evelyn Hope is dead (Browning); poor hearty, honest, little Miss La Creevy (Dickens); dear dirty Dublin; ]pann. le bon Dieu. B couerannn this extremely sagacious little man onpeennrentntm amnxrom xnnxercx rontxo this, ocrantnte amnxrt amr ononnnrentnym xapaxrepncrnxy uenonexa; no n npenoxennn He is an extremely sagacious man nannno orpannunrentnt amnxr. Hnora moryr nosnnxart comnennx ornocnrentno roro, c xaxnm amnxrom mt nmeem eno. His first important poem otuno osnauaer nepnoe
1 Cp., onaxo, naprnrnnnt aprnxnt n npenoxennn Jai eu de ses nouvelles. 2 3ro enncrnennoe oxcnenne, npnsnanaemoe 3onnenmenom ( 184); on nnmer: B npenoxennxx rnna He is a friend of Johns On pyr xona nopasymenaercx cymecrnnrentnoe: of Johns osnauaer of Johns friends, rax uro annoe npenoxenne oxastnaercx +xnnnanenrom npenoxennx He is one of Johns friends On onn ns pyse xona. 3ect of osnauaer ns uncna. Ho pasne a friend of Johns friends = one of Johns friends? Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cpen ero snaunrentntx crnxornopenn (nocne roro, xax on nanncan necxontxo nesnaunrentntx crnxornopenn), no +ro cnonocoueranne moxer nmert n nny raxxe nepnoe crnxornopenne, xoropoe on noome nanncan, n ormeuart, uro ono xnnxercx snaunrentntm (+ro npoxnnxercx n ycrno peun n menonxe, a n nnctmenno nocranonxo sanxro). The industrious Japanese will conquer in the long run Tpyonmnnte xnonnt n xonne xonnon noexr: uro +ro osnauaer nnn ro, uro xnonnt xax nannx noexr, noromy uro onn rpyonmnnt, nnn ro, uro noexr re ns xnonnen, xoropte xnnxmrcx rpyonmnntmn? Xopomn npnmep pasnnunx mexy nymx rnnamn amnxron aer ,]pannyscxax rpammarnxa Fepnxapa Bmnna (Bernhard Schmitz): Arabia Felix +ro onpeenennax uacrt Apannn; onaxo n nsnecrno +nnrpamme o Ancrpnn, xoropax pacmnpxer cnon rpannnt c nomomtm paxon, n ro npemx xax pyrne rocyapcrna moryr ocrnrnyrt +roro rontxo nono, ronopnrcx: Tu, felix Austria, nube. To xe pasnnune mexy npenosnrnnntm neorpannunrentntm n nocr- nosnrnnntm orpannunrentntm amnxrom orpaxaercx n n nsnecrntx npannnax ]pannyscxo rpammarnxn: coueranne ses pauvres parents nopasymenaer ncex pocrnennnxon annoro nnna n nmeer orrenox cocrpaannx, n ro npemx xax ses parents pauvres nmeer n nny rontxo entx pocrnennnxon; onaxo +ro pasnnune ne nponeeno nocneonarentno nx ncex npnnararentntx. Pasnnune mexy nymx rnnamn amnxron naxno n npnmenennn x ornocnrentntm npenoxennxm. B anrnncxom xstxe mecronmennx who n which moryr ynorpenxrtcx n ornocnrentntx npenoxennxx oonx rnnon, a mecronmenne that nnn orcyrcrnne mecronmennx nosmoxno rontxo n orpannunrentntx npenoxennxx: The soldiers that were brave ran forward Te conart, xoropte ornnuannct xpapocrtm, noexann nnepe; The soldiers, who were brave ran forward Conart, xoropte ornnuannct xpapocrtm, noexann nnepe; Every body I saw there worked very hard Bce, xoro x ram ynnen, pao- rann ycepno. 3ro pasnnune moxno cenart eme onee ouennntm, ncrannn cnono all nce: all the soldiers that were brave... nce conart, xoropte ornnuannct xpapocrtm...; the soldiers, who were all of them brave... conart, xoropte nce ornnuannct xpapocrtm.... Cneyer ormernrt, uro cymecrnyer raxxe samernoe pasnnune n menonxe: neorpannunrentnoe npenoxenne naunnaercx c onee nnsxoro rona, uem orpannunrentnoe; xpome roro, naysa onycrnma nepe neorpannunrentntm npenoxennem, no ena nn nosmoxna nepe orpannunrentntm; cp. ynorpenenne sanxro. B arcxom xstxe +ro pasnnune npoxnnxercx n aprnxne, xoropt cronr npn onpeenxemom cymecrnnrentnom: (Alle) die soldater som var modige lmb frem (Bce) re conart, xoropte ornnuannct xpapocrtm, noexann nnepe; Soldaterne som (alle) var modige, lmb frem Conart, xoropte (nce) ornnuannct xpapocrtm, noexann nnepe. Ho +ror xpnrepn npnmennm ne ncera; ecnn npn onpeenxemom ecrt pyro amnxr, ro enncrnennoe pasnnune yer saxnmuartcx n rom, uro na npenosnrnnnt aprnxnt yer naart yapenne: 'de franske soldater som... me ]pannyscxne conart, xoropte...; de 'franske soldater, som... ]pannyscxne conart, xoropte... Tax nastnaemoe pacnpocrpanxmmee (continuative) ornocnrentnoe npenoxenne, xoneuno, ne xnnxercx orpannunrentntm: He gave the letter to the clerk, who then copied it On nepean nnctmo xnepxy, xoropt sarem nepenncan ero; ar. Han gav brevet til kontoristen, som se skrev det av (no:
...to the clerk who was to copy it ...xnepxy, xoropt onxen tn nepenncart ero; ar. ...til den kontorist som skulde skrive det av). Cneymmne npnmept xnnxmrcx ononnnrentno nnnmcrpanne nyx rnnon ornocnrentntx npenoxenn amnxron: There were few passengers that escaped without serious injuries; There were few passengers, who escaped whithout serious injuries; They divide women into two classes: those they want to kiss, and those they want to kick, who are those they dont want to kiss. Pasrpannuenne mexy orpannunrentntmn n neorpannunrentntmn amnxramn (n re n pyrne xnnxmrcx n nsnecrnom cmtcne onpeennrenxmn) ne sarparnnaer xonnuecrnenntx amnxron, raxnx, xax many, much, some, few, little, more, less, no, one, n pyrnx uncnnrentntx. Bcxxn pas, xora onn ncrpeuamrcx c npnnararentntmn n xauecrne amnxron x onomy n romy xe nepnnunomy cnony, onn ncera sannmamr nepnoe mecro: many small boys mnoro manentxnx mantunxon, much good wine mnoro xopomero nnna, two young girls ne monote enymxn. Cymecrnyer nmontrnoe coornomenne mexy raxnmn xnanrn]nxaropamn (quantifiers), c ono cropont, n couerannxmn cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx uncno nnn xonnuecrno, c rpynno of + cymecrnnrentnoe, c pyro cropont (a n xstxax c onee cnoxno cncremo ]opm naprnrnnnt ponrentnt naex nnn naprnrnnnt naex): cnono hundred cro nepnonauantno tno cymecrnnrentntm n o nacroxmero npemenn rpaxryercx xax cymecrnnrentnoe no mnoxecrnennom uncne: hundreds of soldiers cornn conar, no n enncrnennom uncne, necmorpx na npemecrnymmee one, nnn a ono rpaxryercx xax pyrne uncnnrentnte: a hundred soldiers cro conar; raxxe three hundred soldiers rpncra conar; cp. dozens of bottles mxnnt yrtnox, a dozen bottles mxnna yrtnox. B anrnncxom xstxe mt naxonm a couple of days, a pair of lovers, a n nemenxom ein paar Tage n n arcxom et par dage; axe die paar Tage, de par dage, rouno rax xe, xax die zwei Tage, de to dage. Anrnncxom couerannxm much wine, many bottles, no friends coornercrnymr ]pann. beaucoup de vin, beaucoup de bouteilles, pas damis; anrnncxomy xe a pound of meat, a bottle of wine nem. ein Pfund Fleisch, eine Flasche Wein, ar. et pund kmd, en flaske vin n r.n. Bese, re pasnnnaercx neonpeenennt aprnxnt, on ncera npecrannxer coo ne+m]arnuecxym ]opmy uncnnrentnoro one onn: uno, un, ein, en, an (a); xnr. i ecrt cnaax ]opma or yit (pyccx. oouu uacro ynorpenxercx xax neonpeenennt aprnxnt). B anrnncxom xstxe a onapyxnnaer nnora cnocrna uncnnrentnoro, nanpnmep: four at a time uertpe sa (onn) pas, birds of a feather ,nrnnt onoro n roro xe onepennx. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx nonnte n ocnanennte ]opmt xnnxmrcx cnnonnmnuntmn, nanpnmep: one Mr. Brown = a Mr. Brown nexn mncrep Fpayn; moxno cxasart raxxe a certain Mr. Brown. Taxoe ynorpenenne cnona certain onpeenennt nanomnnaer o rom, uro n rex cnyuaxx, xora ynorpenxercx neonpeenennt aprnxnt, n ecrnnrentnocrn nopasymenaercx neuro nnonne onpeenennoe. Ho+romy neonpeenennt aprnxnt n rpammarnuecxom cmtcne no cymecrny osnauaer ro, uro (eme) ne yer nasnano, nanpnmep, n nauane paccxasa: In a certain town there once lived a tailor who had a young daughter B nexoem ropoe xnn-tn noprno, y xoroporo tna monoentxax ouxa; npoonxax paccxas, mt co cnonom tailor ynorpenm onpe- enennt aprnxnt: The tailor was known in that town under the name of n r. . Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,Hoprno tn nsnecren n +rom ropoe no raxnm-ro nmenem. (Ornocnrentno ,oomammero ynorpenennx neonpeenennoro aprnxnx cm. crp. 171 n rn. XV.) Tax xax neonpeenennt aprnxnt npecrannxer coo ocnanennoe uncnnrentnoe, on ne ynorpenxercx c nencuncnxemtmn cymecrnnrentntmn (nasnannxmn macct, mass-words, rn. XIV). Hocxontxy one onn, a cneonarentno, a(n), ne nmeer ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna, nocrontxy no mnoxecrnennom uncne ne tnaer n neonpeenennoro aprnxnx, ecnn ne npnuncnxrt cma cnoeopasnoe ncnancxoe unos. Onaxo nexoe noone neonpeenennoro aprnxnx pasnnnoct cnoeopasntm nyrem no ]pannyscxom xstxe nx ynorpenennx c nasnannxmn macct n c ]opmamn mnoxecrnennoro uncna +ro pasennrentnt (naprnrnnnt) aprnxnt: du vin, de lor, des amis. Hepnonauantno +ro tnn, xoneuno, npenoxnte rpynnt, no renept sect ena nn omymaercx npenor; no ncxxom cnyuae, on moxer ynorpenxrtcx nocne pyroro npenora: avec du vin; jen ai parl a des amis. Tenept +ro raxo xe amnxr, xax nmoe uncnnrentnoe nnn xax cnnonnmnunoe quelque(s) nnn anrn. some. HEKCYC Tenept mt nepexonm r romy, uro ntme (crp. 108) tno oosnaueno repmnnom nexcyc. Mt npnnonnn npn +rom npnmep: The dog barks furiously ,Coaxa naer xpocrno n npornnononoxnocrt mnxnnn a furiously barking dog ,xpocrno nammax coaxa. Tpernunoe cnono furiously xpocrno xnnxercx onnm n rem xe cnonom n oonx couerannxx, cneonarentno, ero moxno ne paccmarpnnart. Coornomenne mexy The dog barks Coaxa naer n a barking dog ,nammax coaxa, ouennno, cxono c coornomennem mexy the rose is red posa xpacnax n a red rose xpacnax posa. B cnyuaxx The dog barks n The rose is red nannno saxonuennoe snauenne, saxonuennte npenoxennx, n xoroptx the dog n the rose npnnxro nastnart nonexamnmn, a barks n is red cxasyemtmn; coueranne xe n nenom nastnamr npenxanne. Ho n uem cocronr pasnnune mexy +rnmn n pyrnmn couerannxmn? Haynt nonaraer, uro amnxr npecrannxer coo ocnanennoe cxasyemoe (ein degradiertes Prdikat, cm. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, Halle, 1909, crp. 140 n cn.); noontm xe opasom Be]]nn (Sheffield) saxnnxer, uro amnxr ,nopasymenaer cxptrym cnxsxy (a latent copula, Grammar and Thinking, New York, 1912, 56). 3ro snaunr, uro coueranne a red rose panno couerannm a rose which is red nnn nponsomno ns nero, a noromy red ncera yer cnoero poa npenxarnnom. He cneyer satnart, uro raxnm opasom n coueranne nesamerno nporacxnnaercx ornocnrentnoe mecronmenne, n ono npenpamaer nce cnonocoueranne n amnxr (arpnyr, +nnrer). Barking nonce ne xnnxercx ocnanenntm barks, xorx a barking dog +ro a dog who barks. Heano (Peano) onee npan, xora on ronopnr, uro ornocnrentnoe mecronmenne n cnxsxa npecrannxmr coo nonoxnrentnoe n orpnnarentnoe oannenne onoro n roro xe xonnuecrna n uro onn nsanmno noramamrcx (anrn. which = is, nnn which = + is), n raxnm opasom, which is = 0. Ho mnennm Haynx, mnxnnx (Attributivverhltnis) pasnnnact ns npenxarnnntx ornomenn, a no+romy n xoneunom cuere ns npenoxennx. Onaxo Cynr nnuero ne ronopnr o npnopnrere +rnx nyx couerann, xora
saxnnxer, uro accymnnnx (r.e. mnxnnx) +ro nopasymenaemax nnn norennnantnax npenxannx, a npenxannx cnoero poa ycnnennax nnn pasnepnyrax accymnnnx; New English Grammar, 44. Onaxo raxo noxo x nonpocy nn x uemy ne npnnonr. Bynr (Wundt) n 3mrrepnnn (Sttterlin) pasrpannunnamr oa rnna couerann xax orxptrte n saxptrte couerannx (offene und geschlossene Wortverbindungen). Ftno t, noxany, npannntnee cxasart, uro ono coueranne xnnxercx nesaxonuenntm n sacrannxer oxnart npoonxennx (a red rose Hy n uro c +ro poso?), a pyroe nnonne saxonueno n opasyer cnxsnoe nenoe (The rose is red). Hepnoe coueranne esxnsnennoe n sacrtnmee, a nropoe xnnoe. Hocnenee cnocrno npnnnctnaercx otuno nannunm npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona (The rose is red; The dog barks), n, xoneuno, n nasnannn rnarona n xnracxnx rpammarnxax (xnnoe cnono) (n npornnononoxnocrt cymecrnnrentnomy, xoropoe nnmeno xnsnn) ecrt ontmax onx ncrnnt. H nce xe ne crontxo camn cnona, cxontxo nx couerannx nno coepxar xnsnt, nno nnment ee; xax mt cxopo ynnnm, tnamr couerannx es npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona, xoropte no ncex ornomennxx moryr trt nocrannent n onn px c couerannxmn rnna The rose is red, The dog barks. Taxne couerannx opasymr npenoxennx, r. e. saxonuennte coomennx, a +ro, xoneuno, ouent naxno axe c rouxn spennx rpammarncra. Ho conepmenno ro xe coornomenne, xoropoe onapyxnnaercx mexy nepnnuntm n nropnuntm cnonom n noonoro poa saxonuenntx npenoxennxx, mt naxonm raxxe n orpomnom uncne pyrnx coue- rann, ne nacrontxo saxonuenntx n sanepmenntx, urot opasonart nacroxmne npenoxennx. urot yenrtcx n +rom, ocrarouno paccmorpert otunte nounnennte npenoxennx: cp. (I see) that the rose is red ( nnxy), uro posa xpacnax, (She is alarmed) when. the dog barks (Ona rpenoxnrcx), xora naer coaxa. anee: coornomenne mexy nocnennmn nymx cnonamn n couerannn He painted the door red On oxpacnn nept n xpacnt nner xnno ananornuno coornomennm, cymecrnymmemy n couerannn The door is red nept xpacnax n ornnuno or coornomennx n couerannn the red door xpacnax nept; no cymecrny, n rom xe camom ornomennn pyr c pyrom naxoxrcx n nonxrnx oxrop n ,npntnart n cneymmnx uertpex couerannxx: 1) The Doctor arrived oxrop npntn; 2) I saw that the Doctor arrived nnen, uro oxrop npntn; 3) I saw the Doctor arrive nnen, xax npntnan oxrop; 4) I saw the Doctors arrival nnen npntrne oxropa. Bce +rn couerannx n nexoropte pyrne, xoropte yyr paccmorpent n cneymme rnane, oennxer ro, uro x nastnam nexcycom. Tenept x nocrapamct onpeennrt pasnnune, cymecrnymmee mexy nexcycom n mnxnne. Hpomy unrarenx nomnnrt, uro, c ono cropont, nannune npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona nx nexcyca xnnxercx neoxsarentntm, a c pyro cropont, nexcyc ne ncera npecrannxer coo saxonuennoe npenoxenne. B mnxnnxx nropnunt +nemenr (amnxr) npncoennxercx x nepnnunomy cnony n xauecrne +rnxerxn, nnn pasnnunrentnoro snaxa: om xapaxrepnsyercx nnn xax coceouu oo+ nnn xax oo+ oormopa. Amnxr n nepnnunoe cnono nmecre nsxrte opasymr ono oosnauenne, cnoxnoe nasnanne nx npemera, xoropt, noome ronopx, moxno tno t oosnaunrt npocrtm nasnannem. H ecrnnrentno, nmecro uoeoporoeuua cooara mt uacro ronopnm ueuor, a nmecro e.vni :e.oeer moxno cxasart ovpar, cp. raxxe cnoxnte nanmenonannx a female horse, the warm season, an unnaturally Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
small person, an offensive smell c coornercrnymmnmn npocrtmn nanmenonannxmn: a mare, the summer, a dwarf, a stench n r. n. To, uro n onom xstxe ntpaxaercx onnm cnonom, n pyrom uacro npnxonrcx nepeanart couerannem nepnnunoro cnona c amnxrom: anrn. claret xpacnoe nnno, ]pann. vin rouge; c pyro cropont ]pann. patrie ponna, anrn. native country. Taxnm opasom, mnxnnx +ro enncrno nnn ennoe nonxrn, ntpaxennoe onee nnn menee cnyuano nocpecrnom nyx +nemenron 1 . Hexcyc, nanpornn, ncera coepxnr na nonxrnx, xoropte oxsarentno onxnt ocranartcx pasentntmn: nropnunoe cnono npncoennxer neuro nonoe x romy, uro yxe tno nasnano. Rnxnnx +ro neuro sacrtnmee n nenonnxnoe, a nexcyc neuro rnxoe, nnn xax t onee xnnoe n pacunenennoe. Cpannennx, xoneuno, ncera n xaxo-ro crenenn neaexnarnt, onaxo nce +ro rpyno ntpasnrt crporo nornuecxnm n nayuntm cnocoom; no+romy x nosnonm cee cxasart, uro amnxr npncoennxercx x nepnnunomy cnony rouno rax xe, xax noc n ymn npnxpennxmrcx x ronone, a npncoennenne anexca ananornuno npncoennennm ronont x rynonnmy nnn nepn x crene. Rnxnnx noona xaprnne, a nexcyc nponeccy nnn pame. Pasnnune mexy cnoxntm nanmenonannem nx onoro n roro xe nonxrnx n coennennem onoro nonxrnx c pyrnm moxno nerxo ynnert ns conocrannennx nyx npenoxenn: The blue dress is the oldest Ionyoe nnarte camoe crapoe n The oldest dress is blue Camoe crapoe nnarte ronyoe. Honoe, coomaemoe o nnarte, n nepnom cnyuae cocronr n rom, uro ono camoe crapoe, a no nropom n rom, uro ono ronyoe; cp. raxxe A dancing woman charms Tannymmax xenmnna ouapontnaer n A charming woman dances Ouaponarentnax xenmnna rannyer. Tenept paccmorpnm necxontxo noponee pasnnunte rpammarnuecxne couerannx, xoropte xapaxrepnsymrcx xax nexcyc. Hexoropte ns nnx xopomo nsnecrnt rpammarncram, no conocrannenne nx c +ro rouxn spennx, nacxontxo mne nsnecrno, xnnxercx nontm. I . a e a I X PA3AHHHLE BHL HEKCYCA Hpenxarnnnax ]opma rnarona. Hn]nnnrnnnt nexcyc. Hexcyc es rnarona. Hexcyc-ononnenne n r. n. Hexcyc-cymnxr. Hexcyc orxnonennx. 3axnmuenne. Cnxsxa. Hpenxarnn. HPEHKATHBHAR mOPMA IAAIOAA Crpemxct art xnaccn]nxannm pasnnuntx rnnon nexcyca, mt npexe ncero onxnt ynomxnyrt re rpn rnna, xoropte coepxar npenxarnnnym ]opmy rnarona: no-nepntx, otunte saxonuennte npenoxennx, nanpnmep: The dog barks Coaxa naer, The rose is red Posa xpacnax; no-nroptx, re xe camte
couerannx n cocrane npnarountx npenoxenn, ntcrynammne yxe xax uacrt npenoxennx: She is afraid when the dog barks Ona onrcx, xora cooara .aem, I see that the rose is red nnxy, uro posa rpacua, n-rpertnx, ouent nnrepecnoe xnnenne, npecrannennoe cneymmnm cnyuaem: Arhtur whom they say is killd to- night Apryp, npo xoroporo ronopxr, uro on tn ynr ceronx neuepom (Bexcnnp, Kopont Hoann, IV, 2, 165). Hexcyc whom is kilid cnyxnr ononnennem x they say; orcma ynorpenenne nnnnrentnoro naexa whom. B npnnoxennn x npnney pyrne npnmept nx +ro xoncrpyxnnn, a panno n mon onot n nontsy ]opmt whom, xoropax paccmarpnnaercx otuno xax rpyax omnxa. HHmHHHTHBHLH HEKCYC Tenept paccmorpnm px xoncrpyxnn, coepxamnx nn]nnnrnn. Bnnnrentnt c nn]nnnrnnom. Hpnmept: I heard her sing cntman, uro ona noer, I made her sing sacrannn ee nert, I caused her to sing ntnynn ee nert (n nexoroptx couerannxx c uacrnne to, n pyrnx es nee). Hoontm xe opasom ocronr eno n n pyrnx xstxax. Cynr ( 124) ormeuaer pasnnune mexy npenoxennxmn I like quiet boys nmnm cnoxontx mantunxon n I like boys to be quiet nmnm, xora mantunxn cnoxont; no- cnenee npenoxenne ne npenonaraer nn maneme npnxsnn no ornomennm x mantunxam, xax nepnoe npenoxenne; onaxo Cynr ne nnnr ecrnnrentno npnunnt +roro pasnnunx; no ero mnennm, I like rpammarnuecxn ynpannxer rontxo cnenom boys, a to be quiet xnnxercx nnmt rpammarnuecxnm amnxrom x boys. Fonee npannntntm tno t cxasart, uro ononnennem xnnxercx ne ono cnono boys, a nect nexcyc, cocroxmn ns nepnnunoro cnona boys n nn]nnnrnna; rouno rax xe ononnennem tno t nce npnarounoe npenoxenne, a ne rontxo ero nonexamee, ecnn t mt nsnoxnnn +ry mtcnt cneymmnm opasom: I like that boys are quiet nmnm, xora mantunxn cnoxont. (3ra xoncrpyxnnx c rnaronom like ncrpeuaercx pexo, xorx Oxc]opcxn cnonapt n npnnonr coornercrnymmn npnmep ns Cxorra; c pyrnmn xe rnaronamn, xoropte raxxe coueramrcx c nnnnrentntm c nn]nnnrnnom, nanpnmep c rnaronamn see ,nnert, believe ymart, nonarart, ona omeynorpenrentna.) 3onnenmen ( 487) n +ro cnxsn ronopnr o nyx npxmtx ononnennxx n npnnonr coornercrnymmne npenoxennx napanne c npenoxennem He asked me a question ,On saan +ue eonpoc, onaxo raxoe conocrannenne neoocnonanno, nocxontxy es nsmenennx snauennx moxno cxasart He asked a question On saan eonpoc, n ro npemx xax npenoxenne I like to be quiet nmnm oimi cnoroui+ conepmenno ornnuaercx or npenoxennx co cnonom boys. Ornomenne mexy cnonom boys n nn]nnnrnnom conepmenno nnoe, uem ornomenne mexy cnonamn re n a question, no ono conepmenno raxoe xe, xax ornomenne mexy unenamn nmoro pyroro nexcyca, nanpnmep mexy nonexamnm n cxasyemtm saxonuennoro npenoxennx. Ta xe xoncrpyxnnx uacro ncrpeuaercx n anrnncxom xstxe, xora nexcyc xnnxercx ononnennem ne x rnarony, a x npenory, nnn, nepnee, x ntpaxennm, cocroxmemy ns rnarona n npenora, xoropoe uacro tnaer cnnonnmnuno npocromy rnarony (look on = consider paccmarpnnart, prevail on = induce Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,noynrt n r. n.). Hpnmept: I looked upon myself to be fully settled cunran cex conepmenno ycrpoenntm (Cnn]r); She can hardly prevail upon him to eat ,Ona ena moxer yenrt ero noecrt; You may count on him to come Bt moxere paccunrtnart na ro, uro on npner. Hpenoxenne I long for you to come xenam, :mooi ei npuu.u moxno npoanannsnponart raxnm xe opasom, no noont ananns ne npnmennm x nexoroptm pyrnm couerannxm for c nn]nnnrnnom, pasnnnmnmcx n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe. Hepnonauantno npenoxenne It is good for a man not to touch a woman pacunenxnoct cneymmnm opasom: It is good for a man not to touch a woman; onaxo nosxe ono tno nepeocmtcneno xax It is good for a man not to touch a woman, re for a man tno nonxro xax onee recno cnxsannoe c nn]nnnrnnom. 3ro cosano nosmoxnocrt nomemart for n cnono, xoroptm ono ynpannxer, na nepnom mecre: For a man to tell how human life began is hard (Mnntron); For you to call would be the best thing, n ynorpenxrt than: Nothing was more frequent than for a bailiff to seize Jack (Cnn]r); Nothing could be better than for you to call: for n ero ononnenne xnnxmrcx sect ne uem nntm, xax nepnnuntm xomnonenrom (nonexamnm) nexcyca, nropnuntm xomnonenrom xoroporo xnnxercx nn]nnnrnn; couerannx rnna It might seem disrespectful to his memory for me to be on good terms with [his enemy] (Miss Austen) noxastnamr, xax anexo oromna +ra xoncrpyxnnx or cnoero nepnonauantnoro ynorpenennx. Bet to his memory ntnonnxer sect ry xe ]ynxnnm, xaxym nepnonauantno ntnonnxno npenoxnoe coueranne c for. (Cm. mom crartm no nonoy +roro cnnra n Festschrift W. Vintor, Die neueren Sprachen, 1910.) 3rn xnnennx anrnncxoro xstxa naxoxr nnsxoe coornercrnne n crapocnanxncxom xstxe, re arentnt c nn]nnnrnnom uacro ncrpeuaercx n rex cnyuaxx, xora rpeuecxn n narnncxn xstxn ynorpennn t nnnnrentnt c nn]nnnrnnom; cm. Mi k l o s i c h, Synt., 619; Vo n d r k, Vergleichende slavische Grammatik, Gnttingen, 1906, 2, 366, a ocoenno C. W. S mi t h n Opuscula philol. ad I. N. Madvigium, 1876,21 n cn. Hs raxnx npenoxenn, xax cr.-cnan. ooopo ecmi ua+ cioe oimu Xopomo nam trt sect, re nn]nnnrnn nepnonauantno coornocnncx c xopomo, nnocnecrnnn nonyunnnct n raxne npenoxennx, xax ue ooopo ecmi +uoeo+ ooeo+ oimu Hexopomo nmert mnoro oron; +ra xoncrpyxnnx ynorpenxercx raxxe c rnaronamn, xoropte ne moryr otuno couerartcx c arentntm naexom. B pennnx repmancxnx xstxax cymecrnonana ananornunax xoncrpyxnnx, nouemy Ipnmm n pyrne ronopxr o arentnom c nn]nnnrnnom n rorcxom xstxe: Jah warm mairhgaggan imma mairh atisk H cnyunnoct emy nporn uepes none (Mapx, II, 23); cxonte npnmept ecrt n pyrnx repmancxnx xstxax. Onaxo +rn cnyuan moxno paccmarpnnart nnmt xax nepnte neyanmnecx nontrxn no cpannennm c rem pasnnrnem, xoropoe oxasanoct raxnm nnoornopntm n cnanxncxnx xstxax (cm. nnrepecnoe paccmorpenne +roro nonpoca y Morgan Ca l l a wa y, The Infinitive in Anglo-Saxon, Washington, 1913, crp. 127, 248 n cn., re nnrnpymrcx anropt, nncanmne panee no +romy nonpocy). Mt nnenn, uro nepnnunoe cnono, xoropoe xnnxercx ]axrnuecxn nonexamnm nn]nnnrnna, moxer croxrt n nnnnrentnom n n arentnom naexax n c npenorom for; no n nexoroptx xstxax ono moxer nmert n ]opmy nmennrentnoro naexa. B cpeneanrnncxom xstxe omn naex cymecrnnrentntx, npecrannxmmn coo n panno crenenn onee pannne
nmennrentnt n nnnnrentnt, ynorpenxncx n couerannxx rnna Lo! swich it is a millere to be fals (uocep); And verelye one man to lyue in pleasure, whyles all other wepe... that is the parte of a iayler (Mop). V mecronmenn mt naxonm nmennrentnt naex: Thow to lye by our moder is to muche shame for vs to suffre (M+nopn). B ncnancxom xstxe naxonm nmennrentnt: Es causa bastante Para tener hambre vo? ocrarounax nn +ro npnunna, urot x tn ronontm?; Qu importar, si est muerto Mi honor, el quedar yo vivo! Kaxoe snauenne nmeer ro, uro x ocrancx xnn, ecnn mox uecrt ymepna? (Oa npenoxennx ns Kantepona, Can. antx., 1.308 n 2. 840.) Hoontm xe opasom ocronr eno n n nrantxncxom, a raxxe n nopryrantcxom xstxe c eu x 1 . Hr. prima di narrarci il poeta la favola, n xoropom nn]nnnrnn nmeer xax nonexamee, rax n na ononnennx, ouent nanomnnaer npnarounoe npenoxenne (nepe rem, xax no+r paccxaxer nam paccxas). Or nocnenero ono ornnuaercx nnmt orcyrcrnnem npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona. Hoonte xnnennx, xax yxastnaer Brenrant, cymecrnymr n n apacxom xstxe (S t e i n t h a l, Charakteristik, 267). Bor xax on nepenonr onn ns npnmepon: ,Coomeno-mne ymepmnnenne (nm. n.) Maxmy (nm. n.) ero-para, r. e. uro Maxmy ynn cnoero para. Cneymmne npnmept noxastnamr, uro nmennrentnt naex nmeer eme ony nosmoxnocrt trt cmtcnontm nonexamnm x nn]nnnrnny. Ecnn ononnenne x he believes n npenoxennn He believes me to be guilty On cunraer, uro x nnnonen npecrannxer coo nexcyc, cocroxmn ns uertpex nocnennx cnon, neoxonmo npnsnart, uro n n naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn I am believed to be guilty Honaramr, uro x nnnonen nonexamnm xnnxercx ne I, a nexcyc I to be guilty, xorx +rn cnona n ne pacnonoxent pxom, a nnno rnarona onpeenxercx nnmt nepntm cnonom. To, uro nonaraercx (am believed) +ro mox nnna. Ananornunoe nonoxenne naxonm n He is said (expected, supposed) to come at five ,Oxnaercx ero npntrne n nxrt uacon, I am made (caused) to work hard To, uero xorxr onrtcx, ecrt ne x, a mox paora; coornercrnenno n n pyrnx xstxax 2 . Te xe coopaxennx ocramrcx n cnne n nx axrnnntx xoncrpyxnn, raxnx, xax anrn. He seems to work hard On, xaxercx, paoraer ycepno, nem. Er scheint hart zu arbeiten, ]pann. Il semble (paraot) travailler durement (n arcxom xstxe ynorpenxercx naccnnnax ]opma, xax n n npnneenntx ntme npenoxennxx: Han synes at arbejde herdt): nonnnntm nonexamnm no ncex +rnx npenoxennxx xnnxercx ntenennt nexcyc 3 . 3ror ananns nyxno nocneonarentno nepenecrn
1 nx ]opm 2-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna n nx mnoxecrnennoro uncna nopryrantcxn xstx ntpaoran pyro cnoco oosnauennx cmtcnonoro nonexamero nn]nnnrnna, a nmenno ,]nexrnnnt nn]nnnrnn: ter-es (=anrn. for thee to have), mn. u. ter-mos, ter-des, ter-em (D i e z, Gramm., 2.187, 3. 220; nexoropte cunramr, uro +rn ]opmt c ncropnuecxo rouxn spennx cneyer oxcnxrt ne xax pesyntrar roro, uro nn]nnnrnn no ananornn npnopen nnunte oxonuannx, a nenocpecrnenno ns nnuntx ]opm; onaxo raxoe oxcnenne ne menxer cymecrna anntx ]opm c rouxn spennx nx conpemennoro ynorpenennx). 2 3onnenmen ( 301) ronopnr, uro n npenoxennn He is believed by me to be guilty nn]nnnrnn to be xnnxercx coxpanenntm ononnennem, xax nnnnrentnt naex n npenoxennn He was awarded the prize (naccnnnax ]opma or They awarded him the prize). Ho +ro conocrannenne concem ne yenrentno. 3 Tpyno cxasart, npnmennn nn t 3onnenmen (yxas. cou.) repmnn coxpanennoe ononnenne x nn]nnnrnny n npenoxennn He seems to be guilty. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
na cnyuan rnna anrn. He is sure (likely) to come; She happened to look up n r.n., xorx raxne xoncrpyxnnn nocxoxr x onee craptm, n xoroptx cnono, croxmee ceuac n nmennrentnom naexe, crannnoct n arentnom naexe. Bce nn]nnnrnnnte xoncrpyxnnn, paccmorpennte o cnx nop, npecrannxmr coo nepnnunte xomnonenrt rnannoro npenoxennx;: renept mt nepeem x rem pexnm cnyuaxm, xora ananornunte xoncrpyxnnn ]ynxnnonnpymr n xauecrne cymnxra: cp., nanpnmep, The caul was put up in a raffle to fifty members at half-a-crown a head, the winner to spend five shillings (nxxenc); We divided it: he to speak to the Spaniards and I to the English (e]o). Hn]nnnrnn nmeer sect ro xe snauenne uero-nno npecroxmero nnn npeyxasannoro, xax n npenoxennn He is to spend Emy npecronr norparnrt; moxno cxasart, uro nexcyc n nenom ynorpenxercx nmecro rpomosxoro couerannx the winner being to spend; ono yer paccmorpeno nnxe. Eme onn nn nexcyca onapyxnnaercx, xax yxe ormeuanoct. (cm. crp. 131),n xoncrpyxnnxx rnna I heard of the Doctors arrival , cntman o npuoimuu oormopa. Ho nx paccmorpennx raxnx orrnarontntx cymecrnnrentntx norpeyercx cnennantnax rnana (cm. rn. X). 3ect xe cneyer nnmt ynomxnyrt, uro cxocrno mexy raxnmn xoncrpyxnnxmn n npenoxennxmn rnna The Doctor arrived oxrop npntn ormeuaercx rpannnonntm repmnnom cyexrnt ponrentnt naex n npornnononoxnocrt npnrxxarentnomy ponrentnomy naexy (the Doctors house om oxropa, the Doctors. father oren oxropa). HEKCYC BE3 IAAIOAA Haxonen, ecrt px nexcycon, xoropte ne coepxar nn npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona, nn nn]nnnrnna, nn orrnarontnoro cymecrnnrentnoro. 3ect mt npexe ncero naxonm rax nastnaemte nmennte npenoxennx, cocroxmne ns nonexamero n npenxarnna, ntpaxennoro nno cymecrnnrentntm, nno npnnararentntm. 3rn npenoxennx upesntuano pacnpocrpanent n xstxax, xoropte ne pasnnnn cnxsxy, r. e. rnaron co snauennem trt; onn nmemrcx n n xstxax, re ecrt cnxsxa, no re ona ne ynorpenxercx rax mnpoxo, xax, nanpnmep, n anrnncxom xstxe. Cpen nocnennx mt naxonm px pennemnx xstxon name cemtn, nanpnmep rpeuecxn: cm. ocoenno Me i l l e t, La phrase nominale en indo-europen, Mmoires de la Socit de Linguistique, 14, 1906, crp. 1 n cn. B pyccxom xstxe raxax xoncrpyxnnx xnnxercx otuno: B oo.eu, Ou co.oam; n anrnncxom n +rnx cnyuaxx ynorpenxercx nacroxmee npemx rnarona be: I am ill, He is a soldier. B pyccxom xstxe nanmaercx pasnnune n ]opme npnnararentnoro n sanncnmocrn or roro, xax ono ynorpenxercx: nnn xax npenxarnn nnn xax amnxr: cp., nanpnmep, oo+ uoe (= anrn. the house is new), oo+ uoei (= anrn. a new house, the new house). Onaxo rnaron trt ynorpenxercx n pyrnx npemenax, a raxxe n npenoxennxx, n xoroptx ner peut o cymecrnonannn npemera. Otuno ronopnrcx, uro raxne nmennte npenoxennx yxe ne ncrpeuamrcx n sananoenponecxnx xstxax, no n ecrnnrentnocrn cymecrnyer ona ]opma, n xoropo onn ynorpenxmrcx neotuano mnpoxo. Ho nnnxnnem cnntnoro uyncrna nanmaercx renennnx naunnart c npenxarnna, a sarem npncoennxrt x nemy nonexamee n xauecrne cnoero poa ononnnrentno
mtcnn, no es rnarona trt. Taxnm opasom, nonyuamrcx npenoxennx, xoropte no ncex ornomennxx ananornunt rp. Ouk agathon polukoiranie He xopomee eno mnoronnacrne, anrn. Nice goings on, those in the Balkans!; Quite serious all this, though it reads like a joks (Pacxnn); Amazing the things that Russians will gather together and keep (Vonnon); What a beastly and pitiful wretch that Wordsworth (Bennn; raxne xoncrpyxnnn c that ncrpeuamrcx onontno uacro 1 ); ]pann. Charmante, la petite Pauline!; ar. Et skrxkkeligt bxst, den Christensen!; Godt det samme! 3ra xoncrpyxnnx ouent uacro ncrpeuaercx co cnonamn, nmemmnmn snauenne cuacrnnnt: rp. Trismakares Danaoi kai tetrakis, hoi tot olonto Troisi en eureisi O! Tpoexparno, croxparno cuacrnnnt anan, n npocrpanno Tpoe namemne cmeprt (nep. Xyxoncxoro, Onccex, 5. 306); nar. Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas (Beprnnn); Beati possidentes; anrn. Happy the man, whose wish and care A few paternal acres bound (Hon); Thrice blest whose lives are faithful prayers (Tennncon); ar. Lykkelig den, hvis lykke folk foragter! (Pepam); cp. raxxe ror. Hails miudans Iudaie (Hoann, XIX. 3); p.-ncn. Heill mt nt Vafmrtmner; All haile Macbeth! 2 Cymecrnyer n pyrax pacnpocrpanennax ]opma: Now I am in Arden, the more fool I! (Bexcnnp). Ouent uacro nonexamee, croxmee nocne npenxarnna, npecrannxer coo nn]nnnrnn nnn nenoe npenoxenne: rp. Argaleon, basileia, disneke]s agoreusai Tpyno, napnna, mne yer ree paccxasart nopono... (Onccex, 7.241); anrn. Needless to say, his case is irrefutable; ]pann. Inutile dinsister davantage; anrn. What a pity that he should die so young; nem. Wie schade da er so frth sterben sollte; ]pann. Quel dommage quil soit mort si t]t; ar. Skade at han dmde se ung; anrn. Small wonder that we all loved him exceedingly; How true, that there is nothing dead in this Universe (Kapnent); True, she had not dared to stick to them. B cnenn]nuecxn ]pannyscxo ]opme naxonm que nepe nonexamnm: Singulier homme qu Aristote! Cnoeopasnt uenonex Apncrorent!; Mauvais prtexte que tout cela! Cnaax orronopxa nce +ro. npnnen nce +rn npnmept, noromy uro rpammarncrt otuno ne yenxmr +ro xoncrpyxnnn onxnoro nnnmannx. Bpx nn tno t ymecrntm ronopnrt sect o +nnnncnce rnarona trt; ecnn n noonte npenoxennx nxnmunrt rnaron, +ro rontxo ocnanr crenent nx nnomarnunocrn; onaxo n npenoxennxx c nonexamnm na nepnom mecre rnaron ecrnnrentno rpeyercx. Coornercrnymmne xoncrpyxnnn es rnarona ncrpeuamrcx n n npnarountx npenoxennxx: pyccx. Ionopxr, :mo ou oo.eu; anrn. However great the loss, he is always happy; The greater his losses, the more will he sing; His patrimony was so small that no wonder he worked now and then for a living wage (Hoxx).
1 Cneyer nn nomecrnrt cma Witness the way in which he behaved, ecnn cunrart wilness cymecrnnrentntm? Witness, noxany, moxno npnnxrt n sa rnaron n cocnararentnom naxnonennn. 2 Hail n +ro xoncrpyxnnn nepnonauantno tno npnnararentntm, no nosxe ono tno nonxro xax cymecrnnrentnoe, orxya n oannenne to: Hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
HEKCYC-OHOAHEHHE H T. H. Hexcyc-ononnenne ncrpeuaercx uacro: I found the cage empty , namen r.emrv nvcmo, +ro npenoxenne nerxo ornnunrt or npenoxennx I found the empty cage namen nvcmvm r.emrv, re empty nycrym xnnxercx amnxrom. Hpnnxro cunrart, uro the cage xnnxercx ononnennem, a empty ynorpeneno xax npenxarnn x ononnennm, no npannntnee paccmarpnnart nce coueranne the cage empty xax ononnenne. (Cp. I found that the cage was empty n I found the cage to be empty.) 3ro xcno nnno n npenoxennxx rnna I found her gone onapyxnn, uro ona ymna (raxnm opasom, ue onapyxnn ee!); cp. raxxe xonrpacr mexy npenoxennem I found Fanny not at home namen, uro uannn ner oma, re orpnnanne ornocnrcx x nounnennomy nexcycy, n npenoxennem I did not find Fanny at home ne namen uannn oma, n xoropom orpnnanne npnnanexnr rnarony. pyrne npnmept: They made him President (him President xnnxercx pesyntrarnnntm ononnennem): He made (rendered) her unhappy; Does that prove me wrong?; He gets things done; She had something the matter with her spine; What makes you in such a hurry? She only wishes the dinner at an end. Hpenxarnnno uacrtm nexcyca moxer trt nmoe cnono nnn nmax rpynna cnon, xoropte moryr xnnxrtcx npenxarnnom npn rnarone to be. Hnrepecnee ncero sect ro, uro n raxnx cnyuaxx rnaron moxer npnnnmart nexcycnte ononnennx, n xopne ornnunte or ero otuntx ononnenn: He drank himself drunk; The gentleman had drunke himselfe out of his five senses (Bexcnnp; he drank himself eccmtcnenno); xpome roro, rnaront noome nenepexonte moryr nmert nexcycnoe pesyntrarnnnoe ononnenne: He slept himself sober; A louers eyes will gaze an eagle blind (Bexcnnp); Lily was nearly screaming herself into a fit. Cxonte xnnennx ncrpeuamrcx n n pyrnx xstxax: ar. De drak Jeppe fuld; De drak Jeppe under bordet; p.-ncn. meir bipja hana grta Baldr yr helju. Haynt (Prinzipien, 154) ynomnnaer couerannx rnna die Augen rot weinen; die Ftie wund laufen; Er schwatzt das Blaue vom Himmel herunter; Denke dich in meine Lage hinein; onaxo ero sameuannx ne amr xcnoro npecrannennx o rom, xax on nonnmaer +ro cnoonoe ynorpenenne nnnnrentnoro naexa. B ]nncxom xstxe n raxnx cnyuaxx ynorpenxercx cnoeopasnt naex, nocxmn nasnanne ,rpancnarnna: iti makasi lapsensa kuoliaaksi Mart sacnana cnoero peenxa (r. e. pasannna ero no npemx cna); Hn joi itsens siaksi On onnn cex o cnnntn, r. e. nannncx no-cnnncxn; npnmept nsxrt ns E l i o t, A Finnish Grammar, Oxford, 1890, 128; pyrne npnmept cm. y S e t l , Finska sprekets satslra, 29. Hpn nnsxo ananornn mexy nnnnrentntm naexom c nn]nnnrnnom n nexcycom-ononnennem nonxrno, nouemy nnora n onom n rom xe npenoxennn rnaron coueraercx c oenmn xoncrpyxnnxmn: A winning frankness of manner which made most people fond of her, and pity her (Texxepe); A crowd round me only made me proud, and try to draw as well as I could (Pacxnn); He felt himself dishonored, and his son to be an evil in the tribe (Wister). B naccnnntx xoncrpyxnnxx, coornercrnymmnx npenoxennxm c nexcycom- ononnennem, mt onxnt coornercrnenno (xax n n nn]nnnrnnntx
xoncrpyxnnxx; cm. ntme, crp. 135) paccmarpnnart xax (cmtcnonoe) nonexamee nect nexcyc: rax, nanpnmep, n npenoxennn He was made President On tn nspan npesnenrom nonexamnm yer he... President, xorx, xoneuno, nnno rnarona naxonrcx n sanncnmocrn nnmt or ono nepnnuno uacrn nexcyca (cp. I am made President). B arcxom xstxe ncrpeuamrcx xoncrpyxnnn npoe Han blev drukket under bordet; Pakken mnskes (bedes) bragt til mit kontor (nocnenee npnnnsnrentno coornercrnyer anrn. the parcel is wished [asked] brought to my office); cp. p.-ncn. at bipja, at Baldr vxri grtinn vr Helju (to ask that Baldr should be wept out of Hades). Ananornunte xoncrpyxnnn ncrpeuamrcx nnora c rnaronamn n ecrnnrentnom sanore, nanpnmep n rpeuecxom xstxe: Allous men pantas elanthane dakrua leib]n yxn. Or ocrantntx ncex on cxptnancx cnest nponnnammn (Onccex, 8.532); h]s de epausato lal]n xora xe nepecran ronopnrt (Hyxa, V.4; anrnncxn nepeno when he had left off speaking rontxo no nnnmocrn coornercrnyer rpeuecxomy rexcry, rax xax speaking orrnarontnoe cy- mecrnnrentnoe n ]ynxnnn ononnennx x left, a ne npnuacrne n nmennrentnom naexe, xax lal]n) 1 . Hexcyc moxer trt ononnennem x npenory. B anrnncxom xstxe +ro tnaer ocoenno uacro c npenorom with: I sat at work in the schoolroom with the window open cnen sa paoro n xnacce c omrpimi+ oruo+ (ornnuaercx or: near the open window y orxptroro oxna); cp. raxxe: You sneak back with her kisses hot on your lips (Knnnnnr); He fell asleep with his candle lit. Let him dye, With euery ioynt a wound (Bexcnnp); He kept standing with his hat on. Xapaxrep xoncrpyxnnn n cnenn]nuecxoe snauenne with (ornnunoe or ero snauennx n npenoxennn He stood with his brother on the steps On croxn co cnonm parom na crynentxax) cranonxrcx ocoenno xcntmn, xora anexc nerpannsyer otunoe snauenne with: with both of us absent yxn. c oonmn namn orcyrcrnymmnmn; cp. raxxe: Wailed the little Chartist, with nerve utterly gone; I hope Im not the same now, with all the prettiness and youth removed. Without roxe moxer ynpannxrt nexcycom: like a rose, full-blown, but without one petal yet fallen. B arcxom xstxe c nexcycom uacro coennxercx npenor med: med hnnderne tomme (anrn. with the hands empty), ornnunoe or med de tomme hnnder (= anrn. with the empty hands), xoropoe npenonaraer xaxoe-nno ecrnne, ocymecrnnxemoe pyxamn, n ro npemx xax nepnoe coueranne connaaer no snauennm c nounnenntm npenoxennem (n ro npemx xax [nnn npnuem] ero pyxn ecrt [nnn tnn] nycrte). Taxne xoncrpyxnnn ncrpeuamrcx n n pyrnx xstxax. C pyrnmn npenoramn mt naxonm nsnecrnte narnncxne xoncrpyxnnn post urbem conditam n ante Christum natum. Kora Mannr yrnepxaer, uro sect ner peut ne crontxo o nnne n npemere, cxontxo o ecrnnn n cycranrnnnom ocmtcnennn, on nmeer n nny (arcxn n p.) nepeno nocpecrnom cymecrnnrentnoro, no raxoe cymecrnnrentnoe npnnanexnr x rpynne nexcycntx cymecrnnrentntx (nocne coopyxennx ropoa, o poxecrna Xpncrona), xoropte ornnuamrcx or otuntx cymecrnnrentntx n rpeymr cnennantnoro
1 3ror cnyua ena nn moxno orrpannunrt or cnyuaen, xora rnaron coueraercx c npenxarnnom, nanpnmep She seems happy Ona xaxercx cuacrnnno. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
paccmorpennx (cm. o +rom nnxe), rax uro oxcnenne Mannra ne nponnraer nac nn na mar nnepe. Mano aer nam n sameuanne Annena n Ipnnoy, xoropte ronopxr: cymecrnnrentnoe n naccnnnoe npnuacrne uacro ncrynamr n nacrontxo recnte nsanmoornomennx, uro rnannax mtcnt ntpaxaercx npnuacrnem, a ne cymecrnnrentntm. Fpyrman (Br u g ma n n, Indogermanische Forschungen, 5.145 n cn.) nastnaer oxcnenne c nomomtm coxpamennoro npenoxennx ecnnono nnnrnncrnuecxo ]nnoco]ne 1 n nonaraer, uro +ra xoncrpyxnnx nosnnxna n pesyntrare cnnra n cnnraxcnuecxom unenennn (Verschiebung der syntaktischen Gliederung) n couerannxx rnna post hoc factum, xoropoe osnauano cnauana nocne +roro ]axra (hoc amnxr, a factum nepnnunoe cnono, ecnn nontsonartcx moe repmnnonorne), no norom hoc tno ocmtcneno xax nepnnunoe cnono, a factum xax nropnunoe; sarem +ra xoncrpyxnnx pacnpocrpannnact na pyrne cnyuan. Bce +ro oxcnenne xaxercx onontno narxnyrtm. Hn onn ns +rnx rpammarncron ne npenaraer ornecrn yxasannte xnnennx n onn paspx c xoncrpyxnnxmn, o xoroptx ner peut n anno rnane (aconmrnt ornoxnrentnt n r.n.), xorx nce +rn xoncrpyxnnn moxno nnonne nonxrt nnmt n pesyntrare nx conmecrnoro paccmorpennx. B nrantxncxom xstxe noonax xoncrpyxnnx onontno pacnpocrpanena nocne npenora dopo: Dopo vuotato il suo bicchiere, Fleno disse; Cercava di rilegger posatamente, dopo fatta la correzione (Cepao); Dopo letta questa risposta, gli esperti francesi hanno dichiarato che... (ns rasert). Koncrpyxnnx after Eve seducd y Mnntrona n xoncrpyxnnx the royal feast for Persia won y paena, es comnennx, npecrannxmr coo pesyntrar cosnarentnoro nopaxannx narnncxomy cnnraxcncy; onaxo rax nentsx oxcnnrt ananornunte xoncrpyxnnn y menee yuentx anropon: before one dewty done (Ieny); They had heard of a world ransom d, or one destroyed (Bexcnnp; moxer trt, amnxr); after light and mercy received (Bunyan); He wished her joy on a rival gone (Anthony Hope) +ro nemnorne ns copanntx mnom npnmepon. Ananornunte nexcyct moxno onapyxnrt n n nntx couerannxx, re onn ne xnnxmrcx ononnennem nn x rnarony, nn x npenory; nanpnmep, n narnncxom xstxe: Dubitabat nemo quin violati hospites, legati necati, pacati atque socii nefario bello lacessiti, fana vexata hanc tantam efficerent vastitatem (Hnnepon; Fpyrman nepenonr: da die Mishandlung der Gastfreunde, die Ermorderung der Gesandten, die ruchlosen Angriffe auf friedliche und verbtndete Vnlker, die Schndung der Heiligttmer...). Cxont npnmep naxonm y Bexcnnpa: Prouided that my banishment repeald, and lands restord againe be freely graunted (Pnuap II, III. 3. 40 = the repealing of my be and restoration of my l.). Ho n cnyuaxx npoe cneymmnx nnxe moryr nosnnxnyrt comnennx no nonoy roro, c uem mt nmeem eno c npnuacrnem nn nnn c orrnarontntm cymecrnnrentntm: The Squires portrait being
1 Fpyrman conepmenno npan, xora ntcxastnaercx npornn raxoro oxcnennx; npoucxoroeuue +ro xoncrpyxnnn enncrnennt nonpoc, xoropt nnrepecyer ero n ero mxony. Ho ncropnuecxoe (nnamnuecxoe) paccmorpenne nnnrnncrnuecxnx xnnenn ne enncrnennt cnoco; naxno ycranonnrt ne rontxo ns uero nosnnxno annoe xnnenne, no n no uro ono npenparnnoct. Touno rax xe n +rnmonornx cnona rontxo uacrt, n ne ncera rnannax uacrt roro, uro mt nmem n cnonape. Hnrepecymmax nac xoncrpyxnnx osnauaer ro xe camoe, uro n npn- arounoe npenoxenne, n +ro onpantnaer paccmorpenne ee n anno rnane.
found united with ours, was a honour too great to escape envy (Iontcmnr); And is a wench having a bastard all your news? (unntnnr). upannyscxne npnmept copann Can]ent Encen (Sandfeld J e n s e n, Bisntningerne i moderne fransk, 1909, crp. 120) n Hepx ( E. L e r c h, Prdikative Partizipia ftr Verbalsubstantiva im Franzns., 1912): Le verrou pouss lavait surprise ,uaxr, uro nept tna saxptra na sannxxy; Ctait son rxve accompli 3ro tno ncnonnenne ee cna. Anexc ne oxsarentno onxen trt npnuacrnem, o uem cnnerentcrnymr nexoropte ornocnrentnte npenoxennx, npnneennte y Can]enta Encena: Deux jurys qui condamnent un homme, sa vous impressionne, n xoropom sa (enncrnennoe uncno) xcno noxastnaer xapaxrep couerannx. Cp. raxxe Br u n o t, La pense et la langue, Paris, 1922, crp. 208. cxnonen nxnmunrt cma raxxe nexoropte couerannx c xo- nnuecrnenntmn onpeennrenxmn, xoropte nentsx nonxrt n otunom cmtcne, nanpnmep nocnonnny Too many cooks spoil the broth Cnnmxom mnoro nonapon noprxr noxnexy, r. e. Hoxnexy noprnr ro ocroxrentcrno, uro nonapon cnnmxom mnoro. Touno rax xe: ]pann. Trop de cuisiniers gntent la sauce; nem. Viele Knche verderben den Brei; ar. Mange kokke fordxrver maden; anrn. Many hands make quick work; ar. Mange hunde er harens dmd; anrn. No news is good news; You must put up with no hot dinner. Bce +rn xoncrpyxnnn xnno ornnuamrcx or raxnx couerann c amnxramn, xax Too many people are poor Cnnmxom mnoro nme ent nnn No news arrived on that day B +ror ent ne tno nonyueno nnxaxnx nonocre. HEKCYC-CYBTKHKT Tenept mt oparnmcx x nexcycam-cymnxram. Hn ono ns otuntx nasnann (duo ablativi, ablativi consequentiae, ablativi absoluti, aconmrnte npnuacrnx) ne pacxptnaer cymnocrn xnnennx: aconmrnt onxno osnauart ,croxmn nne cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse, no pasne +rn cnona croxr ecrnnrentno nne cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse n ontme crenenn, uem pyrne cymnxrt? Hpnuacrne noome ne onxno ynomnnartcx n nasnannn, rax xax npnuacrnx mo- xer n ne trt, nanpnmep dinner over nocne oxonuannx oea, Scipione auctore n r.n. Fpyrman (Br u g ma n n, Kurze vergleichende Grammatik, Straburg, 1904, 815) enaer nontrxy oxcnnrt ynorpenenne pasnnuntx naexe (ponrentnoro n rpeuecxom n cancxpnre, ornoxnrentnoro n narnncxom, arentnoro n rorcxom, pennenepxnenemenxom, penneanrnncxom, pennencnancxom n p. xstxax); no ero mnennm, npnuacrne nepnonauantno tno otuntm amnxrom, xoropt nnocnecrnnn n pesyntrare cnnra cnnraxcnuecxoro unenennx cran omymartcx nmecre c pyrnm cnonom xax cnoero poa (npemennye n r. n.) npnarounoe npenoxenne. Ho moemy mnennm, nx +ro xoncrpyxnnn xapaxrepnt na momenra: 1) sect ecrt na xomnonenra, naxoxmnxcx n cnoeopasntx ornomennxx pyr c pyrom, r. e. n raxnx xe ornomennxx, n xaxnx naxoxrcx nonexamee n rnaron n npenoxennn the dog barks coaxa naer; 2) nce coueranne nrpaer n npenoxennn pont cymnxra. Menx ne nnrepecyer sect nonpoc, xax cneyer oxcnxrt narnncxn anarnn: tn nn on nepnonauantno noxantntm, remnopantntm nnn nncrpymenrantntm. B rom nne, n xaxom mt ero sacraem, remnopantnoe Tarquinio rege ornnuaercx or Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
hoc tempore nnmt rem, uro rege cronr n pyrom ornomennn x cnoemy nepnnunomy cnony Tarquinio, uem hoc (amnxr) x nepnnunomy cnony tempore. To xe pasnnune onapyxnnaercx n mexy me invito n hoc modo; oe xoncrpyxnnn oosnauamr opas ecrnnx 1 . B pomancxnx xstxax nexcyc-cymnxr eme nacrontxo pacnpocrpanen, uro moxno orpannunrtcx necxontxnmn npnmepamn: nr. Morto mio padre, dovei andare a Roma; Sonate le cinque, non pim permesso a nessuno dentrare; ]pann. Ces dispositions faites, il set retir; Dieu aidant nous y parviendrons 2 . Hcn. Conclundos los estudos... pues no hube classe... Examinadas imparcialmente las cualidades de aquel nico, era imposible desconocer su mrito (Iantoc, ontx Hep]exra, 83). B anrnncxom xstxe +ra xoncrpyxnnx raxxe ncrpeuaercx onontno uacro, no, ecnn ornneutcx or nexoroptx ocotx cnyuaen, ona cnocrnenna cxopee nnreparypnomy crnnm, uem naponomy xstxy; cp., nanpnmep, We shall go, weather permitting Mt noem, ec.u noseo.um noeooa; cp. raxxe Everything considered, we may feel quite easy; This done, he shut the window; She sat, her hands crossed on her lap, her eyes absently bent upon them 3 ; He stood, pipe in mouth 3 ; Dinner over, we left the hotel. Taxnm opasom, npenxarnnno uacrtm nepexo tnamr ne rontxo npnuacrnx nnn npnnararentnte, no n pyrne cnona n rpynnt cnon. B onpeenenntx cnyuaxx nanmaercx renennnx nnonrt nexcyc- cymnxr xaxnm-nnyt cnonom, nanpnmep cnonom once pas: Once the murderer found, the rest was easy enough Pas ynna tn naen, ocrantnoe oxasanoct ocrarouno nerxnm; cp. raxxe ]pann. Une fois laction termine, nous rentrnmes chez nous (sitqt acheve cette tnche). B nemenxom xstxe nexcyc-cymnxr pacnpocrpanen onontno mnpoxo, xorx +ro cpannnrentno neannee xnnenne. Hpnnoxy necxontxo npnmepon Haynx (Deutsche Grammatik, Halle, 3. 278): Louise kommt zurtck, einen Mantel umgeworfen; Alle Honde voll, wollen Sie noch immer mehr greifen; Einen kritischen Freund an der Seite kommt man schneller vom Fleck. Haynt ne oxcnxer, xax cneyer nonnmart +ry pasnonnnocrt cnoonoro nnnnrentnoro naexa; no ero sameuanne (nocne npnmepon c naccnnntm npnuacrnem) o rom, uro no ncex +rnx cnyuaxx nmecro naccnnnoro arpnyrnnnoro npnuacrnx moxno tno t ynorpenrt axrnnnoe, panno xax n ynomnnanne (na crp. 284) o nnnnrentnom naexe xax o nnnnrentnom ononnennx, nncxontxo ne nomoraer npn
1 B narnncxom nexcyce-cymnxre nonexamnm (nepnnuntm xomnonenrom) moxer trt xoncrpyxnnx nnnnrentnoro c nn]nnnrnnom nnn npenoxenne; n +rom cnyuae ornoxnrentnt naex nenosmoxen: cp. cneymmne npnmept, xoropte x sanmcrnym y Mannra (nepnnunt xomnonenr ntenxercx xypcnnom): Alexander, audito Dareum movisse ab Ecbatanis, fugientem insequi pergit; Consul... edicio ut quicunque ad vallum tenderet pro hoste haberetur, fugientibus obstitit; Additur dolus, missis qui magnam vim lignorum ardentem in flumen conjicerent. Kax n no ncex ynomxnyrtx ntme cnyuaxx, x ne mory cornacnrtcx c anannsom, cornacno xoropomy nonexamnm x missis n nocnenem npenoxennn xnnxercx nexoe mecronmenne n ornoxnrentnom naexe, nopasymenaemoe nepe qui. B nepnom npenoxennn nonexamnm nexcyca-cymnxra xnnxercx n cnom ouepet nexcyc, n xoropom ]ynxnnm nonexamero ntnonnxer Dareum. B +rom n no nropom npenoxennn Mannr es naonocrn paccmarpnnaer npnuacrne xax esnnunoe nt- paxenne, npnnnmammee ononnenne. 2 B nocnonnne Morte la bxte, mort le venin mt nnnm cnauana nexcyc-cymnxr, a sarem nesanncnmt nexcyc roro rnna, xoropt tn onncan na crp. 138. 3 B +rn couerannx moxno tno t oannrt npenor with; raxnm opasom, cranonnrcx ouennntm cxocrno mexy +rnmn xoncrpyxnnxmn n remn, xoropte cnncant ntme, na crp. 141.
paccmorpennn xoncrpyxnn es npnuacrnx. Kepm (C u r me, A Grammar of the German Language, New York, 1922, 266. 553) raxxe ronopnr o axrnnntx npnuacrnxx n cunraer, uro n noontx xoncrpyxnnxx nopasymenaercx habend: Dies vorausgeschickt [habend], fahre ich in meiner Erzhlung fort; Solche Hindernisse alle ungeachtet [habend], richtet Gott diesen Zug aus. ouent comnenamct, nacxontxo moxno oxcnnrt nopasymenannem nponcxoxenne +ro xoncr- pyxnnn. Bo ncxxom cnyuae, +ro ne oxcnxer, xaxnm opasom (ronopx cnonamn Kepma) annax xoncrpyxnnx crana npoyxrnnno, rax uro cxasyemtm npenoxennx [no moe repmnnonornn nexcyca] moxer trt ne rontxo nep]exrnoe npnuacrne nepexonoro rnarona, no n nep]exrnoe npnuacrne nenepexonoro rnarona, npnnararentnoe, napeune n npenoxnoe coueranne. Kax nexcyc-cymnxr moxno paccmarpnnart n ]opmt ponrentnoro naexa n cneymmnx nemenxnx xoncrpyxnnxx: Unverrichteter Dinge kam er zurtck; Wankenden Schrittes... erscheint der alte Mann (Ra a b e, npnneeno y Kepma). ,Aconmrnt arentnt n pennerepmancxnx xstxax uacro oxcnxmr nnnxnnem narnncxo xoncrpyxnnn. B arcxom xstxe ero pont nectma orpannuenna, ecnn ne cunrart necxontxnx sacrtnmnx ntpaxenn rnna Alt vel overvejet, rejser jeg imorgen; alt iberegnet; Dine ord i nre, tror jeg dog..., xax n nem. dein Wort in Ehren, yxn. rnon cnona n uecrn, r. e. c onxntm ynaxennem x rnonm cnonam. Heoxonmo npexe ncero ormernrt, uro cyexrnax uacrt nexcyca- cymnxra o]opmnxnact nese xaxnm-nnyt xocnenntm naexom, xorx, xax mt yxe nnenn, naexn tnn pasnte n pasntx xstxax. Ho nesanncnmo pyr or pyra pasnnunte xstxn crann ynorpenxrt nmennrentnt naex xax naex, onee coornercrnymmn ]ynxnnn nonexamero. 3ro crano npannnom n conpemennom rpeuecxom xstxe (T h u mb, Handbuch, ns. 2-e, 161); nocxonr ono eme, xax mne coomnn Can]ent, x anoxpn]nuecxomy enanrennm or uomt, 10.1: Met oligas hsmeras skhizqn tis xula... epesen hs axins uepes necxontxo ne, xora onn uenonex xonon pona.., ynan ronop. Tomy xe pyry x oxsan npnmepom ns panne cpenenexono nartnn: Peregrinatio Silviae, 16.7: Benedicens nos episcopus profecti sumus Kora enncxon nac narocnonnn, mt ornpannnnct n nyrt. B pomancxnx xstxax cymecrnnrentnoe ne nmeer naexntx ]opm, no y mecronmenn mt naxonm nmennrentnt naex: cp. nr. Essendo egli Cristiano, io Saracina (Apnocro); ncn. Rosario no se opondr, queriendolo yo (Iantoc, ontx Hep]exra, 121). B anrnncxom nnreparypnom xstxe nocropxecrnonan nmennrentnt naex: For, he being dead, with him is beautie slaine (Bexcnnp, Benepa n Aonnc, 1019). Hnora nmennrentnt naex ncrpeuaercx n n ne- menxom: cm.y Haynx (Deutsche Grammatik, 3. 281 n 283), xoropt aer cneymmn npnmep ns Ipnntnapnepa: Der Wurf geworfen, fliegt der Stein, a raxxe y Kepma (A Grammar of the German Language, 554), xoropt npnnonr npnmept ns Bnnnepa, Ay+paxa, Iaynrmana n p. B ntpaxennxx this notwithstanding (notwithstanding this) necmorpx na +ro n notwithstanding all our efforts necmorpx na nce namn ycnnnx mt n cymnocrn naxonm nexcyc-cymnxr c nepnnuntmn xomnonenramn this n all our efforts n c orpnnarentntm npnuacrnem anexcom, no n nacroxmee npemx +rn ntpaxennx ]axrnuecxn moryr paccmarpnnartcx xax coueranne npenora c ero ononnennem; rouno rax xe ocronr eno n c nem. ungeachtet unserer Bemthungen, ar. uagtet Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
vore anstrengelser, a raxxe c ]pann. pendant ce temps, anrn. during that time (n reuenne +roro npemenn, nepnonauantno noxa npoonxaercx +ro npemx). Hemenxn xstx sect ner eme antme no nyrn nepeocmtcnennx: npexnn nexcyc-cymnxr, o]opmnennt ponrentntm naexom, whrendes Krieges, mn. u. whrender Kriege npenparnncx n whrend des Krieges, whrend der Kriege, re whrend crano npenorom, ynpannxmmnm ponrentntm naexom. B ncnancxom xstxe onapyxnnaercx cnnr, xoropt cneyer oxcnxrt, ncxox ns ecrecrnennoro nsanmoornomennx mexy cyexrom n oexrom; ]axrt n npnmept nsxrt y Xancena (Ha n s s e n, Spanische Grammatik, Halle, 1910, 39. 3), no ronxonanne moe: 1) Ipynna nonexamero + npnuacrne: estas cosas puestas, xax no ]pannyscxom n n pyrnx xstxax. 2) To xe n npn oparnom nopxxe cnon: visto que no quieres hacerlo; ondos los reos xora nocynmte tnn ntcnymant (ro xe n n npnmepax, npnneenntx ntme; cm. crp. 144). Hepnnunt xomnonenr cronr sect nocne npnuacrnx, noono romy xax ononnenne cronr nocne npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona n npenoxennn. B pesyntrare +ror xomnonenr naunnaer nonnmartcx xax ononnenne, a nocxontxy ononnennx, oosnauammne xnnte cymecrna, n ncnancxom xstxe o]opmnxmrcx npenorom , +ror npenor npncoennxercx x cymecrnnrentnomy n n +rnx couerannxx; n nrore mt naxonm: 3) ondo los reos. Hpnmeuarentno, uro npnuacrne yxe ne cronr n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna: raxnm opasom, +ra xoncrpyxnnx oxastnaercx napannentno xoncrpyxnnn axrnnntx npenoxenn. rnna He ondo los reos ntcnyman nocynmtx n moxer n xaxo-ro crenenn paccmarpnnartcx xax nperepnr axrnnnoro npnuacrnx oyendo los reos; pyrnmn cnonamn, npnuacrne ynorpenxercx n axrnnnom snauennn, a nonexamee orcyrcrnyer. Tax xstxonoe uyrte ronopxmnx na ncnancxom xstxe n xoneunom cuere npnneno x ]opme, onapyxnnamme raxym xe crpyxrypy, xax n ]opma, xoropax, no Kepmy (a, nosmoxno, n no Haynm: cm. ntme, crp. 145), nerna n ocnony coornercrnymme nemenxo xoncrpyxnnn. Ouent uacro nexcyc ntpaxaercx ]opmo ponrentnoro naexa n ,acrpaxrntm cymecrnnrentntm; cp., nanpnmep, I doubt the Doctors cleverness , comnenamct n yme oxropa, xoropoe no coepxannm npnmepno panno I doubt that the Doctor is clever comnenamct, uro oxrop ymen. Hapannennsm mexy +ro xoncrpyxnne n xoncrpyxnne c orrnarontntm cymecrnnrentntm, nanpnmep the Doctors arrival, nnonne ouennen. Onaxo necmorpx na +ro, rpan- nnonnax rpammarnuecxax repmnnonornx orpannunnaer ynorpenenne repmnna ,cyexrnt ponrentnt naex nocnennm couerannem, xorx ero n raxo xe mepe moxno npnmennrt n x cnyuaxm rnna the Doctors cleverness 1 . Fonee nopono no nonoy oonx rnnon cymecrnnrentntx cm. n cneymme rnane.
1 B couerannn the Doctors cleverness nepnt xomnonenr nastnamr npnrxxarentntm ponrentntm, nocxontxy moxno cxasart, uro oxrop onaaer nsnecrntm xauecrnom ymom; no +ro ne onee, xax pnropnuecxax ]nrypa.
HEKCYC OTKAOHEHHR Bo ncex pasnoopasntx nnax nexcyca, paccmorpenntx o cnx nop, cnxst mexy nymx unenamn nexcyca npnnnmaercx n npxmom nnn nonoxnrentnom cmtcne. Ho renept mt noxonm x xnnennm, xoropoe moxno oosnaunrt repmnnom nexcyc orxnonennx; n +rom cnyuae cnxst mexy xomnonenramn ornepraercx xax nenosmoxnax; raxnm opasom, snauenne nexcyca xnnxercx orpnnarentntm. B peun +ro naxonr cnoe ntpaxenne n nnronannn, xoropax connaaer c nnronanne nonpoca, uacro n ycnnennom nne, a nepexo xnnxercx ocoo nx xaxoro xomnonenra: mt ynnnm n ono ns nocneymmnx rnan, uro nonpoc n orpnnanne tnamr recno nsanmocnxsant. Cymecrnyer na rnna nexcyca orxnonennx: no-nepntx, nexcyc c nn]nnnrnnom; cp. What? I loue! I sue! I seeke a wife! uro? nmnm! npomy! nmy xeny! (Bexcnnp); Did you dance with her? Me dance! Tt rannenan c ne? rannenan! (Texxepe); I say anything disrespectful of Dr. Kenn? Heaven forbid! ronopm uro-ro neynaxnrentnoe o oxrope Kenne? Foxe ynacn! (3nnor) 1 . B nocnenem npnmepe cnona Heaven forbid noxastnamr, xaxnm opasom ornepraercx mtcnt, ntpaxennax n nexcyce. Cneymmn npnmep ns Fpaynnnra cnnerentcrnyer o rom, uro, ecnn pasnnrt +ry xoncrpyxnnm n nonnoe npenoxenne otunoro opasna, ona yer coornercrnonart rnny, paccmorpennomy ntme, na crp. 138. She to be his, were hardly less absurd Than that he took her name into his mouth. Onaxo otuno npenoxennx ne saxanunnamrcx noontm opasom, nocxontxy +monnx naxonr ocrarount ntxo n nonexamem n nn]nnnrnne c coornercrnymme nnronanne, na xoropym x yxastnan ntme. pyrne xstxn nontsymrcx rem xe npnemom: nem. Er! so was sagen!; ar. Han gifte sig!; ]pann. Toi faire sa!; nr. Io far questo!; nar. Mene incepto desistere victam? n narnncxom xstxe mt ncrpeuaem raxo nnnnrentnt naex c nn]nnnrnnom, xaxo rpeonancx t, ecnn t tno oanneno cxasyemoe 2 . Bo-nroptx, moxno nocrannrt pxom nonexamee n npenxarnn npn ro xe nonpocnrentno nnronannn n c rem xe snauennem; mtcnt o nx COuerannn ornepraercx xax nepeantnax nnn nenosmoxnax: Why, his grandfather was a tradesman! he a gentleman! a net ero e tn ropronnem! Ou oreum.i+eu! (e]o); cp. raxxe The denunciation rang in his head day and night. He arrogant, uncharitable, cruel! (Hoxx). Koneuno, urot cenart snauenne npenoxennx npeentno xcntm, x +romy moxno npnannrt orpnnanne n xauecrne cnoero poa ornera: He arrogant? No, never! On ntcoxomepen? Hem, coece+, uem! nnn Not he! Ou uem! To xe camoe nanmaercx n n pyrnx xstxax: ar. Hun, utaknemlig!; nem. Er! in Paris!; ]pann. Lui avare? n r. n. B nemenxom xstxe raxxe c und: Er sagte, Er wolle Landvogt werden. Der und Landvogt! Aus dem ist nie was geworden (upenccen).
1 pyrne npnmept cm. n moe xnnre Negation in English and in other Languages, crp. 23 n cn. 2 B anrnncxom xstxe ecrt pocrnennax xoncrpyxnnx, xoropym nnonr otuno and. B ne cnxst mexy nymx nonxrnxmn orpnnaercx ne rax +m]arnuno, a ntpaxaercx ynnnenne: What? A beggar! a slave! and he to deprave and abuse the virtue of tobacco! (Fen xoncon). Ona ns am ntpasnna cnoe ynnnenne cneymmnm opasom: A philosopher, and give a picnic! (Cnencep). Cp. Chapters on English, London, 1918, crp. 70 n cn. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Hpenoxennx c nexcycom orxnonennx moxno oannxrt x saxonuenntm (nesanncnmtm) npenoxennxm es rnarona n npenxarnnno ]opme, o xoroptx mna peut ntme. C pyro cropont, onn moryr cnyxnrt npnmepom aposiopesis: no nnnxnnem cnntno +monnn ronopxmn ocrannxer npenoxenne nesaxonuenntm, nepexo emy npocro rpyno nocrponrt otunoe npenoxenne. 3AKAKHEHHE Mt saxonunm annym rnany osopom ocnonntx cnyuaen nexcyca n ]opme rannnt, nxnmuamme rnnnunte npnmept es xnaccn]nnnpymmnx oosnauenn. B nepno xononxe x nomecrnn npnmept c nannunem rnarona (n npenxarnnno nnn nenpenxarnnno ]opme) nnn orrnarontnoro cymecrnnrentnoro, a no nropo npnmept, n xoroptx orcyrcrnyer n ro n pyroe. 1. the dog barks Happy the man, whose ... 2. when the dog barks however great the loss 3. Arthur, whom they say is killd 4. I hear the dog bark He makes her happy 5. count on him to come with the window open 6. for you to call violati hospites 7. He is believed to be guilty She was made happy 8. the winner to spend everything considered 9. the doctors arrival the doctors cleverness 10. I dance! He a gentleman! B npnmepax 1 n 10 nexcyc opasyer saxonuennoe npenoxenne; no ncex ocrantntx cnyuaxx on xnnxercx nnmt ero uacrtm: nno nonexamnm, nno ononnennem, nno cymnxrom.
Hpnnoaenne x rnane IX CBR3KA. HPEHKATHB 3ect yer, noxany, ymecrntm cenart necxontxo sameuann o rom, uro uacro nastnamr cnxsxo, r. e. o rnarone is xax noxasarene sanepmennocrn coennennx (nexcyca) nyx nonxrn, naxoxmnxcx pyr c pyrom n raxnx ornomennxx, n xaxnx naxoxrcx nonexamee n cxasyemoe. Hornxn no ncex npenoxennxx nmxr pasnnuart rpn +nemenra: cyexr, cnxsxy n npenxar; the man walks uenonex ner rpaxryercx xax cocroxmee ns cyexra the man, cnxsxn is n npenxara walking. Hnnrnncr onxen npnsnart raxo ananns neyonnernopnrentntm n ne rontxo c rouxn spennx anrnncxo rpammarnxn, n xoropo is walking ornnuaercx no snauennm or walks, no n noome. Ananns npecrannxer nexoropte rpynocrn, xora peut ner ne o nacroxmem npemenn: the man walked nentsx pasnoxnrt na raxoe nocrpoenne, xoropoe nxnmuano t ]opmy is; ono moxer coornercrnonart rontxo nocrpoennm tha man was walking; no net nornxn ncera npetnamr n c]epe nacroxmero npemenn, ntpaxammero neunte ncrnnt! Cnxsxa nacrontxo ornnuna or rnnnunoro rnarona, uro mnorne xstxn noome ee ne nmemr; pyrne n pxe cnyuaen, xax yxe tno noxasano ntme, cnoono oxoxrcx es nee. Inaron be npnmen x cnoemy ntnemnemy cocroxnnm n pesyntrare nnrentnoro nponecca ocnanennx ero onee xonxpernoro snauennx (pacrn); nepnonauantno on couerancx c npenxarnnom rouno rax xe, xax coueramrcx n renept mnorne pyrne rnaront c onee nonntm snauennem: cp. He grows old On cranonnrcx crap; cp. raxxe He goes mad; The dream will come true; My blood runs cold; He fell silent; He looks healthy;
It looms large; It seems important; She blushed red; It tastes delicious; This sounds correct n r. n. Moxno anee, samernrt, uro npenxarnn ynorpenxercx ne rontxo nocne rnaronon, no raxxe nocne nexoroptx uacrnn, n anrnncxom ocoenno nocne for, to, into, as: I take it for granted cunram +ro oxasanntm; cp. raxxe You will be hanged for a pirate (e]o); He set himself down for an ass; He took her to wife (ycrapenoe); She grew into a tall, handsome girl; I look upon him as a fool n p. Ocot nnrepec +ro npecrannxer n xoncrpyxnnxx, ynomxnyrtx ntme (crp. 141): with his brother as protector co cnonm parom n xauecrne samnrnnxa; cp. raxxe The Committee, with the Bishop and the Mayor for its presidents, had already held several meetings. To xe n n pyrnx xstxax: ror. ei tawidedeina ina du miudana urot onn cenann ero xoponem; nem. Das Wasser wurde zu Wein; ar. Blive til nar, Holde een for nar. Oparnre nnnmanne na ]opmy nmennrentnoro naexa n nemenxom xstxe: Was ftr ein Mensch, a raxxe n arcxom: wat voor een n n pyccxom nocne :mo sa (cp. y Bexcnnpa: What is he for a foole?). Hnrepecno, uro nmenno raxnm nyrem npenor for moxer ynpannxrt npnnararentntm (npnuacrnem); nnaue +ro oxastnaercx nenosmoxntm; cp. anrn. I gave myself over for lost; nar. sublatus pro occiso; quum pro damnato mortuoque esset; pro certo habere alquid; nr. Giovanni non si diede por vinto; ]pann. Ainsi vous n xtes pas assassin, car pour vol nous savons que vous l xtes. Hapannent mexy +rnmn xoncrpyxnnxmn n xoncrpyxnnxmn c npenxarnnom nocne rnarona npoxnnxercx raxxe n anrnncxnx npannnax ynorpenennx neonpeenennoro aprnxnx: +rn npannna onnaxont n oonx cnyuaxx: in his capacity as a Bishop; in his capacity as Bishop of Durham.
I . a e a X HEKCYCHLE CYmECTBHTEALHLE. 3AKAKHHTEALHLE 3AMEHAHHR O HEKCYCE ,Acrpaxrnte cymecrnnrentnte. Hn]nnnrnn n repynn. 3axnmunrentnte sameuannx o nexcyce. ,ABCTPAKTHLE CYmECTBHTEALHLE Te, xro onpeenxmr cymecrnnrentnte xax nasnannx nemecrn n npemeron, ncrpeuamrcx c rpynocrxmn npn paccmorpennn raxnx cnon, xax rpacoma, +vopocmi, oe.usua. Taxne cnona eccnopno xnnxmrcx cymecrnnrentntmn n no ncex xstxax rpaxrymrcx xax cymecrnnrentnte, no onaxo xe ne npecrannxmr coo nasnann nemecrn nnn npemeron. B cnny +roro coopaxennx npnnxro pas- nnuart na xnacca cymecrnnrentntx xonxpernte n acrpaxrnte. Hepnte oosnauamrcx raxxe repmnnom nmena peantntx neme (anrn. reality nouns, nem. Dingnamen, substanzbezeichnende Substantiva); onn oxnartnamr nasnannx nnn n npemeron, x xoroptm npnuncnxmrcx n raxne onee nnn menee ,neocxsaemte xnnennx, xax snyx, +xo, crnx, monnnx, mecxn n p. Acrpaxrnte cymecrnnrentnte, n ornnune or nnx, ntenxmrcx xax nasnannx nonxrn (anrn. thought-names, nem. Begriffsnamen, Verdinglichungen). Pasnnune mexy +rnmn nymx xnaccamn onontno xcno: npx nn xora-nnyt mt yem ncntrtnart sarpynenne npn ornecennn roro nnn nnoro cymecrnnrentnoro x nepnomy nnn nropomy xnaccy; n nce xe narn yonnernopnrentnoe onpeenenne nx ,acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx ne nerxo. Cnauana nocmorpnm, xax +ror nonpoc pemaercx ntammnmcx nornxom. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Kenc (J. N. Ke y n e s, Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic, London, 1906, crp. 16) nnocnr cneymmee yrounenne n onpeenenne xonxpernoro cymecrnnrentnoro xax nasnannx npemera, a acrpaxrnoro xax nasnannx arpnyra: Konxpernoe cymecrnnrentnoe +ro nasnanne roro, uro paccmarpnnaercx xax nmemmee arpnyrt, r. e. xax cyexr arpnyron, a acrpaxrnoe cymecrnnrentnoe +ro nasnanne uero-ro, uro xnnxercx arpnyrom x uemy-ro pyromy, r. e. arpnyra cyexron. Onaxo na crp. 18 on sameuaer, uro arpnyrt camn moryr trt cyexramn arpnyron, nanpnmep n npenoxennn Unpunctuality is irritating Henynxryantnocrt ocana, n uro Unpunctuality, xorx n xnnxercx no cymecrny acrpaxrntm cymecrnnrentntm, no moxer ynorpenxrtcx rax, uro yer noxonrt no onpeenenne xonxperntx cymecrnnrentntx. Ho xora nasnannx, xoropte opasonannct xax acrpaxrnte n npoonxamr rax ynorpenxrtcx, moryr raxxe ynorpenxrtcx n xax xonxpernte cymecrnnrentnte, r. e. xnnxmrcx nasnannxmn arpnyron, xoropte camn moryr paccmarpnnartcx xax nmemmne arpnyrt, Kenc ntnyxen npnsnart, uro +ror ntno napaoxcanen. Hs cosanmerocx sarpynnrentnoro nonoxennx on nnnr na ntxoa, no ornepraer nepnt xax nornuecxn necocroxrentnt. Hepnt nyrt cocronr n onpeenennn acrpaxrnoro cymecrnnrentnoro xax nasnannx roro, uro moxer paccmarpnnartcx n xauecrne arpnyra uero-nno pyroro, n n onpeenennn xonxpernoro cymecrnnrentnoro xax nasnannx roro, uro ne moxer paccmarpnnartcx n xauecrne arpnyra uero-nno pyroro. Ho+romy Kenc npenounraer nropo nyrt: ncxox ns nornuecxnx coopaxenn, on orxastnaercx or pasnnuennx xonxperntx n acrpaxrntx nasnann n samenxer ero pasnnunem mexy xonxperntm n acrpaxrntm ynorpenennem nasnann, oannxx, uro xax nornxn mt mano nmeem ornomennx x acrpaxrnomy ynorpenennm nasnann, nocxontxy, xora nasnanne ynorpenxercx n xauecrne nonexamero nnn cxasyemoro n necnonecnom npenoxennn 1 , ero ynorpenenne ncera xonxperno. 3ro ]axrnuecxn pannocnntno orxasy or ncxxoro pasnnuennx noome, a mexy rem nnxro ne craner orpnnart, uro raxne cnona, xax meepoocmi, naxoxrcx n conepmenno nno nnocxocrn, uem raxne cnona, xax ra+eui. Mne xaxercx, uro ntnot Kenca oycnonnent neyauntm repmnnom acrpaxrnt n ocoenno ero anronnmom xonxpernt: +rn cnona n otunom xstxe uacro ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx pasnnun, ne nmemmnx nnxaxoro ornomennx x romy, uro nnrepecyer nac sect, n +ro ocoenno xcno npoxnnxercx n crarte anepmna (V. Da h l e r u p, Abstrakter og konkreter, Dania, 10. 65 n cn.), n xoropo on yrnepxaer, uro pasnnune mexy acrpaxrntm n xonxperntm xnnxercx ornocnrentntm, n npnmenxer ero ne rontxo x cymecrnnrentntm, no n xo ncem pyrnm paspxam cnon. Hard rnept xonxperno n couerannn a hard stone ,rnept xament, no acrpaxrno n couerannn hard work rxxenax paora; towards x, no ornomennm x xonxperno n npenoxennn He moved towards the town On nnrancx x ropoy, no acrpaxrno n couerannn his behaviour towards her ero noneenne no ornomennm x ne; turn nonopaunnartcx, cranonnrtcx xonxperno n npenoxennn He turned round On oepnyncx, no acrpaxrno n npenoxennn He turned pale On nonenen. Hpn raxom ynorpenennn, cnono ,xonxpernt oosnauaer rnanntm opasom ro, uro no nnemnem mnpe xapaxrepnsyercx ocxsaemocrtm, npocrpancrnennocrtm n ocrynnocrtm opranam
1 Cnonecnoe npenoxenne (verbal proposition) onpeenxercx na crp. 49 xax raxoe, xoropoe aer cneennx nnmt o snauennn nnn npnmenennn repmnna, cocrannxmmero ero nonexamee.
uyncrn, a cnono acrpaxrnt ro, uro cymecrnyer n cosnannn, es comnennx, cornacyercx c nonnmannem +rnx repmnnon n otunom xstxe, no ne nomoraer nonxrt cnoeopasnx cnon rnna oe.usua no cpannennm c pyrnmn cymecrnnrentntmn. Xasnnrr (W. Ha z l i t t, New and Improved Grammar, 1810, Hpencnonne, viii) ronopnr: Cymecrnnrentnoe +ro ne nasnanne npemera n ne nasnanne nemecrna, a nasnanne nemecrna, npemera nnn nonxrnx, paccmarpnnaemoro camo no cee, xax camocroxrentnax nemt. Hnaue ronopx, cymecrnnrentnoe ne xnnxercx nasnannem npemera, xoropt ecrnnrentno cymecrnyer cam no cee (cornacno npexnemy onpeenennm); cymecrnnrentnoe +ro nasnanne npemera, xoropt paccmarpnnaercx xax cymecrnymmn cam no cee. Hanpnmep, ecnn mt ronopnm o oe.o+ xax o cocroxnnn nnn xauecrne cnera, +ro yer npnnararentnoe; no ecnn mt ornnexaem nonxrne ent or nemecrna, xoropomy ono npnnanexnr, n pac- cmarpnnaem +ror nner xax on ecrt cam no cee nnn xax npemer name peun, ono cranonnrcx cymecrnnrentntm: nanpnmep, n anrnncxom npenoxennn White or whiteness is hurtful to the sight Fenoe nnn ennsna npent nx spennx. Ho cymecrny ra xe mtcnt ncrpeuaercx n y mnornx pyrnx conpemenntx anropon, onpeenxmmnx cymecrnnrentnte rnna oe.usua (c neontmnmn napnannxmn) xax ]nxrnnno cycranrnnnte cnona, nasnannx nnmt noopaxaemtx nemecrn, npecrannennx, xoropte mtcnxrcx xax camocroxrentnte npemert, npemerno ocmtcnxemte nonxrnx, npocrte nasnannx, xoropte mtcnxrcx n no+romy rpammarnuecxn rpaxrymrcx, xax ecnn t onn tnn camocroxrentntmn npemeramn (No r e e n, Vert Sprek, 256 n cn. 1 ). Hecmorpx na raxoe ennoymne, x nosnonm cee saxnnrt, uro, xora x ronopm o rpacome monoo enymxn nnn o +vopocmu crapnxa, x nonce ne ymam o +rnx xauecrnax xax o nemax nnn peantntx npemerax; nx menx +ro rontxo nno Cnoco ntpaxennx mtcnn: ona xpacnna, on myp n r. n. Kora Bynr ronopnr, uro cnono uenoneunocrt (Menschlichkeit) oosnauaer xauecrno n raxo xe crenenn, xax cnono uenoneuecxn, on conepmenno npan. Onaxo on sanyxaercx, yrnepxax, uro cycranrnnnax ]opma oneruaer ocmtcnenne +roro xauecrna xax npemera. Mncrenn (Misteli) ne ronopnr o +rom, opamax nnnmanne ncxnmunrentno na rpammarnuecxym cropony. Ho nnxro no-nacroxmemy ne oxcnxer, xax n nouemy nce xstxn ntpaorann raxoro poa cymecrnnrentnte nx aexrnnntx. nonxrn. Ananornunte nsrnxt ntcxastnan n Cynr eme saonro o Bynra n Mncrenn (1876, Collected Papers, 18; cp. A New English Grammar, 80, 99): Hpenpamenne white ent n whiteness ennsna xnnxercx uncro ]opmantntm npnemom, xoropt aer nosmoxnocrt ynorpenrt cnono-arpnyr xax nonexamee npenoxennx... Whiteness npannntno xapaxrepnsyercx xax ,acrpaxrnoe nmx, xax oosnauenne arpnyra esornocnrentno x npemeram, xoropte onaamr +rnm arpnyrom. White, onaxo, cunraercx xonnornpymmnm... eno, xoneuno, n rom, uro white rouno rax xe acrpaxrno, xax n whiteness, npnuem oa nmemr aconmrno onnaxonoe snauenne. Ho Cynry, raxnm opasom, Enncrnenntm yonnernopnrentntm onpeenennem uacrn peun onxno trt onpeenenne, ocnonannoe na uncro ]opmantntx xpnrepnxx: snow cner,
1 unnx (F i n c k, Kuhns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 41. 265) nnmer, uro mt nce eme [!] ronopnm o c+epmu, eoue, epe+euu, uo:u n r. n., xax ecnn t +ro tnn npemert npoe xamne n epenten. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nanpnmep, xnnxercx cymecrnnrentntm ne noromy, uro ono oosnauaer npemer, a noromy, uro ono moxer trt nonexamnm npenoxennx, moxer opasonart ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna c nomomtm s, nmeer onpeenennt npe]nxc [r. e. onpeenennt aprnxnt] n r. .; no rem xe npnunnam x cymecrnnrentntm cneyer ornecrn whiteness 1 . Cynr npan, xora ronopnr, uro white n whiteness onnaxono acrpaxrnt (n cmtcne ornneuennt or xonxperntx neme), no on nenpan, xora cunraer, uro oa cnona nmemr conepmenno onnaxonoe snauenne. Pasnnune, nosmoxno, ouent ronxoe, no ono nce xe cymecrnyer, nnaue sauem t norpeonanoct ncem napoam nmert orentnte cnona nx +rnx nyx nonxrn? 3amertre, uro n xaxom ns cnyuaen ynorpenxmrcx pasnte rnaront: being white = having whiteness; The minister is (becomes) wise Mnnncrp ecrt (cranonnrcx) myp; He possesses (acquires) wisdom On onaaer mypocrtm (npnoperaer mypocrt). B no Kyrmp ocrpoymno cosan nx cymecrnnrentntx oxonuanne -eso, xoropoe npecrannxer coo xopent rnarona es-ar trt c cycranrnnntm oxonuannem - o: blind-es-o trne cnentm, r. e. cnenora, superbeso ropocrt n p. 3ect moxno tno t nospasnrt, uro raxnm nyrem n cnono nporacxnnaercx nonxrne ,cymecrnonannx n uro +ro ananornuno romy, xax nnnrnncrt nmemr otxnonenne nporacxnnart (ne ntpaxennym n nenyxnym) cnxsxy ecmi e pyccxne npenoxennx rnna oo+ uoe. Ho Kyrmpa conepmenno npannntno nomernn xapnnantnym ncrnny, uro n raxne cymecrnnrentnte aexrnnnt +nemenr nxonr n xauecrne npenxarnna. 3ro nmenno n xapaxrepno nx noontx opasonann: onn xnnxmrcx c y me c r n n r e n t n t m n - n p e n x a r n n a m n 2 . Ouennno, paccmarpnnaemte sect cymecrnnrentnte, opasonannte or npnnararentntx, nectma cxont c orrnarontntmn cymecrnnrentntmn (nasnannxmn ecrnn, nomina actionis) rnna npuxoo, npuoimue, oeureuue, us+eueuue, cvuecmeoeauue, omoix, cou, .mooei n r. n. 3 Hpnmept noxastnamr, uro repmnn nasnanne ecrnnx ne rouen, ecnn ne cunrart ecrnnxmn cocroxnne, nanpnmep ortx nnn con. Cnom cocrnennym rouxy spennx x yxe nsnoxnn: nauan c roro, uro I saw the Doctors arrival nnen npntrne oxropa = I saw the Doctor arrive nnen oxropa npntnammnm n I saw that the Doctor arrived nnen, uro oxrop npntn, a I doubt the Doctors cleverness comnenamct n yme oxropa = I doubt that the Doctor is clever comnenamct n rom, uro oxrop ymen, x npnmen x ntnoy, uro neoxonmo ntennrt n ocot paspx cnona, xoropte mt yem nastnart nexcycntmn cymecrnnrentntmn, no-
1 To, uro Cynr ronopnr o acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx n onee nosne paore (A New English Grammar, 61), ne pasxcnxer nonpoca; x acrpaxrntm cymecrnnrentntm on ornocnr ne rontxo raxne cnona, xax redness xpacnora, reading urenne, no n raxne, xax lightning monnnx, shadow rent, day ent, n mnorne pyrne; north cenep n south mr acrpaxrnt c ono rouxn spennx x xonxpernt c pyro. 2 Fontmnncrno ns nnx opasonano or npnnararentntx (ooopoma or ooopi n r. n.) nnn nxonr c nnmn n ono cnonoopasonarentnoe rneso (rpacoma n rpacuei, ease nerxocrt n easy ,nerxn); n +ro nnonne ecrecrnenno, ecnn yuecrt, xax uacro npnnararentnte ynorpenxmrcx n xauecrne npenxarnnon; onaxo pyrne cnona annoro paspxa opasonant or cymecrnnrentntx (scholarship, professorship, professorate, chaplaincy). Hnora n xauecrne ocnonnoro rpammarn- uecxoro npnsnaxa acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx yxastnaercx nenosmoxnocrt opasonannx mnoxecrnennoro uncna, no +ro ne concem rax; cm. rnany, nocnxmennym xareropnn uncna. 3 Fnnsocrtm mexy +rnmn paspxamn moxno oxcnnrt ro ocroxrentcrno, uro arcxn xstx, n xoropom ner orrnarontnoro cymecrnnrentnoro, coornercrnymmero rnarony elske nmnrt, ynorpenxer nmecro nero kxrlighed or npnnararentnoro kxrlig nmxmn, nacxont.
pasennn nx na rnarontnte nexcycnte cnona (arrival) n npenxarnnnte nexcycnte cnona (cleverness). Ocraercx paccmorpert ynorpenenne cnon +roro paspxa, nnn, nepnee, ycranonnrt, c xaxo nentm onn ynorpenxmrcx n peun. Ho moemy mnennm, npenmymecrno cnon +roro paspxa n rom, uro onn amr nosmoxnocrt nserart rpomosxnx ntpaxenn, nocxontxy nnaue nx nepeaun ro xe mtcnn npnmnoct t npnernyrt x npnarountm npenoxennxm. Honpoyre, nanpnmep, oornct es ntenenntx cymecrnnrentntx n cneymmem orptnxe ns neanno nt- memero pomana: His display of anger was equivalent to an admission of belief in the others boasted power of divination. Taxax nosmoxnocrt npnoperaer eme ontmee snauenne naroapx cneymmemy ocroxrentcrny: xora rnaron nnn npenxarnn nosnonrcx n panr cymecrnnrentnoro, nponcxonr coornercrnymmee nsmenenne panra n y nounnenntx cnon: rpernunte xomnonenrt cranonxrcx nropnuntmn, uerneprnunte rpernuntmn. Hnaue ronopx, cymnxr cranonnrcx amnxrom, a cy-cymnxr cymnxrom; n pesyntrare oxastnaercx nosmoxntm crponrt npenoxennx c nerxocrtm, xoropax nnonne oxynaer conyrcrnymmee npenpamenne nepnnunoro xomnonenra (nonexamero nnn ononnennx) no nropnunt (amnxr cyexrnt nnn oexrnt ponrentnt naex). 3ro neoxonmo noxcnnrt necxontxnmn npnmepamn. Ecnn mt cpannnm npenoxennx: Upesei:auo oicmpoe npuoimue oormopa u ueooi:auo euu+ame.iui oc+omp naueumra npuee.u r ee o:eui oicmpo+v eisoopoe.euum n ormop npuoi. :pesei:auo oicmpo u oc+ompe. naueumrv ueooi:auo euu+ame.iuo; oua eisoopoee.a o:eui cropo, mt ynnnm (oosnauax panr cnona pnmcxnmn nn]pamn), uro rnaront npuoi., oc+ompe., eisoopoee.a(II) npenparnnnct n cymecrnnrentnte npuoimue, oc+omp, eisoopoe.euue (I), cymnxrt (napeunx) oicmpo, euu+ame.iuo, cropo (III) crann amnxramn (npnnararentntmn) oicmpi, euu+ame.iui, cropi (II); npnuem npenpamenne cy-cymnxron (IV) n cymnxrt (III) ne conponoxanoct nnxaxnmn ]opmantntmn nsmenennxmn: :pesei:auo, ueooi:auo, o:eui. C pyro cropont, nepnnunte cnona (nonexamee n ononnenne) oormop, naueumra, oua (I) npenparnnnct no nropnunte (amnxrt): oormopa, naueumru, ee (II). Cxonte cnnrn nanmamrcx n n npenoxennn Mi oouapvru.u oecmeume.iuo (III) voueume.iui (II) v+ (I) oormopa(II) no cpannennm c npenoxennem Mi oouapvru.u, :mo oormop (I) oi. oecmeume.iuo (IV) voueume.iuo (III) v+ui+ (II) (ecnn oecmeume.iuo ornecrn x rnarony, rora ero nyxno npnuncnnrt x III panry). Cymecrnnrentnte-npenxarnnt raxxe ouent yont n uacro ynorpenxmmnxcx anrnncxnx xoncrpyxnnxx, re onn xnnxmrcx ononnennem x npenory with; onn amr nam nosmoxnocrt nsannrtcx or pacrxnyrtx cymnxrntx rpynn: cp. He worked with positively surprising rapidity (nmecro positively surprisingly, rapidly), with absolute freedom, with approximate accuracy n r. n. Cp. raxxe cnnrn, o xoroptx ronopnnoct ntme, crp. 101. Tenept mt moxem nnxe nosnaxomnrtcx c rpammarnuecxnm xnnennem, xoropoe otuno nastnamr pocrnenntm ononnennem 1 . Hasnauenne +ro
1 pyrne repmnnt: nnyrpennee ononnenne (inner object), ononnenne coepxannx (object of content), ]axrnrnnnoe ononnenne (factitive object); onee crapoe nasnanne ligura etymologica. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
xoncrpyxnnn nentsx nonxrt, ecnn naunnart c raxnx npnmepon, xax I dreamed a dream Mne npncnnncx con (On i o n s, An Advanced English Syntax, London, 1904, 35) nnn nar. servitutem servire. Bet raxne couerannx no mentme mepe upesntuano pexo ncrpeuamrcx n peun no ro npocro npnunne, uro noonoe ononnenne eccoepxarentno n nnuero ne npnannxer x nonxrnm, ntpaxennomy rnaronom. B peun ncrpeuamrcx npenoxennx cneymmem rnna: I would faine dye a dry death (Bexcnnp); I never saw a man die a violent death (Pacxnn); She smiled a little; smile and bowed a little bow (Tponon); Mowgli laughed a little short ugly laugh (Knnnnnr); He laughed his usual careless laugh (Hoxx); He lived the life, and died the death of a Christian (Kaynep) n r. n. 3rn npnmept noxastnamr, uro nexcycnoe cymecrnnrentnoe aer npocroe cpecrno nx nneennx xaxo-nnyt xapaxrepno ueprt n ]opme amnxra, xoropym tno t ouent rpyno nnn nenosmoxno npncoennnrt x rnarony n ]opme cymnxra (cp. raxxe fight the good fight art xopomn o, xoropoe ornnuaercx or fight well cpaxartcx xopomo). Hnora +ra ononnnrentnax xapaxrepncrnxa npnannxercx xax cnoero poa npnnoxenne, n rora ona orenxercx. sanxro nnn rnpe, nanpnmep The dog sighed, the insincere and pity- seeking sigh of a spoilt animal (Fenner); Kitty laughed a laugh musical but malicious (Mrs. H. Ward). Ananornunt cnoco npnmenxercx n n pyrnx cnyuaxx, xora ntpasnrt cnennantnoe noxcnenne xo nropnunomy cnony npn nomomn cymnxra nectma rpyno; n raxom cnyuae cnono-npenxarnn cnoono npncoennxercx x npenoxennm xax nocnrent ononnnrentno xapaxrepncrnxn n ]opme amnxra: He had been too proud to ask the terrible pride of the benefactor ,On tn cnnmxom rop, urot npocnrt, yxacnax ropocrt naroerenx (Fenner); Her face was very pale, a greyish pallor (Mrs. Ward). Hepexo +ro noxcnenne nnonrcx npenorom with: She was pretty, with the prettiness of twenty; I am sick with a sickness more than of body, a sickness of mind and my own shame (Kapnent). Ecnn xe x npnannm x +romy, uro nexcycnte cymecrnnrentnte raxxe yont n n rex cnyuaxx, xora xstx ne onycxaer npnarountx npenoxenn, nanpnmep nocne upon n npenoxennn Close upon his resignation followed his last illness and death 3a ero orcranxo ncxope nocneonana ero nocnenxx onesnt n cmeprt, ro, naemct, craner ocrarouno xcno, xaxym pont nrpamr +rn o- pasonannx nx +xonomnn peun 1 . Onaxo cymecrnnrentntmn yxasannom rnna, xax
Fontmoe xonnuecrno npnmepon ns onee pannnx cran pasnnrnx nnoenponecxnx xstxon cm. y D e l b r t c k, Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen, Straburg, 1893, I. 366 n cn.; B r u g m a n n, Grundri der vergleichenden Grammalik, Straburg, 1897, II. 2. 621 n cn.; Wi l m a n n s, Deutsche Grammatk, Straburg, 1897, 3. 485; cp. raxxe P a u l, Deutsche Grammatik, Halle, 1916, 3. 226; C u r m e, A Grammar of the German Language, New York, 1922, 491; F a l k &T o r p, Dansk-norskens syntax, Kristiania, 1900, 26; M. C a h e n, Htude sur le vocabulaire religieux, 97. 236, re yxasant pyrne paort. Mnorne ns +rnx rpammarncron, onaxo, cmemnnamr annt nn ononnennx c pyrnmn nnamn ononnennx, c xoroptmn, xax mne xaxercx, y nero ner nnuero omero. Paccmarpnnaemoe xnnenne ncrpeuaercx n nne name cemtn xstxon; cm., nanpnmep, S e t l , Finska sprekets satslra, 30. 1 3a npeenamn nx cocrnenno c]ept +rn cnona n pesyntrare otunoro cemanrnuecxoro cnnra ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx (xonxpernoro oosnauennx) onaarenx raxoro-ro xauecrna: a beauty npenecrt = a thing of beauty ro, uro onaaer xpacoro (uacro ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx xpacnno xenmnnt); realities = real things, a truth = a true saying n r. n. Conocrantre cneymmne na npenoxennx: I do not believe in the personality of God n The Premier is a strong personality. Hepexo sect ananornuen romy, xoropt nponcxonr c orrnarontntm
mnornmn xopomnmn nemamn n +rom mnpe, moryr n snoynorpenxrt. 3ro xopomo noxasano n nnrepecno crarte Iepmana xon o nmennom crnne n cancxpnre (Hermann J a c o b i, Indogermanische Forschungen, 14. 236 n cn.). Kora xstxn naunnamr crapert (alternde Sprachen!!), onn, no ero cnonam, onapyxnnamr cxnonnocrt x nmenntm ntpaxennxm, ocoenno ecnn onn n reuenne onroro npemenn cnyxnnn cpecrnom nepeaun nayunoro mtmnennx. Cosaercx mnenne, uro mtcnn moxno rounee n aexnarnee ntpaxart c nomomtm cymecrnnrentntx, uem c nomomtm onee nsopasnrentntx rnaronon (die mehr der Sphre der Anschauung sich nhernden Verba). ,Cancxpnr cran n Hnnn npnnnnernponanntm cpecrnom ntpaxennx nx rex, xro nonyuaer ntcmee opasonanne; ero yxe ne nonnmamr n nnsmnx xnaccax; on nepecran ynorpenxrtcx n pyrnx onacrxx uenoneuecxo xnsnn. B ro npemx xax cancxpnr nce onee n onee orxonn or npaxrnuecxnx nyx noncenenno xnsnn, on nmecre c rem nce ontme n ontme ncnontsonancx n ntcme ymcrnenno exrentnocrn; n no mepe roro xax c]epa mtcne, xoropte nao tno ntpasnrt, cyxanact, acrpaxrnt cnoco ntpaxennx cranonnncx nce onee n onee neoxonmtm. Bce +ro, ecrecrnenno, noneno x romy, uro xstx cran oranart npenourenne cymecrnnrentntm, rounee ronopx, nexcycntm cymecrnn- rentntm. Mne xaxercx, uro pasnnune mexy nymx rnnamn crnnx moxno noxasart, cpannnn nocnenee npenoxenne n nemenxom opnrnnane n n moem anrnncxom nepenoe: Mit der zunehmenden Abkehr von der gemeinen Alltglichkeit des Daseins und der damit hand in hand gehenden Zuwendung zum hnheren geistigen Leben stieg in dem sich also einengenden Ideenkreise, welchem das Sanskrit als Ausdrucksmittel diente, das Bedtrfnis begrifflicher Darstellung. While Sanskrit was increasingly diverted from the practical details of everyd ay life and was simultaneously used more and more to serve the interests of the higher life of the intellect, abstract methods of diction were more and more needed as the sphere of ideas to be expressed became narrower and narrower. Hemenxax nayunax nposa nnora npnnnxaercx x cancxpnrcxo manepe, onncanno xon. Kora mt ntpaxaem cymecrnnrentntmn ro, uro otuno ntpaxaercx npenxarnnntmn ]opmamn rnarona, nam xstx cranonnrcx ne rontxo onee acrpaxrntm, no n mano nonxrntm; napxy c pyrnmn ocroxrentcrnamn +romy cnococrnyer eme n ro, uro n orrnarontnom cymecrnnrentnom ncuesaer px xnnornopxmnx momenron rnarona (npemx, naxnonenne, nnno). Ho+romy nmenno crnnt moxer trt ymecren n ]nnoco]nn, no n ram on nnora rontxo onexaer npocrte mtcnn n rory rnyoxo mypocrn; n noncenenno xe peun on oxastnaercx mano npnmennmtm. HHmHHHTHB H IEPYHHH Hnrepecno ormernrt, xax n xoe ncropnn xstxon orrnarontnte cymecrnnrentnte nnora yrpaunnamr px xapaxrepntx uepr cymecrnnrentnoro n
cymecrnnrentntm: building, construction crponrentcrno, crpoenne. Hnora xonxpernoe snauenne cranonnrcx nacrontxo otuntm, uro opasyercx nonoe acrpaxrnoe cymecrnnrentnoe: relationship pocrno, acquaintanceship snaxomcrno. 3amertre raxxe onontno pacnpocrpanennym ]nrypy peun, nanpnmep: He was all kindness and attention on our journey home. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npnoperamr nexoropte ns xapaxrepntx uepr rnarona, mt nasnann nx ,xnnornopxmnmn; nnaue ronopx, nnrepecno nanmart, xax ronopxmne na pasntx xstxax naunnann rpaxronart orrnarontnte cymecrnnrentnte noono romy, xax onn npnntxnn rpaxronart npenxarnnnte ]opmt rnarona. 3ro cnyunnoct c anrnncxnmn nn]nnnrnnamn, xoropte, no omemy mnennm, xnnxmrcx oxamenenmnmn naexntmn ]opmamn npexnnx orrnarontntx cymecrnnrentntx. Onn cnnsnnnct c npenxarnnntmn ]opmamn rnarona mop]onornuecxn n cnnraxcnuecxn, xorx n ne n onnaxono crenenn n pasntx xstxax: onn moryr npnnnmart ononnenne n rom xe camom naexe, uro n otunte rnaront (nnnnrentnom, arentnom n r. n.); onn onycxamr couerannx c orpnnannxmn n pyrnmn cymnxramn; y nnx pasnnnamrcx npemennme pasnnunx (nep]exrnt nn]nnnrnn rnna nar. amavisse, anrn. to have loved, n nexoroptx xstxax raxxe nn]nnnrnn yymero npemenn); naxonen, nm cnocrnenno pasnnune mexy ecrnnrentntm n crpaarentntm sanoramn (cp., nanpnmep, ]opmy crpaarentnoro sanora nar. amari, anrn. to be loved n r. n.). Bce +rn ueprt uyxt raxnm cnonam, xax movement nnxenne, construction coopyxenne, belief nepa. antnemee ynoonenne nn]nnnrnna npenxarnnntm ]opmam rnarona nanmaercx n rex xstxax, xoropte onycxamr coueranne nn]nnnrnna c nonexamnm n nmennrentnom naexe; cm. crp. 135. B nexoroptx xstxax nn]nnnrnn moxer ynorpenxrtcx c onpeenenntm aprnxnem. 3ra cycranrnnnax uepra aer nosmoxnocrt ysnanart ]ynxnnm nn]nnnrnna n npenoxennn, xoropax nnna ns naexno ]opmt aprnxnx. Tam, re aprnxnt cronr npn couerannxx rnna rpeuecxoro nnnnrentnoro c nn]nnnrnnom, on nmeer yntmym nennocrt, uem ram, re on npncoennxercx rontxo x oronennomy nn]nnnrnny, xax n nemenxom xstxe 1 . Hponecc, xoropt mt nanmaem n nn]nnnrnne, onapyxnnaercx raxxe n n nexoroptx pyrnx orrnarontntx cymecrnnrentntx. ononnenne n nnnnrentnom naexe ncrpeuaercx n pexnx cnyuaxx n cancxpnre, rpeuecxom n narnncxom xstxax, nanpnmep, n uacro nnrnpyemom npenoxennn ns Hnanra: Quid tibi hanc curatios rem? (De l b r t c k, Synt., 1. 386). B nexoroptx cnanxncxnx xstxax, n uacrnocrn n onrapcxom, crano otuntm npncoennxrt ononnenne n nnnnrentnom naexe x orrnarontnomy cymecrnnrentnomy na -auue n c pyrnmn coornercrnymmnmn oxonuannxmn. B arcxom orrnarontnoe cymecrnnrentnoe na -en moxer npnnnmart ononnenne, no n rom nnmt cnyuae, ecnn rnaron n ononnenne opasymr recnoe cemanrnuecxoe enncrno, uro npoxnnxercx n oennxmmem yapennn na ononnennn: denne skiften tilstand, tagen del i lykken n r. n.; npnmept cm. n moe xnnre Fonetik, 565. Camt nnrepecnt cnyua n +rom ornomennn npecrannxer anrnncxax ]opma na -ing, xoropax noxastnaer, xax n pesyntrare nnrentnoro ncropnuecxoro
1 Couerannx c to (to do enart n r. n.) nepnonauantno npecrannxnn coo otunym npenoxnym rpynny (p.-anrn. to d]nne, nropoe cnono n arentnom naexe), xoropax ynorpenxnact c otuntm snauennem to (nanpnmep, n npenoxennxx, coornercrnymmnx conpemenntm anrnncxnm npenoxennxm I went to see the Duke nomen nanecrnrt repnora, He was forced to go Ero sacrannnn yrn; sect to go n to see tnn cymnxramn). Ho nocrenenno ynorpenenne +rnx xoncrpyxnn pacmnpnnoct n nx rpammarnuecxoe snauenne no mnornx cnyuaxx nsmennnoct: n npenoxennn I wish to see the Duke xenam nnert, repnora to see xnnxercx nepnnuntm xomnonenrom ononnennem x wish; n npenoxennn To see is to believe Vnnert snaunr nonepnrt oe rpynnt xnnxmrcx nepnnuntmn n r. n.
pasnnrnx uncrte cymecrnnrentnte, opasonannte or onpeenenntx rnaronon, npnoperann nce ontmee xonnuecrno npnsnaxon npenxarnnntx ]opm rnarona (Growth and Structure of the English Language, Leipzig and Oxford, 1923, 197 n cn.). Tenept ]opma na -ing moxer npnnnmart ononnenne n nnnnrentnom naexe (on seeing him) n couerartcx c napeunem (He proposed our immediately drinking a bottle together), ona npnopena nep]exrnte ]opmt (happy in having found a friend) n ]opmt crpaarentnoro sanora (for fear of being killed). uro xacaercx nonexamero, xoropoe nepnonauantno ncera crannnoct n ponrentnom naexe n axe renept nepexo cronr n +rom naexe, ro ono uacro ncrpeuaercx n omem naexe (He insisted on the Chamber carrying out his policy; without one blow being struck), a n pasronopno peun cnopanuecxn moxer croxrt n nmennrentnom (instead of he converting the Zulus, the Zulu chief converted him, c cnntntm ya- pennem na he). Kora anrnnuannn ronopnr There is some possibility of the place having never been inspected by the police, on orxnonxercx n uertpex rpammarnuecxnx nynxrax or xoncrpyxnnn, xoropym ynorpenn t ero npeox mecrtcor ner nasa (omn naex, nep]exr, crpaarentnt sanor, napeune). 3ect moxno ynomxnyrt raxxe n narnncxn repynn. Pasnnrne +ro ]opmt onontno nnrepecno. B narnncxom xstxe cymecrnonano naccnnnoe npnuacrne na -ndus (repynnn), xoropo morno ynorpenxrtcx rouno raxnm xe opasom, xax pyrne npnuacrnx n npnnararentnte, n pesyntrare uero nonyuancx nexcyc (cp. ntme, crp. 142): cp. Elegantia augetur legendis oratoribus et poetis yxn. ,Hsxmecrno ynennunnaercx unraemtmn oparopamn n no+ramn. Hapxy c couerannem cupiditas libri legendi, xoropoe cneyer ronxonart rouno rax xe, crano nosmoxntm cxasart cupiditas legendi es xaxoro-nno cymecrnnrentnoro n xauecrne nepnnunoro cnona; +ro anee noneno x romy, uro legendi crano nocnpnnnmartcx xax cnoem poa ponrentnt naex or nn]nnnrnna, onycxammn nocranonxy ononnennx n nnnnrentnom naexe. Taxnm opasom, nosnnxno ro, uro rpaxryercx ceuac xax ocoax ]opma rnarona, xoropax cxno- nxercx no naexam (xpome nmennrentnoro) n enncrnennom uncne, noono otunomy cymecrnnrentnomy cpenero poa, n nastnaercx repynnem (cm. S o mme r, Handbuch, der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre, 631). Hepnonauantnym n onee nosnmm xoncrpyxnnn naxonm n onom npenoxennn y Hesapx: neque consilii habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato 1 . 3AKAKHHTEALHLE 3AMEHAHHR O HEKCYCE Hocxontxy x ocoo nouepxnnan, uro n nexcyc nxoxr na nonxrnx (n npornnononoxnocrt mnxnnn, re oa xomnonenra opasymr ennoe nonxrne), unrarent, moxer trt, yer ynnnen rem, uro x crannm sect nonpoc o nosmoxnocrn nexcyca, nxnmuammero nnmt onn xomnonenr, n ocoenno rem, uro x orneuam na +ror nonpoc nonoxnrentno. Ftnamr cnyuan, xora nannno rontxo nepnnunt xomnonenr nnn rontxo nropnunt xomnonenr, no rem ne menee onn rax cxont c otuntm nexcycom, uro nx nenosmoxno orrpannunrt or nero. Onaxo rmarentnt ananns noxastnaer, uro otuntx na xomnonenra
1 Hmena ecrnymmnx nnn (nanpnmep, believer) n npnuacrnx (a believing Christian; believed) npenonaramr nexcyc, no ne oosnauamr nexcyc camn no cee, xax nmena ecrnn (belief) nnn nn]nnnrnnt (to believe). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nexcyca ncera onxnt npncyrcrnonart n cosnannn n rontxo n xstxonom ntpaxennn onn ns nnx moxer orcyrcrnonart. Hpexe ncero tnamr cnyuan, xora mt nmeem rontxo nepnnunt xomnonenr, nnn, nnaue ronopx, nexcyc es anexca. 3ro nnno ns cneymmero anrnncxoro npenoxennx: (Did they run?) Yes, I made them (Onn noexann?) a, ux sacmaeu.. 3ro npenoxenne osnauaer ro xe camoe, uro n I made them run sacrannn nx noexart; n, raxnm opasom, xax t napaoxcantno +ro nn snyuano, mt nce-raxn naxonm sect nnnnrentnt naex c nn]nnnrnnom, no es nn]nnnrnna; them nopasymenaer sect nonnnnt nexcyc n ornnuaercx or ononnennx n npenoxennn (Who made these frames?) I made them (Kro cenan +rn pamt?) B ux coe.a.. B pasronopnom anrnncxom xstxe rouno rax xe ncrpeuaercx camocroxrentnoe ynorpenenne to, ntcrynammee nmecro couerannx nn]nnnrnna c to: I told them to (= I told them to run) nenen nm exart. Hcnxonornuecxn +ro cnyuan xnnennx aposiopesis (nnesanno oopnanntx npenoxenn stop-short sentences nnn pull-up sentences n moe repmnnonornn; cm. Language, 251): nn]nnnrnn onycxaercx rax xe, xax n n npenoxennn (Will you play?) Yes, I will (Fyere nt nrpart?) a, ovov nnn Yes, I am going to (I am willing to, anxious to). anee ncrpeuaercx nexcyc, cocroxmn rontxo ns nropnunoro xomnonenra es nepnnunoro. 3ro ocoenno uacro nanmaercx n nocxnnnannxx, re ner naonocrn coomart cnymarenm, o uem ner peut; noonte xoncrpyxnnn opasymr saxonuennte orpesxn xommynnxannn n onxnt es xoneann npnuncnxrtcx x npenoxennxm, nanpnmep: Beautiful! Hpexpacno!; How nice! ,Kax xopomo!; What an extraordinary piece of good luck! Kaxax ncxnmunrentnax yaua! B ecrnnrentnocrn mt nmeem sect eno c npenxarnnamn: cp. This is beautiful n r. n.: npenxarnn nosnnxaer nepntm n cosnannn ronopxmero; ecnn xe nocne +roro ronopxmn npncoennxer x nemy nonexamee, ro nonyuaercx npenoxenne, paccmorpennoe ntme, crp. 138: Beautiful this view! Moxno nspart n pyro nyrt, oannn nonpoc: Beautiful, isnt it? (rax xe, xax This view is beau- tiful, isnt it? 1 ). ymam, uro o nexcyce es nepnnunoro cnona moxno ronopnrt n rora, xora ocrarouno ono npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona es mecronmennx nnn cymecrnnrentnoro n xauecrne nonexamero: nar. dico, dicis, dicit ronopm, ronopnmt, ronopnr. Hepexo rnaron n 3-m nnne n pasnnuntx xstxax oosnauaer ,oomennoe nnno (]pann. on); cm. npnmept y H. P e d e r s e n n J. Z u b a t +, Kthns Zeitschrift ftr vergieichende Sprachforschung, 40, 134 n 478 n cn. B namnx conpemenntx xstxax nonexamee otuno onxno trt ntpaxeno, a re nemnorne cnyuan, re ono onymeno, moxno oxcnnrt xax xnnenne prosiopesis, xoropoe cranonnrcx nnora otuntm n nexoroptx ycroxnmnxcx nocxnnnannxx: Thank you Fnaroapm nac, nem. Danke, Bitte; cp. raxxe anrn. Bless you, Confound it!; Hope Im not boring you.
1 Bynr nastnaer Welch eine Wendung durch Gottes Ftgung! arpnyrnnntm npenoxennem, n xoropom welch eine Wendung xnnxercx nonexamnm, a durch Gottes Ftgung arpnyrom (coornercrnymmnm moemy amnxry). Onaxo +ro ouent narxnyro: nce n nenom npecrannxer coo npenxarnn (anexc) nexcyca; nentpaxennt nepnnunt xomnonenr noxnnrcx n nem, ecnn oannrt dies ist.
Bo ncex cnyuaxx, paccmorpenntx o cnx nop, onounennt nexcyc npecrannxn coo camocroxrentnoe npenoxenne. Ho on moxer trt n uacrtm npenoxennx. Hepnnunoe cnono orcyrcrnyer n nexcyce, xoropt xnnxercx ononnennem x rnarony makes n anrnncxo nocnonnne Practice makes perfect ,Hpaxrnxa enaer conepmenntm, r. e. enaer xoro-ro conepmenntm; raxoe xnnenne ouent uacro ncrpeuaercx n arcxom xstxe: Penge alene gmr ikke lykkelig ,entrn ne enamr [uenonexa] cuacrnnntm; Jeg skal gmre opmxrksom pe at...; cp. nem. Ich mache darauf autmerksam, da... Hepexo ynorpenxercx n xoncrpyxnnx nnnnrentnoro naexa c nn]nnnrnnom, n xoropo orcyrcrnyer ]opma nnnnrentnoro naexa: Live and let live Xnrt n oaeami rumi, make believe sacmaeami eepumi; I have heard say B c.iua., rar eoeopu.u; Lat see now who shal telle another tale (uocep; renept +ro ycrapeno). B arcxom xstxe raxax xoncrpyxnnx ncrpeuaercx uacro: Han lod lyse til brylluppet; Jeg har hmrt sige at... , n r. n. Taxxe n n nemenxom n ]pannyscxom xstxax. Hentpaxennoe nepnnunoe ecrt oomennoe nnno. B nem. ich bitte zu bedenken ono moxer trt 2-m nnnom. Ho +ro ne enncrnennte cnyuan, xora nepnnunt xomnonenr nexcyca ocraercx nentpaxenntm. B noannxmmem ontmnncrne cnyuaen npn ynorpenennn nn]nnnrnna nnn nexcycnoro cymecrnnrentnoro ner neoxonmocrn yxastnart nonexamee nexcyca ocoo. Ono moxer trt xcno nnno ns xonrexcra: cp. I like to travel n I like travelling nmnm nvmeuecmeoeami (nentpaxennt nepnnunt xomnonenr I); It amused her to tease him Ee saannxno opasuumi eeo (nepnnunt xomnonenr she); He found happiness in activity and temperance On namen c:acmie n oeme.iuocmu n v+epeuuocmu (nepnnunt xomnonenr he) n r. n. 3ro moxer trt n ,oomennoe nnno (]pann. on): To travel (travelling) is not easy nowadays Hvmeuecmeoeami n namn nn ne nerxo; Activity leads to happiness eme.iuocmi neer x c:acmim; Poverty is no disgrace Beouocmi ne nosop n r. n. Ha ro, uro nepnnunt xomnonenr, yyun nentpaxenntm, nce xe npncyrcrnyer n cosnannn, yxastnaer nosmoxnocrt ynorpenennx nosnparntx mecronmenn, r. e. mecronmenn, cnnerentcrnymmnx o roxecrne nonexamero n ononnennx n r. n. npn nn]nnnrnnax n nexcycntx cymecrnnrentntx: cp. anrn. to deceive oneself omantnart ceo, control of oneself (self-control); contentment with oneself, ar. At elske sin nxste som sig selv er vanskeligt; Glxde over sit eget hjem; nem. Sich mitzuteilen ist Natur; nar. Contentum rebus suis esse maximae sunt divitiae (Hnnepon); ro xe camoe n n pyrnx xstxax. ymam, uro, yennn ocnonnoe nnnmanne nonxrnm nexcyca n neoxonmocrn nepnnunoro xomnonenra, nnn nonexamero, a ne otuntm onpeenennxm, x ocrnr nyumero ronxonannx acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx, ,nmen ecrnnx (nomina actionis) n nn]nnnrnnon, a ocoenno ponn +rnx ]opm n +xonomnn peun. ecrnnrentno, nnuero nentsx nsnneut ns onpeenennx, cornacno xoropomy nn]nnnrnn +ro raxax ]opma rnarona, xoropax nnmt ntpaxaer rnarontnoe nonxrne, ne npnnnctnax ero nnxaxomy nonexamemy (Oxc]opcxn cnonapt), nnn pyroe onpeenenne: nn]nnnrnn +ro ]opma, ntpaxammax nonxrne rnarona, no ne cxasyemoe x onpeenennomy nonexamemy, c xoroptm ona morna t opasonart npenoxenne (Mannr); na +ro moxno tno t nospasnrt, uro n ecrnnrentnocrn uacro nmeercx onpeenennoe nonexamee, nnora ntpaxennoe, a nnora nopasymenaemoe ns xonrexcra; c Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
pyro cropont, nonexamee npenxarnnno ]opmt rnarona ouent uacro xn- nxercx n raxo xe crenenn neonpeenenntm, xax n nonexamee nn]nnnrnna, ynorpenennoro camocroxrentno. ocmenmct naexrtcx, uro unrarent naer n nacroxme rnane n n npetymnx rnanax oomenne mnorouncnenntx xnnenn, pocammnx cner pyr na pyra, n uro, raxnm opasom, yer onpanano ntenenne npnneenntx ntme xoncrpyxnn n ocot paspx, nx xoroporo rep- mnn nexcyc ne oxaxercx nenpnemnemtm. I . a e a XI HOAEAmEE H CKA3YEMOE Pasnnunte onpeenennx. Hcnxonornuecxoe n nornuecxoe nonexamee. Ipammarnuecxoe nonexamee. Koncrpyxnnx there is. PA3AHHHLE OHPEEAEHHR Paccmorpenne nyx xomnonenron nexcyca o nexoropo crenenn yxe npenocxnrnno nonpoc o nsanmoornomennxx nonexamero n cxasyemoro: n rex nexcycax, xoropte cocrannxmr saxonuennoe npenoxenne, nepnnunt xomnonenr, xax tno yxe noxasano, xnnxercx nonexamnm, a anexc (nropnunt xomnonenr) cxasyemtm; ronopx o pyrnx nnax nexcyca, moxno ynorpenxrt raxxe repmnnt nonexamnax uacrt (subject-part) n cxasyemocr- nax uacrt (predicate-part) nmecro repmnnon nepnnunt xomnonenr n anexc. Tenept paccmorpnm pasnnunte onpeenennx, xoropte tnn ant ,nonexamemy n cxasyemomy n npemecrnymmnx paorax; n nnx, xax npannno, ne npnnnmanoct no nnnmanne nnuero, xpome npenoxenn nnn axe eme onee orpannuennoro paspxa cyxenn. Hcuepntnammee xpnrnuecxoe paccmorpenne ncero, uro no +romy nonoy tno cxasano rpammarncramn n nornxamn, norpeonano t nenoro roma, no x naemct, uro nnxecneymmne sameuannx oxaxyrcx nnonne ocrarountmn. Hnora ronopxr, uro nonexamee npecrannxer coo ornocnrentno snaxomt ronopxmemy xomnonenr, n ro npemx xax cxasyemoe nnonr neuro nonoe. Ionopxmn nxnatnaer n nonexamee nce ro, uro cnymarent, xax on snaer, cunraer nsnecrntm; n cxasyemom on npncoennxer x +romy ro nonoe, uro onxno trt coomeno n npenoxennn... Ionopx A ecrt B, mt nopasymenaem: , snam, uro nt snaere, xro raxo A, no nt, moxer trt, ne snaere, uro on xn- nxercx rem xe nnnom, uro n B (Ba l d wi n, Dict. of Philosophy and Psychol., 1902, r. 2, 364). 3ro cnpanennno nx ontmnncrna npenoxenn, no ne nx ncex. Bet n orner na nonpoc Kro +ro cxasan? mt ronopnm 3ro cxasan Herp; Hemp ntcrynaer xax nonoe nnno, no on, es comnennx, npecrannxer coo nonexamee. Honoe ne ncera coepxnrcx n cxasyemom; onaxo ono ncera saxnmuaercx n cnxsn nonexamero n cxasyemoro, r. e. n camom ]axre coennennx +rnx nyx xomnonenron, nnn, nnaue, n nexcyce; cp. ntme nce cxasannoe o pasnnunn mexy mnxnne n nexcycom, crp. 130132.
pyrne yrnepxamr, uro pont cxasyemoro cocronr n yrounennn n onpeenennn roro, uro tno nnauane nexcntm n neonpeenenntm; cneonarentno, nonexamee +ro onpeenxemoe (determinandum), xoropoe nnmt npn nomomn cxasyemoro cranonnrcx onpeenenntm (determinatum) (Ke y n e s, Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic, 96; No r e e n, Vert Sprek, 5. 153; S t o u t, Analytic Psychology, London, 1902, 2. 213). Onaxo +ra xapaxrepncrnxa ontme noxonr x raxomy amnxry, xax blushing xpacnemmax n couerannn the blushing girl xpacnemmax enymxa, uem x blushes xpacneer n npenoxennn the girl biushes enymxa xpacneer. 3ect onpeenxercx ne enymxa, a ncx cnryannx. Eme ono uacro ncrpeuammeecx onpeenenne rnacnr: nonexamee +ro ro, o uem ronopnrcx, a cxasyemoe ro, uro ntcxastnaercx o nonexamem. 3ro cnpanennno n ornomennn mnornx, moxer trt axe ontmnncrna, npenoxenn, xorx nencxymennt uenonex, nepoxrno, tn t cxnonen cxasart, uro noonoe onpeenenne emy mano nomoraer; n raxom npenoxennn, xax John promised Mary a gold ring xon oeman Mepn sonoroe xontno, on ntennn t uertpe npemera, o xoroptx uro-ro ntcxastnaercx n xoropte no+romy mornn t cunrartcx nonexamnmn: (1) rou, (2) ooeuauue, (3) Mepu n (4) ro.io. Taxoe pacnpocrpanennoe onpeenenne, n coornercrnnn c xoroptm nonexamee oroxecrnnxercx c npemerom nnn remo pasronopa, neyonnernopnrentno; nyume ncero +ro moxno nonxrt, ecnn npocnenrt, xya ono sanonr raxoro nta- mmerocx ncnxonora, xax Crayr (S t o u t, Analytic Psychology, 2. 212 n cn.). B snamennrom orptnxe Crayr ncxonr ns npnneennoro onpeenennx n sarem npnxonr x raxomy nonnmannm nonexamero n cxasyemoro, xoropoe, esycnonno, nectma anexo or roro, uro rpammarncr nonnmaer no nonexamnm n cxasyemtm: Cxasyemoe npenoxennx ecrt onpeenenne roro, uro ne tno o +roro onpeeneno. Honexamee ecrt nepnnunax xapaxrepncrnxa ome remt, x xoropo sarem npncoennxercx nonax xapaxrepncrnxa. Honexamee +ro pesyntrar npetyme mtcnnrentno exrentnocrn, xnnxmmncx ocnono n ncxono rouxo nx antnemero pasnnrnx. antnemee pasnnrne +ro cxasyemoe. Hpenoxennx n nponecce mtmnennx +ro ro xe, uro marn n nponecce xott. Hora, na xoropo cocpeorouen nec rena, coornercrnyer nonexamemy. Hora, xoropax nepennraercx nnepe, urot sanxrt nonoe mecro, coornercrnyer cxasyemomy... Bce ornert na nonpoct xnnxmrcx cxasyemtmn xax raxontmn, a nce cxasyemte moryr paccmarpnnartcx xax ornert na nosmoxnte nonpoct. Ecnn yrnepxenne B eo.ooeu xnnxercx ornerom na nonpoc Kmo eo.ooeu?, cxasyemtm yer . Ecnn xe saan nonpoc C ea+u :mo-mo ue.aouo?, cxasyemtm yer eo.ooeu. Kaxt nont mar n reuennn mtcnn moxno paccmarpnnart xax orner na nonpoc. Honexamee xnnxercx, rax cxasart, ]opmynnponxo nonpoca, a cxasyemoe ornerom. Ecnn nce +ro yer cunrartcx nornuecxnm cnecrnnem nsnecrnoro onpeenennx nonexamero, ro rpammarncrt ne moryr nontsonartcx nm, nocxontxy ono ne nomoraer nm nn n maneme mepe. Ouent nnoxo, uro anrnncxnm rpammarncram npnxonrcx nontsonartcx cnonom subject ,nonexamee, xoropoe n otuno peun napxy c pyrnmn snauennxmn nmeer snauenne rema (rema pasronopa). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
HCHXOAOIHHECKOE H AOIHHECKOE HOAEAmEE Mnoroe ns roro, uro rpammarncrt n nornxn nanncann o rax nastnaemom ncuxo.oeu:ecro+ n .oeu:ecro+ noo.eraue+ n crasve+o+, ntsnano nyrannne, nponcrexamme ns nycmtcnennocrn cnona subject. Hepeuncnennte repmnnt npnmenxmrcx pasntmn anropamn x camtm pasnnuntm nonxrnxm. 3ro yer nnno ns nnxecneymmero osopa, xoropt, nepoxrno, nn n xaxo mepe ne xnnxercx ncuepntnammnm. 1) Hocneonarentnocrt no npemenn. Tax, Iaenenn (G. v. d. Ga b e l e n t z, Zeitschrift ftr Vnlkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, VI n VIII; coxpamenno n xnnre Die Sprachwissenschaft, Leipzig, 1891, crp. 348 n cn.) ronopnr: cnymarent cnauana nocnpnnnmaer cnono A n cnpamnnaer, nonnt oxnannx: uro c A? 3arem on cntmnr cneymmee cnono B n, couerax nx nmecre, cnpamnnaer cnona: ,uro c (A + B)? Ornerom xnnxercx C n rax anee. Kaxoe nocneymmee cnono xnnxercx cxasyemtm x nonexamemy, saxnmuennomy n rom, uro on yxe cntman. 3ro ananornuno xnnennm, xoropoe nponcxonr c nymx xarymxamn renerpa]noro annapara: na ono cropone xarymxa c yxe sanonnenno nenro, n ona nce npemx ynennunnaercx, na pyro cropone xarymxa c nycro nenro, xoropax, pasmartnaxct, ynennunnaer pasmept nepno. Ionopxmn snaer sapanee, uro coepxnrcx n ono xarymxe n uro sanonnnr nenry, namorannym na pyro xarymxe. uro xe rora sacrannxer ero cxasart cnauana A, a sarem B n r. .? Ouennno, na nepnoe mecro on nomemaer ro, uro nopoxaer y nero mtcnt ero ,ncnxonornuecxoe nonexamee, na nropoe xe ro, uro on o nem ymaer ero ,ncnxonornuecxoe cxasyemoe; sarem oa onn nmecre nsxrte moryr crart nonexamnm antnemnx pasmtmnenn n antnemnx ntcxastnann. (Hoontm xe opasom: Ma u t h n e r, Kritik der Sprache, 3. 217 n cn.) 3ro ouent nnrepecno. H Iaenenn c +ro rouxn spennx aer ncxycnt ananns npenoxennx Habemus senatusconsultum in te vehemens et grave, xoropt moxno npnnecrn n nmo paore, nocnxmenno ncnxonornuecxo cropone nopxxa cnon; no cxocrno mexy +rnmn xnnennxmn n ornomennxmn n couerannn ,nonexamee cxasyemoe nectma oranennoe, n oosnauart ro n pyroe onnm n rem xe repmnnom ne cneyer. Tepmnn Berenepa +xcnosnnnx nx oosnauennx roro, uro Iaenenn nastnaer ncnxonornuecxnm nonexamnm, oxastnaercx onee yauntm. Onaxo neoxonmo nomnnrt, uro nopxox cnon n xnnom xstxe ne onpeenxercx nennxom n nonnocrtm ncnxonornuecxnmn coopaxennxmn; nnora on tnaer uncro ycnonntm, coornercrnymmnm npannnam annoro xstxa n ne sanncxmnm or nonn ronopxmem. 2) Honoe n naxnoe. Haynt (P a u l, Deutsche Grammatik, 3. 12) cnauana xax yro cornamaercx c Iaenennem, onpeenxx ncnxonornuecxoe nonexamee xax mtcnt nnn px mtcne, xoropte noxnnxmrcx n cosnannn ronopxmero nepntmn, a ncnxonornuecxoe cxasyemoe, xax ro, uro sarem npncoennxercx (neu angekntpft) x nnm. Ho on cnonr +ro onpeenenne na ner, xora oannxer, uro xorx mtcnt-nonexamee n noxnnxercx n cosnannn ronopxmero nepno, nonexamee nnora crannrcx na nropom mecre, nocxontxy n momenr nauana peun mtcnt-nonexamee, ocoenno no nnnxnnem cnntno +monnn, moxer trt orrecnena mtcntm-cxasyemtm xax onee nono n onee naxno. B onee panne paore (Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, 283) on nnmer, uro ncnxonornuecxoe cxasyemoe camoe naxnoe n npenoxennn; ono xnnxercx nentm coomennx;
no+romy ono nponsnocnrcx c nanontmnm yapennem. Ecnn n npenoxennn Kap. eoem saempa e Bep.uu nce onnaxono nono nx cnymarenx, ro Kap. npecrannxer coo nonexamee, x xoropomy npncoennxercx cxasyemoe eoem; x nocnenemy xax x nonexamemy npncoennxercx n xauecrne nepnoro cxasyemoro saempa n n xauecrne nroporo cxasyemoro e Bep.uu. anee, ecnn cnymarent snaer o sanrpamne noesxe Kapna, no ne ocneomnen o nenn ero nyremecrnnx, rora cxasyemtm cranonnrcx e Bep.uu; ecnn xe on snaer, uro npenonaraercx noesxa n Fepnnn, no ne snaer xora, ro cxasyemtm yer saempa n r. n. Haynt yrnepxaer axe, uro ecnn cnymarenm ne nsnecren rontxo cnoco nepennxennx (nepxom, n xapere, nemxom), ro rnaron eoem n xaxo-ro mepe pacnaaercx na ne cocrannte uacrn omn rnaron nnxennx n onpeenenne r +romy rnarony, oosnauammee xonxpernt nn nnxennx, npnuem cxasyemtm xnnxercx rontxo nocnenee. Tpyno npecrannrt cee onee nenyxnte ronxocrn. Houemy ne orxasartcx n raxom cnyuae noome or repmnnon nonexamee n cxasyemoe n ne cxasart npocro, uro nonoe nx cnymarenx n xonxpernom coomennn moxer n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn trt ntpaxeno nmtm unenom npenoxennx? 3) Vapenne (nnn ron). Paccyxennx no nonoy annoro npemera nourn nentsx ornnunrt or npetymero. X+]nnr (Hmf f d i n g, Den menneskelige tanke, 88) ronopnr, uro nornuecxoe cxasyemoe uacro xnnxercx rpammarnuecxnm nonexamnm nnn npnnararentntm, ornocxmnmcx x nonexamemy: You are the man Bi nmenno ror uenonex, All the guests have arrived Bce rocrn npntnn. Ono ysnaercx ncera no yapennm: The King will not come Kopont ue npner, He has gone On ymen. B npenoxennxx onncarentnoro xapaxrepa nourn xaxoe cnono moxer trt nornuecxnm cxasyemtm, noromy uro ono moxer nonyunrt yapenne nx nepeaun uero-ro nonoro. To, uro sect nasnano nornuecxnm cxasyemtm, nourn connaaer c nonxrnem ncnxonornuecxoro cxasyemoro y Haynx. Onaxo nyume tno t npnsnart, uro ono ne nmeer nnxaxoro ornomennx x nornxe n cocrnennom cmtcne: n yuennxe ]opmantno nornxn roro xe anropa nocroxnno ncrpeuamrcx repmnnt nonexamee n cxasyemoe, nanpnmep n npannnax, xoropte amrcx nx cnnnornsmon, no ram +rn cnona npnnoxrcx ne n nornuecxom, a n rpammarnuecxom cmtcne, es ncxxoro yuera yapennx. Hocxontxy yapenne onpeenxercx npenmymecrnenno ne nornuecxnmn coopaxennxmn, a +monnxmn (nnrepecom x xonxperno mtcnn nnn snauennem, xoropoe npnnnctnaercx e n annt momenr), Fnym]nn (Bl o o mf i e l d, An Introduction to the Study of Language, 114) npannntno nocrynaer, xora npenounraer repmnn +monnonantno omnnnpymmn +nemenr 1 nx oosnauennx roro, uro Haynt nastnaer nornuecxnm, a X+]nnr ncnxonornuecxnm cxasyemtm. 4) Hmoe nepnnunoe cnono n npenoxennn ecrt nornuecxoe nonexamee. Coornercrnenno +romy Kyrmp (C o u t u r a t, Revue de Mtaphysique, xnnapt, 1912, 5) n npenoxennn Pierre donne un livre a Paul Herp aer xnnry Hanny, xoropoe osnauaer ro xe, uro n npenoxenne Paul resoit un livre de Pierre Hanen nonyuaer xnnry or Herpa, ntenxer rpn cnona Pierre, livre, Paul xax ,nonexamne x rnarony, xoropt ntpaxaer nx ornomennx. 5) B couerannn ooopi ome, xax n n npenoxennn Ome ooopi, cnono ooopi c rouxn spennx nornxn xnnxercx cxasyemtm x nonexamemy ome; n
1 Cp. yxe y Bynra (Wu n d t, Die Sprache, Leipzig, 1900, 2. 259 n cn.). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
couerannxx nucami nuci+o, rpacueo nucami c rouxn spennx nornxn npn nonexamem nucami cronr cxasyemoe nuci+o, rpacueo (S t e i n t h a l, Charakteristik, 101). 6) Berenep (We g e n e r, Untersuchungen tber die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens, Halle, 1885, 138) anannsnpyer nemenxn rnaron satteln xax cocroxmn ns sattel + cy]]nxc, xoropt enaer ero rnaronom, n saxnnxer, uro nepnt +nemenr npecrannxer coo nornuecxoe cxasyemoe (sattel), a nropo nornuecxoe nonexamee (-n). 7) Cynr (New English Grammar, crp. 48) ronopnr, uro n npenoxennn B npuue. oo+o e:epa vmpo+ cnono npuue., nsxroe nne xonrexcra, xnnxercx rpammarnuecxnm cxasyemtm, a coueranne npuue.-oo+o-e:epa-vmpo+ nornuecxnm cxasyemtm. B pyrom xe mecre (HL, 49) on sameuaer, uro n anrnncxom npenoxennn Gold is a metal 3onoro merann rpammarnuecxnm cxasyemtm n crporom cmtcne cnona cnyxnr is, no nornuecxnm cxasyemtm yer metal merann. 8) Mnorne rpammarncrt npnmenxmr repmnn nornuecxoe nonexamee x romy uneny naccnnnoro npenoxennx, xoropt tn t nonexamnm, ecnn t ra xe camax mtcnt tna ntpaxena n ecrnnrentnom sanore, nanpnmep his father n npenoxennn he was loved by his father On tn nmnm ornom (nnxe mt nastnaem ero xonneprnponanntm nonexamnm, rn. XII). 9) pyrne ronopxr, uro n anrnncxnx npenoxennxx It is difficult to find ones way in London B Honone rpyno narn opory; It cannot be denied that Newton was a genius Hentsx orpnnart, uro Htmron tn rennem it xnnxercx ]opmantntm nonexamnm, a nn]nnnrnn nnn npnarounoe npenoxenne nornuecxnm nonexamnm. 10) pyrne rpammarncrt yrnepxamr, uro n raxnx ecnonexamntx npenoxennxx, xax nem. Mich friert Menx moposnr, nornuecxnm nonexamnm xnnxercx x 1 . 11) H, naxonen, moxno ormernrt eme ono ynorpenenne roro xe repmnna (recno cnxsannoe c npetymnm, n. 10). Hnora npn paccmorpennn xnnennx nepexoa npexne anrnncxo xoncrpyxnnn Me dreamed a strange dream ,Mne npncnnncx crpannt con n conpemennym xoncrpyxnnm I dreamed a strange dream nnen crpannt con ronopxr, uro ncnxonornuecxoe (nnn nornuecxoe) nonexamee npenparnnoct raxxe n n rpammarnuecxoe nonexamee. Her nnuero ynnnrentnoro, uro nocne raxnx ecnentntx pasronopon o nornuecxom n ncnxonornuecxom nonexamem nexoropte anropt ntramrcx nsexart ynorpenennx +rnx repmnnon noome. Tax, Byxapr (S c h u c h a r d t, Hugo Schuchardt-Brevier, 243) npenaraer repmnn agens, no ena nn on noxonr x raxnm cnyuaxm, xax Ou cmpaoaem, Ou c.o+a. uoev, a n npenoxennn A .moum B cxopee cneonano t cxasart, uro B ecrnyer na A, a ne naoopor. Hacxontxo mne nsnecrno, enncrnenntmn nnnrnncramn, cenanmnmn ceptesnym nontrxy oornct es repmnna nonexamee npn rpammarnuecxom anannse, tnn mnet Cneennyc (Svedelius) n Hopen. Onaxo raxnm nyrem
1 Bosnparnoe mecronmenne ornocnrcx otuno x nonexamemy npenoxennx, no nnora x romy, uro, cornacno namnm paccyxennxm, moxno nasnart nornuecxnm nonexamnm: cp. p.-ncn. (Laxd. saga, 44. 17) Gprn mxltl n vid Bolla, at henni mytti hann eigi hafa sr allt satt til sagt E xasanoct, uro on ne cxasan e ncm npany; cp. raxxe nar. sunt et sua fata sepulchris.
ocrnut nnuero nentsx. Iopaso nyume coxpannrt rpannnonnte repmnnt, no orpannunrt nx ro c]epo, re nx snauenne nsnecrno xaxomy, r. e. ynorpenxrt repmnnt nonexamee n cxasyemoe ncxnmunrentno n snauennn rpammarnuecxoro nonexamero n cxasyemoro n orneprnyrt ncxxne nontrxn npncoennnrt x +rnm repmnnam amnxrt nornuecxoe n ncnxonornuecxoe. IPAMMATHHECKOE HOAEAmEE urot nyume nonxrt snauenne cnona nonexamee n ero rpam- marnuecxom npnmenennn, ncnomnnm nce, uro tno cxasano n rnane, nocnxmenno rpem panram. B xaxom npenoxennn ecrt +nemenrt (nropnunte cnona), xoropte tnamr cpannnrentno xnxnmn nnn rexyunmn; ecrt n pyrne +nemenrt (nepnnunte cnona), xoropte saxpennent npounee n noont cxanam, nonnmammnmcx na mopem. Honexamee ncera tnaer nepnnuntm cnonom n npenoxennn, xorx n ne oxsarentno enncrnenntm nepnnuntm. 3ro snaunr, uro nonexamee xnnxercx ornocnrentno onpeenenntm n cnennantntm, a cxasyemoe menee onpeenenntm, a no+romy npnmennmtm x ontmemy xonnuecrny neme. Hnora moryr nosnnxart comnennx ornocnrentno roro, xaxoe ns cnon cunrart nonexamnm n rom cnyuae, xora nocne ecnnernoro rnarona be trt cronr npenxarnn 1 . Onaxo axe sect otuno tnaer nerpyno onpeennrt, xaxoe cnono xnnxercx nonexamnm, ecnn nmert n nny nce, uro tno cxasano o onee cnennantnom xapaxrepe nonexamero no cpannennm co cxasyemtm. Hocne pesyntraron, ocrnrnyrtx npn nomomn anannsa n rnane V, mt yxe nororonnent x romy, uro npnnararentnte n ]ynxnnn npenxarnna ncrpeuamrcx nectma uacro, nocxontxy onn menee cnennantnt, uem cymecrnnrentnte, n cneonarentno, npnmennmt x ropaso ontmemy xonnuecrny neme; rax, nnxro ne comnenaercx, uro n npenoxennxx Mo omeu cmap n Huamoe oi.o cuuee ntenennte cnona xnnxmrcx nonexamnmn, a npnnararentnte npenxarnnamn. nx rex cnyuaen, xora na cymecrnnrentntx cnxsant c nomomtm is, moxno c]opmynnponart nexoropte npannna n coornercrnnn c namnm npnnnnnom. Ecnn ono ns cymecrnnrentntx nnonne onpeenenno, a pyroe ner, nepnoe xnnxercx nonexamnm; rax ocronr eno c nmenamn cocrnenntmn: Tom is a scoundrel To+ nerox. To xe camoe nanmaercx, xora cnono nonyuaer onpeenennocrt n pesyntrare npncoennennx onpeenennoro aprnxnx nnn xaxoro-nno pyroro, cxonoro c nnm n +rom ornomennn cnona: The thief was a coward Bop tn rpycom. My father is a judge Mo ome cytx.
1 3amertre pasnnune mexy repmnnamn cxasyemoe n npenxarnn (y Ecnepcena predicate n predicative, r. e. npenxar n npenxarnn. Hpu+. nepee.): n npenoxennn The man paints flowers ,3ror uenonex pncyer nnert paints pncyer (nnn, no mnennm pyrnx, nepnee, paints flowers ,pncyer nnert) xnnxercx cxasyemtm; n The man is a painter 3ror uenonex xyoxnnx cxasyemtm xnnxercx is a painter, xoropoe n annom cnyuae cocronr ns rnarona is ecrt n npenxarnna a painter xyoxnnx. Ornocnrentno npenxarnnon npn pyrnx rnaronax cm. crp. 149150. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Vmecrno ormernrt, uro nopxox cnon ne ncera xnnxercx pemammnm, xorx no mnornx xstxax nanmaercx cnntnax, a n anrnncxom ouent cnntnax renennnx crannrt nonexamee na nepnoe mecro. Bcrpeuamrcx ncxnmuennx, xora na nepnom mecre croxr npnnararentnte, xorx onn, eccnopno, ynorpenent xax npenxarnnt (Be.uro oi.o eeo yueueuue, roeoa ou veuoe. pesv.imam); ro xe cnyuaercx n c cymecrnnrentntmn n ]ynxnnn npenxarnna (A scoundrel is Tom); raxoe xnnenne uacro nanmaercx n nemenxom, re, nanpnmep (xax nce cornacxrcx), n crnxe Iene Knnig ist der Hirtenknabe Kopont noonacor nonexamnm xnnxercx nocnenee cnono. B arcxom xstxe crannrt nonexamee na nepnoe mecro ne oxsarentno. Onaxo, c pyro cropont, ecnn ono ne naxonrcx na nepnom mecre, ro onxno cneonart cpasy sa (nepntm) rnaronom, n ro npemx xax nn]nnnrnnt n cnona rnna ikke ne cranxrcx nepe npenxarnnom. B arcxom ncrpeuamrcx na cnona c onnaxontm nanncannem Mmller, no nmx cocrnennoe nponsnocnrcx c ropranno cmtuxo n l, rora xax nmx napnnarentnoe mentnnx nnmeno ropranno cmtuxn. H nmontrno, uro aruane nnxora ne cranyr comnenartcx, xax cneyer nponsnocnrt npnneennte nnxe uertpe npenoxennx: 1. Mmller skal vxre Mmller; 2. Mmller skal Mmller vxre; 3. Mmller er ikke Mmller; 4. Mmller er Mmller ikke. B nepnom n n rpertem npenoxennxx c ropranno cmtuxo onn nponsnecyr nepnoe Mmller n rem camtm ntenxr ero xax nmx cocrnennoe, nocxontxy nopxox cnon noxastnaer, uro +ro cnono xnnxercx nonexamnm; no nropom n n uerneprom npenoxennxx nanmaercx oparnoe xnnenne. Hpenoxennx 1 n 2 osnauamr: Mennep onxen trt mentnnxom, a 3 n 4 ,Mennep ne mentnnx. B anrnncxom pasnnune mexy Miller Mnnnep n miller ,mentnnx npoxnnxercx n ynorpenennn neonpeenennoro aprnxnx nepe nmenem napnnarentntm. Ecnn na cymecrnnrentntx, coennennte cnxsxo is, n onnaxono crenenn neonpeenennt, ro pemenne nonpoca, xaxoe ns nnx xnnxercx nonexamnm, sanncnr or nx cmtcnonoro oema: A lieutenant is an officer Hemeuaum o]nnep; A cat is a mammal Koura mnexonnrammee; A mammal is an animal M.eronumamuee xnnornoe. H rax nese, re cymecrnyer nepapxnx (xnacc, orpx, cemtx, po, nn). Moxno cxasart: A spiritualist is a man Cnupumva.ucm uenonex, no nenosmoxno: A man is a spiritualist (a man nonexamee) Ue.oeer cnn- pnryanncr, xorx, xoneuno, nnonne nosmoxno: This man is a spiritualist Jmom :e.oeer cnnpnryanncr. H ner ncxnmuennx ns npannna, ecnn nnonne ecrecrnenno snyunr: A man is a spiritualist, if he believes in the possibility of communication with the spirits of the dead Ue.oeer cnnpnryanncr, ecnn on nepnr n nosmoxnocrt omennx c ymamn ymepmnx.
3ect ycnonnoe npenoxenne pannocnntno yrounennm, nocxontxy nce npnneennoe npenoxenne pannosnauno npenoxennm A man who believes... is a spiritualist Ue.oeer, romopi eepum.., xnnxercx cnnpnryanncrom. Touno rax xe moxno cxasart: if a man is a spiritualist ecnn :e.oeer cnnpnryanncr..., rax xax +ro osnauaer, uro x ronopm rontxo o rex nmxx, xoropte xnnxmrcx cnnpnryanncramn. 3ect moxno cenart nmontrnoe nanmenne: xorx nonexamee n npenxarnn, na nepnt nsrnx, xnnxmrcx xax yro t onnaxono neonpeenenntmn, nce xe pasnnna mexy nnmn cymecrnyer, nocxontxy nonexamee ynorpenxercx n poonom snauennn, a npenxarnn n nnnnnyantnom. Tax, no mnoxecrnennom uncne npenoxenne Thieves are cowards Bopi rpyct osnauaer Bce nopt rpyct, r. e. cocrannxmr nexoropoe uncno rpycon, noome cymecrnymmnx. Ty xe mtcnt moxno ntpasnrt n n enncrnennom uncne: A thief is a coward Bop rpyc. Ionopx rax, x nmem n nny ne xonxpernoro nopa, a ncxxoro nopa (xorx x, xoneuno, ne xouy cxasart, uro ncxxn nop ecrt ncxxn rpyc n uro oa cnona, raxnm opasom, xnnxmrcx onnaxontmn no oemy). Touno raxnm xe opasom: A cat is a mammal Koura mnexonnrammee, n r.n. Cneyer oparnrt nnnmanne na anromarnuecxn cnnr snauennx neonpeenennoro aprnxnx. B xauecrne npnmepa nostmem raxoro poa nanor: A ronopnr: The sailor shot an albatross Marpoc ynn antarpoca, r. e. xonxpernoro npecrannrenx +roro nna. F cnpamnnaer: What is an albatross? ,uro raxoe antarpoc? Bonpoc saan ne n ornomennn annoro antarpoca, a n ornomennn ncero nna; n, coornercrnenno, orner A: An albatross is a big sea-bird ,Antarpoc +ro ontmax mopcxax nrnna ornocnrcx xo ncemy nny n coomaer, uro antarpoct npnnanexar x onee mnpoxomy xnaccy mopcxnx nrnn. Bce +ro nomoxer nam nonxrt, nouemy npenxarnnt uacro ynorpenxmrcx nnn es aprnxnx, nnn c neonpeenenntm aprnxnem, xorx npannna tnamr necxontxo pasnnuntmn n pasntx xstxax. Ho-anrnncxn ronopxr: John was a tailor rou tn noprno n John was a liar rou tn nrynom, no n nemenxom n n arcxom xstxax neonpeenennt aprnxnt tn t ynorpenen nnmt n nocnenem npenoxennn, a ornmt ne n nepnom, re npenxarnn osnauaer npo]eccnm: Hans war Schneider, Hans war ein Ltgner; Jens var skrxdder, Jens var en ltgnhals. B anrnncxom xstxe npenxarnn cronr es aprnxnx, ecnn ero snauenne orpannueno: Mr. X is Bishop of Durham Mncrep X enncxon ypramcxn; ecnn xe raxoro orpannuennx ner, aprnxnt rpeyercx: He is a bishop ,On enncxon. B npenoxennn He was made President On tn nspan npesnenrom aprnxnt orcyrcrnyer noromy, uro ononpemenno cymecrnyer nnmt onn npesnenr. (Ananornuno n n nexcycnom ononnennn: They made him President Onn nspann ero npesnenrom.) Tenept nostmem cneymmne na npenoxennx: My brother was captain of the vessel Mo opam tn xannranom cyna n The captain of the vessel was my brother Kanumau cyna tn monm parom. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
B nepnom npenoxennn cnona my brother mo par xnnxmrcx onee onpeenenntmn (mo enncrnennt par, nnn par, o xoropom mt ronopnm), uem no nropom npenoxennn (onn ns monx parten, rax xax nonpoc o rom, cxontxo y menx parten, ocraercx orxptrtm). Cp. ntme pasen o snauennn npnrxxarentntx mecronmenn, crp. 125. Hexoropte nccneonarenn (Hopen n p.) yxastnann, uro moxno cnopnrt o rom, uro xnnxercx nonexamnm, a uro npenxarnnom n npenoxennxx, re oa unena moryr nomenxrtcx mecramn, nanpnmep: Miss Castlewood was the prettiest girl at the ball. The prettiest girl at the ball was Miss Castlewood. 3ror nonpoc ne ouent naxen, n ecnn mt paccmorpnm oa xomnonenra c name rouxn spennx, mt ynnnm, uro onn n panno mepe cnennantnt. Bce xe npecrannxercx ecrecrnenntm n raxnx cnyuaxx cunrart, uro nmx cocrnennoe onee cnennantno, a cneonarentno, ono xnnxercx nonexamnm. Mt ynnnm +ro, ecnn c]opmynnpyem coornercrnymmne nonpoct, nocxontxy mecronmenne cpenero poa what uro ncera samemaer npenxarnn; nonyuaercx, uro oa npenoxennx yyr ecrecrnenntmn orneramn na nmo ns cneymmnx nonpocon: What was Miss C.? uem tna mncc K.? n Who was the prettiest girl? Kro tn npenecrneme enymxo? 1 Ho npenoxenne What was the prettiest girl at the ball? yer ntpaxart pyro: nonpoc. Mt npnem x romy xe ntnoy, ecnn oparnm nnnmanne na ro, uro nnonne nosmoxno cxasart I look on Miss C. as the prettiest girl at the ball cmorpm na mncc K. xax na npenecrnemym enymxy na any, no nentsx cxasart I look on the prettiest girl at the ball as Miss C. cmorpm na npenecrnemym enymxy na any, xax na mncc K. 2
Tam, re onapyxnnaercx nonnoe roxecrno (copasmepnocrt) nyx nonxrn, cnxsanntx rnaronom is, nonexamee n npenxarnn moryr menxrtcx; +ro nmen n nny Knrc n cnoem crnxe Beauty is truth; truth, beauty Kpacora ecrt ncrnna; ncrnna xpacora. Ho, xax mt yxe nnenn, nonnoe roxecrno ncrpeuaercx pexo; xpome roro, neoxonmo ormernrt, uro xstxonax cnxsxa is ne osnauaer n ne npenonaraer roxecrna; ona osnauaer cycymnnnm n snauennn crapo apncrorenencxo nornxn, xoropax, raxnm opasom, naxonrcx n ontmem coornercrnnn c rpammarnxo, uem rax nastnaemax nornxa roxecrna (Hennn, xenonc, X+]nnr). Ho mnennm nocnenero, npenoxenne Peter is stupid Herp rnyn cneyer anannsnponart xax Herp ecrt rnynt Herp; nnn, nocxontxy cunraercx, uro coepxanne npenxara nosecrnyer na coepxanne cyexra, mt nonyunm nonnoe roxecrno, nnmt xora cxaxem: Stupid Peter is. stupid Peter ,Inynt Herp ecrt rnynt Herp. Onaxo raxnm opasom repxercx camo
1 3ect, ouennno, who cnyxnr nonexamnm. Ho Cynr (New English Grammar, 215), xax nn crpanno, saxnnxer, uro nonpocnrentnoe mecronmenne ncera xnnxercx cxasyemtm npenoxennx, xoropoe ono nnonr. 3ro npannntno nx npenoxennx, npnneennoro Cynrom n xauecrne npnmepa Who is he? Kro on?, no ro npnunne, uro he onee onpeenenno, uem who, no n npenoxennxx Who is ill? Kro onen?. Who said it? Kro +ro cxasan? who xnnxercx nonexa- mnm; oparnre nnnmanne raxxe na nopxox cnon n xocnennom nonpoce: I asked who he was cnpocnn, xro on raxo; I asked who was ill cnpocnn, xro onen; n arcxom xstxe c der nocne nonexamero: Jeg spurgte hvern han var; Jeg spurgte hvem der var syg. 2 Ecnn mt npnmennm xpnrepn arcxoro xstxa, ncxox ns mecrononoxennx ikke, mt ynnnm, uro n npenoxennn Frk. C. var den smukkeste pige pe ballet nenosmoxno ikke nocrannrt na nocnenee mecro, ono onxno cneonart sa var, xorx n npenoxennn Den smukkeste pige pe ballet var frk. C. onycrnmt oa nonoxennx.
cymecrno xommynnxannn or ronopxmero x cnymarenm; ns cnon is stupid Peter ,ecrt rnynt Herp cnymammn ne ysnaer nnuero nonoro no cpannennm c rem, uro on yxe snan c camoro nauana, n raxoe npenoxenne no+romy noome ec- nentno. Hpocro cmeprnt ncera npenourer ]opmynnponxy Peter is stupid, nocpecrnom xoropo Herp ornocnrcx x paspxy rex cymecrn (n npemeron), xoropte moryr trt nasnant rnyntmn. B maremarnuecxo ]opmyne A = B ne cneyer cunrart snax = cnxsxo, a B npenxarnnom; cnxsxy nao ncrannrt nepe npenxarnnom equal to B panno B (A is equal to B); rem camtm +ra ]opmyna osnauaer: A ocmtcnxercx xax naxoxmeecx cpen npemeron (nosmoxno, necxontxnx), xoropte pannt B (nesanncnmo or roro, osnauaer nn equal rontxo xonnuecrnennoe panencrno nnn nonnoe roxecrno). B nexoroptx cnyuaxx nnomarnuecxoro ynorpenennx mt, noxany, tnn t cxnonnt ycmorpert n is yxasanne na roxecrno: To see her is to love her ,Bnert ee snaunr nonmnrt ee, Seeing is believing Bnert snaunr nepnrt. Onaxo +ro roxecrno cxopee xaxymeecx, uem nonnnnoe. Ftno t nenosmoxno nomenxrt xomnonenrt mecramn, nocxontxy nornuecxoe nasnauenne npnneennoro ntcxastnannx cnonrcx x cneymmemy: nnenne nemenenno neer x nmnn, nepe (nnn ntstnaer nmont nnn nepy). To xe camoe naxonm n n npenoxennn: To raise this question is to answer it Honxrt +ror nonpoc snaunr ornernrt na nero 1 n r. . KOHCTPYKHHR THERE IS Btme ronopnnoct o rom, uro nonexamee npenoxennx xnnxercx onee cnennantntm n onee onpeenenntm, uem npenxarnn; n cnxsn c +rnm moxno yxasart na renennnm nserart ynorpenennx nonexamero c neonpeenenntm aprnxnem, sa ncxnmuennem rex cnyuaen, xora aprnxnt nmeer poonoe snauenne, n rem camtm oosnauaercx nect nn nonxrne nnonne onpeenennoe. Bmecro roro urot nauart paccxas cnonamn A tailor was once living in a small house Hoprno onaxt xnn n manentxom omnxe, otuno ronopxr Once upon a time there was a tailor Onaxt xnn-tn noprno n r. . Cranx ocnanennoe there na mecro, xoropoe sannmaer otuno nonexamee, mt xax t npxuem nocnenee, ornocx ero na menee naxnym nosnnnm, noromy uro ono neonpeenenno. Cnono there, ynorpenxemoe nx nneennx noontx npenoxenn, xorx n nnmercx rax xe, xax napeune mecra there, n ecrnnrentnocrn ornnuaercx or nero n ro xe crenenn, n xaxo neonpeenennt aprnxnt ornnuaercx or onpeenennoro; ono ne nmeer yapennx n otuno nponsnocnrcx c nerpantntm rnacntm [pq] nmecro [pF q]. Heonpeenennoe snauenne cnona there nouepxnnaercx rem, uro n onom n rom xe npenoxennn moxno couerart +ro cnono c (yapenntm) napeunem mecra there ram nnn here sect. 3a nnm cneyer neonpeenennoe nonexamee: There was a time when... Ftno npemx, xora...;
1 emu ecmi oemu osnauaer (Bce) ern npnnanexar x uncny cymecrn, xoropte xapaxrepnsymrcx xax ern Ornocnrentno it is I (me) n +xnnnanenron +ro xoncrpyxnnn n pyrnx xstxax cm. Sprogets Logik, Kmbenhavn, 1913, crp. 59. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
There were many people present Hpncyrcrnonano mnoro napoy, There was no moon Hynt ne tno, There came a beggar Hpnmen nnmn n p. Ocnanennoe there sannmaer mecro nonexamero n n xoncrpyxnnxx rnna Let there be light a yer cner; on account of there being no money in the box nnny roro, uro n xopoxe ner ener. Cp. raxxe n conpemennom pomane: No other little girl ever fell in love with you, did there? Heonpeenennocrt ne ncera ntpaxaercx ]opmantno; rax, n npenoxennn There are those who believe it Ecrt re, xoropte nepxr +romy those xnnxercx no snauennm neonpeenenntm (= there are some who ecrt nexoropte, xro; sunt qui credunt) n raxnm opasom ornnuaercx or onpeenennoro those, xoroptm mt naunnaem npenoxenne: Those who believe it are very stupid Te, xro nepnr n +ro, ouent rnynt. In Browns room there was the greatest disorder B xomnare Fpayna tn yxacnt ecnopxox = a very great disorder n ornnuaercx or The greatest disorder was in Browns room Hanontmn ecnopxox tn n xomnare Fpayna. 3amertre raxxe pasnnunt nopxox cnon n npenoxennxx There [pq] was found the greatest disorder Ftn onapyxen yxacnt ecnopxox n There [pF q] the greatest disorder was found Tam tn onapyxen nanontmn ecnopxox, xorx nepnoe npenoxenne moxer unrartcx raxxe n c yapntm there. Hpenoxennx, coornercrnymmne anrnncxnm npenoxennxm c there is nnn there are, n xoroptx yrnepxaercx nnn orpnnaercx cymecrnonanne uero-nno (ecnn t nam nyxen tn cnennantnt repmnn, mt mornn t nasnart nx ,npenoxennxmn trnx anrn. existential sentences), ornnuamrcx nopasnrentntmn ocoennocrxmn no mnornx xstxax. Hesanncnmo or roro, ynorpenxercx nnn ner nx nneennx raxnx npenoxenn cnono rnna there, rnaron npemecrnyer nonexamemy, a nocnenee ena nn rpaxryercx rpammarnuecxn xax nacroxmee nonexamee. B arcxom xstxe ono nmeer ry xe camym ]opmy, uro ononnenne, xorx n ynorpenen rnaron ecrt: Der er dem som tror, n axe c naccnnom der gives dem. B arcxom rnaron n +ro xoncrpyxnnn crannncx n enncrnennom uncne nepe cymecrnnrentntm no mnoxecrnennom uncne axe n ro npemx, xora pasnnune mexy ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna er n ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna ere eme conmanoct; n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer ra xe renennnx ynorpenxrt theres nepe ]opmamn mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xorx n nnreparypnom xstxe ona n ne rax cnntna, xax npexe; n nrantxncxom roxe ncrpeuaercx vn nmecro vi sono. B pyccxom xstxe rnaron ecmi n ontmnncrne npenoxenn orcyrcrnyer, no n raxnx npenoxennxx, xax Bi. +a.i:ur, u.a eooea, on ncera cronr n nauane. uopma ecmi nepnonauantno ]opma 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna ynorpenxercx axe nepe cymecrnnrentntm no mnoxecrnennom uncne, a raxxe n nepe mecronmennxmn pyrnx nnn (Vo n d r k, Vergleichende slavische Grammatik, Gnttingen, 1906, 267); naxonen, moxno ynomxnyrt nmontrnym ]opmy Haexa.o eocme (Be r n e k e r, Russische Grammatik, 156). B pennerpeuecxom xstxe rnaron ecrt ne oxsarentno ntpaxancx n otuntx npenoxennxx, no n npenoxennxx paccmarpnnaemoro rnna mt naxonm esti nepe nonexamnm all ouk esti bis phresin, oude tis alks Ho ner cnnt n yme n nnxaxo momn; cp. Me i l l e t, Mmoires de la Socit de Linguistique, 14.9.
B nemenxom xstxe npnnxra nsnecrnax xoncrpyxnnx es gibt, xoropax, xoneuno, npemecrnyer yxasannm na ro, uro cymecrnyer; +ro nocnenee xnnxercx ononnennem x rnarony, xorx n nexoroptx sananonemenxnx nanexrax ono crannrcx n nmennrentnom naexe n ronopxr Es geben viele pfel Ecrt mnoro xnox Gr i mm, Wnrterbuch, IV, 1. 1704; P a u l, Deutsche Grammatik, 3. 28. Bo mnornx xstxax ecrt ntpaxennx c rnaronom nmeer sa xoroptm cneyer ]opma, nepnonauantno xnnxnmaxcx ononnennem, no renept ne ncera ornnuammaxcx or naexa nonexamero: cp. ]pann. il y a, ncn. hay (or ha nmeer n y ram), nr. vha (n couerannn vhanno molti ecrt mnoro molti rpaxryercx xax nonexamee), mxn.-nem. es hat, cep. n onr. ima, conp. rp. ekhei (cp. raxxe H. P e d e r s e n, Kthns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 40. 137). Knracxn xstx no ncex cnyuaxx conmaer npannno, cornacno xoropomy nonexamee crannrcx o rnarona, no npenoxennx paccmarpnnaemoro rnna naunnamrcx c yem, nepnonauantno nmert; cm. Ga b e l e n t z, Chin. Gramm., 144. unnx (F i n c k, Kthns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 41. 226) rpancxpnnpyer ro xe cnono xax yu 3 , nanpnmep: Yu 3 ko lang 2 Onaxt xnn-tn nonx, nepnonauantno = has piece wolf. 3ect moxno ynomxnyrt n o nexoroptx ocoennocrxx ]nncxo rpammarnxn. Hmennrentnt naex ynorpenxercx n ]nncxom xstxe rontxo c onpeenenntmn nonexamnmn, x xoroptm npnuncnxmrcx n ntpaxennx, oosnauammne nect po; ecnn xe ntpaxaercx uro-nno neonpeenennoe, ynorpenxercx naprnrnn; cp. Viini (nm. n.) on pnydll Bnno na crone, Viini on hyv Bnno (xax onpeenennax pasnonnnocrt nemecrna) xopomee, Viini (naprnrnn) on pnydll Ha crone ecrt nnno. Tax xe xax n n anrnncxom n arcxom xstxax, re there n der ne ynorpenxmrcx c rnaronom, nmemmnm ononnenne, nocxontxy +ro xax t npenonaraer nexoropym onpeenennocrt, ]nncxn xstx n noontx cnyuaxx npneraer x nmennrentnomy naexy, axe ecnn n npenoxennn nopasymenaercx nexoropte: Varkaat (nnn jotkul varkaat, nm. n.) varastivat tavarani Bopt (xaxne-ro nopt) yxpann mon nemn, no Varkaita (naprnrnn) tuli talooni B mom xnaprnpy nponnxnn xaxne-ro nopt (E l i o t A Finnish Grammar, Oxford, 1890, 121 n cn.).
Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
I. a e a XI I OHOAHEHHE. EHCTBHTEALHLH H CTPAATEALHLH 3AAOIH (AKTHB H HACCHB) uro raxoe ononnenne? ononnenne pesyntrara. Honexamee n ononnenne. Bsanmnocrt. na ononnennx. Hpnnararentnte n napeunx c ononnennxmn. Crpaarentnt sanor. Vnorpenenne ]opm crpaarentnoro sanora. Cpenn sanor. Axrnnnte n naccnnnte npnnararentnte. Axrnnnte n naccnnnte cymecrnnrentnte. Hexcycnte cymecrnnrentnte. Hn]nnnrnnt. HTO TAKOE OHOAHEHHE? Ouent nerxo ntennrt nonexamee, ecnn n npenoxennn nmeercx rontxo ono nepnnunoe cnono, nanpnmep: rou cna.; eepi muxo omrpi.aci; n npenoxennxx, xoropte coepxar na unena, coennenntx cnxsxo is nnn pyrnm noontm rnaronom (nnn xoropte ne nmemr rnarona, cm. rn. IX), xax mt nnenn, onee cnennantntm xomnonenrom xnnxercx nonexamee (nepnnunoe cnono), a menee cnennantntm npenxarnn. Onaxo no mnornx npenoxennxx tnaer no na (nnn rpn) nepnnuntx xomnonenra: n raxnx npenoxennxx onn xomnonenr xnnxercx nonexamnm, a pyro (nnn na pyrnx) ononnennem (nnn ononnennxmn); rax, n npenoxennxx John beats Paul xon ter Honx, John shows Paul the way ,,xon noxastnaer Honm opory John nonexamee, a Paul n the way ononnennx. B npenoxennxx, coepxamnx rnaron, nourn ncera nerxo narn nonexamee, nocxontxy ono xnnxercx rem nepnnuntm xomnonenrom, xoropt nmeer nnxamee ornomenne x rnarony n ro ]opme, n xaxo nocnenn ]axrnuecxn ynorpenen n npenoxennn. 3ro npnmennmo xax x npenoxennxm rontxo uro ynomxnyroro rnna, rax n x npenoxennxm rnna Peter is beaten by John Herp nsnnaercx xonom, re moxno tno t, cornacno pyrnm onpeenennxm, paccmarpnnart John xax nonexamee, nocxontxy xon xnnxercx ecrnymmnm nnnom. ononnennm tnn ant camte pasnnunte onpeenennx. Hanonee pacnpocrpanenntm xnnxercx onpeenenne, ormeuammee, uro ononnenne oosnauaer nnno nnn npemer, na xoroptm conepmaercx ecrnne. 3ro onpeenenne noxptnaer mnorne cnyuan, nanpnmep: John beats Paul xon ter Honx; John frightened the children xon nanyran ere; John burns the papers ,xon cxnraer ymarn; onaxo raxoe onpeenenne rpyno npnmennrt x ecuncnennomy xonnuecrny pyrnx npenoxenn, n ornomennn xoroptx rpammarncrt ncera es xoneann ronopxr o ononnennn, nanpnmep: John burns his fingers xon oxnraer nantnt (r. e. y nero onxr nantnt or oxora); John suffers pain xon repnnr ont n r. n. Cynr yxe anno samernn +ry rpynocrt n nncan (Collected Papers, 25): C raxnmn rnaronamn, xax oumi, uecmu n p., nnnnrentnt naex, es comnennx, oosnauaer oexr ecrnnx, ntpaxennt rnaronom, no c rnaronamn rnna euoemi, c.iuami ronopnrt o oexre ecrnnx moxno rontxo mera]opnuecxn.
Hentsx nsnrt uenonexa, urot on ne nouyncrnonan +roro, onaxo moxno ynnert ero es roro, urot on ysnan o +rom; no mnornx cnyuaxx nnenne ne nopasymenaer nn ecrnnx, nn nonn. B raxom npenoxennn, xax Ou ooumc omoeo :e.oeera, ornomennx oxastnamrcx nepenepnyrtmn: rpammarnuecxn nmennrentnt naex oosnauaer npemer, noneprammncx ecrnnm, a nnnnrentnt naex ncrounnx nosecrnnx 1 . Cynr saxnmuaer, uro no mnornx cnyuaxx nnnnrentnt naex noome ne nmeer nnxaxoro snauennx; tno t nyume cxasart, uro on ne nmeer roro snauennx, xoropoe nanmaercx npn otunom ysxom onpeenennn ononnennx, uro ero snauenne naptnpyercx n sa- nncnmocrn or ecxoneuno pasnoopasntx snauenn camnx rnaronon, uro moxno nnert ns cneymmnx npnmepon: kill the calf ynrt renenxa n kill time ynrt npemx; The picture represents the king Kaprnna nsopaxaer xoponx; He represented the University On npecrannxn ynnnepcnrer; It represents the best British tradition 3ro npecrannxer nyumym pnrancxym rpannnm; run a risk ,noneprnyrtcx pncxy; run a business pyxononrt enom; answer a letter, a question, a person ornernrt na nnctmo, na nonpoc, (ornernrt) xomy-nno; He answered not a word On ne ornernn nn cnona; pay the bill onnarnrt cuer; pay six shillings sannarnrt mecrt mnnnnnron; pay the cabman sannarnrt nsnosunxy; I shall miss the train onosam na noes; I shall miss you yy cxyuart no nac; entertain guests pasnnexart rocre; entertain the idea ntnamnnart mtcnt; fill a pipe nanrt rpyxy; fill an office sannmart onxnocrt n r. . n r.n. (cp. Sprogets Logik, 83). Ecnn mt cpannnm cnyuan, xora onn n ror xe rnaron ynorpenxercx xax nenepexont (nnn aconmrno), r. e. es ononnennx, co cnyuaxmn ero ynorpenennx n xauecrne nepexonoro, r. e. c ononnennem 2 , nanpnmep, ns cneymmnx npenoxenn: Ona noer xopomo Ona noer ]pannyscxne necnn nanncan emy nanncan nnnnoe nnctmo Hocnart sa oxropom Hocnart mantunxa sa oxropom
1 B 1918 r. euen (D e u t s c h b e i n, Sprachpsychologische Studien, 37) nnont onapyxnn rpynocrt, xoropax xacaercx rnaronon nocnpnxrnx: B cnyuaxx rnna B eurv oepeeo nnn B c.iuv rpur :aer ena nn moxno, ncxox ns otunoro nonnmannx, ronopnrt o nosecrnnn na oexr. Cam on onpeennn nnnnrentnt naex xax npnunnnt (xaysarnn). Kcrarn cxasart, +ror repmnn tn t onee npnnoxnm x nmennrentnomy naexy, uro cornacyercx n c ero cocrnenntmn cnonamn: B nnnnrentnom naexe cronr ro nonxrne, xoropoe ntpaxaer ecrnne xaxo-nno npnunnt (= nmennrentnomy naexy). Tenept on cunraer, uro repmnnt npnunna n pesyntrar nentsx npnmenxrt x raxnm rnaronam. Or +ro rpynocrn on nsannxercx raxnm opasom: no ero mnennm, npenoxennx rnna B eurv ropao.i osnauann nepnonauantno nemnm n cex xopant xax opas; nnocnecrnnn +ro tno nepeneceno n na pyrne cnyuan nenamepennoro nocnpnxrnx. euen ne npenoxnn t raxym reopnm, ecnn t ne ysocrt otunoro onpeenennx ,ononnennx. 2 Hmontrno ormernrt, uro n comepcercxom nanexre (cm. E l wo r t h v, Grammar, 191) n sanncnmocrn or ynorpenennx nanmamrcx pasnnunx n ]opme rnarona; xora ononnennx ner, rnaron oxanunnaercx na xparxoe [i] : [digi], no [dig pq graun]; [ziNi] like a man, no [ziN] the song. 3ro pasnnune o nexoropo crenenn ananornuno pasnnunm, cymecrnymmemy n nenrepcxom xstxe mexy cyexrntm cnpxxennem, nanpnmep irok nnmy, n oexrntm cnpxxennem, nanpnmep irom nnmy (c onpeenenntm ononnennem +ro n r. n.). Cp. raxxe n xpeontcxom xstxe na ocrpone Manpnxnn: To manz Tt emt, To manze p]sson Tt emt pty (B a i s s a c, Htude sur le patois crole Mauricien, 42); neuro noonoe ncrpeuaercx n acxcxom xstxe (cm. Uh l e n b e c k, Karakteristiek, 32). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
On ne xypnr On ne xypnr cnrap On nter o oea On nter nnno n r. ., ro onapyxnm, uro npn ononnennn snauenne rnarona yer onee cnennantntm. Ho xax nn naxno +ro nanmenne, ono nenpnrono nx onpeenennx ononnennx; snauenne rnarona moxer trt cnennannsnponano n c nomomtm pyrnx unenon npenoxennx, nanpnmep c nomomtm npenxarnna (cp. Troy was great n Troy was; He grows old n He grows) nnn cymnxra (He walks fast; He sings loud; He walks three miles an hour; travel third class; ride post-haste). B nexoroptx cnyuaxx tnaer rpyno pemnrt, uem xnnxercx annoe cnono npenxarnnom nnn ononnennem. ononnenne no mnornx cnyuaxx onosnaercx no nosmoxnocrn ero npenpamennx n nonexamee naccnnnoro npenoxennx. ononnenne recnee cnxsano c rnaronom, a npenxarnn c nonexamnm (x xoropomy on npn nsmennnmnxcx ocroxrentcrnax moxer trt npncoennen n xauecrne amnxra). Taxnm opasom, nnonne ecrecrnenno, uro npenxarnnnoe npnnararentnoe n rex xstxax, re ono cxnonxercx, cornacyercx c nonexamnm n uncne n poe, n uro npenxarnn nesanncnmo or roro, uem on ntpaxen cymecrnnrentntm nnn npnnararentntm, no mnornx xstxax crannrcx n rom xe naexe, uro n nonexamee (n nmennrentnom). Heuro cpenee mexy ononnennem n npenxarnnom mt ncrpeuaem n anrnncxom xstxe npn rnarone make (cp. She will make a good wife) n n nemenxnx nanexrax npn rnarone geben (cm. npnmept n cnonape Ipnmma, 1702: Welche nit gern spinnen, die geben gute Wirtin; Wnttu en Bildhauer gwen = Willst du ein Steinmetzer werden). Cymnxrt (cymecrnnrentnte, ynorpenxemte anepnantno) uacro cxont c ononnennxmn, n nponecrn pasrpannuenne mexy +rnmn nymx xareropnxmn ne ncera nerxo, nanpnmep: He walks three miles On ner rpn mnnn. Mt ne comnenaemcx, uro stones xamnn n couerannn throw stones ,pocart xamnn xnnxercx ononnennem x rnarony, no no mnornx xstxax sect ynorpenxercx rnopnrentnt naex (xoropt n pennnx repmancxnx xstxax cnnncx c arentntm); n penneanrnncxom xstxe cnono pocart weorpan morno npnnnmart arentnt naex (teoselum weorpem pocaer xocrn), xorx uame ono coueranoct c nnnnrentntm; n pennencnancxom naxonm kasta (verpa) steinum pocart xamnxmn; n pyccxom xstxe rnaron opocami ynpannxer nnn nnnnrentntm, nnn rnopnrentntm naexom. B anrnncxom, xoneuno, yxe ner rnopnrentnoro naexa, no moxno ronopnrt o nncrpymenrantnom ononnennn n raxnx cnyuaxx, xax: She nods her head Ona xnnaer ronono, claps her hands ,xnonaer n naomn, shrugs her shoulders noxnmaer nneuamn, pointed her forefinger at me yxasana na menx yxasarentntm nantnem; cp. raxxe It rained fire and brimstone. OHOAHEHHE PE3YALTATA Cymecrnyer onn rnn ononnennx, croxmn oconxxom n npe- crannxmmn ontmo nnrepec; +ro ononnenne pesyntrara: cp., nanpnmep, Ou nocmpou. oo+, Oua pucvem eemi, Ou uanuca. nuci+o, Miui npoepis.a oipv e cipe. Ipammarncrt, yenxmmne nnnmanne +romy nny ononnennx (n nemenxo repmnnonornn Ergebnisobjekt nnn effiziertes Objekt n npornnononoxnocrt Richtungsobjekt nnn affiziertes Objekt), ynomnnamr nnmt raxne rnaront, xax
oe.ami, npouseooumi, cosoaeami, coopvrami n p., npn xoroptx nnonne ouennno, uro ononnenne onxno trt ononnennem pesyntrara. Onaxo onn conepmenno ynycxamr ns nny nnrepecnt ]axr, uro onn n ror xe rnaron uacro npnnnmaer oa nna ononnennx es nsmenennx snauennx, xorx ornomennx mexy rnaronom n ononnennem n oonx cnyuaxx conepmenno pasnnunt. Cp. cne- ymmne npnmept:
Dig the ground ,Konart semnm Dig a grave ,Konart mornny Bore the plank ,Cnepnnrt ocxy Bore a hole in the plank ,Cnepnnrt ornepcrne n ocxe Light the lamp ,3axnrart namny Light a fire ,3axnrart oront He eats an apple ,On ecr xnoxo The moths eat holes in curtains ,Mont npoeaer tpt n rapnnax Hatch an egg ,Cnert na xne Hatch a chicken ,Btcnxnnart ntnnenxa Roll a hoop ,Karnrt opyu Roll pills ,Cxartnart nnnmnn Strike the table ,Vapxrt no crony Strike sparks ,Btcexart ncxpt
Strike a bargain ,3axnmuart cenxy Conclude the business ,3anepmnrt eno Conclude a treaty ,3axnmuart oronop.
Pasnonnnocrt ononnenn pesyntrara cocrannxmr rax nastnaemte ,nnyrpennne ononnennx, xoropte x ynomnnan n pasene o nexcycntx cymecrnnrentntx (dream a strange dream; fight the good fight n r. ., crp. 157). pyrym pasnonnnocrt cocrannxmr ntpaxennx grope ones way; force an entrance; He smiled his acquiescence n r. n. HOAEAmEE H OHOAHEHHE Bsanmoornomennx mexy nonexamnm n ononnennem nentsx ycranonnrt pas nancera nn uncro nornuecxnmn paccyxennxmn, nn xaxnm-nno onpeenennem; xaxt xonxpernt cnyua nonexnr ocoomy paccmorpennm n coornercrnnn c xapaxrepom annoro rnarona. Kax nonexamee, rax n ononnenne xnnxmrcx nepnnuntmn xomnonenramn, n n xaxo-ro crenenn mt moxem npnnxrt nonoxenne Mannra, uro ononnenne xnnxercx xax t cxptrtm nonexamnm, nnn nonoxenne Byxapra, uro ononnenne +ro nomemennoe n renn nonexamee (Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1920, 462). Taxnm opasom, mt nnnm, uro no mnornx ornomennxx mexy nonexamnm n ononnennem cymecrnyer nexoropoe pocrno. Ecnn t +ro tno ne rax, nam rpyno tno t nonxrt uacrte cnyuan nepexoa onoro n pyroe n xoe ncropnn xstxa: cp. cp.-anrn. him ( = Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
ononnenne) dreams a strange dream (H = nonexamee) Emy cnnrcx crpannt con, xoropoe c reuennem npemenn crano He (H) dreams a strange dream (). Taxomy npenpamennm, es ncxxoro comnennx, cnococrnonano ro ocroxrentcrno, uro n orpomnom ontmnncrne npenoxenn ]opma nepnoro cnona ne noxastnana, uro ono xnnxercx ononnennem: cp. The king dreamed... ,Koponm cnnnoct... 3ror cnnr ntsnan cemanrnuecxoe nsmenenne n rnarone like, xoropt nepnonauantno nmen snauenne npannrtcx (Him like oysters Emy npanxrcx ycrpnnt), a nnocnecrnnn cran osnauart nmnrt (He likes oysters ,On nmnr ycrpnnt). B pesyntrare raxoro nsmenennx nasnanne nnna, sannmanmee panee nepnoe mecro nnny ero +monnonantno naxnocrn, crano renept sannmart +ro mecro raxxe n no rpammarnuecxnm coopaxennxm. Tora xax n anrnncxom n arcxom xstxax nent px rnaronon npenparnncx, raxnm opasom, ns esnnuntx n nnunte, coornercrnymmee nsmenenne n nrantxncxom xstxe npnneno x noxnnennm ocotx mecronmenn ,oomennoro nnna (cm. no +romy nonoy rnany, nocnxmennym nnny). Si dice cosm osnauaer yxnantno ronopnrcx rax, nem. Es sagt sich so, no n ro xe npemx ono +xnnnanenrno nem. Man sagt so; n pesyntrare ro, uro tno cnauana o- nonnennem, crano paccmarpnnartcx xax nonexamee, n naoopor: Si pur vederlo ,3ro moxno ynnert; +ro npoxnnxercx npn nsmenennn uncna ns Si vendono biglietti, re biglietti xnnxercx nonexamnm, n Si vende biglietti, re ono xnnxercx ononnennem. Oe xoncrpyxnnn ynorpenxmrcx renept ox o ox: rax, y Fogazzaro (Il santo, crp. 291): Pregr che si togliessero le candele, no na crp. 290: disse che si aspettava solamente loro 1 . Hornuecxnm pocrnom nonexamero n ononnennx oxcnxercx n ror ]axr, uro npemx or npemenn ncrpeuamrcx npenoxennx es nonexamero, no c ononnennem: nem. Mich friert, Mich hungert. Onaxo n orpomnom ontmnncrne cnyuaen, ram, re npn rnarone ecrt rontxo ono nepnnunoe cnono, ono yer nocnpnnnmartcx xax nonexamee n coornercrnenno o]opmnxercx nnn c reuennem npemenn yer o]opmnxrtcx nmennrentntm naexom, r. e. nonnnntm naexom nonexamero. B3AHMHOCTL Hexoropte rnaront n cnny cnoero snauennx amr nosmoxnocrt nsmennrt ornomennx mexy nonexamnm n ononnennem na oparnte. Ecnn A ncrpeuaer F, ro F raxxe ncrpeuaer A (samertre, uro ram, re mt ronopnm I met an old man , ncrpernn crapnxa, nemnt otuno, ne nsmenxx, onaxo, nopxxa cnon, enamr nonexamnm cnono crapnx: Mir begegnete ein alter Mann Mne ncrpernncx crapnx). Kora n reomerpnn ona nnnnx nepecexaer pyrym, ro n +ra pyrax nepecexaer nepnym. Cp. n anrnncxom xstxe: ecnn Mary resembles Ann Mepn noxoxa na Anny, ro n Ann resembles Mary Anna noxoxa na Mepn; ecnn Jack marries Jill xex xennrcx na xnnn, ro n Jill marries Jack xnnn ntxonr samyx sa xexa. B raxnx cnyuaxx mt uacro npnnnmaem oa cnona sa none-
1 B coornercrnnn c ono reopne, xoropax, onaxo, ocnapnnanact, npornnononoxnt cnnr nponsomen n nar. naccnne: nepnonauantno axrnnnoe *amatur amicos ano nnocnecrnnn amantur amici; cm. mnorouncnennte crartn, nnrnpyemte Fpyrmanom (B r u g m a n n, Ursprung das Scheinsubjekts es, Leipzig, 1914, crp. 27, npnm.).
xamne n n xauecrne ononnennx ynorpenxem each other pyr pyra: The old man and I met each other Crapnx n x ncrpernnnct; The two lines cut one another ,ne nnnnn nepecexamrcx; Mary and Ann resemble each other Mepn n Anna noxoxn pyr na pyra; Jack and Jill marry one another xex n xnnn xenxrcx. Bsanmnocrt moxer, xoneuno, ncrpeuartcx, ecnn ona n ne nopasymenaercx n snauennn camoro rnarona: A moxer nenannert F es roro, urot F nenannen A; no ecnn nce xe F nnraer nsanmnoe uyncrno nenanncrn, ro +ro moxno ntpasnrt npnneenntm ntme opasom: A n F nenannxr pyr pyra. B anrnncxom xstxe nx ntpaxennx nsanmnocrn uacro ocrarouno onoro rnarona: A and B meet (marry, kiss, fight) A n F ncrpeuamrcx (xenxrcx, nenymrcx, cpaxamrcx). B pxe raxnx cnyuaen n arcxom xstxe ynorpenxercx ]opma na -s (npexnxx nosnparnax ]opma): A og B mmdes, kysses, sless. BA OHOAHEHHR B onom npenoxennn moryr trt na ononnennx: He gave his daughter a watch On noapnn ceoe oo:epu :aci. He showed his daughter the way On noxasan ceoe oo:epu oopoev. He taught his daughter arithmetic On oyuan ceom oo:i apuq+emure n r. n. (Onaxo cneyer samernrt, uro n npenoxennn They made Brown President Onn nspann Fpayna npesnenrom ecrt rontxo ono ononnenne, a nmenno nect nexcyc, rax xe xax n n npenoxennn They made Brown laugh Onn sacrannnn Fpayna cmexrtcx). B xstxax c orentntmn ]opmamn nnnnrentnoro n arentnoro naexe nnno otuno crannrcx n arentnom naexe, a npemer n nnnnrentnom; nepnoe nastnaercx xocnenntm ononnennem, nropoe npxmtm. Onaxo nnora nosmoxen arentnt naex n npn onom ononnennn, a n nexoroptx cnyuaxx oa ononnennx croxr n nnnnrentnom naexe. 3ro cnnerentcrnyer o rom, uro pasnnune mexy arentntm n nnnnrentntm naexamn ne nonxrnnoe, a uncro cnnraxcnuecxoe n oycnonneno ono cnenn]nxo xaxoro xstxa; o +rom n o ynorpenennn pyrnx naexntx ]opm n ]ynxnnn ononnennx cm. rn. XIII, nocnxmennym naexy. Ha mecre naexno ]opmt npn ntpaxennn xocnennoro ononnennx mt uacro naxonm npenor, xoropt yrpaunnaer cnoe nepnonauantnoe snauenne anrn. to, pomancx. a. Cnauana on oosnauan nanpannenne n ynorpenxncx npn raxnx rnaronax, xax give anart; nnocnecrnnn c]epa ero ynorpenennx pacnpocrpannnact n na cnyuan, re snauenne nanpannennx conepmenno ncxnmuaercx, nanpnmep npn rnarone deny orxastnart. B ncnancxom xstxe npenor ynorpenxercx axe npn npxmom ononnennn, ecnn ono oosnauaer nnno. B anrnncxom xstxe nnora ncrpeuaercx nnomarnuecxoe ynorpenenne npenora on: bestow something on a person aponart uro-nno xomy-nno, confer a degree on him npncyxart emy crenent n r. n. Kpnrepnn nx onpeenennx xocnennoro n npxmoro ononnennx moryr trt pasnnuntmn, axe n npeenax onoro xstxa: cp. anrn. present something to a person noapnrt uro-nno xomy-nno n present a person with something oapnrt xoro-nno uem-nno (]pann. prsenter quelque chose a quelquun). Ho- ]pannyscxn ronopxr fournir qch a qqn, a no-anrnncxn furnish someone with something. 3ect moxno rontxo xparxo ynomxnyrt o renennnn ]pannyscxoro rpaxronart rnaron n sanncnmt nn]nnnrnn xax onn rnaron n n cnxsn c +rnm Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npenpamart nnno n xocnennoe ononnenne: Il lui fit voir le cheval On noxasan emy nomat (xax il lui montra le cheval), no Il le fit chanter On sacrannn ero nert 1 n anee: Je lui ai entendu dire que... cntman, xax on ronopnn, uro... Ecnn rnaron n ecrnnrentnom sanore nmeer na ononnennx, ro ono ns nnx moxer crart nonexamnm coornercrnymme naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn 2 . B ontmnncrne cnyuaen nonexamnm naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn cranonnrcx npxmoe ononnenne, a nexoropte xstxn conepmenno ncxnmuamr nosmoxnocrt npenpamennx ononnennx n arentnom naexe n nonexamee naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn. Cp., onaxo, ]pann. Je veux xtre obi xouy, urot mne nonn- nonannct. B anrnncxom xstxe nanmaercx nce nospacrammax renennnx npenpamart nnno n nonexamee rnarona crpaarentnoro sanora. H +ro conepmenno ecrecrnenno, nocxontxy n nacroxmee npemx ner ]opmantnoro pasnnunx mexy arentntm n nnnnrentntm naexamn n nocxontxy ns +monnonantntx noyxenn ronopxmn crpemnrcx nocrannrt nasnanne nnna na nepnoe mecro. Tax, otuno ronopxr: The girl was promised an apple enouxe tno oemano xnoxo; He was awarded a gold medal On tn narpaxen sonoro meantm n r. n. Ipammarncrt npornnoecrnonann +ro renennnn rnanntm opasom noromy, uro onn naxonnnct n nneny y narnncxo rpammarnxn, no mxontnte neanrt ne n cocroxnnn npeoonert xnnoe xstxonoe uyrte. Kax nn crpanno, neanrt ropaso mentme nospaxann npornn xoncrpyxnn rnna: He was taken no notice of Ha nero ne oparnnn nnnmannx, xoropte yyr oxcnent n onom ns cneymmnx pasenon. HPHAAIATEALHLE H HAPEHHR C OHOAHEHHRMH Inaront ne enncrnennte cnona, xoropte moryr npnnnmart ononnennx. B anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer px npnnararentntx, xoropte moryr couerartcx c ononnennem: He is not worth his salt ,On nnxya ne roen, yxnantno On ne sac.vrueaem ceoe, co.u; He is like his father On noxox na cnoero orna; cp. ar. Han er det franske sprog mngtig On nnaeer ]pannyscxnm xstxom; nem. (c po. n.) Er ist der franzsischen Sprache mochtig; nar. avidus laudis crpemxmncx x noxnane; plenus timoris nonnt crpaxa. B anrnncxom raxxe ncrpeuamrcx couerannx rnna conscious that something had happened; anxious to avoid a scandal, n xoroptx npnarounoe npenoxenne n nn]nnnrnn xnnxmrcx ononnennxmn. Hpnnararentnte, onaxo, ne moryr nmert ononnennem cy- mecrnnrentnoe, xpome xax c npenorom: conscious of evil cosnammn sno, anxious for our safety ecnoxoxmncx o name esonacnocrn. B +rnx npnmepax
1 Fpmno ronopnr (B r u n o t, La pense et la langue, Paris, 1922, 390): Hentsx ne nocxnmartcx xstxontm uyrtem, xoropoe, necmorpx na conepmenno onnaxonym xoncrpyxnnm, nxnatnaer na conepmenno pasntx cmtcna n npenoxenne Jai fait faire un vxtement a mon tailleur saxasan xocrmm noprnomy n Jai fait faire un vtement a mon fils saxasan xocrmm nx cnoero ctna. Bmecro nocxnmennx x cxnonen ntpasnrt cxopee ynnnenne, uro raxne nycmtcnennte xoncrpyxnnn n xoneunom cuere nopoxamr ornocnrentno mano neopasymenn. 2 B rarantcxom xstxe (unnnnnnncxne ocrpona) cymecrnyer rpn crpaarentntx sanora; npenoxennm ncxart xnnry co cneuo n xomnare moryr coornercrnonart rpn pasnnuntx opasonannx n sanncnmocrn or roro, uro paccmarpnnaercx xax camoe naxnoe xnnra, cneua nnn xomnara; camoe naxnoe crannrcx n nmennrentnom naexe (H. C. v. d. G a b e l e n t z, Iber das Passivum, 484).
rpynnt of evil, for our safety xax nenoe xnnxmrcx ononnennxmn n nonxrnnom nnane, axe ecnn ne npnsnanart nx rpammarnuecxnmn ononnennxmn. To xe camoe sameuanne npnmennmo n x npenoxntm rpynnam c of npn raxnx npnnararentntx, xax suggestive ntstnammn mtcnn, indicative yxastnammn n r. n. B narnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer npannno, cornacno xoropomy npnuacrnx na -ns npnnnmamr ononnenne n nnnnrentnom naexe, xora n nnx cnntno omymaercx rnarontnocrt: amans patriam. Ho ecnn onn oosnauamr onee nocroxnnoe xauecrno, ononnenne crannrcx n ponrentnom naexe (rax xe, xax c npnnararentntmn rnna tenax): amans patriae. Ecnn ononnenne cronr npn napeunn, napeune, xax otuno ronopxr, cranonnrcx npenorom: cm. rn. VI. 3amertre, uro nemenxn npenor nach nocne ecrt ne uro nnoe, xax ]onernuecxn napnanr napeunx nah nnsxo. Kora sa rnaronom cneyer napeune (npenor) c ononnennem, nocnenee moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax ononnenne xo ncemy couerannm rnaron -1- napeune; orcma xoneannx: nem. Er luft ihr nach (um ihr nachzulaufen): Er luft nach ihr (um nach ihr zu laufen); ]pann. Il lui court aprns = Il court aprns elle. B penneanrnncxom He him fter rnd (fterrnd) On exan sa nnm xfter moxno cunrart npenorom, croxmnm nocne nmenn. 3amertre raxxe, uro neorennmte ar. (at) efterfmlge, (at) efterstrxbe = orennmtm nem. nach (zu) folgen, nach (zu) streben. Orcma nponcxoxr naccnnnte xoncrpyxnnn, cymecrnymmne n anrnncxom xstxe: He was laughed at Ha nnm nocmexnnct, He is to be depended on Ha nero moxno nonoxnrtcx n p. CTPAATEALHLH 3AAOI B nexoroptx cnyuaxx n namnx xstxax ncrpeuamrcx napt rnaronon, naxoxmnecx pyr c pyrom n raxnx xe ornomennxx, xax cnona uao n noo, nepeo n noc.e, oo.iue n +euiue, cmapue n +o.ore. K raxnm cnyuaxm moxno ornecrn: A precedes B = B follows (succeeds) A. ,A npemecrnyer F = F cneyer sa A. To, uro n nepnom npenoxennn paccmarpnnaercx c rouxn spennx A, no nropom paccmarpnnaercx c rouxn spennx F 1 . B ontmnncrne xe cnyuaen cnnr ocrnraercx c nomomtm naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn (cp. anrn. A precedes B n B is preceded by A). To, uro tno ononnennem (nnn onnm ns ononnenn) n axrnnno xoncrpyxnnn, cranonnrcx nonexamnm, a ro, uro tno nonexamnm n axrnnno xoncrpyxnnn, ntpaxaercx nno c nomomtm npenoxno rpynnt (n anrnncxom xstxe c npenorom by |panee of]; no ]pannyscxom c npenorom par n de, n narnncxom c ab n r. .), nno npocro naexno ]opmo (rnopnrentnt nnn ornoxnrentnt naex). 3ro moxno nsopasnrt ]opmyno, oosnaunn nonexamee yxno H, ononnenne yxno , rnaron yxno I, ecrnnrentnt sanor yxno a
(axrnn), crpaarentnt sanor yxno n (naccnn), a xonneprnponannoe nonexamee yxno K:
1 Cp. A npoaem omo B = B nouynaem omo v A; raxnm xe opasom oaeami u no.v:ami; A u+eem omo = Jmo npuuauexam A. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
H I a H I n K Jack loves Jill == Jill is loved by Jack ,xex nmnr xnnn xnnn nmnma xexom Taxnm opasom: Jack: H a = K n
Jill: a = H n
B anrnncxo rpammarnxe nx oosnauennx ecrnnrentnoro n crpaarentnoro sanoron ynorpenxmrcx repmnnt active n passive v o i c e (]pann. voix). xemc (William J a me s, Talks to Teachers, crp. 152) paccxastnaer, xax onn ns ero pocrnennnxon ntrancx oxcnnrt manentxo enouxe, uro raxoe crpaarentnt sanor: Suppose that you kill me: you who do the killing are in the active voice, and I, who am killed, am in the passive voice. But how can you speak if youre killed? cxasana enouxa. Oh, well, you may suppose that I am not quite dead! Ha cneymmn ent enouxy cnpocnnn n xnacce o crpaarentnom sanore, n ona cxasana: Its the kind of voice you speak with when you aint quite dead! 3ror anexor cnnerentcrnyer ne rontxo o rpytx omnxax, xoropte nosmoxnt npn oyuennn rpammarnxe (acypnte npnmept, rnynte oxcnennx), no n o neconepmencrne rpannnonnoro repmnna voice. Hexoropte rpammarncrt n Iepmannn n n pyrnx crpanax ynorpenxmr narnncxoe cnono genus (genus verbi). Onaxo ono neyono, noromy uro ynorpenxercx n nx oosnauennx rpamma- rnuecxoro poa (genus substantivi). Hyume ncero, noxany, tno t ynorpenxrt repmnn turn (oopor) n ronopnrt active and passive turn axrnnnt n naccnnnt oopor. Fes cnon axrnnnt n naccnnnt npx nn moxno oornct, xorx n onn moryr npnnecrn x neopasymennxm: axe n paorax nnntx yuentx moxno nnora narn raxne ntcxastnannx, uro rnaront cmpaoami, cnami, v+upami cneyer nastnart cxopee naccnnntmn, uem axrnnntmn, nnn uro nar. vapulo menx tmr onxno cunrartcx naccnnntm, necmorpx na ]opmy ecrnnrentnoro sanora, nnn uro ner nnuero axrnnnoro n npenoxennxx A euoum B n A .moum B. Taxne paccyxennx ncxoxr ns omnounoro npecrannennx, yro axrnnnocrt n naccnnnocrt n nnnrnncrnuecxom cmtcne coornercrnymr renecno nnn yxonno axrnnnocrn n naccnnnocrn; +ra omnxa cxona c ynomxnyro namn pyro omnxo, cnxsanno c onpeenennem ononnennx. 3ect n no ncex pyrnx cnyuaxx neoxonmo pasrpannunnart cnnraxcnuecxne n nonxrnnte xareropnn. Kaxnm xnnxercx rnaron n c n n r a x c n u e c x o m cmtcne axrnnntm nnn naccnnntm sanncnr rontxo or ero ]opmt; no ona n ra xe mtcnt nnora moxer trt ntpaxena ecrnnrentno, nnora crpaarentno ]opmo: A precedes B = A is followed by B; A likes B = A is attracted by B. Harnncxax ]opma crpaarentnoro sanora nascitur ,poxaercx ycrynnna mecro ]pannyscxo ]opme ecrnnrentnoro sanora naot, nmemme ro xe snauenne. Ha anrnncxn xstx ona nepeaercx ro ]opmo crpaarentnoro sanora is born poxaercx, ro ]opmo ecrnnrentnoro sanora originates nponcxonr, comes into existence noxnnxercx. To ocroxrentcrno, uro nar. vapulo nepenonrcx na pyrne xstxn ]opmamn crpaarentnoro sanora, ne menxer ero rpammarnuecxn axrnnnoro xapaxrepa; a rp. apothnsskei n panno crenenn ocraercx axrnnntm n n rom cnyuae, xora mt nepeaem ero anrnncxnm is killed ynr (ecnn nocne nero cronr hupo = anrn. by), n rora, xora mt npocro ronopnm dies ymnpaer. B camnx nonxrnxx ner nnuero raxoro, uro nosnonnno t nanecnrt na rnaront xpntxn axrnnnt n naccnnnt. H nce xe axrnnnocrt n
naccnnnocrt moxno cunrart ne rontxo cnnraxcnuecxnmn, no n nonxrnntmn xareropnxmn. Ho npn +rom cneyer ronopnrt o snauennn xaxoro xonxpernoro rnarona n orentnocrn, n, uro ouent naxno, r o n t x o n r o m c n y u a e , x o r a n p o n c x o n r r p a n c n o s n n n x n o r n o m e n n x x m e x y n o n e xa m n m ( n o n o n n e n n e m , e c n n r a x o n o e n m e e r c x ) n r n a r o n o m. Jill is loved by Jack xnnn nmnma xexom n Es wird getanzt ,Tannymr xnnxmrcx naccnnntmn n n cnnraxcnuecxom n n nonxrnnom ornomennn, nocxontxy nonexamne n nnx ornnunt or nonexamnx n npenoxennxx Jack loves Jill xex nmnr xnnn n Sie tanzen Onn rannymr. B pyrnx cnyuaxx cymecrnyer necoornercrnne mexy cnnraxcnuecxnm n nonxrnntm axrnnom n naccnnom. Tax, nostmem na npenoxennx: He sells the book On npoaer xnnry n The book sells well Knnra npoaercx xopomo. Axrnnnax ]opma sells n nepnom npenoxennn xnnxercx nonxrnntm axrnnom, a n nocnenem nonxrnntm naccnnom, nocxontxy ro, uro n onom npenoxennn cnyxnr ononnennem, n pyrom xnnxercx nonexamnm. Touno rax xe ncrpeuamrcx n pyrne rnaront (n onnx xstxax mentme, n pyrnx ontme), xoropte ynorpenxmrcx n n xauecrne nonxrnnoro axrnna n n xauecrne nonxrnnoro naccnna, nanpnmep: Persia began the war Hepcnx nauana nony; The war began ,Bona nauanact. pyrne npnmept ns anrnncxoro xstxa: He opened the door On orxptn nept n The door opened nept orxptnact; He moved heaven and earth On cnnnyn (norpxc) neeca n semnm n The earth moves round the sun 3emnx nnxercx noxpyr connna; roll a stone xarnrt xament n The stone rolls Kament xarnrcx; cp. raxxe turn the leaf The tide turns; burst the boiler the boiler bursts; burn the wood the wood burns n r. n. Iopaso pexe ncrpeuamrcx ]opmt crpaarentnoro sanora, xoropte onycxann t raxoe noxxoe ynorpenenne. ar. mindes nmeer ]opmy crpaarentnoro sanora; otuno ono osnauaer nomnnrt n moxer rora cunrartcx nonxrnntm axrnnom; onaxo, xora ono ynorpenxercx, xax +ro nnora tnaer, n cmtcne nomnnrcx (Det skal mindes lxnge), ono npecrannxer coo nonxrnnt naccnn; noontm xe opasom ronopxr: Vi me omges ham med varsomhed Mt onxnt opamartcx c nnm ocropoxno n Han me omges med varsomhed C nnm cneyer opamartcx ocropoxno. pyrne cnyuan nonxrnnoro naccnna, ne ntpaxennoro ]opmo, moxno ncrpernrt n orrnarontntx cymecrnnrentntx n nn]nnnrnnax. B +ro cnxsn nao ynomxnyrt o ono uepre rpammarnuecxoro crpox nexoroptx menee nsnecrntx xstxon, xoropax, no mnennm pxa anropon, nponnnaer cner na onee pannne crann pasnnrnx name cemtn xstxon mt nmeem n nny pasnnuenne a x r n n n o r o nnn n e p e x o n o r o n a e x a (casus activus nnn transitivus) n n a c c n n n o r o nnn n e n e p e x o n o r o (casus passivus nnn intransitivus) naexa. B +cxnmoccxom xstxe ona ]opma, oxanunnammaxcx na -p, ynorpenxercx n xauecrne nonexamero nepexonoro rnarona (xora n +rom npenoxennn ecrt ononnenne), a pyrax ynorpenxercx nno n xauecrne nonexamero nenepexonoro rnarona, nno n xauecrne ononnennx nepexonoro rnarona: Nan o(q) Pe lip takuva = Hene ynnen menex; Nan up Pe le takuva = Menet ynnen Hene; Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Pe le o mavoq = Hene xnner; Nan o(q) o mavoq = Menet xnner. Cp. ynorpenenne n ponrentnom naexe: Nan up niaqua Pe lip takuva ,Hene ynnen ronony menex; Nan up niaqua angivoq Ionona menex tna ontmax; Pe lip niaqua nan up takuva Menet ynnen ronony Hene. Cxonte npannna cymecrnymr n acxcxom xstxe, n nexoroptx xstxax Kanxasa n n pxe xstxon amepnxancxnx nnenen. Ha +rom ocnonannn tno ntnnnyro npenonoxenne, uro n nnoenponecxom npaxstxe cymecrnonana, c ono cropont, ]opma na -s, xoropax ynorpenxnact n xauecrne axrnnnoro naexa (cyexrnoro nnn npnrxxarentnoro) rontxo or nasnann oymennenntx cymecrn (myxcxoro n xencxoro poa), n, c pyro cropont, ]opma es oxonua- nnx nnn c oxonuannem -m, xoropax ynorpenxnact n xauecrne naccnnnoro nnn oexrnoro naexa, cnyxnna raxxe nonexamnm nenepexontx rnaronon n nocrenenno crana ynorpenxrtcx xax ]opma nmennrentnoro naexa or nasnann nexnntx npemeron (cpenn po). Haex na -s nosxe pacmennncx na na naexa nmennrentnt n ponrentnt, npnuem nocnenn n nexoroptx cnyuaxx xapaxrepnsonancx ocoennocrxmn yapennx, a nnora ononnnrentntm cy]]nxcom. Onaxo nepnonauantno on oosnauan ne crontxo onaanne xax raxonoe, cxontxo ouent recnoe ecrecrnennoe enncrno n nsanmocnxst 1 . Herpyno samernrt, uro raxne rnnorest nomoramr oxcnnrt px ocoennocre name cncremt rpammarnuecxoro poa, a raxxe cncremt naexe. O +rom cneyer nomnnrt, xora noer peut o cyexrnom ponrentnom naexe, xorx, xax mt ynnnm, on ynorpenxercx ne rontxo n couerannn c cymecrnnrentntmn, opasonanntmn or nepexontx rnaronon, no n c cymecrnnrentntmn or nenepexontx n naccnnntx rnaronon, n ero nentsx orrpannunrt or oexrnoro ponrentnoro naexa. YHOTPEBAEHHE mOPM CTPAATEALHOIO 3AAOIA Mt ynorpenxem ]opmt ecrnnrentnoro nnn crpaarentnoro sanora n sanncnmocrn or roro, ns xaxoro nepnnunoro xomnonenra npenoxennx mt ncxonm: Jack loves Jill n Jill is loved by Jack n ocnonnom osnauamr ono n ro xe, no onn ne no ncex ornomennxx nonnocrtm cnnonnmnunt; no+romy nannune oenx xoncrpyxnn ne xnnxercx nsnnmnnm. Kax npannno, nnno nnn npemer, xoropt naxonrcx n nenrpe nnnmannx n annt momenr, cranonnrcx none- xamnm npenoxennx, a rnaron onxen nonyuart coornercrnenno ro ]opmy ecrnnrentnoro, ro ]opmy crpaarentnoro sanora. Ecnn npoanannsnponart nce cnyuan ynorpenennx crpaarentnoro sanora, ncrpeuammnecx n cnxsnom rexcre, ro moxno onapyxnrt, uro uame ncero ntop crpaarentnoro sanora onpeenxercx ono ns cneymmnx npnunn:
1 Uh l e n b e c k, Indogermanische Forschungen, 12.170; Kthns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 39. 600, 41. 400, Karakt.k.bask. gramm., 28, Amsterdam, Acad. Verslagen, ns. 5-e, u. 2, 1916; Holger P e d e r s e n, Kthns Zeifschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 40. 151 n cn.; S c h u c h a r d t, Indogermanische Forschungen, 18. 528, Berlin, Acad.,1921, 651. pyrne nsrnxt ntcxastnann F i n c k, Berlin Acad., 1905, Kuhns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 41. 209 n cn. n S a p i r, International Journal of American Linguistics, r. I, 85.
1) Axrnnnoe nonexamee nensnecrno nnn ne moxer trt nerxo ycranonneno: cp. He was killed in the Boer war On tn ynr n ypcxym nony; The city is well supplied with water Iopo xopomo cnaxaercx noo; I was tempted to go on uyncrnonan ncxymenne npoonxart; The murderer was caught yesterday Vnna tn noman nuepa: sect ]axr saepxannx ynnt ropaso onee naxen, uem yxasanne na ro, xaxo nonnnecxn ero saepxan. Ouent uacro axrnnnoe nonexamee npecrannxer coo oomennoe nnno: it is known ,nsnecrno = ]pann. on sait. B npenoxennn The doctor was sent for Hocnann sa oxropom ne ynomnnaercx nn ror, xro nocnan, nn ror, xoro nocnann sa ox- ropom. 2) Axrnnnoe nonexamee ntxcnxercx ns xonrexcra: His memory of these events was lost beyond recovery Bocnomnnanne o +rnx cotrnxx tno y nero esnaexno yrpaueno; She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress n r. . Ona cxasana mne, uro xosxnn ee ynonnn; ne tno ano nnxaxoro oxcnennx; no nonoy ee noneennx ne tno ntcxasano nnxaxnx nperensn. E axe sanpernnn oparnrtcx x xosxxe. 3) Moxer trt n pyrax npnunna, n cnny xoropo ne ynomnnaercx axrnnnoe nonexamee, coopaxennx raxra, nnn ennxarnocrt; rax, nanpnmep, uacro nseramr mecronmennx 1-ro nnna, ocoenno n nnctmenno peun: Enough has been said here of a subject which will be treated more fully in a subsequent chapter 3ect tno ocrarouno cxasano o rom, uro yer paccmorpeno nonnee n ono ns cneymmnx rnan. B mnecxom xstxe crpaarentnte xoncrpyxnnn uacro ynorpenxmrcx nx roro, urot nsexart rpomosxnx samennrene nnuntx mecronmenn 2-ro nnna: Hnskas en tndstick? Xornre cnnuxy?; Finns inte en tndstick? Her nn y nac cnnuxn? Hn n onom ns +rnx cnyuaen ne ynomnnaercx axrnnnoe nonexamee, a no mnornx xstxax, na uro nepexo yxastnanoct, orcyrcrnne axrnnnoro nonexamero n naccnnntx npenoxennxx xnnxercx npannnom (apacxn, nartmcxn, pennenarnncxn; Wa c k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, 143). Hocuert, nponsneennte nexoroptmn ns monx yuennxon, yxe anno noxasann mne, uro or 70 o 94 nponenron naccnnntx npenoxenn, ynorpe- nxemtx pasnnuntmn anrnncxnmn nncarenxmn, ne coepxar nnxaxoro ynomnnannx o axrnnnom nonexamem. 4) axe rora, xora axrnnnoe nonexamee yxasano (xonneprnponannoe nonexamee), npenounramr naccnnnym xoncrpyxnnm, ecnn ronopxmn ontme nnrepecyercx naccnnntm nonexamnm, uem axrnnntm: The house was struck by lightning B om yapnna monnnx; His son was run over by a motor car Ero ctna nepeexan anromonnt. 5) Haccnnnax xoncrpyxnnx moxer onerunrt coennenne onoro npenoxennx c pyrnm: He rose to speak and was listened to with enthusiasm by the great crowd present On nonxncx, urot ronopnrt, n oi. c nooymennennem eic.vuau copanmecx ontmo ronno. Bo mnornx xstxax ynorpenenne ]opm crpaarentnoro sanora nonepraercx onpeenenntm orpannuennxm, xoropte ne ncera nerxo oxcnnrt. Inaron have (have got) nmert n cnoem ocnonnom snauennn pexo ynorpenxercx n crpaarentnom sanore (xorx n moxer ynorpenxrtcx rax: This may be had for Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
twopence at any grocers 3ro moxno xynnrt sa na nenca n nmom axanenom marasnne). Heanrt nnora nospaxamr npornn npenoxenn rnna This word ought to be pronounced differently 3ro cnono onxno tno t nponsnocnrtcx nnaue (noromy uro cnony ne npncyme uyncrno onra!) nnn Her name will have to be mentioned Ee nmx onxno trt ynomxnyro. B nexoroptx xstxax nenepexonte rnaront n ]opmax crpaarentnoro sanora nnonne otunt: cp. nar. itur, itum est, curritur, nem. es wird getanzt, axe Was nttzte es auch, gereist muBte werden; man mute eben vorwrts, solange es ging (Ch. Bischoff), ar. der danses, her me arbejdes. Onaxo n anrnncxom n no ]pannyscxom xstxax raxne cnyuan ne ncrpeuamrcx. CPEHHH 3AAOI O cpenem sanore n rom cmtcne, n xaxom mt naxonm ero, nanpnmep, n rpeuecxom xstxe, ner neoxonmocrn ronopnrt mnoro, nocxontxy on ne nmeer camocroxrentno nonxrnno xapaxrepncrnxn: nnora ero snauenne uncro nosnparnoe, r. e. on oosnauaer roxecrno nonexamero n (nentpaxennoro) ononnennx, nnora on nopasymenaer onee neonpeenennoe yxasanne na no- nexamee, nnora +ror sanor xnnxercx uncro naccnnntm no snauennm, a nnora ero c ontmnm rpyom yaercx ornnunrt or otunoro axrnna. V pxa rnaronon cpenn sanor nmeer ocote cemanrnuecxne orrenxn, xoropte nenerxo onpeennrt. AKTHBHLE H HACCHBHLE HPHAAIATEALHLE Honxrnnoe pasnnune mexy axrnnom n naccnnom npnnoxnmo raxxe x nexoroptm npnnararentntm, opasonanntm or rnaronon nnn cnxsanntm c nnmn. Cymecrnymr axrnnnte n naccnnnte npnuacrnx (anrn. knowing snammn, known nsnecrnt n r. n., xorx nocnenee ne uncro naccnnno). Cpen xomnaparnnncron pacnpocrpaneno yexenne, uro pennne nnoenponecxne npnuacrnx na -to n -no, x xoroptm nocxoxr anrnncxne cnate n cnntnte npnuacrnx II, cnauana ne nmenn nn axrnnnoro, nn naccnnnoro xapaxrepa 1 . Kpome roro, cymecrnymr npnnararentnte c raxnmn oxonuannxmn, xax - some (troublesome ecnoxont, wearisome yromnrentnt), -ive (suggestive ,ntstnammn mtcnn, talkative pasronopunnt), -ous (murderous ,cmepronocnt, laborious rpyonmnnt). Bce onn xnnxmrcx axrnnntmn. Ecrt n npnnararentnte na -ble, nmemmne otuno naccnnnoe snauenne (respectable ynaxaemt, eatable ceont, credible nepoxrnt), no nnora n axrnnnoe snauenne (perishable rnennt, serviceable ycnyxnnnt, forcible ,nacnntcrnennt); -less nmeer axrnnnt cmtcn n cnone sleepless ecconnt, no naccnnnt n cnone tireless neyromnmt. Hnora cymecrnyer ne coornocnrentnte ]opmt nx axrnna n naccnna: contemptuous npespnrentnt: contemptible npespennt, desirous xenammn; desirable xenannt; nnora ono n ro xe cnono moxer nmert ro axrnnnoe, ro naccnnnoe snauenne: suspicious
1 B r u g m a n n, Indogermanische Forschungen, 5. 117: H. P e d e r s e n, Kuhns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 40. 157 n cn.
,noospnrentnt (n nyx snauennxx), curious nmontrnt (roxe n nyx snauennxx). Tax xe ocronr eno n n pyrnx xstxax. Hexoropte ns axrnnntx npnnararentntx moryr couerartcx c nonxrnntm ononnennem npn nomomn npenora of: suggestive of treason, oblivious of our presence n r. n. AKTHBHLE H HACCHBHLE CYmECTBHTEALHLE Tenept nocrannm nonpoc, moryr nn trt axrnnntmn n naccnnntmn cymecrnnrentnte n moryr nn onn npnnnmart ononnennx. Hpexe ncero mt onapyxnnaem rax nastnaemte nomina agentis. Onn xnnxmrcx axrnnntmn cymecrnnrentntmn, nanpnmep: fisher ptax, liar nxen, conqueror ,sanoenarent, saviour cnacnrent, creator cosarent, recipient nonyuarent. To, uro tno t ononnennem x coornercrnymmemy rnarony, nonyuaer ]opmy ponrentnoro naexa (Anns lover nosnmnennt Annt) nnn, uame, coueraercx c npenorom of (the owner of this house nnaenen +roro oma, the saviour of the world cnacnrent mnpa). 3ect, xax n ntme, moxno ronopnrt o nonxrnntx nnn xonneprnponanntx ononnennxx. Cymecrnnrentnte rnna pickpocket ,xapmanmnx, breakwater nonnopes cocroxr ns axrnnnoro rnarona n ononnennx; a pickpocket moxno onpeennrt xax a picker of pockets. B anrnncxom xstxe mt naxonm nmontrnt paspx naccnnntx cymecrnnrentntx na -ee: lessee cemmnx, referee pe]epn n r. n. ror, xomy caercx n naem, ror, x xomy nonpoc nanpannen na paccmorpenne, examinee ror, xro +xsamenyercx (onaxo c rem xe oxonuannem ncrpeuamrcx n axrnnnte cymecrnnrentnte refugee exenen, absentee orcyrcrnymmn). HEKCYCHLE CYmECTBHTEALHLE Tenept nepeem x nexcycntm cymecrnnrentntm. Ho cymecrny onn ne xnnxmrcx nn axrnnntmn, nn naccnnntmn, no n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn moryr paccmarpnnartcx xax axrnnnte nnn xax naccnnnte. Paccmorpnm cnauana nsnecrnt narnncxn npnmep amor dei. 3ro moxer osnauart nno nmont, xoropym ncntrtnaer cam or, nno nmont, xoropym xro-nno nnraer x ory. B nepnom cnyuae mt nastnaem dei cyexrntm ponrentntm naexom (nexoropte cunramr ero npnrxxarentntm ponrentntm, nocxontxy or nmeer nnn ,onaaer +rnm uyncrnom); no nropom cnyuae mt nastnaem ero oexrntm ponrentntm. B nepnom cnyuae dei n npnnxrtx ntme oosnauennxx yer oosnauen H a , no nropom a . Ho nocxontxy a =H n , ro moxno cxasart, uro dei n oonx cnyuaxx npecrannxer coo cyexrnt ponrentnt naex, a amor n nepnom cnyuae xnnxercx axrnnntm cnonom, a no nropom naccnnntm. B rom n pyrom cnyuae mt nmeem eno c nexcycom. Ponrentnt naex yxastnaer n nem na nepnnunt, a amor na nropnunt +nemenr. Hexcyc xe cam no cee ne axrnnen n ne naccnnen: on ntpaxaer nnmt cnxst mexy nymx xomnonenramn orom n nmontm. uro osnauaer +ro coueranne nmont nn ora x pyrnm nnn nmont pyrnx x ory, pemnrt npeocrannxercx cnymarenm. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Touno rax xe nycmtcnennt n couerannx odium Caesaris n timor hostium. To xe n rpeuecxom (2 Kopnn]., 5.14): hs gar agaps tou Khristoli sunekhei hsmns (n nepenoe nnnn 1611 r.: the loue of Christ constreineth vs). B anrnncxom xstxe ncrpeuaercx nnora ra xe nycmtcnennocrt. Xoxcon (Ho d g s o n, Errors in the Use of Engl., 91) npnnonr cneymmn anexor: An attorney, not celebrated for his probity, was robbed one night on his way from Wicklow to Dublin. His father, meeting Baron OGrady the next day, said: My lord, have you heard of my sons robbery? No, indeed, replied the Baron, pray whom did he rob? Cnono memory n Iamnere ynorpenxercx noxxo: Tis in my memory locked +ro otunoe ynorpenenne H a n A great mans memory may outliue his life half a year +ro onee pexoe ynorpenenne H n . Hpexe oexrnt ponrentnt naex (H n ) tn pacnpocrpanen ontme, uem n nacroxmee npemx; cp. y Bexcnnpa: Reuenge his foule and most vnnaturall murther (r. e. ro, uro on tn ynr); Thou didst denie the golds receit. Cymecrnymr, onaxo, onpeenennte npannna ynorpenennx ponrentnoro naexa (n npnrxxarentntx mecronmenn), xorx onn n ne npnsnant rpammarncramn. Inannte npannna cneymmne: 1) Conepmenno ouennno, uro n cnyuae nenepexontx rnaronon ne moxer trt n peun o naccnnnom cmtcne; ponrentnt naex no+romy ncera H a : the doctors arrival npntrne oxropa, the doctors existence, life, death, etc. ,cymecrnonanne, xnsnt, cmeprt oxropa n r. n. Cneymmne npannna xacamrcx nepexontx rnaronon, no npannna 2 n 5 npnnoxnmt x couerannm ponrentnoro naexa c cymecrnnrentntm rontxo n rex cnyuaxx, xora nocne nero ne cronr npenoxnax rpynna. 2) Cymecrnnrentnte, opasonannte or raxnx nepexontx rnaronon, xoropte n cnny cnoero snauennx ne moryr nmert ononnennem nnno, epyrcx n axrnnnom cmtcne: his (H a ) suggestion, decision, supposition ero npenoxenne, pemenne, npenonoxenne n r. . 3) Tam, re snauenne rnarona nosnonxer nmert nonexamee nnn ononnenne, ntpaxammee nnno, ponrentnt nnn npnrxxarentnt naex nocnpnnnmaercx otuno xax H a : his attack, discovery, admiration, love, respect, approbation, interruption ero nanaenne, orxptrne, nocxnmenne, nmont, ynaxenne, oopenne, nmemarentcrno n r. n. 3ect, onaxo, nanmaercx nmontrnoe pasnnune. Ono sanncnr or ycnonn, n xaxnx naxonrcx nexcycnoe cymecrnnrentnoe: xnnxercx nn ono nonexamnm npenoxennx nnn ynorpeneno nocne npenora: His assistance (H a ) is required Tpeyercx ero nomomt; Come to his assistance (H n ) Hpnnre x nemy na nomomt. Touno rax xe: His service (support, defence) is valuable Ero cnyxa (noepxxa, samnra) nenna; at his service (in his support, defence) n ero ycnyxennn (na ero noepxxy, samnry). Cp. raxxe necxontxo apxanunoe: in order to his humiliation. Cymecrnnrentnoe es ponrentnoro naexa nmeer ror xe camt naccnnnt cmtcn nocne raxnx rnaronon, xax need nyxartcx, want xorert, nyxartcx: He needs support, asks for approbation On nyxaercx n noepxxe, npocnr oopennx (Ho ry ntcrynaer xax H a n npenoxennn He asks for my approbation On npocnr moero oopennx). 4) Ponrentnt, nnn npnrxxarentnt naex, onaxo, yer nonxr n oexrnom snauennn, xora nnny, xoropoe xnnxercx oexrom ecrnnx,
yenxercx ontme nnnmannx, uem nnny, xoropoe n +rom cnyuae ecrnyer. Tax, n neanno ntmemem nomepe ono anrnncxo rasert n npeenax necxontxnx crpox x onapyxnn na ynomnnannx o nosmoxnocrn De Valeras capture saxnara e Banepa n De Valeras arrest apecra e Banepa; conepmenno nenaxno, xro cxnartnaer nnn apecrontnaer npnancxoro noxx. pyrne npnmept: a mans trial ,ue-nno nponecc, his defeat ero nopaxenne, his overthrow ero cnepxenne, his deliverance ero ocnooxenne, his release ero ocnooxenne, his education ,ero opasonanne. Haccnnnt cmtcn onapyxnnaercx raxxe n npenoxennxx Her reception was unique; He escaped recognition. B npenoxennn He is full of your praises nnno, xoropoe xnannr, xoneuno, he on, a your no+romy yer H n = a . 5) Tam, re nonexamee rnarona rax xe uacro, nnn eme uame, xnnxercx npemerom, uem nnnom, n re, c pyro cropont, ononnenne raxxe npecranneno nnnom, nexcycnoe cymecrnnrentnoe nocnpnnnmaercx n naccnnnom cmtcne: his (H n ) astonishment, surprise amazement, amusement, irritation ero ynnnenne, pasnneuenne, paspaxenne n r. n. anee cneyer paccmorpert ynorpenenne npenoron c nexcycntmn cymecrnnrentntmn. Hpenor of cam no cee n raxo xe crenenn nycmtcnen, xax n ponrentnt naex: the love of God nmont ora, nmont x ory H a nnn H n . Ho on repxer cnom nycmtcnennocrt, ecnn coueraercx c ponrentntm naexom, nocxontxy n raxom cnyuae nocnenn ncera osnauaer H a , a rpynna c of H n : my trials of thy loue (Bexcnnp); his instinctive avoidance of my brother n r. n. Taxnm opasom, xora nocne couerann c ponrentntm naexom, ynomxnyrtx no pypnxo 4, cronr of, onn cpasy menxmr cnoe snauenne: Luthers (H a ) deliverance of Germany from priestcraft; He won praise by his release of his prisoners; her reception of her guests. B XIX cronernn xoncrpyxnnx c by nonyunna mnpoxoe pacnpocrpanenne xax nenycmtcnennoe cpecrno oosnauennx H a ; +ro ro xe by, xoropoe ynorpenxercx npn naccnnno ]opme rnarona, no neannee ynorpenenne, xax nn crpanno, ne ynomnnaercx n Oxc]opcxom cnonape: the purchase, by the rich, of power to tax the poor (Pacxnn); a plea for the education by the State of neglected country girls; the massacre of Christians by Chinese. Ecnn ynorpenxercx npenor by, ro nx H n moxer trt ynorpenen ponrentnt naex: his expulsion from power by the Tories (Texxepe). nx H n nanmaercx pacrymax renennnx ynorpenxrt pyrne npenorn, a ne nycmtcnennoe of: your love for my daughter; the love of Browning for Italy; his dislike to (for) that officer; There would have been no hatred of Protestant to Catholic; contempt, fear for, attack on. Hpn nexoroptx cymecrnnrentntx cxonte npenorn pacnpocrpanent n n pyrnx xstxax: ar. for, til; nar. odium in Antonium; nr. la sua ammirazione per le dieci dame pim belle (Cepao) 1 . Anrnncxoe orrnarontnoe cymecrnnrentnoe na -ing nepnonauantno raxxe nmeno nocrnennt xapaxrep, xorx otuno ono onaaer axrnnntm snauennem: his (H a ) throwing ero pocanne n r.n. B npexnne npemena H n ncrpeuanoct onontno uacro: cp. Shall we excuse his throwing into the water (Bexcnnp; = his
1 B ]nncxom xstxe ponrentnt naex nmeer oa snauennx: isnmaan rakkaus nmont ponnt n nmont x ponne, jumalan pelko crpax ora n crpax nepe orom. Kora coueramrcx oa snauennx, H n + cymecrnnrentnoe rpaxryercx xax cnoxnoe cymecrnnrentnoe: kansalaisen isnmaan- rakkaus nmont rpaxan x ponne (S e t l , Satslra, 31). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
having been thrown). Haccnnnt cmtcn onapyxnnaercx raxxe n npenoxennn Vse euerie man after his desart, and who should scape whipping? (Bexcnnp). o cnx nop ono ncrpeuaercx n couerannxx rnna The roads want mending; onaxo n cnxsn c opasonannem n cpannnrentno neannee npemx cnoxno naccnnno ]opmt being thrown (having been thrown) npocrax ]opma n noannxmmem ontmnncrne cnyuaen ynorpenxercx rontxo n axrnnnom snauennn. O naexe nonxrnnoro nonexamero cm. crp. 160. HHmHHHTHB Heoxonmo cenart raxxe nexoropte sameuannx o panne ]opme orrnarontnoro cymecrnnrentnoro, xoropax nosxe pasnnnact n nn]nnnrnn. Ono raxxe cnauana ne tno nn axrnnntm, nn naccnnntm, no c reuennem npemenn pasnnnnct npocrte nnn cnoxnte naccnnnte ]opmt: amari, be loved n r. n. Cnet +rnx (axrnnntx nnn nerpantntx) ]opm ncrpeuamrcx n nne nonxrnnoro naccnna n anrnncxom xstxe o nacroxmero npemenn, nanpnmep: They were not to blame Hx ne cneonano euuumi (cp. They were not to be seen); The reason is not far to seek Hpnunny ucrami neanexo; The reason is not difficult to see Hpnunny uempvouo veuoemi, re the reason xnnxercx nonexamnm x is, no n ro xe npemx moxer paccmarpnnartcx n xax cnoero poa ononnenne x to see nnn nonexamee x to see, ecnn nocnenee ncronxonart n naccnnnom snauennn 1 . Cp. anee: There is a lot to see in Rome; There is a lot to be seen in Rome. (3rn na npenoxennx ne nnonne cnnonnmnunt.) B cneymme nnrare naxonm nce rpn nosmoxnocrn ony sa pyro: There was no one to ask (axrnnnax ]opma, naccnnnoe snauenne), no one to guide him (roxe n axrnnnom snauennn); there was nothing to be relied upon. pyrne nsnecrnte npnmept na nocrnennt xapaxrep nn]nnnrnna: nem. Er lie ihn (H a ) kommnen; Er lie ihn (H n ) strafen; ar. Han lod ham komme; Han lod ham straffe; ]pann. Je lai vu jouer; Je lai vu battre. B anrnncxom xstxe, re renept n noontx cnyuaxx mnpoxo ynorpenxercx ]opma crpaarentnoro sanora, pantme ynorpenxnact ]opma ecrnnrentnoro sanora n naccnnnom snauennn: (He) leet anon his deere doghter calle (uocep; conp. anrn. Let her be called, caused her to be called); He made cast her in to the riuer (A New English Dictionary, make, 53 d).
1 Cp. ]pann. Ce vin est bon a boire.
I. a e a XI I I HAE Konnuecrno naexe n anrnncxom xstxe. Ponrentnt naex. Hmennrentnt naex n xocnennte naexn. 3narentnt naex. 3axnmunrentnte sameuannx o naexax. Hpenoxnte rpynnt. KOAHHECTBO HAEEH B AHIAHHCKOM R3LKE Bonpoc, xoropt mt paccmorpnm n +ro rnane, a o nexoropo crenenn paccmarpnnann yxe n npetyme, conpxxen c ontmnmn rpynocrxmn. eno n rom, uro, c ono cropont, mexy pasntmn xstxamn onapyxnnamrcx n +rom ornomennn snaunrentnte pasnnunx, a c pyro camn nonxrnx, ntpaxaemte pasnnuntmn naexamn, ne xnnxmrcx n raxo xe mepe oruernnntmn, xax, nanpnmep, pasnnune mexy ennnunocrtm n mnoxecrnennocrtm, mexy npo- memnm, nacroxmnm n yymnm (xoropte yyr paccmorpent n nocneymmnx rnanax). Hoxany, yer nyume nauart c xonxperntx npnmepon, nnnmcrpnpymmnx npnnnnnnantnym pasnnny mexy nymx pocrnenntmn xstxamn narnncxnm n anrnncxnm. Ecnn pnmnxne ronopnnn Petrus filio Pauli librum dat, anrnnuane ronopxr Peter gives Pauls son a book Herp aer ctny Hanna xnnry. He moxer trt nnxaxoro comnennx, uro nce uertpe narnncxnx cymecrnnrentntx croxr n uertpex pasnnuntx naexax, a nmenno: Petrus nmennrentnt, filio arentnt, Pauli ponrentnt, librum nnnnrentnt. Touno rax xe ne moxer trt nnxaxoro comnennx, uro anrnncxoe cnono Pauls cronr n ponrentnom naexe, xoropt n nenom coornercrnyer ononmennomy naexy n narnncxom xstxe. Onaxo nonpoc o rom, moxno nn cxasart, uro Peter cronr n nmennrentnom naexe, son n arentnom, a book n nnnnrentnom, xnnxercx cnopntm n ntstnaer pasnornacnx, nocxontxy n anrnncxom xstxe ne cymecrnyer pasnnun n oxonuannxx, xax n narnncxom. Ftrt moxer, sect nannno re xe rpn naexa, uro n n narnncxom, nnn rontxo na naexa nmennrentnt (Peter) n xocnennt (son, book), a moxer trt, nnmt onn omn naex? Kaxax ns npnneenntx rouex spennx namna croponnnxon cpen rpammarncron. Hocxontxy +ror nonpoc npecrannxer snaunrentnt reopernuecxn nnrepec, a xpome roro, nmeer n npaxrnuecxoe snauenne npn oyuennn anrnncxomy xstxy n pyrnm xstxam n mxone, neoxonmo ocranonnrtcx na nem ocoo n nsnecnrt nce onot sa n npornn. Cnauana pemnm, ecrt nn n anrnncxom xstxe arentnt naex, ornnunt or nnnnrentnoro. 3ror nonpoc moxno tno t pemnrt nonoxnrentno, ecnn t nx pasnnuennx nasnanntx nyx naexe namnnct nonnnno rpammarnuecxne xpnrepnn, ocnonannte nno na ]opme, nno na ]ynxnnn. Hocxontxy nopxox Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cnon n rnane II tn npnsnan ]opmantntm +nemenrom, ro nexoropte na ocnone onpeenenno nosnnnn cnona n npenoxennn, nosmoxno, yyr yrnepxart, uro n npnneennom npenoxennn ecrt arentnt naex. Bet nentsx cxasart He gave a book Pauls son! Hpn nnxamem paccmorpennn oxastnaercx, uro npnsnart nosnnnonnt arentnt nentsx; n raxnx npenoxennxx, xax I gave it him an +ro emy, mt naxonm oparnt nopxox cnon. Bet tno t onnaxono nenerxo ronopnrt, uro it xnnxercx sect ]opmo arentnoro naexa nnn uro cymecrnyer nosnnnonnt arentnt, xoropt crannrcx nnora nepe npxmtm ononnennem, a nnora nocne nero. anee: ecnn n npenoxennn The man gave his son a book 3ror uenonex noapnn cnoemy ctny xnnry cnono son cronr n nosnnnonnom arentnom naexe, rora npnercx npnsnart cymecrnonanne nosnnnonnoro arentnoro no ncex cneymmnx nnxe npnmepax, re nenosmoxno nsmennrt nopxox cneonannx nyx cymecrnnrentntx: I asked the boy a few questions saan mantunxy necxontxo nonpocon; I heard the boy his lessons npocnyman y mantunxa ero ypoxn; I took the boy long walks pan mantunxa na npoonxnrentnte nporynxn; I painted the wall a different colour ntxpacnn creny n pyro nner; I called the boy bad names oosnan mantunxa ypntmn cnonamn; I called the boy a scoundrel nasnan mantunxa neroxem. ne snam, re n +rom cnncxe xonuaercx arentnt naex n re naunnaercx nnnnrentnt, n ne naxoxy nnxaxnx yxasann na +ro axe n rex rpammarnxax, n xoroptx ner peut o +rnx naexax. Moxno tno t xax yro npenoxnrt xpnrepn, ocnonannt na nosmoxnocrn npenpamennx cnona n nonexamee naccnnnoro npenoxennx, nocxontxy raxoe ynorpenenne onycrnmo rontxo nx nnnnrentnoro naexa. 3ro tn t uncro nnnrnncrnuecxn xpnrepn no on nenpnmennm: no-nepntx, nonce ne ncxxn nnnnrentnt moxer trt npenpamen n nonexamee naccnnnoro npenoxennx; cp. nropo nnnnrentnt n npenoxennn They made Brown Mayor Onn nspann Fpayna m+pom, They appointed Kirkman professor ,Onn nasnaunnn Knpxmana npo]eccopom; no-nroptx, arentnt moxer crart nonexamnm naccnnnoro npenoxennx, nanpnmep: He was awarded a medal Ero narpannn meantm, She was refused admittance E orxasann n npneme (cp. crp. 185). Hoxa ne ntpaorano nnxaxnx naexntx xpnrepnen, mt nnpane yrnepxart, uro n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe ner orentnoro arentnoro n orentnoro nnnnrentnoro naexe. Hpanomepnocrt +roro ntnoa craner eme onee ouennno, ecnn oparnrtcx x rpammarnxe npo]. 3onnenmena camoro ymenoro samnrnnxa ornnunx nnnnrentnoro naexa or arentnoro naexa. B ero rpammarnxe nentsx narn nocneonarentno cncremt xpnrepnen, xoropym moxno tno t npnmennrt ne rontxo x cnyuaxm, npnnonmtm n xnnre, no n x pyrnm cnyuaxm. Hnora aercx ncropnuecxoe oocnonanne, xora, nanpnmep, ]opmynnpyercx npa- nnno o rom, uro nocne ncex npenoron onxen croxrt nnnnrentnt naex ( 169, 489): B penneanrnncxom xstxe nexoropte npenorn couerannct c arentntm naexom... no sarem n xstxe nponsomno nsmenenne, rax uro n nosnem penneanrnncxom oosnaunnact cnntnax renennnx ynorpenxrt nnnnrentnt naex nocne ncex npenoron. Ho +ro ne concem rax. B nexoroptx couerannxx n reuenne nnrentnoro npemenn coxpanxncx arentnt naex; cp., nanpnmep, y uocepa: of towne, yeer by yere, by weste n p., re -e nponsnocnrcx. Ocrarxn +roro
coxpanxmrcx n ceuac n nexoroptx ]opmax: ar. e. n cnone alive xnno (on life), Atterbury (xt mxre byrig), ar. mn. n couerannn (by) inchmeal, on foot ,nemxom; nocnenee uepes cpeneanrnncxoe on foten, on fote moxno nosnecrn x penneanrnncxomy on fotum, no ncxxom cnyuae ecnn peut ner ne o onom nnne, nanpnmep They are on foot Onn na norax. Ecnn xe ornneutcx or raxnx nsonnponanntx nepexnrxon, ro ncropnuecxax ncrnna yer saxnmuartcx n rom, uro y ontmnncrna mecronmenn coxpannncx rontxo arentnt naex; no mnoxecrnennom uncne cymecrnnrentntx nnnnrentnt (pannt nmennrentnomy), a n enncrnennom uncne cymecrnnrentntx ]opma, n xoropo nonnocrtm cmemannct nmennrentnt, nnnnrentnt n arentnt naexn. Onaxo, xaxono t nn tno nponcxoxenne +rnx ]opm (him, kings, king), onn ynorpenxnnct yxe c pannero nepnoa onnaxono, xax n cnyuaxx, re npexe rpeonancx arentnt naex, rax n n cnyuaxx, re rpeonancx nnnnrentnt 1 . Tenept nepnemcx x romy, xax npo]. 3onnenmen pasrpannunnaer +rn na naexa n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe. B npenoxennn He asked me a question On saan mne nonpoc on cunraer npxmtmn ononnennxmn xax re, rax n question, nepoxrno, noromy, uro p.-anrn. rnaron ascian couerancx c nymx ononnennxmn n nnnnrentnom naexe; n couerannn teach him French yunrt ero ]pannyscxomy xstxy nam npeocrannxercx pemart camnm, uem xnnxercx him nnnnrentntm nnn arentntm naexom, xorx npenounraercx xax yro nepnt, necmorpx na ro uro teach nocxonr x p.-anrn. txcan, xoropoe ynpannxno arentntm n nnnnrentntm. Ouennno, mt nnxora ne ycntmann t o nyx nnnnrentntx naexax npn +rom rnarone, ecnn t ne cymecrnonano cxonoro ynpannennx y nar. doceo n nem. lehren 2 ; no net +ro conepmenno espasnnuno nx anrnncxo rpammarnxn: n npornnnom cnyuae mt moxem xora-nnyt ycntmart, uro use nontsonartcx rpeyer rnopnrentnoro naexa, noono nar. utor. Hnora npannna, xoropte aer 3onnenmen, xnnxmrcx xnno nenonntmn. arentnt naex n xauecrne xocnennoro ononnennx, no-nnnmomy, npnsnaercx rontxo rora (cm. 173), xora n rom xe npenoxennn ecrt ononnenne n nnnnrentnom naexe, nanpnmep Forgive us our trespasses Hpocrn nam namn nperpemennx. Ho ecnn cxasano npocro Forgive us, cneyer nn ronopnrt, uro us cronr n nnnnrentnom naexe? Moxno nn cxasart, uro him n npenoxennn I paid him, xnnxxct enncrnenntm ononnennem, cronr n nnnnrentnom naexe? Hnn, moxer trt, ono cronr n arentnom naexe, nocxontxy ntcrynaer xax xocnennoe ononnenne n npenoxennn I paid him a shilling sannarnn emy mnnnnnr? Taxnx nonpocon nosnnxamr ecxrxn, xax rontxo mt naunnaem pasrpannunnart ro, uro coenneno npnpoo n onn naex. H n ro npemx xax n nemenxom xstxe na +rn nonpoct moxno ornernrt, ocnontnaxct na ]opme, n anrnncxom n annom
1 uro cxasann t anrnncxne mxontnnxn, ecnn t nx nauann yunrt npnmepno raxomy npannny: him n npenoxennn I saw him nnen ero n n couerannn for him nx nero arentnt naex, kings n npenoxennn I saw the kings nnen xopone n n couerannn for the kings nx xopone nnnnrentnt, no king n npenoxennn I saw the king nnen xoponx cronr n nnnn- rentnom naexe n n couerannn for the king nx xoponx n arentnom? H nce xe c ncropnuecxo rouxn spennx +ro ropaso ontme coornercrnyer ecrnnrentnocrn, uem ncenoncropnuecxoe nsnoxenne 3onnenmena. 2 Hpn nem. lehren arentnt naex or cymecrnnrentnoro, oosnauammero nnno, ncrpeuaercx nepexo, a n naccnnno xoncrpyxnnn xax n Ich wurde das gelehrt, rax n n Das wurde mich gelehrt, nponsnonr neyxnmxee nneuarnenne n samenxercx no+romy ooporom Das wurde mir gelehrt. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cnyuae pyxonocrnonartcx neuem. Kro moxer cxasart, nanpnmep, xnnxercx nn him n couerannn hit him a blow nanecrn emy yap xocnenntm ononnennem (arentntm naexom), a blow npxmtm (nnnnrentntm naexom), a moxer trt, him +ro npxmoe ononnenne (nnnnrentnt naex), a blow cymnxr (nncrpymenrantnt nnn anepnantnt)? Ha nonpoc o ]ynxnnn him n npocrom npenoxennn Hit him (es oannennx a blow) ontmnncrno, nepoxrno, ornernno t, uro him npxmoe ononnenne, a cneonarentno, cronr n nnnnrentnom naexe. 3onnenmen npnsnaer anepnantnoe ynorpenenne oonx naexe, no narn xaxne-nno ocnonannx nx raxoro pasrpannuennx nenosmoxno. Near him arentnt naex. Houemy? Ecnn na ocnone penneanrnncxoro cnnraxcnca, rora him n couerannxx to him, from him roxe onxno trt arentntm naexom. Onaxo sect ronopnrcx, uro +ro nnnnrentnt naex n cnny mnnmoro npannna, cornacno xoropomy nce npenorn coueramrcx c nnnnrentntm naexom; no nouemy xe rora +ro ne npnmenxercx x cnony near, xoropoe Oxc]opcxn cnonapt npnsnaer npenorom? He blew his pipe three times On rpnxt noyn n rpyxy nnnnrentnt naex, nouemy? (B penneanrnncxom xstxe sect tn t arentnt.) H rax moxno npoonxart, nocxontxy ner nnxaxnx ocnonann nx nponsnontnoro ornecennx cnon x onomy nnn pyromy naexy. Taxne npannna yuennxam npnxonrcx sayunnart nansycrt; nonxrt nx nentsx. Hpo]. 3onnenmen saxnnxer, uro, nsyunn ncropnm anrnncxnx rpammarnx, on pemnrentno ornepraer nsrnxt mnornx yuentx, xoropte npnnnctnamr nporpecc, nponcmemn n anrnncxo rpammarnxe, nocrenennomy ocnooxennm ee or narnncxo rpammarnxn. B xypnane Modern Language Teaching, mapr, 1915, on nnmer, uro npxmax nnnnx neer or pannnx rpammarncron, orpnnanmnx ananornm mexy anrnncxo n narnncxo rpammarnxo, x nocrenennomy npnsnannm n anrnncxom xstxe rex xe camtx naexe, uro n n narnncxom, n uro npnsnanne cxocrna mexy +rnmn nymx xstxamn crano nosmoxntm rontxo nocne roro, xax cpannnrentnax rpammarnxa ntxcnnna ornomennx mexy nnmn. Onaxo +ro mnenne o nocrenennom ,nporpecce n cncreme 3onnenmena ne orpaxaer ncrnnnoro nonoxennx neme. 3onnenmen ne yunrtnaer, uro ero cncrema cymecrnonana n roronom nne eme n 1586 roy, xora Fynnoxap (Bullokar) yrnepxan, uro n anrnncxom nmeercx nxrt naexe n uro n npenoxennn How, John, Robert gives Richard a shirt cnono John cronr n snarentnom naexe, Robert n nmennrentnom, shirt n nnnnrentnom, a Richard n arentnom, r. e. ycmorpen n +rom npenoxennn uertpe naexa, xpome ponrentnoro. A n 1920 roy n npencnonnn xo nropomy romy cnoe rpammarnxn npo]. 3onnenmen ynomxnyn necxontxnx pannnx rpammarncron (Innn 1619 r., M+con 1622 r.), xoropte ocnontnann anrnncxym rpammarnxy na narnncxo. H xorx no nce npemena cymecrnonann ne npornnopeunnte rouxn spennx no +romy nonpocy anrnncxo rpammarnxn, 3onnenmen nce xe ymaer, uro n ocnonnom omax nnnnx n nporpecc mnn n npenonaraemom nm nanpannennn. On ne ynomnnaer raxnx necrxmnx rpam- marncron, xax Vnntxm Xasnnrr (William Hazlitt) 1 , Vnntxm Koer (Cobbett) n
1 [Hnnnn Myppe] yrnepxaer, uro n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer mecrt naexe cymecrnnrentntx mecrt pasnnuntx oxonuann es xaxoro-nno nsmenennx oxonuann n uro anrnncxn rnaron nmeer nce naxnonennx, npemena n nnna, cnocrnennte narnncxomy rnarony. 3ro npnmep nopasnrentno cnenort n ynopcrna. On ouent neanrnuno nepenonr narnncxym
Ienpn Cynr, xoropte orneprann ero rouxy spennx na naexn, no ouent xnannr Hnnnn Myppex (Lindley Murray), xoropt cenan naxnt mar, npnsnan oexrnt naex cymecrnnrentntx, n raxnm opasom oxasan anrnncxo rpammarnxe ycnyry, ocnoonn ee or noxnoro onpeenennx naexa, n orxptn nyrt nx cneymmero naxnoro mara npnsnannx arentnoro naexa 3onnenmenom. Hnrepecno, xaxon yer cneymmn mar n +ro cepnn? Bepoxrno, renept xro-nnyt yer naroapnrt 3onnenmena sa ro, uro on ,orxptn nept nx npnsnannx ornoxnrentnoro naexa; a nouemy ne npnsnart eme n rnopnrentnt, mecrnt naex n r. .? Bce onot npo]eccopa n nontsy npnsnannx arentnoro onnaxono npnmennmt n x +rnm naexam. On yrnepxaer, uro naexn npecrannxmr coo xareropnn s n a u e n n x , a ne xareropnn ]o p m t n uro +ro n onnaxono mepe cnpanennno xax nx narnncxo, rax n nx anrnncxo rpammarnxn. Pasnnunte naexn narnncxoro cymecrnnrentnoro ne ncera ornnuamrcx pyr or pyra no ]opme: nnnnrentnt naex cymecrnnrentntx cpenero poa nmeer ncera ry xe camym ]opmy, uro n nmennrentnt naex; ornoxnrentnt naex mnoxecrnennoro uncna ncera connaaer no ]opme c arentntm naexom mnoxecrnennoro uncna; y nexoroptx cymecrnnrentntx arentnt naex enncrnennoro uncna ne ornnuaercx no ]opme or ponrentnoro enncrnennoro, y pyrnx or ornoxnrentnoro enncrnennoro. Bce +ro conepmenno nepno, no +ro ne onponepraer roro nsrnxa, uro naexnte pasnnunx n narnncxom xstxe ocnonant n nepnym ouepet na pasnnunn ]opmt, cnxsanno c pasnnunem ]ynxnnn. Hnxro t n ne noyman ronopnrt o ornoxnrentnom naexe n narnncxom xstxe, ecnn t on no mnornx cnyuaxx ne ornnuancx no ]opme or arentnoro. A rora, xora oa naexa connaamr no ]opme, nce-raxn moxno cxasart, uro n onom cnyuae mt nmeem onn naex, a n pyrom pyro, nocxontxy pyrne cnona n rom xe nonoxennn noxastnamr, xaxo naex ynorpenen. Mt yexent, uro Julio cronr n arentnom naexe n npenoxennn do Julio librum n n rnopnrentnom n couerannn cum Julio, nocxontxy ananornunte npenoxennx co cnonom Julia coepxar pasnte ]opmt: do Juliae librum, cum Julia. Templum n nexoroptx npenoxennxx ntpaxaer nmennrentnt naex, a n pyrnx nnnnrentnt, nocxontxy n nepntx mt mornn t ynorpenrt ]opmy domus, a no nroptx ]opmy domum. H rouno raxnm xe opasom mt nonnmaem ]opmy cut xax nperepnr (cm. ntme, crp. 53) n npenoxennn I cut my finger yesterday, xorx n ]opme +roro rnarona ner nnuero ornnunoro or nacroxmero npemenn. Ho n ornomennn anrnncxnx cymecrnnrentntx rax paccyxart nentsx: ecrt npnnnnnnantnoe necoornercrnne mexy narnncxo cncremo, re naexn n ontmnncrne cnyuaen, xort n n e n c e r a, ntpaxent ]opmo, n anrnncxo cncremo, re onn n n x o r a rax ne ntpaxamrcx. Hocrannrt na ony ocxy nnnnrentnt n arentnt naexn n anrnncxom xstxe, ncera connaammne no ]opme, n coornercrnymmne narnncxne naexn, pasnnuammnecx onee uem n enxnocra cnyuaxx ns cra, +ro snaunr nocrannrt nayunte npnnnnnt c nor na ronony. Conepmenno nepno, uro nama rpaxronxa rpammarnuecxo cncremt anrnncxoro xstxa onxna ocnontnartcx na ]axrax, ycranonnenntx cpannnrentno-ncropnuecxo rpammarnxo; no ono ns camtx naxntx ncrnn
rpammarnxy na anrnncxn xstx (xax n mnorne ero npemecrnennnxn), noopaxax, uro nnmer anrnncxym rpammarnxy; cnxmennnxn npnnercrnymr ero, yunrenx nnoxr n ntcmee omecrno, a anrnncxne yuente noepxnnamr +ry norexy (Ha z l i t t, The Spirit of the Age, 1825, crp. 119). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
+ro nayxn xnnxercx n]]epennnannx, xoropax c reuennem npemenn pasomnna xstxn, tnmne xora-ro nnsxo pocrnenntmn, n rem camtm ncxnmunna nosmoxnocrt npnmenxrt xo ncem xstxam onn n re xe xareropnn. B ornomennn anrnncxoro xstxa, n ornnune or rpeuecxoro, mt ne ronopnm o nocrnennom uncne, xorx n +rom cnyuae nonxrnnax xareropnx ocrarouno xcna. 3auem xe rora ronopnrt o arentnom naexe, xora nx +roro cront xe mano ocnonann c rouxn spennx ]opmt, a c rouxn spennx nonxrnx snauenne arentnoro naexa n rex xstxax, re on nmeercx, pacnntnuaro n neonpeenenno? Hpo]. 3onnenmen yrnepxaer, uro naexn oosnauamr xareropnn snauennx. Onaxo on ne onpeenxer, a n ne moxer onpeennrt, xaxoe snauenne nmeer arentnt naex 1 . Ecnn oparnrtcx x npannnam nmo nemenxo, narnncxo nnn rpeuecxo rpammarnxn, onapyxnnaercx orpomnoe pasnoopasne ynorpenenn n ]ynxnn, r. e. snauenn, arentnoro naexa, no mnorne ns nnx pasnnuamrcx or xstxa x xstxy. B +rom ner nnuero crpannoro, ecnn mt ncnomnnm, xaxnmn neonnaxontmn nyrxmn pasnnnnct +rn xstxn ns nno- enponecxoro npaxstxa nx omero npexa. Kax ronopnr Haynt, conepmenno nponsnontntm (es ist im Grunde reine Wiliktr) xnnxercx axe camoe oosnauenne coornercrnymmero nemenxoro (n penneanrnncxoro) naexa repmnnom arentnt, nocxontxy, xpome ]ynxnn craporo arentnoro naexa, on ntnonnxer raxxe ]ynxnnn mecrnoro, ornoxnrentnoro n rnopnrentnoro. uopmantno on coornercrnyer crapomy arentnomy rontxo n enncrnennom uncne y nexoroptx cnon; y pyrnx cnon on npecrannxer coo crapt mecrnt naex, a arentnt mnoxecrnennoro y ncex cnon nocxonr x crapomy rnopnrentnomy. Ipeuecxn arentnt naex enncrnennoro uncna rpertero cxnonennx npecrannxer coo crapt mecrnt naex, a arentnt naex ncex cnon oennnn n cee ]ynxnnn mecrnoro n rnopnrentnoro naexe napxy c ]ynxnnxmn cocrnenno arentnoro. H cxontxo t mt nn nponnrannct n rnyt ncropnn, mt nnre ne namnn t naexa c ono xcno ouepuenno ]ynxnne: n nmom xstxe xaxt naex cnyxnr nx pasnnuntx nene, rpannnt mexy nnmn ne xnnxmrcx oruernnntmn. Hmenno +ro n couerannn c xapaxrepntmn nx naexe ncxnmuennxmn n nenocneonarentnocrtm npn opasonannn ]opm oxcnxer mnorouncnennte cnyuan cnnxnnx naexe, nsnecrnte n ncropnn xstxon (cnnxpernsm), a raxxe xaornuecxne npannna, cnocrnennte orentntm xstxam, npannna n snaunrentno crenenn rpyno oxcnnmte. Ecnn anrnncxn xstx ynpocrnn +rn npannna ontme, uem pyrne xstxn, mt onxnt ncntrtnart x nemy ncxpennmm naroapnocrt n nn n xoem cnyuae ne ntrartcx nanxsart emy ecnopxox n sanyrannocrt anexoro npomnoro. Ho ecnn y arentnoro naexa n rom nne, xax on cymecrnyer n nmom ns pennnx xstxon nnoenponecxo cemtn, orcyrcrnyer xaxoe-nno uerxo ouepuennoe snauenne, ro n nnnnrentnt naex raxnm snauennem raxxe ne onaaer. Hexoropte yuente ntnnnynn noxanncrnuecxym reopnm naexe n
1 Hentsx cxasart, uro snauenne xocnennoro ononnennx n nemenxom xstxe xnnxercx r n a n n t m snauennem arentnoro naexa. nocunran nce cnyuan ynorpenennx arentnoro naexa na necxontxnx crpannnax xnnrn conpemennoro nemenxoro anropa n onapyxnn, uro ns 157 cnyuaen rontxo 3 npecrannxnn coo xocnennte ononnennx n npenoxennxx, coepxamnx pyroe ononnenne, a 18 ononnenne x rnarony n npenoxennxx, ne nmemmnx ononnennx n nnnnrentnom naexe.
ycmarpnnann n nnnnrentnom naexe ]opmy, xoropax nepnonauantno oosnauana nnxenne no nanpannennm x npemery n nnmt nosxe na +ro ocnone pasnnna nce pyrne snauennx: Romam ire nrn n Pnm noneno x Rornam petere, a +ro nocnenee x pyrnm nnnnrentntm ononnennx n, raxnm opasom, n xoneunom cuere axe x Rornam linquere noxnart Pnm. pyrne yuente cunramr nepnnuntm ynorpenenne nnnnrentnoro naexa n ]ynxnnn ononnennx. Tpertn cxnonxmrcx x romy, uro nnnnrentnt tn cnoem poa ono npncnyro, xo- ropax ncnontsonanact ram, re nentsx tno ynorpenrt nn nmennrentnt, nn xaxo-nno ns cnennantntx naexe. Hecomnenno ono nnnnrentnt naex conmeman snauenne (npxmoro) ononnennx co snauennem nnxennx no nanpannennm x npemery n co snauennem npocrpancrnennoro n npemennyro nporxxennx. Bosmoxno, uro nepnonauantno y nero tnn n pyrne, nensnecrnte nam ]ynxnnn. uro snauenne nnnnrentnoro n arentnoro naexe nentsx uerxo pasrpannunrt, nnno n ns roro, uro onn n ror xe rnaron n onom n rom xe xstxe coueraercx ro c nnnnrentntm, ro c arentntm naexom. Tax, n nemenxom xstxe nanmamrcx xoneannx n ntope naexe nocne rnaronon rufen, gelten, nachahmen, helfen, kleiden, liebkosen, versichern n p. (ontmoe xonnuecrno npnmepon moxno ncrpernrt y Anpesena cm. An d r e s e n, Sprachgebrauch, 267 n cn.). Taxne xe xoneannx nmenn mecro n n penneanrnncxom nocne rnaronon folgian cneonart n scildan samnmart. ononnenne nocne rnarona onfon ,part, nonyuart cronr ro n nnnnrentnom, ro n arentnom, ro n ponrentnom naexe. Ecnn ncxonrt ns ncropnn xstxa, moxno cxasart, uro ns rpex cnnonnmon co snauennem nomorart help ynpannxer arentntm naexom, a aid n assist nnnnrentntm. Hcropnx xstxa ne aer nnxaxnx ocnonann nx ycranonnennx npannna 3onnenmena, cornacno xoropomy arentnt naex (ecnn ornneutcx or anepnantnoro ynorpenennx) ynorpenxercx rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn rnaron nmeer eme ono ononnenne (croxmee n ]opme nnnnrentnoro naexa): noonoro npannna ne cymecrnyer nn n onom xstxe; n rpammarnxe 3onnenmena +ro ne onee xax exper, cront xe nponsnontnt, xax n yrnepxenne npo]eccopa, uro nce npenorn ynpannxmr nnnnrentntm naexom. Hpo]. 3onnenmen ntraercx noxpennrt cnom reopnm nearornuecxnmn coopaxennxmn (uacrt III, Hpencnonne): yuamncx, onnaenmn npannnamn ynorpenennx anrnncxnx naexe n rom nne, n xaxom onn nsnoxent n ero xnnre, nepex x narnncxo rpammarnxe, ne onxen nourn nnuero yunrt ononnnrentno, xpome roro, uro n narnncxom xstxe ecrt eme onn naex ornoxnrentnt. 3ro osnauaer, uro px rpynocre narnncxo rpammarnxn nepenocnrcx na ypoxn anrnncxoro xstxa; cam npemer or +roro ne cranonnrcx nerue axe nx rex yuamnxcx, xoropte nnocnecrnnn yyr sannmartcx narnncxnm xstxom; pasnnna cocronr nnmt n rom, uro nm npnxonrcx yunrt uacrt narnncxo rpammarnxn na onee panne crynenn, n onn yyr nmert eno c xstxom, xoropt npeocrannxer mentme nosmoxnocre nx nonnmannx ncex +rnx xnnenn, nocxontxy n nem ner ocxsaemtx ]opm, xoropte mornn t trt onopo nx namxrn. A uro cxasart o rex yuamnxcx, xoropte nnxora ne yyr nmert eno c nartntm? Henecoopasno nn opemenxrt namxrt ncex mantunxon n enouex sayunnannem raxnx pasnnun, xoropte ne yyr nmert nx nnx nn manemero npaxrnuecxoro snauennx n nx yyme xnsnn? Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
POHTEALHLH HAE Hn onn ns pennnx nnoenponecxnx naexe ne tn rax uerxo onpeenen n cemanrnuecxom ornomennn, urot moxno tno cxasart, uro on nmeer nnmt ony ]ynxnnm nnn ynorpenenne, ornnuammee ero or ocrantntx naexe. Ponrentnt naex conmemaer n cee ne ]ynxnnn, coornercrnymmne nym orentntm ]nncxnm naexam ponrentnomy n naprnrnny. Onaxo nepnym moxno onpeennrt rontxo n camom omem nne xax npnnanexnocrt x uemy-nno, ornomenne x uemy-nno, cnxst c uem-nno (anrn. belonging to, belonging together, appertaining to, connexion with, relation to, association with 1 ); n anrnncxom xstxe ynorpenenne +roro naexa nectma orpannueno. H nce xe on nepeaer raxne pasnnunte ornomennx, xax Peters house om Herpa, Peters father oren Herpa, Peters son ctn Herpa, Peters work paora Herpa, Peters books xnnrn Herpa (re, xoropte emy npnnanexar, n re, xoropte on nanncan), Peters servants cnyrn Herpa, Peters master xosxnn Herpa, Peters enemies ,nparn Herpa, an hours rest uacono ortx, out of harms way or rpexa noantme n r. . Hexoropte rpammarncrt ntramrcx xnaccn]nnnponart +rn pasnoopasnte cnyuan ynorpenennx ponrentnoro naexa; onaxo ocooe snauenne nepexo sanncnr ne or ynorpenennx ponrentnoro naexa, a or cocrnennoro snauennx xaxoro ns nyx coennenntx cnon, n no+romy nx ocoennocrn ncera es rpya nonnmamrcx cnymarenem. 3ect nyxno ynomxnyrt raxxe cyexrnt n oexrnt ponrentnt, o xoropom mna peut ntme (crp. 194). B anrnncxom xstxe coxpannnnct rontxo cnyuan ynorpenennx ponrentnoro, cnyxamero cpecrnom cnxsn nyx cymecrnnrentntx, ono ns cymecrnnrentntx npn +rom xnnxercx amnxrom x pyromy (npnnmenno ponrentnt) n pasnnnmnecx orcma cnyuan ynorpenennx ponrentnoro naexa, xora on xnnxercx nepnnuntm cnonom: nanpnmep at the grocers n axaneno nanxe. B pennnx xstxax ponrentnt naex ynorpenxercx n n pyrnx couerannxx: c onpeenenntmn rnaronamn, re on tn cnoero poa ononnennem; c nexoroptmn npnnararentntmn n r. . Bsanmoornomennx mexy noontm ynorpenennem ponrentnoro n otuntm ononnennem moxno nanmart n nemenxom xstxe, re nexoropte rnaront, nanpnmep vergessen ,satnart, wahrnehmen sameuart, nocnpnnnmart, schonen manrt, ,oxonrtcx epexnnno, panee ynorpenxemte c ponrentntm, renept coueramrcx c nnnnrentntm naexom. Es n npenoxennxx Ich kann es nicht los werden ne mory or +roro orenartcx, Ich bin es zufrieden +rnm yonnernopen nepnonauantno ntpaxano ponrentnt naex, no renept ono nocnpnnnmaercx xax nnnnrentnt. Hepexonm xo nropomy snauennm pennero nnoenponecxom ponrentnoro naexa naprnrnnnomy, xoropoe nentsx orennrt or rax nastnaemoro genitivus generis. B narnncxom xstxe naprnrnnnt ponrentnt otuno ynorpenxercx n couerannn c nepnnuntmn cnonamn (cymecrnnrentntmn n r. n.), nanpnmep: magna pars milituni ontmnncrno nonnon, major fratrum ,crapmn ns parten,. multum temporis mnoro npemenn. Taxoe ynorpenenne coornercrnyer pyrnm snauennxm +roro naexa, nocxontxy n sect n ram on
1 Hem. Zugehnrigkeit, Zusamnnengehnrigkeit.
xnnxercx amnxrom. Onaxo ncrpeuamrcx n pyrne cnyuan ynorpenennx naprnrnnnoro ponrentnoro, xora on ntnonnxer onee nesanncnmym ]ynxnnm n npenoxennn. Ponrentnt naex uacro ynorpenxercx xax ononnenne x rnarony n, raxnm opasom, xonxypnpyer c nnnnrentntm; cp. p.-anrn. brucem fodres orneaer nnmn, rp. phagein tou artou noecrt xnea; panne-nono-nem. (nanpnmep, y Hmrepa) wer des wassers trincken wird, pyccx. ame +ue x.eoa. B pyccxom xstxe ynorpenenne ponrentnoro naexa n xauecrne ononnennx (c yrparo naprnrnnnoro snauennx) pacnpocrpannnoct na nce cymecrnnrentnte myxcxoro poa mnoxecrnennoro uncna, oosnauammne xnnte cymecrna. Haprnrnn moxer trt raxxe nonexamnm npenoxennx n, raxnm opasom, xonxypnponart c nmennrentntm naexom. 3ro uacro nanmaercx n ]nncxom xstxe, a cnopanuecxn n n xstxax name cemtn: cp. pyccx. orpnnarentnte: npenoxennx Hem x.eoa, He cma.o uaueeo opvea. Ananornunte xnnennx ncrpeuamrcx n n pomancxnx xstxax, re npenor de samennn npexnn ponrentnt naex axe n ero naprnrnnnom ynorpenennn. B +rom snauennn de renept uacro nastnamr naprnrnnntm aprnxnem. Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro cymecrnnrentnoe c naprnrnnntm aprnxnem moxer trt ne rontxo ononnennem x rnarony (Jy ai vu des amis), no n nonexamnm npenoxennx (Ce soir des amis vont arriver; Il tombe de la pluie), npenxarnnom (Ceci est du vin) n croxrt nocne npenoron (avec du vin; aprns des dtours; Je le donnerai a des amis). Ecnn ynorpenenne n xauecrne nonexamero xnnxercx ornocnrentno pexnm, ro +ro oxcnxercx rem, uro ronopxmne noome ne nmxr ynorpenxrt neonpeenennoe nonexamee (cm. crp. 175; n npenoxennxx Voici du vin; Il y a du vin; Il faut du vin couerannx c du nepnonauantno tnn ononnennxmn). Btpaxenne naprnrnnnoro nonxrnx nexoropoe xonnuecrno uero-nno, raxnm opasom, xax t nepecexaer otunym naexnym cncremy, nocxontxy naprnrnn ncnontsyercx n rex ]ynxnnxx, nx xoroptx no mnornx xstxax cymecrnymr cnennantnte naexn (nmennrentnt, nnnnrentnt); n +ro ocraercx n cnne nesanncnmo orroro, ntpaxaercx nn naprnrnnnocrt npn nomomn cnennantnoro naexa, xax n ]nncxom, nnn npn nomomn ponrentnoro naexa, xax n rpeuecxom, nnn, naxonen, npn nomomn ]pannyscxoro couerannx c npenorom de. Ecnn t pasnnune mexy pasntmn naexamn npecrannxno coo ecrnnrentno pasnnune no snauennm, ro ecrt ecnn t xaxt naex ntpaxan xaxoe-nnyt ono nonxrne, ro tn t conepmenno nemtcnnm ror pasnoo, xoropt mt nanmaem n ornomennn ono n ro xe xoncrpyxnnn, a nmenno rax nastnaemo aconmrno xoncrpyxnnn (nexcyc-cymnxr, xax x ee nastnam): ornoxnrentnt naex (n narnncxom xstxe), arentnt (n penneanrnncxom), ponrentnt (n rpeuecxom), nnnnrentnt (n nemenxom), nmennrentnt (n conpemennom anrnncxom). 3ro moxno oxcnnrt ncropn- uecxn, no nnxax ne nornuecxn, na ocnone xaxoro-ro npenonaraemoro cocrnennoro snauennx anntx naexe. Hepannonantnocrt crapo cncremt naexntx pasnnun moxno noxcnnrt cneymmnm paccyxennem. arentnt n ponrentnt naexn o nexoropo crenenn npecrannxmrcx anronnmnuntmn: +ro nnno ns roro, uro, xora onn tnn samenent npenoxntmn rpynnamn, nmecro arentnoro naexa crann ynorpenxrt npenorn to, ad, a nmecro ponrentnoro npenorn, oosnauanmne npornnononoxnoe nnxenne, of (cnaax ]opma or off), de. H nce xe Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
arentnt naex (nnn ero samennrent) uacro connaaer no snauennm c ponrentntm, xax, nanpnmep, n naponom nemenxom oopore dem Kerl seine Mutter mart +roro napnx, ]pann. Ce nest pas ma faute a moi, sa mnre a lui, a raxxe n naponom la mnre a Jean (crapo]pann. je te donrai le file a un roi u a un conte, Aucassin et Nicolette). Cest a moi osnauaer 3ro moe. B nopnexcxnx na- nexrax couerannx c til n et (x, y, npn) n n ]apepcxom couerannx c hj (y) n ontmnncrne cnyuaen samennnn ycrapent ponrentnt naex 1 . HMEHHTEALHLH HAE H KOCBEHHLE HAEH Ecnn renept nepnyrtcx r nonpocy, nocrannennomy n nauane nacroxme rnant, a nmenno: cxontxo naexe moxno ntennrt n anrnncxom npenoxennn Peter gives Pauls son a book, unrarent, x naemct, ne craner yrnepxart, uro son n book croxr n pasntx naexax (arentnom n nnnnrentnom). Onaxo o cnx nop nnuero ne tno cxasano ornocnrentno nropo nosmoxnocrn: ne nmeem nn mt n oonx cnyuaxx xocnennt naex, ornnunt or nmennrentnoro, xoropt npecrannen n namem npnmepe cnonom Peter. Taxym cncremy naexe nmenn cymecrnnrentnte n crapo]pannyscxom xstxe: n nmennrentnom naexe mt naxonm ]opmt Pierres n fils, a n xocnennom Pierre n fil. Xorx raxoro ]opmantnoro pasnnunx anrnncxne cymecrnnrentnte ne nmemr, onaxo mne moryr nospasnrt, uro, ocnontnaxct na moem npnnnnne, x onxen nce xe pasnnuart +rn na naexa, nocxontxy ]opmantnte pasnnunx cymecrnymr y mecronmenn: I me, he him n r. . Ecnn x npnsnam, uro sheep n couerannn many sheep ynorpeneno no mnoxecrnennom uncne, xorx ono n ne ornnuaercx no ]opme or enncrnennoro (xax, nanpnmep, lambs n couerannn many lambs ornnuaercx or enncrnennoro lamb), n cut n onpeenenntx npenoxennxx yer ]opmo npomemero npemenn, ro ne onxen nn x raxxe npnsnart Peter n son ]opmamn nmennrentnoro naexa n rex couerannxx, re mt ynorpennn t ]opmy he, n ]opmamn xocnennoro naexa n couerannxx, re mt ynorpennn t ]opmy him? Bce paccyxenne xax yro xnnxercx onontno necxnm aprymenrom, no rem ne menee on ne npecrannxercx mne pemammnm. B cnyuae sheep n cut mt nmenn conocrannenne co cnonamn roro xe paspxa, n ycnonnx sect tnn ]axrnuecxn re xe camte; n cnyuae xe Peter n son mt ocnontnaemcx na cnonax pyroro paspxa, na mecronmennxx, xoropte onaamr mnoxecrnom cnenn]nuecxnx ocoennocre n onapyxnnamr pasnnunx, ne cnocrnennte nnxaxnm pyrnm cnonam. Ecnn t mt crann na nyrt pasnnuennx naexe, ncxox ns pasnnuennx nx y nexoroptx mecronmenn, mt mornn t c raxnm xe npanom ycranonnrt xareropnm poa y anrnncxnx cymecrnnrentntx, nocxontxy poonte pasnnunx nanmamrcx n he, she, it n who, what, n pasnrt npnnararentnte n cymecrnnrentnte n ]opme ponrentnoro naexa na ne pasnonnnocrn, n sanncnmocrn or roro, coornercrnymr nn onn ]opme ry (amnxry) nnn ]opme mine (ne-amnxry). B ecrnnrentnocrn xe nnxaxo rpammarncr axe ne nomtmnxer o ycranonnennn raxnx pasnnun; rouno rax xe n penneanrnncxnx rpammarnxax nnre ner axe ynomnnann o nocrnennom uncne cyme-
1 B ]nncxom xstxe ner arentnoro naexa n cocrnennom cmtcne +roro cnona, no annarnn, xoropt oosnauaer nnxenne na uro-nno nnn no nanpannennm x uemy-nno, uacro coornercrnyer nnoenponecxomy arentnomy naexy.
crnnrentntx, xorx npnsnaercx nannune nocrnennoro uncna y nnuntx mecronmenn, re ono nmeer cnennantnte ]opmt. Hrax, mt nnnm, uro pasnnunx, npncymne n nensexnte nx onoro paspxa cnon, nentsx no ncex cnyuaxx nepenocnrt na pyrne uacrn peun. uro xacaercx s n a u e n n x nmennrentnoro naexa n ornnune or pyrnx naexe, ro cymecrnyer rpannnx, nocxoxmax x narnncxo rpammarnxe, cunrart camo coo pasymemmnmcx, uro n nmennrentnom naexe crannrcx ne rontxo nonexamee npenoxennx, no n npenxarnn. Onaxo c rouxn spennx nornxn +ro ne enncrnenno nosmoxnoe yrnepxenne, nocxontxy nonexamee n npenxarnn n cmtcnonom ornomennn ne xnnxmrcx nn roxecrnenntmn, nn axe neoxonmo pocrnenntmn no cnoemy xapaxrepy. 3ect, xax n n npounx cnyuaxx, nx pacmnpennx xpyrosopa nonesno nocmorpert, xax re xe nonxrnx ntpaxamrcx n pyrnx xstxax. B ]nncxom xstxe npenxarnn nmeer ]opmy (1) nmennrentnoro naexa, nanpnmep Pojat ovat iloiset Mantunxn pat; (2) naprnrnna, ecnn nonexamee npnuncnxercx x xnaccy, c xoroptm ono pasenxer annoe xauecrno (3nnor), nx oosnauennx xauecrna, xoropoe ncera nnn otuno tnaer npncyme nonexamemy (Setl), nanpnmep Pojat ovat iloisia Mantunxn (tnamr) pat; (3) +ccnna nx oosnauennx cocroxnnx, n xoropom naxonrcx n annt momenr nonexamee, nanpnmep Isni on kipen Mo oren (ceuac) onen 1 n (4) rpancnarnna npn rnaronax, oosnauammnx nepexo ns onoro xauecrna n pyroe, nanpnmep Isni on jo tullut vanhaksi Mo oren cocrapnncx 2 . axe n namnx sananoenponecxnx xstxax npenxarnn ne ncera cronr n nmennrentnom naexe. B arcxom xstxe n reuenne nocnennx cronern tno npnsnano rpammarnuecxn nnonne npannntntm ynorpenxrt nnnnrentnt (nnn, rounee, xocnennt) naex n, raxnm opasom, rpaxronart npenxarnn xax cnoero poa ononnenne: Det er mig 3ro x. B anrnncxom xstxe n pasronopno peun nanmaercx ro xe ynorpenenne: Its me. Otunoe onymenne ornocnrentnoro mecronmennx n raxnx npenoxennxx, xax Swinburne could not have been the great poet he was without his study of the Elizabethans Cynnepn ne mor t trt rem nennxnm no+rom, xaxnm on tn, ecnn t ne nsyuan ennsanernnnen (ananornuno n n arcxom xstxe), raxxe, no-nnnmomy, yxastnaer na ro, uro xnnoe uyncrno xstxa oennxer npenxarnn c ononnennem 3 . B anrnncxom n arcxom xstxax +ro xnnenne ne moxer paccmarpnnartcx nsonnponanno or renennnn, xoropax cocronr n rom, uro ]opma nmennrentnoro naexa ynorpenxercx nnmt n nenocpecrnenno nnsocrn or (nnuno) ]opmt rnarona (no ornomennm x xoropo ona xnnxercx nonexamnm: I do; do I), a ]opma xocnennoro naexa no ncex pyrnx cnyuaxx: cp. nocne than n as (He is older than me On crapme menx; not so old as me ne rax crap, xax x), a raxxe nesanncnmoe ynorpenenne mecronmennx (Who is that? Me! Kro +ro? ). 3ra renennnx oepxana nepx no ]pannyscxom xstxe, re mt npn nesanncnmom ynorpenennn cnona naxonm moi, no n couerannn c rnarontno ]opmo nmennrentnt je n nnnnrentnt re; rax xe ocronr eno n c pyrnmn nnuntmn
1 3ccnn ynorpenxercx raxxe n ]ynxnnn npnnoxennx, nanpnmep: lapsena yyun peenxom. 2 Cp. nem. zu etwas werden, ar. blive til noget. 3 Bmecro repmnna npenxarnn n nexoroptx rpammarnxax ynorpenxercx repmnn ,npenxarnnnt nmennrentnt. ne mor yepxartcx or yntxn, xora, npocmarpnnax crartm, nsnarammym omnxn, xoropte enamr mxontnnxn n Kansace, npouen n ne cneymmee: ,Hpenxarnnnt nmennrentnt ne n nmennrentnom; npnmep: They were John and him. It is me. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
mecronmennxmn; cp. camocroxrentnte ]opmt lui, lei, loro n nrantxncxom 1 . (O +rom pasnnrnn n anrnncxom xstxe cm. Progress in Language, rn. VII, nepeneuarano n Chapters on English, rn. II.) 3BATEALHLH HAE Her neoxonmocrn mnoro ronopnrt o rax nastnaemom snarentnom naexe. B nexoroptx xstxax, nanpnmep n narnncxom, on nmeer ocoym ]opmy, a no+romy onxen cunrartcx orentntm naexom. Onaxo n ontmnncrne xstxon on connaaer c nmennrentntm naexom, a no+romy ne nyxaercx n orentnom nasnannn. 3narentnt naex ram, re on cymecrnyer, yxastnaer na ro, uro cymecrnnrentnoe ynorpeneno xax nropoe nnno n uro ono cronr nne npenoxennx nnn camo no cee opasyer npenoxenne. On nmeer rouxn conpn- xocnonennx c nonennrentntm naxnonennem; npo nero raxxe moxno cxasart, uro on ntpaxaer noyxenne: Cnyma! nnn Fyt nnnmarenen! Tecnym cnxst mexy snarentntm n nmennrentntm naexamn moxno nanmart n nonennrentntx npenoxennxx rnna You, take that chair! Tt, nostmn +ror cryn!, re you cronr nne npenoxennx; npn tcrpom nponsnecennn nonyuaercx You take that chair!, re you yer nonexamnm nonennrentnoro naxnonennx. 3AKAKHHTEALHLE 3AMEHAHHR O HAEAX Hpnnxro ronopnrt o nyx rnnax naexe: o rpammarnuecxnx naexax (nmennrentnt, nnnnrentnt n r. .) n xonxperntx naexax, rnanntm opasom noxantntx (mecrnt, ornoxnrentnt, conpononrentnt, rnopnrentnt n r. .). Bynr npnmepno n rom xe cmtcne pasnnuaer naexn nnyrpenne erepmnnannn n naexn nnemne erepmnnannn, a euen naexn nornuecxoro mtmnennx (Kasus des begrifflichen Denkens) n naexn cosepnannx (Kasus der Anschauung). Onaxo noonoe pasrpannuenne, no xpane mepe n nanonee nsyuenntx xstxax, nponecrn nentsx. axe n ]nncxom xstxe c ero pasnnro cncremo noxantntx naexe raxoe pasnnune uerxo ycranonnrt nenosmoxno, nocxontxy +ccnn, xoropt xnnxercx renept n ocnonnom rpammarnuecxnm naexom, xora-ro tn noxantntm. Ha +ro yxastnamr n nepnym ouepet nexoropte nepexnrounte cnyuan, coxpannnmnecx n nne napeun. B nnoenponecxnx xe xstxax +rn ne xareropnn tnn nepasptnno cnxsant c camoro nauana. Hocrenenno, onaxo, uncro xonxpernoe ynorpenenne naexe tno yrpaueno, rnanntm opasom nnny noxnnennx npenoron, oosnauanmnx noxantnte n pyrne ornomennx onee oruernnno, uem ycrynammne nm no uncnennocrn naexn; n, raxnm opasom, naexn crann nsnnmnnmn. C reuennem npemenn xonnuecrno naexe nocroxnno ymentmanoct, ocoenno noromy, uro onee rneporo nopxxa cnon oxastnanoct uacro nnonne ocrarouno nx roro, urot oxapaxrepnsonart pont cnona n npenoxennn. Onaxo nn onn xstx name cemtn nnxora ne onaan raxo naexno
1 Cp. raxxe Io non sono fatta come te (Rovetta).
cncremo, xoropax tna t ocnonana na rouno n nocneonarentno cncreme snauenn; nnaue ronopx, naex ecrt xareropnx uncro rpammarnuecxax (cnnraxcnuecxax), a ne nonxrnnax n nacroxmem cmtcne cnona. Ocnonnte snauennx naexe cneymmne: Opamenne snarentnt. Honexamee nmennrentnt. Hpenxarnn cnennantnoro naexa ner. ononnenne nnnnrentnt nnn arentnt. Cnxst ponrentnt. Mecro n npemx, mnoro pasnnuntx ornomenn mecrnt n r. . Mepa cnennantnoro naexa ner. Opas ecrnnx cnennantnoro naexa ner. Opyne rnopnrentnt. pyrax xnaccn]nxannx (n nexoroptx ornomennxx ona npecrannxercx onee conepmenno) tna t ocnonana na rpex panrax, paccmorpenntx n rnane VII. I. Haexn n xauecrne nepnnuntx +nemenron: Haex nonexamero. Haex ononnennx. Hocnenn moxno nopasennrt na naex npxmoro ononnennx n naex xocnennoro ononnennx. Haex npenxarnna. II. Haex amnxra: Ponrentnt naex. III. Haexn cymnxra: Hx moxno nopasennrt na naexn, oosnauammne npemx (xora? n reuenne xaxoro npemenn?), naexn, oosnauammne mecro (re, xya, orxya), naexn, oosnauammne mepy, opas ecrnnx n opyne. Mnorne nonxrnx, onaxo, ouent rpyno onpeennrt, n onn nesamerno nepexoxr ono n pyroe. Ho+romy ne npnxonrcx ynnnxrtcx, uro cymecrnymr snaunrentnte pasnnunx axe mexy remn xstxamn, xoropte n xoneunom cuere nocxoxr x onomy n romy xe npaxstxy. Haexn npecrannxmr coo ony ns nanmenee pannonantntx uacre xstxa n nenom 1 . HPEAOHLE IPYHHL unrarent, nepoxrno, yxe samernn, uro n +ro rnane x ronopm rontxo o rax nastnaemtx cnnrernuecxnx, a ne o anannrnuecxnx naexax, xoropte cocroxr ns npenora n ero ononnennx; nocnenne, x ymam, ne onxnt paccmarpnnartcx orentno or nmo pyro npenoxno rpynnt. B anrnncxom xstxe to a man
1 Mo ocnonno ntno connaaer c ntnoom Haynx: Haexn +ro nnmt cpecrna ntpaxennx, ne oxsarentno xnnxmmnecx cocranno uacrtm xaxoro xstxa; naexn, re onn nmemrcx, pasnnuamrcx no pasntm xstxam n no pasntm crynenxm pasnnrnx, n npn +rom nnxora nentsx oxnart, uro nx ]ynxnnn yyr coornercrnonart nocroxnntm nornuecxnmn ncnxonornuecxnm ornomennxm. (Zeitschrift ftr Psychologie, 1910, 114). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,uenonexy rax xe ne xnnxercx arentntm naexom, xax by a man uenonexom ne xnnxercx rnopnrentntm, a in a man n uenonexe mecrntm naexom. euen (System der neuenglischen Syntax, crp. 278 n cn.) ntcrynaer xax xpann npecrannrent npornnononoxno rouxn spennx; cpen pxa pyrnx on npnnonr npnmept na arentnt naex n anrnncxom xstxe: He came to London On npnexan e Houoou, This happened to him 3ro cnyunnoct c uu+, complain to the magistrate noxanonartcx cvoie, adhere to someone ,trt croponnnxom roeo- .uoo, The ancient Trojans were fools to your father pennne rpoxnnt tnn ypaxamn no cpaeueuum c meou+ omo+, He behaved respectfully to her On nen cex no ornomennm r ue nournrentno, You are like daughters to me Bt +ue xax ouepn, Bring the book to me Hpnnecn +ue xnnry, I have bought a villa for my son xynnn o. +oeeo ciua nnnny, Whats Hecuba to him? uro o. ueeo Iexya?, It is not easy for a foreigner to apprehend 3ro nenerxo nocrnrnyrt uuocmpauv, raxnm opasom, sect ncrpeuamrcx n npenor to n npenor for, nepoxrno, noromy, uro n nemenxom n ontmnncrne cnyuaen ynorpenxercx arentnt naex. Iopaso npannntnee npnsnart +rn couerannx rem, uro onn xnnxmrcx n ecrnnrentnocrn npenoxntmn rpynnamn, n nserart repmnna ,arentnt naex, xpome rex cnyuaen, xora mt naxonm uro-nno cxonoe c narnncxnm, penneanrnncxnm nnn nemenxnm arentntm naexom. Hmontrno ormernrt, uro, xora euen enaer yapenne na npocrpancrnennom arentnom naexe (der rumliche Dativ: He came to London), on cranonnrcx n onnosnnnm x npexne reopnn, xoropax ntnonna naexn ns noxantntx ornomenn. Cornacno +ro reopnn, arentnt naex cunrancx naexom ,noxox, nnnnrentnt naexom nnxennx npnnnxennx, a ponrentnt naexom nnxennx yanennx; ecnn xe euen nastnaer to London arentntm naexom, ro nouemy ne cxasart roro xe n o into the house n om? Ho n raxom cnyuae nyxno yer npnsnart arentntm naexom n nem. in das Haus, necmorpx na peantnym ]opmy nnnnrentnoro naexa, osnauammym neuro nnoe, uem ]opma arentnoro naexa n couerannn in dem Haus n ome. Ecnn axe ntpaxennx I gave a shilling to the boy n I gave the boy a shilling cnnonnmnunt, +ro nonce ne osnauaer, uro mt onxnt npnmennrt r oonm onn n ror xe rpammarnuecxn repmnn: man-made institutions uenonexom cosannte yupexennx n institutions made by man yupexennx, cosannte uenonexom osnauamr ono n ro xe, no rpammarnuecxn onn ne roxecrnennt. Hoxantnoe snauenne npenora to uacro onee nnn menee rycxneer, no +ro ne aer nam ocnonann ronopnrt o arentnom naexe, axe ecnn to nonnocrtm nnmeno noxantnoro snauennx. Hoontm xe opasom n no ]pannyscxom xstxe, re Jirai au ministre n Je dirai au ministre xnnxmrcx ananornuntmn, no n coornercrnymmnx xoncrpyxnnxx c mecronmennem arentnt naex ynorpenxercx n onom cnyuae n ne ynorpenxercx n pyrom: Jirai a lui n Je lui dirai. Te xe coopaxennx ocramrcx n cnne n n ornomennn ponrentnoro naexa. euen ronopnr o ponrentnom naexe ne rontxo n raxnx cnyuaxx, xax the works of Shakespeare counnennx Lercnupa, no n n cnyuaxx rnna participate of the nature of satire nmert omee c camupu:ecru+ raupo+, smell of brandy naxnyrt opeuou, proud of his country rop ceoe cmpauo, n, ecnn ne omnamct, raxxe n cnyuaxx rnna the man from Birmingham uenonex us Bup+uuea+a, free from opposition cnoont om onnosuuu (ram xe, crp. 286 n
cn.). Hexoropte rpammarncrt ronopxr o orenennn ponrentnoro naexa or ynpannxmmero cnona pyrnmn unenamn npenoxennx n npn +rom nmemr n nny raxne cnyuan, xax the arrival at Cowes of the German Emperor npntrne n Kayc repmancxoro nmneparopa, re nannno npocro ne napannentnte npenoxnte rpynnt-amnxrt; nexoropte axe npneramr x repmnny pacmennennt ponrentnt naex (Anglia, Beiblatt, 1922, 207) n npnnoxr npnmept rnna the celebrated picture by Gainsborough of the Duchess of Devonshire nsnecrnt noprper repnornnn enonmnpcxo paort Iencopo. 3ect tno t cront xe pasymno cunrart by Gainsborough ponrentntm naexom, xax n npnmennrt +ror repmnn x couerannm c of. B oonx cnyuaxx mt nmeem npenoxnte rpynnt n nnuero ontme. mory, noxany, nocnontsonartcx +rnm cnyuaem, urot ntpasnrt nporecr npornn onpeenennoro poa nannonantno ncnxonornn, xoropax cenanact moo n nexoroptx nemenxnx ynnnepcnrercxnx xpyrax n xoropax npecrannxercx mne n camo cnoe ocnone nepasymno n npornnoecrecrnenno. B cneymmem orptnxe ona sarparnnaer cnnraxcnc naexe: ,Ecnn caxconcxax ]opma ponrentnoro naexa npoyxrnnna npn oosnauennn npemenn, ro +ro osnauaer, uro nonxrne npemenn n cosnannn anrnnuan nrpaer ouent ontmym pont; +ro ocoenno npoxnnxercx y npecrannrene onpeenenntx npo]eccn, xax-ro: nsarene, peaxropon, raserntx paornnxon n r.n. (D e u t s c h b e i n, System der neuenglischen Syntax, crp. 289). B ro xe paore, na crp. 269, arentnt naex n nem. Ich helfe meinen Freunden nomoram cnonm pystxm rpaxryercx xax noxasarent nnrnmnoro onepnx nocroxnnoro xapaxrepa mexy mno n monmn pystxmn, no xora n nonoanrnncxom to help (I help my friend) coennxercx c nnnnrentntm naexom, ntpaxenne nnuntx ornomenn mexy mnom n monm pyrom orcyrcr- nyer... raxnm opasom, nonoanrnncxn xstx onaaer nnamnuecxnm xapaxrepom, xoropt npoxnnxercx n n pxe pyrnx xnnenn xstxa. uro osnauaer repmnn nnamnuecxn n +ro cnxsn? H nouemy euen pemnn, uro naexnax ]opma nocne help ne xnnxercx no-npexnemy ]opmo arentnoro naexa? B couerannn give my friend a book art moemy pyry xnnry on npnsnaer friend ]opmo arentnoro naexa, no nouemy ne ycmarpnnart +ry ]opmy n sect? uopma net ra xe camax. H ]ynxnnx ra xe camax, xax n n coornercrnymmem penneanrnncxom npenoxennn Ic helpe minum freonde, c xoroptm conpemennoe anrnncxoe npenoxenne cnxsano nenpeptnno rpannne n xoropoe no ncex ornomennxx coornercrnyer nem. Ich helfe meinem Freunde. Houemy ne cxasart npocro, uro n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe n annom cnyuae nepe namn ne nnnnrentnt n ne arentnt naex n nouemy ne orxasartcx or ncex ymosaxnmuenn o nanno- nantnom xapaxrepe nnunom, nnamnuecxom n crarnuecxom?
Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
mnoxecrnennoe uncno Honxrne onee uem onn npnmennmo rontxo x raxnm npemeram, xoropte, ne yyun roxecrnenntmn, npnnanexar x onomy n romy xe paspxy. Taxnm opasom, mnoxecrnennocrt npenonaraer pasnnune, no, c pyro cropont, ecnn pasnnune cnnmxom snaunrentno, nentsx ynorpenrt cnona rnna na nnn
1 Coepxanne nacroxme rnant tno npounrano n nne oxnaa n Konenrarencxo Axaemnn Hayx 17 noxpx 1911 roa, no ne tno onynnxonano.
,rpn. Ipyma n xnoxo npecrannxmr coo na pasntx ]pyxra; xnpnnu n samox moxno nasnart nymx npemeramn; no xnpnnu n mystxantnt snyx ne ecrt na npemera; uenonex, ncrnna n nxyc xnoxa ne cocrannxmr rpex, n r.. Kaxne npemert moxno ncuncnxrt conmecrno, sanncnr or xstxonoro ntpaxennx. B ontmnncrne cnyuaen xnaccn]nxannx tnaer ecrecrnenno n ]axrnuecxn connaaer no pxy xstxon, no nnora nanmamrcx n pasnnunx, nopoxennte pasnnunxmn n xstxono crpyxrype. Tax, nanpnmep, no-anrnncxn ne cocrannxer nnxaxo rpynocrn cxasart Tom and Mary are cousins, nocxontxy cnono cousin osnauaer ononpemenno n xysen n xysnna; n arcxom xstxe (xax n n nemenxom n n pyrnx xstxax) +rn nonxrnx oosnauamrcx pasnnuntmn cnonamn n, raxnm opasom, +ry mtcnt npnxonrcx ntpaxart rax: T. og M. er Ixtter og kusine; anrn. xe five cousins nentsx rouno nepenecrn na arcxn xstx. C pyro cropont, n anrnncxom xstxe ner noxoxmero repmnna nx roro, uro nemnt nastnamr Geschwister partx n cecrpt, ar. smskende. Hnora, onaxo, ynorpenxmrcx uncnnrentnte nepe raxnmn couerannxmn, xax anrn. brothers and sisters: They have ten brothers and sisters V nnx ecxrt parten n cecrep, uro moxer osnauart na para + nocemt cecrep nnn nmoe pyroe coueranne; cp. raxxe We have twenty cocks and hens V nac nanart neryxon n xyp (= ar. tyve hmns). Bnonne ecrecrnennax norpenocrt conmecrnoro oosnauennx xnntx cymecrn myxcxoro n xencxoro nona oycnonnna noxnnenne n nexoroptx xstxax cnnraxcnuecxoro npannna, cornacno xoropomy ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna myxcxoro poa ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx cymecrn oonx nonon: nr. gli zii, ncn. los padres (cm. crp. 271). B nexoroptx cnyuaxx nenosmoxno sapanee cxasart, uro cneyer cunrart o n n m npemerom: no nonoy pxa cnoxntx no cnoemy crpoennm npemeron pasnnunte xstxn nmemr pasnnunte rouxn spennx: cp. un pantalon a pair of trousers, et par buxer, ein Paar Hosen pmxn; eine Brille a pair of spectacles, une paire de lunettes, et par briller ouxn; en sax, eine Schere a pair of scissors, une paire de ciseaux noxnnnt. B anrnncxom xstxe nnora nanmaercx renennnx ynorpenxrt n +rnx cnyuaxx ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna xax ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna, nanpnmep: a scissors noxnnnt, a tongs mnnnt, a tweezers nnnner. B conpemennom ncnancxom xstxe mt naxonm nmontrnym ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna or einn onn n couerannn einir sokkar onn nocxn (nx oosnauennx onee uem ono napt ynorpenxmrcx ncrpnyrnnnte uncnnrentnte: tvennir vetlingar ne napt nepuarox). B ornomennn uacre rena otuno ne tnaer comnenn, uro cunrart onnm npemerom, a uro nymx; n nce xe n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnymr (nepnee cymecrnonann) xoneannx n rpaxronxe cnona moustache, xoropoe n Oxc]opcxom cnonape onpeenxercx xax (a) the hair on both sides of the upper lip n (b) the hair covering either side of the upper lip, so that what to one is a pair of moustaches, to another is a moustache; cp. He twirled first one moustache and then the other On saxpyrnn cnauana onn yc, a sarem pyro. B nenrepcxom xstxe cymecrnyer rnepoe npannno, cornacno xoropomy napnte uacrn n oprant rena oosnauamrcx xax ono nenoe. Ho+romy ram, re anrnnuannn cxaxer My eyes are weak Mon rnasa nnoxo nnxr nnn His hands tremble Pyxn y nero poxar, nenrp ynorpenr ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna: A Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
szemem (e.) gyenge, Reszket a keze (e. u.). Orcma ecrecrnennoe cnecrnne, xoropoe npecrannxercx nam ouent neecrecrnenntm: nx oosnauennx onoro rnasa, ono pyxn nnn ono norn n nenrepcxom xstxe ynorpenxercx cnono fl ,nononnna: fl szemmel onnm rnasom, yxnantno nononnno rnas, fel lbra snta xpomo na ony nory. 3ro npannno npnmenxercx n x cnonam, oosnauammnm nepuarxn, canorn n r. n.: keztyt napa nepuarox, fl keztyt ona nepuarxa (nononnna nepuarox), csizma (e. u.) canorn, fl csizma canor. uopmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna raxnx cnon (keztytk, csizmk) ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx necxontxnx nap nnn pasnnuntx copron nepuarox, canor. OBLHHOE MHOECTBEHHOE HHCAO Camoe npocroe n ouennnoe ynorpenenne ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna mt naxonm n cnyuaxx rnna horses noman = (ona) nomat + (pyrax) nomat + (rpertx) nomat... (3ect nosmoxna tna t ]opmyna: A mn. u. = Aa + Ab + Ac...) Taxne cnyuan, xoropte moxno nasnart otuntm mnoxecrnenntm uncnom, ne rpeymr ocotx sameuann, rax xax no mnornx xstxax sect nourn ncera nannno coornercrnne mexy nornxo n rpammarnxo. Ftnamr, onaxo, n pacxoxennx mexy xstxamn, rnanntm opasom ns-sa ]opmantntx ocoennocre. B anrnncxom n ]pannyscxom xstxax ynorpenxmrcx ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx n couerannxx the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries nocemnanaroe n enxrnanaroe cronernx, les sincies dix- huitinme et dix-neuvinme, n ro npemx xax n nemenxom n arcxom n rex xe cnyuaxx ynorpenxercx ]opma enncrnennoro uncna; npnunna sect ne n rom, uro anrnnuanam n ]pannysam xax raxontm n ontme crenenn npncyme nornuecxoe mtmnenne, a n uncro ]opmantntx ocoennocrxx xstxon: no ]pannyscxom aprnxnt, yxastnammn na uncno, npemecrnyer nenocpecrnenno cymecrnnrentnomy, no oranen or npnnararentntx; n anrnncxom xstxe aprnxnt nmeer onnaxonym ]opmy nx oonx uncen, a no+romy on moxer crannrtcx nepe npnnararentntm (n enncrnennom uncne), xax yro t on nmeer ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna, n n ro xe npemx nn n xaxo mepe ne npenxrcrnonart yno- rpenennm ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna centuries. B nemenxom xstxe, c ono cropont, npnxonrcx cpasy xe ntnpart mexy ]opmamn enncrnennoro n mnoxecrnennoro uncna aprnxnx, no npn +rom ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna die yer nocnpnnnmartcx xax neconmecrnmax c ]opmo npnnararentnoro achzehnte ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna cpenero poa; ecnn xe, c pyro cropont, nauart c (]opmt enncrnennoro uncna) aprnxnx das, ro tno t n panno crenenn crpanno saxonunrt ]opmo mnoxecrnennom uncna cymecrnnrentnoro (das 18te und 19te Jahrhunderte), orxya n ntrexaer rpammarnuecxn nonxrnoe (no nornuecxn neoocnonannoe) npannno ynorpenennx ]opmt enncrnennoro uncna no ncem couerannn. Tax xe ocronr eno n arcxom xstxe. H n anrnncxom xstxe no ananornuntm npnunnam npenounraercx ]opma enncrnennoro uncna, ecnn cnonocouerannm npemecrnyer neonpeenennt aprnxnt: cp. an upper and a lover shelf nepxnxx n nnxnxx nonxa. Hnora ]opma enncrnennoro uncna ynorpenxercx c nentm nsexart nosmoxntx neopasymenn, nanpnmep y Texxepex: The elder and the younger son of the house of Crawley were never at home together Crapmn n mnamn ciu oma Kponn nnxora ne tnn oma
ononpemenno; ]opma sons morna t nanecrn na mtcnt, uro tno necxontxo mnamnx n necxontxo crapmnx ctnone (pyrne ocote cnyuan cm. n Modern English Grammar, II, crp. 73 n cn. 1 ). B anrnncxom xstxe pasnnune mexy nymx cnnonnmnuecxnmn ntpaxennxmn rnna more weeks than one n more than one week onee ono neenn xcno noxastnaer ncnxonornuecxoe nnnxnne cocenero cnona (npnrxxenne). Cnna raxoro nnnxnnx neonnaxona n pasnnuntx xstxax: n nrantxncxom no nosecrnnem un ynorpenxercx ]opma enncrnennoro uncna: ventun anno, a n anrnncxom naxonm twenty-one years, rouno rax xe, xax one and twenty years nanart onn ro; cp. raxxe a thousand and one nights rtcxua n ona nout. Bnpouem, c ocoenno xcnocrtm cnna npnrxxennx npoxnnxercx n nemenxom n arcxom xstxax, re ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna ynorpenxercx npn orcyrcrnnn cnona onn nepe cymecrnnrentntm, a ]opma enncrnennoro uncna ncxxn pas, xora onn cronr nenocpecrnenno nepe cymecrnnrentntm: ein und zwanzig Tage, tausend und eine Nacht; een og tyve dage, tusend og een nat. C poxmn nosnnxamr rpynocrn: n xaxom uncne cneyer ynorpenxrt cymecrnnrentnoe npn uncnnrentnom nonropa n enncrnennom nnn no mnoxecrnennom? Koneuno, n anrnncxom xstxe moxno ntrn ns sarpynennx, cxasan one mile and a half; no +roro nentsx cenart n rex xstxax, re nx annoro nonxrnx cymecrnyer neennmoe ntpaxenne, nanpnmep nem. anderthalb, ar. halvanden; n nemenxom xstxe ynorpenxercx, no-nnnmomy, ]opma mnoxecrnen- noro uncna (anderthalb Ellen), a n arcxom ]opma enncrnennoro (halvanden krone) c nmontrno renennne ynorpenxrt npemecrnymmee npnnararentnoe n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xorx cymecrnnrentnoe cronr n enncrnennom uncne: med mine stakkels halvanden lunge (Karl Larsen), i disse halvandet er (Pontoppidan). Hpnrxxenne npoxnnxercx raxxe n ar. to og en halv time (e. u.); cp. anrn. two and a half hours (mn. u.) na c nononnno uaca. B rex cnyuaxx, xora y xaxoro ns necxontxnx nnn nmeercx rontxo onn npemer, ynorpenxercx ro ]opma enncrnennoro uncna, ro ]opma mnoxecrnennoro: aruane ronopxr Hjertet sad os i halsen (e. u.), a anrnnuane Our hearts leaped to our mouths, xorx n ne ncera nocneonarentno (Three men came marching along, pipe in mouth and sword in hand; cm. noponee Modern English Grammar, II, crp. 76 n cn.). Baxxepnarent (Wa c k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, 1. 92) npnnonr npnmep ns Enpnnna, xora mart npocnr ere art e npanym pyxy: Dot ] tekna, dot aspasasthai mstri dexinn khera.
1 Cnono and moxer ynorpenxrtcx xax nx coennennx nyx npemeron, rax n nx coennennx nyx xauecrn onoro n roro xe npemera nnn nnna, nanpnmep: my friend and protector, Dr. Jones Mo pyr n noxponnrent, oxrop xonc. 3ro moxer nonecrn x nycmtcnennocrn. Hanpnmep, cymecrnyer nexoropoe comnenne ornocnrentno snauennx cneymmero orptnxa ns Bennn (Epipsychidion, 492): Some wise and tender Ocean-King... Reared it... a pleasure house Made sacred to his sister and his spouse (ono nnno nnn na nnna?). Cp. raxxe oxnnenne: Wanted a clerk and copyist (ono nnno), a clerk and a copyist (na nnna). A secret which she, and she alone, could know. B nemenxom xstxe uacro ynorpenxercx coueranne und zwar nx roro, urot noxasart, uro und ne ntpaxaer coennenne n otunom cmtcne: Sie hat nur ein Kind, und zwar einen Sohn. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
HPHBAH3HTEALHOE MHOECTBEHHOE HHCAO Tenept x nepexoxy x xnnennm, xoropoe moxno oosnaunrt repmnnom ,npnnnsnrentnoe mnoxecrnennoe uncno (plural of approximation). Kora n ono ]opme oennxmrcx necxontxo npemeron nnn nnn, ne npnnanexamnx n rounom cmtcne x onomy nny, mt yem nastnart ee ]opmo ,npnnnsnrentnoro mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Sixties mecrnecxrte rot (nanpnmep, a man in the sixties; the sixties of the last century) osnauaer ne 60 + 60.., a 60 + 61 + 62 n r. . o 69. Cnyuan raxoro poa ncrpeuamrcx n n arcxom xstxe (treserne), no nx ner, nanpnmep, no ]pannyscxom xstxe. Camt xpxo ntpaxennt cnyua npnnnsnrentnoro mnoxecrnennoro uncna npecrannxer coo mecronmenne we mt, xoropoe osnauaer x + onn nnn onee ne-x. Hs onpeenennx 1-ro nnna cneyer, uro ono mtcnnmo rontxo n enncrnennom uncne: net 1-e nnno oosnauaer ronopxmero n xaxom annom cnyuae. axe ecnn na nonpoc Kro npncoennnrcx xo mne? orneuaer rpynna nme n ronopnr Mt nce npncoennnmcx, ro n ycrax xaxoro ronopxmero +ro snaunr rontxo: npncoennmct n pyrne roxe (x nonaram). Cnono we ouent neonpeenenno n ne aer yxasannx na ro, xoro nmeer n nny ronopxmn, xpome cex camoro. Ho+romy ero uacro npnxonrcx ononnxrt pyrnm cnonom: we doctors mt, npaun, we gentlemen mt, myxunnt, we Yorkshiremen mt, opxmnpnt, we of this city mt, nmn ns +roro ropoa. Mnorne xstxn A]pnxn n pyrnx uacre cnera pasnnuamr ncxnmuammym n ,nxnmuammym ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna. 3ro pasnnune moxno nanmart n nsnecrnom anexore o mnccnonepe, xoropt oparnncx x nerpam co cnonamn: ,Mt nce rpemnnxn, n mt nce nyxaemcx n opamennn n nepy, no, x necuacrtm, ynorpenn nmecro nxnmuamme ]opmt mt pyrym ]opmy, xoropax osnauaer ,x n mon, no ne nt, x xomy x opamamct (upnpnx Mmnnep). B pxe xstxon x mecronmennm mt moxno npncoennnrt nno npn nomomn comsa n nnn npenora c, nno es cnxsymmero cnona oosnauenne nnna nnn nnn, xoropte nmecre c x npecrannxmr mnoxecrnennoe uncno: p.-anrn. wit Scilling x n Cxnnnnnr, unc Adame nx menx n Aama, p.-ncn. vit Gunnar x n Iynnap (cp. raxxe meir Sigurpr Cnryp n ero nmn, mau Hjalti Xtxntrn n ero xena), ]pnscx. wat en Ellen mt noe, x n E., nem. pasron. Wir sind heute mit ihm spazieren gegangen Mt c nnm nomnn ceronx rynxrt, ]pann. pasron. Nous chantions avec lui Mt c nnm nenn, nr. quando siamo giunti con mia cugina xora mt c xysnno npntnn, pyccx. Mi c opamo+ npuoe+ n r. n. 1
uopma mecronmennx 2-ro nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna moxer n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn npecrannxrt coo nno otunoe mnoxecrnennoe uncno (nt = rt + rt + rt n r. .), nno npnnnsnrentnoe mnoxecrnennoe uncno (nt = rt + onn nnn ontmee uncno nnn, ne yuacrnymmnx n pasronope). Ho+romy mt naxonm n pxe xstxon couerannx c mecronmennem ,mt, ananornunte ynomxnyrtm ntme: p.-anrn. git Iohannis nt noe (rt n) Hoann, p.-ncn. it Egill rt n E., pyccx. ei c cecmpo.
1 Cm., xpome otuntx rpammarnx: G r i m m, Personenwechsel,19; T o b l e r, Vermischte Beitrge zur franznsischen Grammatik, ns. 3-e, Leipzig, 1921, 3,14; E b e l i n g, Archiv ftr die neueren Sprachen, 104. 129; Dania, 10.47; H. M n l l e r, Zeitschrift ftr deutsche Wortforsch., 4. 103; N y r o p, Htudes de gramm. fransaise, 1920, crp. 13.
Hpecrannenne o rom, uro mt n nt npenonaramr yuacrne pyrnx nnn, xpome x n rt, nexnr n ocnone ]pannyscxoro couerannx nous (nnn vous) autres Fransais, r. e. x (nnn rt) n pyrne ]pannyst. B ncnancxom xstxe ]opmt nosotros, vosotros tnn ooment n renept ynorpenxmrcx n camocroxrentnom nnn +m]arnuecxom nonoxennn nmecro nos n vos. Bo mnornx rpammarnxax aercx npannno, cornacno xoropomy n cnyuaxx, xora cnona, nxoxmne n cocran nonexamero, ornocxrcx x pasntm nnnam, no mnoxecrnennom uncne rnarona npenourenne oraercx ]opme 1-ro nnna nepe ]opmo 2-ro nnn 3-ro nnna n ]opme 2-ro nnna nepe ]opmo 3-ro. Onaxo +ro npannno n npnmenennn x narnncxo rpammarnxe (nx raxnx npnmepon, xax Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus Ecnn rt n Tynnnx sopont, x n Hnnepon sopont) xnnxercx nsnnmnnm, rax xax 1-e nnno mnoxecrnennoro uncna no camomy cymecrny cnoemy ecrt ne uro nnoe, xax 1-e nnno enncrnennoro uncna nnmc eme xaxoe-ro nnno: raxxe ocronr eno n c 2-m nnnom mnoxecrnennoro uncna. B anrnncxo rpammarnxe n ornomennn npnmepon rnna He and I are friends, You and they would agree on that point; He and his brother were to have come (On i o n s, An Advanced English Syntax, London, 1904, 21) +ro npannno eme onee nsnnmne, rax xax nn onn anrnncxn rnaron ne pasnnuaer nnna no mnoxecrnennom uncne. Tpern npnmep na ynorpenenne npnnnsnrentnoro mnoxecrnennoro uncna naxonm n couerannn the Vincent Crummleses n snauennn Bnncenr Kpammns n ero cemtx, ]pann. les Paul Hont n ero xena; Et M-me de Rosen les signalait: Tiens... les an tel H maam e Posen ormeuana nx: Bor... raxne-ro (Da u d e t, LImmortel, 160) 1 . Kora xro-nno, ronopx o cee, ynorpenxer mt nmecro x, +ro uacro osnauaer, uro ronopxmn ns cxpomnocrn ne xenaer nanxstnart cocrnennoe cnymarenxm nnn unrarenxm: on xax t ntaer cnoe mnenne nnn cnon ecrnnx sa mnenne n ecrnnx pyrnx nme. Onaxo ropaso uame raxoe ynorpenenne cnxsano c xenannem nouepxnyrt cnoe npenocxocrno, xax n cnyuae pluralis majestatis. Hoonoe ynorpenenne tno npnnxro no npemena pnmcxnx nmneparopon, xoropte ronopnnn o cee nos 2 n rpeonann, urot npn opamennn x nnm ynorpenxnn mecronmenne vos. C reuennem npemenn na +ro ocnone no ]pannyscxom xstxe nosnnx otua ynorpenxrt mecronmenne mnoxecrnennoro uncna vous npn opamennn xo ncem, croxmnm no nonoxennm ntme (a sarem n x panntm, ocoenno x nesnaxomtm ]opma nexnnnocrn). B cpenne nexa +ror otua pacnpocrpannncx na mnorne crpant; n anrnncxom xstxe +ro npnneno n xonne xonnon x ntrecnennm mecronmennx enncrnennoro uncna mecronmennem you, xoropoe xnnxercx ceuac enncrnenntm mecronmennem 2-ro nnna n ne cnxstnaercx nn c xaxnm orrenxom nexnnnocrn nnn nournrentnocrn. Mecronmenne you npecrannxer coo n nacroxmee npemx ]opmy omero uncna, uro o nexoropo crenenn ornocnrcx raxxe n x nr. voi, pyccx. ei n r. n. Vnorpenenne mnoxecrnennoro uncna omecrnennoro nepanencrna noponno px anomantntx xnnenn, nanpnmep nem. Sie (a raxxe ar. De, nosnnxmee no
1 Ornocnrentno nem. Rosners n snauennn cemtx Posnepon (nepnonauantno +ro tna ]opma ponrentnoro naexa, no uacro ona nonnmaercx xax ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna) n ar. de gamle Suhrs cm. Modern English Grammar, II, 4. 42; cp. T i s e l i u s, Sprek och stil, 7. 126 n cn. 2 Ornocnrentno rpeuecxoro mt nmecro x cm. Wa c k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, 98 n cn. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
ero nnnxnnem) npn opamennn x onomy nnny, pyccx. ouu npn ynomnnannn ntmecroxmero nnna; rpammarnuecxne nenpannntnocrn mt onapyxnnaem n n enncrnennom uncne self n cocrane mecronmennx ourself (n xstxe xopone), no ]pann. vous-mxme, a raxxe n ]opme enncrnennoro uncna npenxarnna n ar. De er se god, pyccx. Bi ceeoou ue mara, rar e:epa (P e d e r s e n, Russisk Grammatik, Kmbenhavn, 1916, 90). Cneyer raxxe ynomxnyrt o ynorpenennn ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna nemenxnx rnaronon n cnyuae, xora nnxaxoro mecronmennx ner: Was wtnschen der Herr General? uro xenaer rocnonn rene- pan? Bexnnnocrt n ycnyxnnnocrt ne ncera cnoont or xomnuecxoro +]]exra 1 . EHHCTBA BLCmEIO HOPRKA Ouent uacro tnaer neoxonmo nnn no xpane mepe yono raxoe xstxonoe ntpaxenne, n xoropom necxontxo npemeron nnn nnn oennxmrcx n enncrno ntcmero nopxxa. Cneyer pasnnuart necxontxo cnocoon, npn nomomn xoroptx moxno ocrnrnyrt raxoro oennennx. Bo-nepntx, ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna moxer trt ynorpenena cama no cee. B anrnncxom xstxe +ro enaercx c ontmo nerxocrtm, nensnecrno nn n xaxom pyrom xstxe: nx +roro ocrarouno nocrannrt neonpeenennt aprnxnt nnn pyroe mecronmenne n enncrnennom uncne nepe couerannem cnon, nmemmnx ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna: cp. that delightful three weeks +rn nocxnrnrentnte rpn neenn, another five pounds eme nxrt ]ynron, a second United States nropte Coennennte Brart, every three days xaxte rpn nx, a Zoological Gardens soonornuecxn ca n r. n. Fes comnennx, nosmoxnocrt noontx xoncrpyxnn oecneunnaercx rnanntm opasom rem, uro npemecrnymmee npnnararentnoe ne coepxnr n cee yxasannx nn na mnoxecrnennoe, nn na enncrnennoe uncno; coueranne rnna that delightful three weeks tno t neconmecrnmo c nopmamn xstxa, n xoropom delightful nmeno t oruernnnym ]opmy enncrnennoro nnn mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Ho n anrnncxom xstxe ]opmy es ]nexcnn moxno nerxo couerart xax c ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna that, rax n c ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna three weeks. Hecxontxo nnaue ocronr eno n cnyuae a sixpence mecrt nencon (a threepence rpn nenca); +ra ]opma npenparnnact n nonym ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna, or xoropo opasonana nonax ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna sixpences (threepences). B coornercrnymmem arcxom nasnannn monert ocronncrnom n ne xpont noenna ananornx c enncrnenntm uncnom en krone, en eenkrone; orcma en tokrone, mn. mange tokroner. Hocnenee nanomnnaer anrn. a fortnight ne neenn, a sennight neenx (fourteen nights uertpnanart noue, seven nights ,cemt noue), re, onaxo, nocnenn xomnonenr npecrannxer coo penneanrnncxym ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna niht (oxonuanne s n ]opme nights xnnxercx onee nosnnm ananornuecxnm opasonannem); rouno rax xe a twel-vemonth (p.-anrn. mn. u. monam).
1 He nomnm, re x ncrpernn ynomnnanne o rom, uro na myna-xoxcxom xstxe cunraercx nenpnnnuntm opamartcx x samyxne xenmnne nnaue, xax n nocrnennom uncne: ona xax t ne mtcnnrcx cymecrnymme es cnoero myxa.
Bo-nroptx, oennennx mnoxecrnennocrn moxno ocrnrnyrt nyrem opasonannx ocooro cymecrnnrentnoro n enncrnennom uncne. Tax, n rpeuecxom or deka ecxrt mt naxonm cymecrnnrentnoe dekas ecxrox, nar. decas, orxya anrn. decade ecxrnnerne; no ]pannyscxom xstxe cma ornocxrcx cnona na -aine: une douzaine, vingtaine, trentaine n r. .; nepnoe ns nnx nponnxno n px pyrnx xstxon: dozen, Dutzend, dusin. Ipeuecxomy dekas n repmancxnx xstxax coornercrnonano cymecrnnrentnoe (ror. tigus), nxoxmee, xax nsnecrno, n cocran cnoxntx cnon anrn. twenty nanart, thirty rpnnart n r. n., nem. zwanzig, dreiig n r. . Taxnm opasom, nepnonauantno +ro tnn cymecrnnrentnte, xorx renept onn crann npnnararentntmn. Har. centum, mille, anrn. (repm.) hundred ,cro, thousand rtcxua tnn raxxe cymecrnnrentntmn noonoro poa, o uem eme ceuac nanomnnamr cnyuan rnna ]pann. deux cents n ynorpenenne a n one: a hundred cro, one thousand ona rtcxua; cp. raxxe a million mnnnnon, a billion ,mnnnnap. Hmontrntm rnnom nanononnny onpomenntx cnoxntx cnon xnnxmrcx nar. biduum, triduum, biennium, triennium, oosnauammne nepnot npemenn n na nnn rpn nx nnn roa. Cma xe cneyer ornecrn n cnona rnna a pair (of gloves) napa (nepuarox), a couple (of friends) napa (pyse), xoropte npnnoxr nac x cnonam, oosnauammnm copanne onpeenenntx npemeron, nanpnmep: a set (of tools, of volumes) naop (nncrpymenron), copanne (romon), a pack (of hounds, of cards) crax (coax), xonoa (xapr), a bunch (of flowers, of keys) yxer (nneron), cnxsxa (xnmue), a herd (of oxen, of goats) crao (nonon, xos), flock ,crao, bevy crax n r. n. Taxne cnona no npany nastnamrcx conparentntmn cymecrnnrentntmn, n x ymam, uro +ror repmnn cneyer ynorpenxrt ne mnpoxo, xax +ro uacro enaercx n paorax no rpammarnxe, a n crporom cmtcne n ornomennn cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx enncrno pxa npemeron nnn cymecrn, xoropte moxno nepecunrart. Taxnm opasom, conparentnocrt n nornuecxom ornomennn, c ono cropont, ecrt ennnunocrt, a c pyro mnoxecrnen- nocrt. Hoont noxo oxcnxer xstxonte ueprt raxnx cnon, xoropte rpeymr ro xoncrpyxnnn c enncrnenntm uncnom, ro xoncrpyxnnn c mnoxecrnenntm uncnom (o pasnnunn mexy conparentntmn cymecrnnrentntmn n nasnannxmn macct, cm. nnxe). Hexoropte conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte xnnxmrcx nponsnontmn or cnon, oosnauammnx ennnnt nnsmero nopxxa: brotherhood parcrno or brother par; cp. raxxe nobility snart, peasantry xpecrtxncrno, soldiery ,conart, mankind uenoneuecrno. B repmancxnx xstxax ecrt nnrepecnt paspx cnon c npncranxo ga-, ge- n c cy]]nxcom cpenero poa -ja; n rorcxom xstxe cymecrnonano cnono gaskohi napa oynn; noonte opasonannx crann ocoenno mnorouncnenntmn n pennenepxnenemenxom, re mt naxonm, nanpnmep, gidermi nnyrpennocrn, giknihti npncnyra, gibirgi ropt, gifildi ,nonx. B conpemennom nemenxom mt ncrpeuaem Gebirge ropt, Gepck ,arax, Gewitter rposa, Ungeziefer n pyrne, uacrnuno c nsmenenntm snauennem nnn crpoennem. Cnono Geschwister nepnonauantno osnauano cecrpt (zwei Brtder und drei Geschwister), nosxe ono crano osnauart partx n cecrpt, a renept nnora ynorpenxercx axe nx oosnauennx onoro para nnn ono cecrpt, ecnn xenarentno ne nouepxnnart non. Onaxo n otuno peun +ro Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cnono renept ynorpenxercx ne n xauecrne conparentnoro cymecrnnrentnoro, a n xauecrne ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Har. familia cnauana osnauano conoxynnocrt famuli, r. e. omouanen, nosxe cnyr; xora xe famulus ntmno ns ynorpenennx, familia npnopeno cnoe conpemennoe enponecxoe snauenne n, yyun nepasnoxnmtm conparentntm cymecrnnrentntm (unanalyzable collective), moxer trt orneceno x romy xe paspxy cnon, uro n crew +xnnax (xopanx), crowd ronna, swarm po, company xomnannx, army apmnx, tribe nnemx, nation nannx, mob ronna. Hexoropte cnona moryr pasnnrt conparentnoe snauenne n pesyntrare meronnmnn, nanpnmep cnono the parish npnxo ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx npnxoxan, all the world nect mnp nx oosnauennx ncex nme, the Sex non xenmnn; cp. raxxe anrn. the Church, the bench, society n r. . nycroponnocrt nmen conparentntx npoxnnxercx n n nx rpam- marnuecxnx ocoennocrxx; onn npecrannxmr coo enncrna n xax raxonte moryr ynorpenxrtcx ne rontxo c npemecrnymmnm a nnn one, no n n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xax pyrne ncuncnxemte cymecrnnrentnte: two flocks ,na craa, many nations mnoro nann n r.n. C pyro cropont, onn oosnauamr mnoxecrnennocrt, a no+romy moryr couerartcx c rnaronom n npenxarnnom no mnoxecrnennom uncne (My family are early risers; la plupart disent; raxxe n no mnornx pyrnx xstxax) n coornocnrtcx c raxnm mecronmennem, xax they onn. Cneyer, onaxo, samernrt, uro noonte xoncrpyxnnn c ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna rnarona ynorpenxmrcx rontxo c nmenamn conparentntmn, oosnauammnmn xnnte cymecrna, no nnxora ne ynorpenxmrcx c cymecrnnrentntmn rnna library nnnorexa nnn train noes, xorx onn oosnauamr copanne xnnr, xomnnexr naronon. Hnora nmx conpa- rentnoe moxer onapyxnnart oe cropont n onom n rom xe npenoxennn: This (e.) family are (mn.) unanimous in condemning him. H n +rom ne cneyer ycmarpnnart nnuero nenornunoro nnn anrnrpammarnuecxoro (xax +ro npecrannxercx Cynry; cm. New English Grammar, 116). 3ro nnmt ecrecrnennoe cnecrnne nocrnenno npnpot raxnx cnon. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx xstxn nyr eme antme, onycxax couerannx, n xoroptx ]opma, xnnxmmaxcx n ecrnnrentnocrn ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna, rpaxryercx rax, xax ecnn t ona npecrannxna coo mnoxecrnennoe uncno cymecrnnrentnoro, oosnauammero enncrno nnsmero nopxxa: those people (= those men), many people (n ornnune or many peoples = many nations), a few police, twenty clergy. B arcxom xstxe mt nanmaem noonoe xnnenne co cnonom folk, npecrannxmmnm coo nonnnnoe nmx conparentnoe n et folk (napo, co cnennantno ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna mange folkeslag). Onaxo ceuac ono rpaxryercx raxxe n xax ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna: de folk, mange folk, xorx n nentsx cxasart tyve folk nanart uenonex; n cnyuae xe de godtfolk re xpapte nmn mt onapyxnnaem nmontrnoe coueranne, n xoropom godt xnnxercx ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna cpenero poa. (Hpnmept ns anrnncxoro xstxa: 80,000 cattle, six clergy, five hundred infantry, six hundred troops n r. n.; cm. Modern English Grammar, II, crp. 100 n cn. 1 )
1 Oparnre nnnmanne raxxe na nem. ein paar napa, xoropoe n snauennn necxontxo npenparnnoct n nensmenxemt amnxr (mit ein paar Freunden, ne einem paar) n moxer axe
Hepexo or nmen conparentntx x ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna moxno npocnenrt raxxe na nnoenponecxnx cymecrnnrentntx na -a. Hepnonauantno +ro tnn conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte xencxoro poa enncrnennoro uncna, nanpnmep nar. familia. Bo mnornx cnyuaxx +rn conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte coornocnnnct c cymecrnnrentntmn cpenero poa: cp. opera, po. n. operae ,paora n opus paora (cocrnenno ona ns paor, xonxpernax paora); n pesyntrare -a n xonne xonnon crano ynorpenxrtcx n xauecrne otunoro cpecrna opasonannx mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx cpenero poa. Ocrarox xe npexnero snauennx +roro oxonuannx nnen n rpeuecxom xstxe, re cymecr- nnrentnte cpenero poa n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna coueramrcx c rnaronom n ]opme enncrnennoro uncna (cm. ocroxrentnoe paccmorpenne +roro xnnennx y Bmnra J. S c h mi d t, Die Pluralbildungen der indogermanischen Neutra, 1889; xparxn osop cm. n moe xnnre Language, crp. 395). Hnrepecno ormernrt pasnnrne +roro oxonuannx n pomancxnx xstxax: ono n n nacroxmee npemx opasyer mnoxecrnennoe uncno mnornx nrantxncxnx cnon (frutta, uova, paja); onaxo n nenom ono cnona npenparnnoct n ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna xencxoro poa, npana, ne n conparentnom snauennn: cp. nr. foglia, ]pann. feuille ns nar. folia. Bese, re mt naxonm ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna xaxoro-nno cnona, ynomxnyroro n nacroxmem pasene, mt moxem ronopnrt o mnoxecrnennom uncne, nosneennom no nropym crenent, nanpnmep: decades, hundreds, two elevens (ne xomant no onnnanart uenonex n xaxo), sixpences, crowds n r. n. Onaxo ror xe camt repmnn (mnoxecrnennoe uncno no nropo crenenn) npn- mennm n x pyrnm cnyuaxm raxnm, xax anrn. children ern. B +rom cnone oxonuanne mnoxecrnennoro uncna -en oanneno x nepnonauantno ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna childer: na nepntx nopax, nosmoxno, noromy, uro nmenoct n nny oennenne ne orentntx ere, a oennenne rpynn ere, ornocxmnxcx x pasntm cemtxm (neuro noonoe nanmaercx n n morn. nanexrn. shuins, xoropoe Mypp+ ormeuaer n snauennn ornnxn necxontxnx uenonex, n ornnune or shuin, oosnauammero ony napy ornnox Mu r r a y, Dial. of the Southern Counties, 161; cm. raxxe Modern English Grammar, II, 5. 793). Onaxo ne cneyer ymart, uro nornuecxoe snauenne nonoro mnoxecrnennoro uncna (mnoxecrnennoe or mnoxecrnennoro) no ncex cnyuaxx cosnananoct remn, xro cosan ]opmt nonoro mnoxecrnennoro uncna: uacro raxne ]opmt c camoro nauana npecrannxnn coo nsnnmecrna; no ncxxom cnyuae ceuac ]opmt children, kine, breeches n r. n. ocosnamrcx xax otunte ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna. B peroncxom xstxe naxonm mnoxecrnennoe or mnoxecrnennoro n cneymmnx cnyuaxx: bugel peenox, mn. bugale, no bugale-ou plusieurs bandes denfants, loer uynox, mn. lerou napa uynox, no lereier ,necxontxo nap uynox, daou-lagad-ou rnasa necxontxnx uenonex (H. P e d e r s e n, Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, Gnttingen, 1909, 2.71). nonoe mnoxecrnennoe uncno no ]opme, no ne no snauennm naxonm n nem. Trnen, Zhren cnest. 3ect npexnxx ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna trne (trehene), zhre (zhere) crana renept ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna. B narnncxom xstxe mnoxecrnennoe or mnoxecrnennoro oosnauaercx ynorpenennem cnennantnoro pxa uncnnrentntx. Litera yxna no
couerartcx c aprnxnem n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna: die paar Freunde. B arcxom xstxe raxxe et par venner, de par venner. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
mnoxecrnennom uncne (literae) moxer osnauart n yxnt, n nnctmo, n ,nnctma nornuecxoe mnoxecrnennoe or nnctmo; onaxo quinque litterae osnauaer nxrt yxn, a quinae litterae nxrt nncem. Castra narept nepnonauantno tno ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna or castrum yxpennenne; duo castra na yxpennennx, no bina castra na narepx. Touno rax xe n n pyccxom xstxe cnono :aci ]opmantno xnnxercx mnoxecrnenntm uncnom or :ac; ronopxr oea :aca, no oeoe :acoe, c uncnnrentntmn onee ntcoxoro nopxxa oannxercx cnono umvra: oeaoami nmi umvr :acoe, cmo umvr :acoe. B +ro cnxsn moxno raxxe oparnrt nnnmanne na ro, uro, xora mt ronopnm my spectacles mon ouxn, his trousers ero pmxn, her scissors ee noxnnnt, nnxro ne moxer cxasart, cxontxo npemeron nmeercx n nny onn nnn ontmee xonnuecrno, a cneonarentno, npannntno nn cenan nepeno c onoro xstxa na pyro: xax nyxno nepenecrn raxne couerannx, xax: meine Brille, son pantalon, ihre Schere nnn meine Brillen, ses pantalons, ihre Scheren. (Ho xora mt ronopnm He deals in spectacles On ropryer ouxamn; The soldiers wore khaki trousers Ha conarax tnn maponapt nnera xaxn n r. n., nmeercx n nny, xoneuno, mnoxecrnennoe uncno.) Taxnm opasom, ]opmt spectacles, trousers, scissors camn no cee c rouxn spennx nornxn nmemr snauenne omero uncna. OBmEE HHCAO Hnora uyncrnyercx norpenocrt n ]opme omero uncna (r. e. n ]opme, xoropax ornnexaercx or pasnnunx mexy enncrnenntm n mnoxecrnenntm uncnom); no otuno enncrnenntm cpecrnom yonnernopennx +ro norpenocrn oxastnamrcx raxne rpomosxne xoncrpyxnnn, xax a star or two ,ona nnn ne snest; one or more stars ona snesa nnn ontme; Some word or words missing here 3ect nponymeno ono cnono nnn necxontxo cnon; The property was left to her child or children Hmymecrno tno ocranneno ee peenxy nnn erxm 1 . B npenoxennxx Who came? Kro npnmen? n Who can tell? Kro moxer cxasart? mt nmeem eno c omnm uncnom, no n npenoxennn Who has come? ,Kro npnmen? npnxonrcx ynorpenrt rnarontnym ]opmy onpeenennoro uncna, axe ecnn nonpoc saaercx n camom omem nne. 3amertre raxxe: Nobody prevents you, do they? Hnxro ne memaer nam, ne npana nn?, re mtcnt tna t ntpaxena ropaso xcnee, ecnn t yanoct nsexart ]opmt enncrnennoro uncna n nepnom cnyuae n ]opmt mnoxecrnennom uncna no nropom (cp. raxxe pasen ,Po, crp. 271).
1 B ]pannyscxom xstxe ontmnncrno cymecrnnrentntx, rax xax eno xacaercx snyuannx, no cymecrny croxr n ]opme omero uncna, no amnxrt uacro pasnnuamr enncrnennoe n mnoxecrnennoe uncno; orcma xoncrpyxnnn npoe cneymmnx: Il prendra son ou ses personnages a une certaine priode de leur existence (Monaccan); Le ou les caractres fondamentaux (Fannn); ie contraire du ou des mots choisis comme synonymes (ram xe). Cp. n nemenxom xstxe: Erst gegen Ende des ganzen Satzes kommen der oder die Tonspringe, die dem Satze seinen Ausdruck geben (O. J e s p e r s e n, Lehrbuch der Phonetik, ns. 3, Leipzig, 1920, 241).
HA3BAHHR MACCL B neantnom xstxe, nocrpoennom ncxnmunrentno na nornuecxnx npnnnnnax, ]opma, xoropax ne nopasymenaer nn enncrnennoro, nn mnoxecrnennoro uncna, crana t eme onee neoxonmo, ecnn t mt nepemnn ns mnpa ncuncnxemtx neme (raxnx, xax oma, noman, nn, mnnn, snyxn, cnona, npecrynnennx, nnant, omnxn n r. n.) n mnp nencuncnxemtx neme. Cymecrnyer ontmoe xonnuecrno cnon, xoropte ne ntstnamr y nac npecrannennx o xaxom- nno npemere, nmemmem onpeenennym ]opmy n rounte rpannnt. Taxne cnona x oosnauam repmnnom nasnannx macct (mass-words). Onn moryr trt nno nemecrnenntmn n oosnauart nemecrno nesanncnmo or ero ]opmt (nanpnmep, cepepo, pryrt, noa, macno, ras, nosyx n r. n.), nno nenemecrnenntmn (nanpnmep, ocyr, mystxa, nnxenne, ycnex, raxr, spanomtcnne). Cpen nocnennx ocoenno mnoro nexcycntx cymecrnnrentntx (cm. rn., X), raxnx, xax satisfaction yonnernopenne, admiration nocxnmenne, refinement ,yronuennocrt, opasonanntx or rnaronon, nnn raxnx, xax restlessness ,neyromonnocrt, justice cnpanennnocrt, safety esonacnocrt, constancy ,nocroxncrno, opasonanntx or npnnararentntx. Hcuncnxemte cnona nonyuamr xonnuecrnennoe onpeenenne npn nomomn raxnx cnon, xax one onn, two na, many mnoro, few mano, npn nasnannxx xe macct ynorpenxmrcx raxne cnona, xax much mnoro, little mano, less ,mentme. Ecnn npn +rom cnona some nexoropt n more ontme moryr npnmenxrtcx x oonm paspxam, ro nce xe, xax noxastnaer nepeno na pyrne xstxn, nonxrnx n +rnx cnyuaxx yyr pasnnuartcx: cp. anrn. some horse, some horses, more horses some quicksilver, more quicksilver, more admiration; nem. irgend ein Pferd, einige Pferde, mehr (mehrere) Pferde (ar. flere heste) etwas Quecksilber, mehr Quecksilber, mehr Bewunderung (ar. mere beundring). Tax xax ocoo rpammarnuecxo ]opmt omero uncna n peantntx xstxax ner, n ornomennn nasnann macct xstxam npnxonrcx nponsnonrt ntop mexy nymx cymecrnymmnmn ]opmamn uncna n ocranannnnartcx nno na enncrnennom uncne, xax no ncex npnneenntx o cnx nop npnmepax, nno na mnoxecrnennom uncne, nanpnmep: victuals nponnsnx, dregs orpoct, lees ,ocaox proceeds oxo, belongings npnnanexnocrn, sweepings mycop measles xopt, rickets paxnr, throes myxn n raxne pasronopnte nanmenonannx cocroxnn, xax the blues menanxonnx, creeps mypamxn, sulks ,paspaxennoe cocroxnne n r.. n. Bo mnornx cnyuaxx nanmamrcx xoneannx mexy nymx uncnamn [coal(s) yront, brain(s) mosr(n) n p.]; ram, re n onom xstxe ynorpenxercx enncrnennoe uncno, n pyrom moxer ynorpenxrtcx mnoxecrnennoe. Hmontrno, uro n ro npemx xax mxnoanrnncxn n nnreparypnt arcxn xstxn paccmarpnnamr porridge n grmd xama xax enncrnennoe uncno, re xe camte cnona n Bornannn n Rrnannn nmemr ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Anrnncxnm ]opmam mnoxecrnennoro uncna lees n dregs n nemenxom n pyrnx xstxax coornercrnyer ]opma enncrnennoro uncna Hefe. uro xacaercx nenemecrnenntx nasnann macct, ro sect nanmaercx ro xe xnnenne: much knowledge mnoro snann n nepenoe na nemenxn yer snyuart xax viele Kenntnisse, a na arcxn mange kundskaber. Orrpannuenne nasnann macct conpxxeno c nexoroptmn rpynocrxmn, nocxontxy mnorne cnona nmemr necxontxo snauenn. Hexoropte npemert Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
moxno paccmarpnnart c pasnnuntx rouex spennx, nanpnmep: fruit ]pyxr, ]pyxrt, hair nonoc, nonoct (much fruit, many fruits; She hath more hair than wit, and more faults then haires. Bexcnnp); cp. raxxe a little more cake eme nnpox- noro, a few more cakes eme necxontxo nnpoxntx. B onom narnncxom yxase cyxne onomn n mxco oosnauamrcx ]opmamn enncrnennoro uncna, r. e. nasnannxmn macct, n ro npemx xax nx cnexnx onome ynorpenxercx mnoxecrnennoe uncno, nocxontxy cnexne onomn moxno cocunrart (Wa c k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, 1.88). Ormernm raxxe cnono verse crnx; He writes both prose and verse. I like his verses to Lesbia. pyrne npnmept, n xoroptx ono n ro xe cnono oosnauaer ro maccy, ro orentnte npemert: A little more cheese Two big cheeses ,Hemnoro ontme cipa na ontmnx cipa It is hard as iron a hot iron ,3ro rnepo, xax re.eso ropxun vmme Cork is lighter than water I want three corks for these bottles Hpoora nerue not Mne nyxno rpn npooru nx +rnx yrtnox Some earth struck to his shoes The earth is round ,K ero ornnxam npnnnnno 3e+. xpyrnax nemnoro se+.u a parcel in brown paper state-papers ,naxer n xopnuneno ov+aee rocyapcrnennte ov+aeu little talent few talents ,mano ma.auma mano ma.aumoe much experience many experiences ,mnoro onima mnoro neperueauu, n r. n. Hepnonauantnoe snauenne ornocnrcx nnora x onomy, a nnora x pyromy paspxy. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx nponcxonr n]]epennnannx; nanpnmep, cnona shade rent (orcyrcrnne conneunoro cnera) n shadow rent (orpactnaemax npemerom) pasnnnnct ns pasntx naexntx ]opm onoro n roro xe cnona (p.-anrn. sceadu, sceadowe). Kax npannno, shade ynorpenxercx xax nasnanne macct, a shadow xax ncuncnxemoe, no n nexoroptx cnyuaxx shade xnnxercx n ro xe mepe oosnauennem npemera (thing-word), xax n shadow, nanpnmep, xora mt ronopnm o pasnnuntx orrenxax (shades) nnera. Cloth n snauennn onpeenennoro marepnana xnnxercx nasnannem macct, no npn oosnauennn raxnx npemeron, xax cxareprt nnn nonona, ono npenpamaercx n ncuncnxemoe cymecrnnrentnoe n npnoperaer nonym ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna cloths, n ro npemx xax npexnxx ]opma clothes, oropnanmnct or cloth, onxna paccmarpnnartcx xax camocroxrentnoe cnono nasnanne macct n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Hasnanne epena, nanpnmep oak y, moxer crart nasnannem macct ne rontxo rora, xora ono npnmenxercx x penecnne, nonyuaemo ns +roro epena, no n n rex cnyuaxx, xora nmeercx n nny conoxynnocrt pacrymnx epenten (cp. barley xument, wheat nmennna), nanpnmep Oak and beech began to take the place of willow and elm y n yx crann ntrecnxrt nny n nxs. Coornercrnymmee ynorpenenne nanmaercx n n pyrnx xstxax. Cma npnmtxaer raxxe ynorpenenne cnona fish pta, xoropoe ncnontsyercx ne rontxo nx
oosnauennx ptt xax npoyxra nnrannx, no n nx oosnauennx xnntx cymecrn xax oexra ptononcrna; noonoe ynorpenenne mt ncrpeuaem, xpome anrnncxoro, raxxe n arcxom (fisk), pyccxom (pioa; O. As b o t h, Kurze russische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1904, 68), nenrepcxom (S i mo n y i, Die ungarische Sprache, Straburg, 1907, 259) n n pyrnx xstxax. B anrnncxom n n arcxom raxoe ynorpenenne crano ono ns npnunn, oycnonnnmnx noxnnenne nensmenxemo ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna, nanpnmep many fish, mange fisk. Hasnannx macct uacro npenpamamrcx n nasnannx ncuncnxemtx npemeron, no n n +rom ornomennn cymecrnymr snaunrentnte pasnnunx no xstxam. Tax, n anrnncxom xstxe n ornnune or arcxoro cnono tin onono ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx xoncepnno anxn: cnono bread xne, naoopor, ynorpenxercx rontxo nx oosnauennx macct, no coornercrnymmne emy cnona n pyrnx xstxax cnyxar nx oosnauennx roro, uro n anrnncxom xstxe oosnauaercx cnonom loaf xapana: un peu de pain, un petit pain = a little bread, a small loaf. Henemecrnennte nasnannx macct nperepnenamr ananornunte cnnrn n snauennn, xora onn ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx ennnunoro npoxnnennx annoro xauecrna: nanpnmep, xora mt ronopnm o xaxom-nno rnynom nocrynxe a stupidity; cp. raxxe many follies, many kindnesses n r. n. Onaxo noonoe ynorpenenne ne xnnxercx pacnpocrpanenntm n raxo xe mepe n anrnncxom xstxe, xax n pyrnx xstxax, a no+romy nyume nepeaue nem. eine unerhnrte Unverschmtheit yer anrn. a piece of monstrous impudence; cp. raxxe an insufferable piece of injustice, another piece of scandal, an act of perfidy n r. n. (npnmept cm. n Modern English Grammar, II, 5. 33 n cn.). 3ra xoncrpyxnnx conepmenno ananornuna xoncrpyxnnxm a piece of wood, two lumps of sugar n p. Hasnannx macct moryr crart nasnannxmn npemeron eme onnm nyrem: ecnn nexcycnoe cymecrnnrentnoe beauty xpacora ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx npemera (nnn nnna), onaammero +rnm xauecrnom. H, naxonen, nao ynomxnyrt o ynorpenennn nasnannx macct nx oosnauennx ono ns pasnonnnocre macct: This tea is better than the one we had last week 3ror ua nyume, uem ror, xoropt mt nnnn na npomno neene; orcma, anee, ecrecrnennoe ynorpenenne ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna: various sauces ,pasnnunte coyct; The best Italian wines come from Tuscany Hyumne nrantxncxne nnna ocrannxmrcx ns Tocxant. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Bnex repmnn nasnanne macct n orpannunn repmnn conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte onpeenenntm paspxom cnon, x nocneonarentno npornnonocrannn +rn repmnnt pyr pyry (nonxrne uncna nornuecxn nenpnmennmo x nasnannxm macct, no nnone npnmennmo x conparentntm cymecrnnrentntm); raxnm nyrem, naemct, x nnec nsnecrnt nxna n pasxcnenne +ro rpyno nponemt. Heoxonmocrt repmnna rnna nasnanne macct nepexo omymaercx n cnonapxx; n Oxc]opcxom cnonape, nanpnmep, mt uacro ncrpeuaemcx c onpeenennxmn npoe cneymmero: claptrap (1) with pl.: A trick... (2) without a or pl.: Language designed to catch applause, r. e. (1) nasnanne npemera, (2) nasnanne macct. Mox xnaccn]nxannx npecrannxercx mne onee yauno, uem ne camte npoymannte xnaccn]nxannn, xaxne x snam, xnaccn]nxannn Cynra n Hopena. Cornacno Cynry (New English Grammar, 150 n cn.), ocnonnoe enenne npoxonr mexy cymecrnnrentntmn nemecrnenntmn (nnn xonxperntmn) n cymecrnnrentntmn acrpaxrntmn (r. e. cnonamn rnna redness xpacnora, stupidity rnynocrt, conversation ,pasronop). Konxpernte cymecrnnrentnte nopasenxmrcx anee na: nnnnnyantnte (man) nasnannx paspxa nmena napnnarentnte conparentnte (crowd) nasnannx marepnana (iron) nmena cocrnennte (Plato). Cynr ne nnnr cxocrna no cymecrny mexy nasnannxmn marepnana n acrpaxrntmn cymecrnnrentntmn; neyauen n camt repmnn nasnannx marepnana, nocxontxy mnorne nasnannx nemarepnantntx xnnenn ornnuamrcx remn xe ocoennocrxmn, uro n cnona iron n glass. He nnxy x n nenecoopasnocrn pasrpannuennx mexy nasnannxmn paspxon, npecrannenntx ennnuntm npemerom (nanpnmep, sun connne n pasronopnom xstxe, n ornnune or nayunoro xstxa), n nasnannxmn paspxon, npecrannenntx mnornmn npemeramn (nanpnmep, tree epeno); n oonx cnyuaxx mt nmeem eno c ncuncnxemtmn npemeramn, xorx n onom cnyuae npecrannxercx ontme nosmoxnocre ynorpenxrt cnono no mnoxecrnennom uncne, uem n pyrom. Knaccn]nxannx Hopena nectma opnrnnantna (A. Noreen, Vert Sprek, Lund, 1903, 5, 292 n cn.), xpome acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx (cnon rnna rpacoma, +vopocmi n r. n.) on ycranannnnaer cneymmne paspxt: I. Heennmte cymecrnnrentnte (impartitiva) oosnauamr npemert, ne noammnecx enennm na necxontxo onopontx uacre. Cma ornocxrcx individua, nanpnmep, I x, Stockholm, the Trossachs n dividua, nanpnmep parson cnxmennnx, man uenonex, tree ,epeno, trousers pmxn, measles xopt. axe cnono horses noman n npenoxennn Horses are quadrupeds Homan uerneponorne xnnornte xnnxercx neennmtm, nocxontxy ono oosnauaer neennmt xnacc nomat (+ro npenoxenne cnnonnmnuno npenoxennm A horse is a quadruped Homat uerneponoroe xnnornoe, crp. 300). II. ennmte cymecrnnrentnte (partitiva). Onn pacnaamrcx na na paspxa: A. Bemecrnennte (materialia), nanpnmep: Iron is expensive now Xeneso ceuac oporo, He eats fish On ecr pty, This is made of wood 3ro cenano ns epena. F. Conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte. Onn nopasenxmrcx na: (1) Conparentno-rorantnte, nanpnmep: brotherhood parcrno, nobility snart, army apmnx, n (2) conparentno-nnmpantnte; sect amrcx npnmept: many a parson, many parsons ,mnoro cnxmennnxon, every parson xaxt cnxmennnx, anee otunte ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna: fires ornn, wines nnna, waves nonnt, cows xopont n r. n. Conparentno-nnmpantnte n cnom ouepet nopasenxmrcx na (a) onoponte: horses noman n r. n n () pasnoponte: we mt, parents ponrenn (coornercrnymmee enncrnennoe uncno father oren nnn mother mart). 3ra nocnenxx rpynna coornercrnyer, xorx n ne nonnocrtm, romy, uro x nastnam npnnnsnrentntm mnoxecrnenntm uncnom: uncro cnyuanocrtm oxastnaercx ro, uro n mnecxom xstxe ner enncrnennoro uncna x fnrldrar ponrenn n uro Hopen no+romy n xauecrne enncrnennoro uncna aer cnona oren n mart: n pyrnx xstxax nosmoxno ynorpenenne cnona ponrenn n enncrnennom uncne (nanpnmep, n pasronopnom arcxom xstxe en fornlder); +ror cnyua ne cneyer conocrannxrt c coornomennem mt x, rem onee, uro cnono father opasyer ecrecrnennym ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna fathers (nanpnmep, The fathers of the boys were invited to the school Ornt mantunxon tnn npnrnament n mxony), rora xax or cnona I otunoe mnoxecrnennoe uncno nemtcnnmo. B nenom cncrema
Hopena xaxercx mne n ntcme crenenn ncxyccrnenno n npecrannxmme mano nennocrn nx nnnrnncra, nocxontxy ona pasenxer xnnennx, ecrecrnenno cnxsannte pyr c pyrom, n cosaer raxne nenyxnte paspxt, xax paspx neennmtx cymecrnnrentntx, ne ronopx yxe o rom, uro n repmnn conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte nxnatnaercx cnnmxom mnpoxoe snauenne. nx nac naxno, xaxne nonxrnx onycxaer coornecenne co cnonamn onn n na, no ne naxno, xaxne nonxrnx n nemn moryr trt pasenent na onoponte uacrn. Honxrne uncna, necmorpx na ncm ero naxnocrt n peantno xnsnn, y Hopena oronnnyro n cropony n xax t sarnano n antnn yron. Coornercrnenno, na crp. 298 (re on ronopnr o mnoxecrnennom uncne), enax conepmenno npannntnoe n merxoe sameuanne o rom, uro nonnnntm enncrnenntm uncnom or mt xnnxercx ,onn ns nac, on ne ner antme n ne ronopnr, uro n rom xe cmtcne nacroxmnm enncrnenntm uncnom or noman xnnxercx ne nomat, a ona ns nomae, a cneonarentno, mnoxecrnenntm or onn ns nac (ona ns nomae) yer ne ncera mt (noman), a ,nexoropte ns nac (nexoropte ns nomae).
I . a e a XV HHCAO (Oxonuanne) Pasnnunte anomannn. Oomennoe enncrnennoe n mnoxecrnennoe uncno. nocrnennoe uncno. uncno y nropnuntx cnon. Mnoxecrnennoe uncno rnarontnoro nonxrnx. PA3AHHHLE AHOMAAHH Bo ncex xstxax nmemrcx cnona, cnyxamne nx ntenennx orentnoro unena mnoxecrna n raxnm opasom n ]opme ennnunocrn ntpaxammne ro, uro xapaxrepno nx ncex npecrannrene: anrn. every ncxxn, each xaxt. Mexy npenoxennxmn Everybody was glad Kaxt tn pa n All were glad ,Bce tnn pat cymecrnyer nnmt neontmoe pasnnune n snauennn (cp. everything nce n all n npenoxennn All is well that ends well Bce xopomo, uro xopomo xonuaercx = all things). Oparnre raxxe nnnmanne na nar. uterque vir, utraque lingua, utrumque xaxt (nmo) ns nyx uenonex, oa uenonexa, oa xstxa, oe nemn. Ouent nnsxo x nemy anrn. many a man mnoro nme nnnnnyannsnpymmee, n ro npemx xax many men oomaer; noonte ntpaxennx cymecrnymr n no mnornx pyrnx xstxax: manch ein Mann, mangen en mand, mucha palabra loca (Ha n s s e n, Sp. gr., 56,6), ]pann. ycrapenoe maint homme. Cnopanuecxn n onacrn ynorpenennx ]opm uncna mt ncrpeuaem anomannn, xoropte rpyno noamrcx oxcnennm, no, no ncxxom cnyuae, noxastnamr, uro nmn ne xnnxmrcx aconmrno pasymntmn cymecrnamn: o +rom, nanpnmep, ronopnr ynorpenenne n penneanrnncxom xstxe ]opmt enncrnennoro uncna c ecxrxamn, xax n Feonynt]e, 3042: Se wxs fiftiges fotgemearces lang Ono tno 50 qvmoe nnnt; ram xe, 379: mritiges manna mngencrnft cnna mpuoamu :e.oeer; sect, raxnm opasom, nannno nexoropax nenocneonarentnocrt: fotgemearces ]opma enncrnennoro uncna, a manna mnoxecrnennoro. B cpeneanrnncxom xstxe ncrpeuamrcx cnyuan ynorpenennx aprnxnx a, xapaxrepnoro nx enncrnennoro uncna, nepe uncnnrentntmn, nanpnmep, a forty men oxono copoxa; no-arcxn ouent uacro ronopxr en tyve Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
stykker oxono nanarn mryx; +ro moxno cpannnrt c anrn. a few (n mrnancxnx nanexrax xn lile to); aprnxnt enncrnennoro uncna npenpamaer ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna ns cnoero poa orpnnarentntx (He has few friends V nero mano pyse) n nonoxnrentnte (He has a few friends V nero necxontxo pyse). Onaxo a few morno trt cosano no opasny a many, re many, moxer trt, conparentnoe cymecrnnrentnoe, a ne npnnararentnoe. 3rn nepnonauantno camocroxrentnte ]opmt c reuennem npemenn cnnnnct. upann. vers les une heures (panno xax n vers les midi) c uncnontm necoornercrnnem oycnonnnnaercx, no- nnnmomy, ananorne c pyrnmn oosnauennxmn npemenn, nanpnmep vers les deux heures; eno ceuac ocronr rax, xax yro t vers-les crano onnm oennenntm npenorom, ynorpenxmmnmcx npn oosnauennn uaca. Hemenxoe nonpocnrentnoe mecronmenne wer xro, noono anrn. who (cm. ntme, crp. 228), nerpantno x uncny, no xora neoxonmo rouno yxasart, uro nonpoc ornocnrcx onee uem x onomy nnny, +roro ocrnramr oannennem alles n enncrnennom uncne cpenero poa! Wer kommt denn alles? (Who are coming? Wer kommt? Who is coming?) Wen hast du alles gesehen? nopasymenaer, uro on nnen necxontxnx nme. Cp. cxasannoe nnxe n pasene Hon o beides n mehreres xax ]opmax cpenero poa n o nnuntx ]opmax beide, mehrere (crp. 277). OBOBmEHHOE EHHCTBEHHOE H MHOECTBEHHOE HHCAO 3ect noer peut o nnnrnncrnuecxom ntpaxennn neno nopot n cnyuaxx, xora ne ynorpenxmrcx cnona rnna all (all cats nce xomxn) 1 every (every cat xaxax xomxa) nnn any (any cat nmax xomxa). Fpeant (Mlanges de mythologie et de linguistique, Paris, 1882, 394) cosaer nx +roro nonxrnx repmnn nceomee uncno (omnial), napannentnt repmnnam nocrnennoe uncno n mnoxecrnennoe uncno; +ror repmnn tn t saxonntm n rpammarnxe xstxa, nmemmero nx raxoro uncna cnennantnym ]opmy. Onaxo raxoro xstxa x ne snam. B ecrnnrentnocrn nx oosnauennx noonoro nonxrnx xstxn ynorpenxmr ro ]opmy enncrnennoro, ro ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna; npnuem aprnxnt moxer trt n onpeenenntm, n neonpeenenntm, a moxer n noome orcyrcrnonart. Hocxontxy n anrnncxom xstxe neonpeenennoro aprnxnx no mnoxecrnennom uncne ner, moxno nonyunrt nxrt xomnnann; xax nnno ns cneymmnx npnmepon, nce onn ncrpeuamrcx n xstxe: 1) Enncrnennoe uncno es aprnxnx. B anrnncxom xstxe ono nosmoxno rontxo co cnonamn man uenonex, myxunna n woman xenmnna (Man is mortal; Woman is best when she is at rest) n c nasnannxmn macct 2 , marepnantno
1 All cats have four feet V ncex xomex uertpe norn = Any cat has four feet V nmo xomxn uertpe norn; onaxo +ro oomennoe ynorpenenne all cneyer orrpannunnart or ,ncrpnyrnnnoro all: rax, All his brothers are millionaires Bce ero partx mnnnnonept ornnuaercx or All his brothers together possess a million Bce ero partx nmecre onaamr mnnnnonom. B ncrpnyrnnnom cmtcne nce xomxn (nmecre) onaamr orpomntm xonnuecrnom nor. Hornxn n xauecrne npnmepa +roro pasnnunx npnnoxr cneymmne npenoxennx: All the angles of a triangle are less than two right angles Bce yrnt rpeyrontnnxa (= nmo yron) mentme nyx npxmtx yrnon n All the angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles Bce yrnt rpeyrontnnxa (= nsxrte nmecre) pannt nym npxmtm yrnam; cm. raxxe Modern English Grammar, II, 5. 4. 2 Hpn nasnannxx macct oomennoe nonxrne ornocnrcx nmenno x xonnuecrny, a ne x uncny xax raxonomy: Lead is heavy Cnnnen rxxen, r. e. nect cnnnen; cnnnen, re t on nn tn.
nnn nemarepnantno (Blood is thicker than water Kpont ryme not; History is often stranger than fiction Hcropnx uacro tnaer nenpanonoonee ntmtcna). B nemenxom n arcxom xstxax raxoe ynorpenenne ncrpeuaercx rontxo c nasnannxmn marepnantno macct, a no ]pannyscxom xstxe ner axe n +roro 1 . 2) Enncrnennoe uncno c neonpeenenntm aprnxnem: A cat is not as vigilant as a dog; Koura ne raxax uyrxax, xax cooara; sect aprnxnt moxno paccmarpnnart xax ocnanennoe any nmo, nnn, cxopee, ona coaxa (a dog) epercx xax npecrannrent ncero xnacca. 3) Enncrnennoe uncno c onpeenenntm aprnxnem: The dog is vigilant Cooara uyrxax. Taxxe ocronr eno n c npnnararentntm (cpenero poa) n ]nnoco]cxom xstxe: the beautiful npexpacnoe = everything that is beautiful nce npexpacnoe. V uocepa naxonm: The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne; n conpemennom xstxe n +rom cnyuae aprnxnt orcyrcrnyer (Honr]enno: Art is long, but life is fleeting); uoceponcxoe npenoxenne ananornuno rpeuecxomy (Innnoxpar: Ho bios brakhus, hs de tekhns makrs), a raxxe ]pannyscxomy, arcxomy n nemenxomy (Barnep n uaycre Iere ronopnr: Ach Gott! die Kunst ist lang; Und kurz ist unser Leben). 4) Mnoxecrnennoe uncno es aprnxnx: Dogs are vigilant Cooaru uyrxne; Old people are apt to catch cold Cmapuru nerxo npocryxamrcx; I like oysters nmnm vcmpui. 5) Mnoxecrnennoe uncno c onpeenenntm aprnxnem: Blessed are the poor in spirit Fnaxennt uuuue yxom. 3ro ynorpenenne, n anrnncxom xstxe xapaxrepnoe rontxo nx npnnararentntx (The old are apt to catch cold = old people; cm. cntme, n. 4; the English = the whole English nation), xnnxercx nnonne otuntm n nexoroptx pyrnx xstxax; cp. ]pann. Les vieillards sont bavards; Jaime les huotres. Ona n ra xe omax ncrnna ntpaxena no-pasnomy n pasntx xstxax. Tax, n nemenxo nocnonnne ronopnrcx: Ein Unglick kommt nie allein Hec:acmie nnxora ne npnxonr ono, a n anrnncxo nocnonnne: Misfortunes never come singly Hec:acmi nnxora ne npnxoxr n onnouxy (cp. y Bexcnnpa: When sorrows come, they come not single spies, But in battalions). Cp. raxxe anrn. twice a week naxt n neenm c ]pann. deux fois la semaine. K +rnm oomenntm ntpaxennxm moxno ornecrn ntpaxenne ,neonpeenennoro nnn, rounee, oomennoro nnna: 1) Enncrnennoe uncno es aprnxnx. B nemenxom n arcxom xstxax mt naxonm man, xoropoe orennnoct or cymecrnnrentnoro Mann, mand: n nemenxom xstxe +ro nponsomno n pesyntrare yrpart yapennx, a n arcxom raxxe n pesyntrare orcyrcrnnx stmd (ropranno cmtuxn). B cpeneanrnncxom cymecrnyer ne rontxo man, no n men (me), xoropoe uacro ynorpenxercx c rnaronom n enncrnennom uncne n moxer no+romy trt ]onernuecxn ocna- nenno ]opmo man. anee moxno npnnecrn ]pann. on pesyntrar perynxpnoro pasnnrnx narnncxo ]opmt nmennrentnoro naexa homo uenonex.
1 Cynr (New English Grammar, 1) nnmer: From the theoretical point of view grammar is the science of l a n g u a g e. By language we understand l a n g u a g e s in general, as opposed to one or more special languages. Hnrepecno conocrannrt annt cnoco ntpaxennx co cnocoom ntpaxennx raxnx xe nyx nonxrn no ]pannyscxom xstxe, re ynorpenxmrcx na pasnnuntx cnona: Le langage et les langues (nanpnmep, V e n d r y e s, Le langage, 273). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
2) Enncrnennoe uncno c neonpeenenntm aprnxnem. 3ror cnyua xapaxrepen nx pasnnuntx cymecrnnrentntx n pasronopno peun n anrnncxom: What is a man (a fellow, a person, an individual, a girl, morn. a body) to do in such a situation? uro enart uenonexy (napnm n r. n.) npn noontx ocroxrentcrnax? Ho cymecrny ro xe camoe nonxrne nexnr n ocnone uacroro ynorpenennx no mnornx xstxax cnona onn, xax, nanpnmep, n anrnncxom one, n nem. ein (ocoenno n xocnenntx naexax), ar. en (n nnreparypnom xstxe, rnanntm opasom n rom cnyuae, xora ono ne xnnxercx nonexamnm, no n nanexrax raxxe n n ]ynxnnn nonexamero), nr. nnora uno (S e r a o, Cap. Sansone, 135; uno si commuove quando si toccano certe fasti; ram xe, 136). 3) Enncrnennoe uncno c onpeenenntm aprnxnem. upann. lon, xoropoe nocnpnnnmaercx ceuac xax ]onernuecxn napnanr npocroro on. 4) Mnoxecrnennoe uncno es aprnxnx. Fellows n people uacro ynorpenxmrcx raxnm opasom, uro nx moxno nepenecrn ]pann. on (fellows say, people say = on dit); cp. raxxe cpeneanrnncxoe men c rnaronom n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Kora n rom xe snauennn ynorpenxercx anrn. they (ar. de), raxoe xnnenne moxno cpannnrt c ynorpenennem mnoxecrnennoro uncna cymecrnnrentntx c onpeenenntm aprnxnem, o uem ronopnnoct ntme. O ynorpenennn you n we n snauennn oomennoro nnna cm. rn. XVI. Pasnnune mexy neonpeenenntm nnnom n oomenntm yno- rpenennem man (n npenoxennn Man is mortal uenonex cmepren) nenerxo onpeennrt; uacro ono xnnxercx cxopee +monnonantntm, uem nnrennexryantntm. Ho+romy mt nepexo ncrpeuaem n ynorpenenne cnon man, one, si nx cxptroro oosnauennx 1-ro nnna, xora ronopxmn ne xouer ynomnnart cex, a nontsyercx oomennem: ananornunte mornnt npnnoxr x ynorpenennm you n rom xe snauennn. Tem ne menee cneyer ormernrt xax neuro cnxsannoe c oomenntm xapaxrepom neonpeenennoro nnna onontno uacroe coueranne man n on co cnonom, croxmnm no mnoxecrnennom uncne. ar. Man blev enige; ]pann. La femme qui vient de vous jouer un mauvais tour mais voudrait quon reste amis quand mxme (Da u d e t, LImmortel,151) 1 . Taxnm xe opasom n n nrantxncxom xstxe c si (S e r a o, ram xe, 223): Si resta liberi per tre mesi (Ro v e t t a, Moglie S. Ecc., 49): Si diventa ministri, ma si nasce poeti, pittori! BOHCTBEHHOE HHCAO B xstxax, nmemmnx ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna, mt naxonm ne pasnonnnocrn +roro nonxrnx. Ona pasnonnnocrt npecrannena rpennancxnm xstxom, n xoropom cnono nuna semnx nmeer ]opmy nocrnennoro uncna nunak n ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna nunat; sect ]opma nocrnennoro uncna ynorpenxercx rnanntm opasom n rex cnyuaxx, xora ronopxmn xouer ocoenno nouepxnyrt, uro peut ner o nyx npemerax; ecnn xe, c pyro cropont, nocrnennocrt xnnxercx camoouennno, xax, nanpnmep, y uacre rena, xoropte cymecrnymr napamn, ro nourn ncera ynorpenxercx ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna. Taxnm opasom, npnnxro ronopnrt issai ero rnasa, siutai ero ymn, talx
1 Hopn., nnr. y Becrepna (We s t e r n, Norsk Riksmels-grammatikk, Kristiania, 1921, 451): En blir lei hverandre, naar en gaar to mennesker og ser ikke andre dag ut og dag ind.
,ero pyxn n r.n., a ne issik, siutik, tatdlik ero na rnasa, n r. n. uopma mnoxecrnennoro uncna uacro ynorpenxercx axe c uncnnrentntm mardluk ,na, xoropoe camo no cee xnnxercx ]opmo nocrnennoro uncna, nanpnmep inuit mardluk na uenonexa (Kl e i n s c h mi d t, Grammatik der grnnlndischen Sprache, 13). pyrax pasnonnnocrt npecrannena nnoenponecxnmn xstxamn. uopma nocrnennoro uncna ynorpenxercx sect nx npemeron, ncrpeuammnxcx napamn. nocrnennoe uncno cymecrnonano no mnornx pennnx xstxax +ro cemtn; c reuennem npemenn ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna nocrenenno ncuesann, n renept onn coxpannnnct rontxo n orentntx nanexrax (nnroncxom, nyxnnxom, cnonencxom, a raxxe y nnuntx mecronmenn n nexoroptx anapcxnx nanexrax). B nponecce nocrenennoro ncuesnonennx ]opm nocrnennoro uncna ns nnoenponecxnx xstxon 1 nanmaercx mnoro nnrepecntx xnnenn, xoropte mt ne moxem paccmorpert sect erantno. Cymecrnonanne nocrnennoro uncna paccmarpnnaercx otuno (Henn-Fpmnt, Mee) xax noxasarent nepnotrnoro mtmnennx, a ero ncuesnonenne xax noxasarent nporpecca nnnnnnsannn. Ho moemy cocrnennomy mnennm, nmoe ynpomenne, nmax nnxnnannx npexnnx nsnnmnnx pasnnun xnnxmrcx nporpeccnnntmn, xorx npnunnnym cnxst mexy nnnnnnsanne n nenom n uacrntmn rpammarnuecxnmn nsmenennxmn nentsx noxasart n eranxx. B rpeuecxom xstxe nocrnennoe uncno tno pano yrpaueno n xononnxx, re crynent nnnnnnsannn tna ornocnrentno ntme, no nectma ycrounno coxpanxnoct n xonrnnenrantno Ipennn, nanpnmep n Haxeemone, Feornn n Arrnxe. V Iomepa ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna ncrpeuamrcx onontno uacro, no onn xnnxmrcx, no-nnnmomy, ncxyccrnenntm apxansmom, xoropt ncnontsyercx n no+rnuecxnx nenxx (ocoenno nx pasmepa); onaxo nx oosnauennx nyx nnn uacro ynorpenxmrcx n ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna n nenocpecrnennom cocecrne c ]opmamn nocrnennoro uncna (cp. couerannx rnna amph] kheiras O., 8. 135). B rorcxom xstxe ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna cymecrnymr rontxo y mecronmenn 1-ro n 2-ro nnna n y coornercrnymmnx ]opm rnaronon; onaxo ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna rnaronon nemnorouncnennt. B pyrnx pennnx repmancxnx xstxax nocrnennoe uncno coxpanxercx rontxo y mecronmenn ,mt n nt, no nosxe ono ncuesaer n y nnx. (Haoopor, ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna vip, mip ntrecnnnn npexnne ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna vr, mr n conpemennom ncnancxom xstxe, a, nosmoxno, raxxe n arcxom vi, I). Hsonnponannte cnet npexnero nocrnennoro uncna tnn naent n ]opmax necxontxnx cymecrnnrentntx, raxnx, xax door nept (nepnonauantno ne crnopxn) n breast rpyt, no axe n sect +rn ]opmt c annnx npemen nonnmannct ne xax ]opmt nocrnennoro, a xax ]opmt enncrnennoro uncna. Ceuac nocrnennoe uncno moxno ycmorpert rontxo y nyx cnon two na n both oa; onaxo cneyer ormernrt, uro, xora both ynorpenxercx n xauecrne ,comsa, ro ono uacro npnmenxercx ne rontxo x nym npemeram, nanpnmep both London, Paris, and Amsterdam xax Honon, rax n Hapnx n Amcrepam; xorx
1 Cm. C u n y, Le nombre duel en grec, Paris, 1906; B r u g m a n n, Grundri der vergleichenden Grammatik, ns. 2-e, Straburg, 1897, II, 2. 449 n cn.; Me i l l e t, Apersu dune histoire de la langue grecque, Paris, 1913, 189. 226. 303; Wa c k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, I, 73 n cn. Ouent nnrepecnax crartx Iorno n Festschrift Vilh. Thomsen, crp. 127 n cn.; on cpannnnaer nocrnennoe uncno n nnoenponecxnx n yrpo-]nncxnx xstxax. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nexoropte rpammarncrt n noccramr npornn raxoro ynorpenennx, ono ncrpeuaercx y pxa xopomnx nncarene 1 . Cornacno Iorno, ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna cxp. ako, rp. osse, nnr. akm, cocrnenno, ne osnauamr nn na rnasa, nn axe rnas n pyro rnas, a snauar ,rnas nocxontxy on npecrannen nymx; raxnm opasom, mitrn ecrt Mnrpa, npecrannennt nymx, r. e. Mnrpa n Bapyna, no Bapyna nonnx Mnrpt. To xe naxonm n cxp. hano ent n (nout), pitrnu oren n (mart), mntrnu ,mart n (oren); sarem raxxe pitrnu mntrnu oren n mart (oa n ]opme nocrnennoro uncna); necxontxo ornnuno rp. Aiante Teukron te Axnra (nocrnennoe uncno) n Tenxpa. B yrpo-]nncxnx xstxax nmemrcx napannenn x ontmnncrny ns +rnx xoncrpyxnn; rax, n couerannxx rnna omeen igeen crapnx n crapyxa, teteen tugen snma n nero oa cnona nmemr ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx coxpannnnct cnet yrpauennoro nocrnennoro uncna, onaxo nx nonnnnt xapaxrep yxe ne omymaercx. Tax, nanpnmep, n pennencnancxom xstxe mecronmenne mau onn noe npecrannxer coo crapym ]opmy nocrnennoro uncna. B ro xe camoe npemx ono xnnxercx n ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna cpenero poa. B cnxsn c +rnm nosnnxaer cnnraxcnuecxoe npannno, cornacno xoropomy ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna cpenero poa ynorpenxercx n rora, xora ner peut ononpemenno o nnnax myxcxoro n xencxoro nona. B pyccxom xstxe crapte ]opmt nocrnennoro uncna y nexoroptx cnon connaann c ]opmamn ponrentnoro naexa e. u.; n pesyntrare cnyuan npoe oea +vrura nonenn x ynorpenennm ponrentnoro naexa enncrnennoro uncna or pyrnx cnon; nmontrno, uro +ro ynorpenenne, nocne roro xax nonxrne nocrnennoro uncna ncuesno, pacnpocrpannnoct n na cnona mpu n :emipe: :emipe eooa n r. n. HHCAO Y BTOPHHHLX CAOB Kora Cynr (New English Grammar, 269) yrnepxaer, uro enncrnenno ome xareropne y cymecrnnrentntx n rnaronon xnnxercx uncno, on npan, nocxontxy peut ner o cymecrnymme (anrnncxo) rpammarnxe. Onaxo cneyer nomnnrt, uro y rnarona mnoxecrnennoe uncno osnauaer ne ro, uro y cymecrnnrentnoro. V cymecrnnrentntx mnoxecrnennoe uncno osnauaer mnoxecrnennocrt roro, uro oosnaueno camnm cymecrnnrentntm, n ro npemx xax y rnaronon uncno ornocnrcx ne x ecrnnm nnn cocroxnnm, oosnauennomy rnaronom, a x nonexamemy: cp. (two) sticks (ne) nanxn n (two) walks (ne) nporynxn c (they) walk (onn) rynxmr; n nocnenem cnyuae mt nnnm ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna, no ona oosnauaer ne necxontxo nporynox, a necxontxo rynxmmnx. Touno rax xe, xora n narnncxom n n pyrnx xstxax npnnararentnoe- amnxr crannrcx n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna (nar. urbes magnae, nem. groe Stdte ontmne ropoa), ne nmeercx n nny nnxaxo mnoxecrnennocrn
1 pyrnm npnmepom pacmnpennx c]ept nocrnennoro uncna xnnxercx ynorpenenne ero n couerannn c raxnmn uncnamn, xax 52; cp. Onccem, 8. 35: kour] de du] kai pents konta ,Ctnone xe nxrtecxr na (raxxe n crnxe 48 ro xe necnn; arrpaxnnx).
aexrnnnoro nonxrnx: mnoxecrnennocrt ornocnrcx x ropoam n nn x uemy ontme. B oonx cnyuaxx mt nanmaem uncro rpammarnuecxoe xnnenne, xoropoe nastnaercx cornaconannem n ne nmeer nnxaxoro ornomennx x nornxe, no npoxonr uepes nce pannne crann pasnnrnx xstxon nnoenponecxo cemtn. Cornaconanne sarparnnaer ne rontxo ]opmt uncna, no n naexnte ]opmt npnnararentnoro, xoropte tnn nounnent coornercrnymmnm ]opmam nepnnuntx cnon, cnxsanntx c nnmn. Onaxo +ro npannno cornaconannx n cymnocrn xnnxercx nsnnmnnm (cp. Language,335 n cn.). H nocxontxy nonxrne mnoxecrnennocrn nornuecxn ornocnrcx rontxo x nepnnunomy cnony ner nnuero ynnnrentnoro n rom, uro mnorne xstxn onee nnn menee nocneonarentno orxasannct or oosnauennx uncna no nropnuntx cnonax. B arcxom xstxe, xax n n nemenxom, npnnararentnte eme coxpanxmr pasnnune mexy en stor mand (ein groer Mann) nennxn uenonex n store mxnd (groe Mnner) nennxne nmn, no anrnncxn xstx oxastnaercx n annom cnyuae onee nporpeccnnntm: n nem npnnararentnoe, sa ncxnmuennem ennnuntx nepexnrountx cnyuaen that man, those men, this man, these men, ne nsmenxercx no uncnam. B neantnom xstxe nn amnxrt, nn rnaront ne nmenn t ocotx ]opm mnoxecrnennoro uncna 1 . B nenrepcxom xstxe mt naxonm npornnononoxnoe npannno: uncno oosnauaercx ne n nepnnunom, a no nropnunom cnone, no rontxo xora cymecrnnrentnoe coueraercx c uncnnrentntm. Cymecrnnrentnoe n raxom cnyuae crannrcx n enncrnennom uncne rouno rax, xax ecnn t mt cxasann no- anrnncxn three house rpn oma. Btammncx nenrepcxn nnnrnncr Bnmontn (Simonyi) nastnaer +ro npannno nenornuntm. cxopee nasnan t ero npn- mepom pasymno +xonomnn, nocxontxy n annom cnyuae ncxxoe ntpaxenne mnoxecrnennocrn y cymecrnnrentnoro tno t nsnnmnnm. Taxoe xe npannno cymecrnyer n n pyrnx xstxax; n ]nncxom ono ocnoxnxercx nmontrno ocoennocrtm: n ]ynxnnn nonexamero ynorpenxercx ne nmennrentnt, a naprnrnnnt naex enncrnennoro uncna; n ocrantntx naexax uncnnrentnoe cornacyercx c cymecrnnrentntm. Hexoropoe npnnnxenne x +romy npannny ona- pyxnnaercx n n arcxom (tyve mand stxrk, fem daler nxrt onnapon, ornnunoe or fem dalere nxrt moner no onomy onnapy xaxax, to fod), a raxxe n nemenxom (zwei Fu, drei Mark, 400 Mann) n axe n anrnncxom (five dozen, thre score, five foot nine, five stone; noponee o +rom cm. Modern English Grammar, II, 57 n cn.). Hepnt xomnonenr cnoxntx cymecrnnrentntx no mnornx ornomennxx nooen amnxry xo nropomy xomnonenry. Hsnecrno, uro n xauecrne nepnoro xomnonenra n pennnx nnoenponecxnx cnoxntx cnonax ynorpenxercx cama ocnona, n uncno, raxnm opasom, ne ntpaxaercx; rp. hippo-damos moxer oosnauart n roro, xro oystnaer ony nomat, n roro, xro oystnaer necxontxo nomae. B anrnncxom xstxe ynorpenxercx otuno ]opma enn- crnennoro uncna, axe ecnn nmeercx n nny mnoxecrnennocrt: cp. the printed book section cexnnx neuarntx xnnr; a three-volume novel rpexromnt poman. Ho no mnornx, npenmymecrnenno neannnx opasonannxx nepnt xomnonenr
1 B +cnepanro ona n ra xe ]opma rnarona ynorpenxercx nesanncnmo or uncna nonexamero (mi amas, ni amas), a npnnararentnte nmemr ocote ]opmt (la bona amiko, la bonai amikoj), n ro npemx xax aprnxnt (n +rom nenocneonarentnocrt) ocraercx nensmenntm. B +rom ornomennn no, nanpornn, crporo nornuen (la bona amiki). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
cronr no mnoxecrnennom uncne: a savings-bank ceperarentnax xacca, the Contagious Diseases Act saxon o nn]exnnonntx saonenannxx. B arcxom xstxe ecrt nmontrnt cnyua, xora oa xomnonenra nonyuamr ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna: bondegerd, mn. bmndergerde ]epmt xpecrtxn; otuno xe ]opma enncrnennoro uncna nepnoro xomnonenra coxpanxercx n no mnoxecrnennom uncne: tandlxger n r. n. V anrnncxoro rnarona ncuesnn uncnonte pasnnunx no ncex ]opmax npomemero npemenn (gave an, ann, ended saxonunn, saxonunnn, drank ,ntnnn, ntnnnn n r. n. c enncrnenntm ncxnmuennem was tn, were tnn), a raxxe n nexoroptx ]opmax nacroxmero npemenn (can mory, moxem, shall ,onxen, onxnt, must onxen, onxnt n p., nocxoxmne x ]opmam npomemero npemenn); pasnnune mexy uncnamn coxpannnoct rontxo n 3-m nnne (he comes on npnxonr, they come onn npnxoxr), no orcyrcrnyer n 1-mn no 2- m nnne (I come x npnxoxy, we come mt npnxonm, you come rt npnxonmt, nt npnxonre). uncnonte pasnnunx n arcxom rnarone conepmenno ncuesnn; npexnxx ]opma enncrnennoro uncna crana ]opmo ,omero uncna. Tax ocronr eno ncera n pasronopnom xstxe n renept nourn no ncex cnyuaxx n nnreparypnom. Ho-nnnmomy, noncmy cymecrnyer cnntnax renennnx ynorpenxrt ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna rnarona nmecro ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna (a ne naoopor), xora rnaron npemecrnyer nonexamemy; npnunna, nosmoxno, xpoercx n rom, uro n momenr nponsnecennx rnarona ronopxmn eme ne pemnn, xaxne cnona yyr cneonart sa nnm: cp. p.-anrn. Eac wxs gesewen on pxm wage atifred ealle da heargas n ns Bexcnnpa: that spirit upon whose weal depends and rests The lives of many. Ocoenno uacro +ro nanmaercx c xoncrpyxnne there is (Texxepe: Theres some things I cant resist). To xe camoe npncyme n pyrnm xstxam. B nnreparypnom arcxom xstxe npn nonexamem n ]opme mno- xecrnennoro uncna perynxpno ynorpenxnoct der er eme n ro npemx, xora n pyrnx cnyuaxx npn mnoxecrnennom uncne nonexamero ynorpenxnact ]opma ere. Ananornuno n n nrantxncxom: In teatro cera quattro o sei persone; cp. raxxe renennnm ynorpenxrt ]opmt enncrnennoro uncna n cnyuaxx, xora Evviva coueraercx c mnoxecrnenntm uncnom nonexamero (Rovetta: Evviva ie bionde al potere!). B rex xstxax, re coxpannnoct crapoe npannno cornaconannx nropnuntx cnon, cnnomt n pxom nosnnxamr rpynocrn, n rpammarnxam npnxonrcx anart onee nnn menee cnoxnte npannna, xoroptx ne npnepxnnamrcx n otuno peueno npaxrnxe axe nyumne nncarenn. Xapaxrep raxnx rpynocre moxno noxasart na cneymmnx anrnncxnx npnmepax (xoropte nsxrt ns Modern English Grammar, II, rn. VI): Not one in ten of them write it so badly; Ten is one and nine; None are wretched but by their own fault; None has more keenly felt them; Neither of your heads are safe; Much care and patience were needed; If the death of neither man nor gnat are designed; Father and mother is man and wife; man and wife is one flesh; His hair as well as his eyebrows was now white; the fine lady, or fine gentleman, who show me their teeth; One or two of his things are still worth your reading; His meat was locusts and wild honey; Fools are my theme; Both death and I am found eternal. Bce +rn npenoxennx nsxrt ns nsnecrntx anropon, a nocnenee, nanpnmep, ns Mnntrona. Ananornunte rpynocrn nosnnxamr n n ornomennn npnnararentntx n rex xstxax, re amnxrt cornacymrcx n uncne (poe n naexe) c nepnnuntmn cnonamn; npocroe conocrannenne ]pann. ma femme et mes
enfants mox xena n mon ern n la presse locale et les comits locaux mecrnax neuart n mecrnte xomnrert c anrn. my wife and children, the local press and committees noxastnaer npenmymecrno roro xstxa,. xoropt ntpocnn sa opr raxne nsnnmnne pasnnunx no nropocrenenntx cnonax 1 . MHOECTBEHHOE HHCAO IAAIOALHOIO HOHRTHR Honxrne ennnunocrn n mnoxecrnennocrn ne xnnxercx neconmecrnmtm c nonxrnem, xoropoe ntpaxaer cam rnaron. nmem n nny ceuac ne ro, uro Meep (R. M. Me y e r, Indogermanische Forschungen, 24. 279 n cn.) nastnaer verba pluralia tantum, xora on ronopnr o raxnx rnaronax, xax nem. wimmeln xnmert, sich anhufen ronnnrtcx, sich zusammenrotten conpartcx ronno, umzingeln ,oxpyxart (n anrnncxom xstxe swarm ponrtcx, teem xnmert, crowd ,ronnnrtcx, assemble conpartcx, conspire cronapnnartcx), re neoxonmoe nonxrne mnoxecrnennocrn saxnmueno ne n rnarone xax raxonom, a n nonexamem 2 . nmem n nny re cnyuan, xora camoe nonxrne, ntpaxennoe rnaronom, aercx no mnoxecrnennom uncne (is made plural). uro +ro sa cnyuan, nerxo ynnert, ecnn paccmorpert coornercrnymmne orrnarontnte cymecrnnrentnte nexcycnte cymecrnnrentnte (rn. X). Ecnn mnoxecrnennoe uncno or one walk ona nporynxa n one action ono ecrnne yer walks ,nporynxn, actions ecrnnx, ro nonxrne mnoxecrnennocrn n rnarone onxno npecrart n nne npenpnnnmart necxontxo nporynox, conepmart necxontxo ecrnn. Ho n anrnncxom n n ontmnncrne pyrnx xstxon ner cnennantno ]opmt nx ntpaxennx +roro snauennx; xora x ronopm he walks on rynxer (he shoots on crpenxer), they walk onn rynxmr (they shoot onn crpenxmr), nenosmoxno ycranonnrt cxontxo nporynox (ntcrpenon) nmeercx n nny ona nnn necxontxo. B npenoxennn They often kissed Onn uacro nenonannct napeune yer ntpaxart rouno ry xe mnoxecrnennocrt, uro n ]opma mnoxecrnennoro uncna (n npnnararentnoe) n couerannn (many) kisses. Hnaue ronopx, ecrnnrentnax mnoxecrnennocrt rnarona +ro ro, uro n nexoroptx xstxax ntpaxaercx rax nastnaemtm ]pexnenrarnnom nnn nreparnnom nnora camocroxrentno ]opmo rnarona, xoropax uacro nxnmuaercx n cncremy npemen 3
nnn n cncremy nnon xonxpernoro xstxa: rax, nonropnocrt (rax xe xax nnrentnocrt n np.) n cemnrcxnx xstxax ntpaxaercx ycnnennem (ynoennem, ynnnennem) cpenero cornacnoro, a n uamopcxom xstxe ynoennem
1 B nnx nonxrne cyexra (xax +ro uacro tnaer n nnoenponecxnx xstxax) ocraercx nentpaxenntm, xpome xax n ]opme rnarona; yxasanne na cyexr ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna rnarona, xoneuno, ne xnnxercx raxnm nsnnmnnm, xax n cnyuae pasentnoro oosnauennx cyexra n ecrnnx: cp., nanpnmep, nar. amamus Lnliam, amant Lnliam nmnm H., nmxr H.. Cnyuaem ocooro poa xnnxercx nr. Furono soli con la ragazza On tn onn c enymxo (= Egli e la ragazza furono soli, Egli fu solo con la ragazza). Hpnmept ns ]pannyscxoro, nemenxoro, cnanxncxnx, anancxoro n p. xstxon cm. y Me y e r - L t b k e, Einfthrung, 88; D e l b r t c k, Syntax, 3. 255. Bcrpeuaercx raxxe ananornunoe ynorpenenne ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna n npenxarnne: anrn. Come, Joseph, be friends with Miss Sharp, ar. Ham er jeg gode venner med. 2 Cma ornocnrcx n rnaron quarrel ccopnrtcx, rax xax nonxrne ccopt npenonaraer, no xpane mepe, na nnna; n ecnn n +rom cnyuae mt naxonm ]opmy enncrnennoro uncna, nanpnmep n npenoxennn I quarrel with him ccopmct c nnm, +ror cnyua nao paccmarpnnart nmecre c npnmepamn, npnneenntmn na crp. 100, 221, 242. 3 Cm. xapaxrepncrnxy nmnep]exra, crp. 323. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
yapennoro cnora rnarontnoro xopnx (K. Wu l f f, Festschrift Vilh.Thomsen, 49). Hnora opasyercx cnennantnt rnaron, oosnauammn nonropnoe nnn otunoe ecrnne, nanpnmep n nartnn, c nomomtm oxonuannx -ito: cantito nert uacro, ventito npnxonrt uacro; rnaron visito c rouxn spennx ]opmt xnnxercx nnone ]pexnenrarnnntm, nocxontxy on opasonan or viso, xoropt n cnom ouepet npecrannxer coo ]pexnenrarnnnoe opasonanne or video; onaxo nonxrne mnoxecrnennocrn sect onapyxnnaer renennnm x ncuesnonennm; ]pann. visiter n anrn. visit moxno ynorpenrt nx oosnauennx ennnunoro npnxoa. B cnanxncxnx xstxax xareropnx mnoxecrnennocrn nnn ]pexnenrarnnnocrn rnarona xopomo pasnnra: nanpnmep, pyccx. cmpe.ueami or cmpe.mi. B anrnncxom xstxe necxontxo rnaronon na -er, -le nopasymenamr nonropnoe nnn otunoe ecrnne: stutter sannnartcx, patter nocryxnnart, chatter onrart, cackle ,xyaxrart, babble opmorart. B pyrnx cnyuaxx nonropnte ecrnnx ntpaxamrcx nnaue: He talked and talked On ronopnn n ronopnn; He used to talk of his mother On, tnano, ronopnn o cnoe marepn; He was in the habit of talking ,On nmen otxnonenne ronopnrt; He would talk of his mother for hours On, tnano, uacamn ronopnn o cnoe marepn; He talked of his mother over and over again On ronopnn o cnoe marepn cnona n cnona n r. n. Mt ynomxnynn o mnoxecrnennom uncne raxnx orrnarontntx cymecrnnrentntx, xax walk, shot, kiss. B +ro cnxsn mt moxem nanomnnrt unrarenm n o cymecrnonannn pyroro nna nexcycntx cymecrnnrentntx cymecrnnrentntx, coepxamnx n cee npenxarnn, nanpnmep: stupidity ,rnynocrt, kindness opora, folly espaccycrno. 3rn cnona raxxe moryr nmert ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xorx, xax tno sameueno ntme, npn +rom onn nepexoxr ns paspxa nasnann macct n paspx ncuncnxemtx (ro xe nanmaercx n n cnyuaxx, xora ]opma enncrnennoro uncna paccmarpnnaemtx cnon coueraercx c neonpeenenntm aprnxnem; cp. a stupidity ennnunoe npoxnnenne rnynocrn, rnynt nocrynox). Hapeunx, xoneuno, ne nmemr onpeenennoro uncna, xpome pasne raxnx napeun, xax twice naxt, thrice rpnxt, often uacro, xoropte moxno npnsnart mnoxecrnenntm uncnom x once onaxt, nocxontxy nornuecxn onn osnauamr ro xe, uro na pasa, rpn pasa, mnoro pas. Honxrne mnoxecrnennocrn sect ornocnrcx x cycranrnnnomy nonxrnm, xoropoe saxnmueno n cymnxre, rax xe xax n rpynnontx cymnxrax rnna at two (three, many) places n nyx (rpex, mnornx) mecrax. O nonxrnn mnoxecrnennocrn moxno ronopnrt n n ornomennn raxnx rpynn, xax now and then or npemenn o npemenn, here and there ram n cxm, no onn osnauamr ro xe, uro n n pasnoe npemx, n pasntx mecrax. Onaxo +ro ne noptnaer cnpanennnocrn omero nonoxennx, uro nonxrne uncna nenpnnoxnmo x napeunxm. HPHAOEHHE K IAABAM, HOCBRmEHHLM HHCAY nx oosnauennx mecra n xaxom-nno pxy ontmnncrno xstxon (nce xstxn?) opasonano cnennantnte cnona or (xonnuecrnenntx) uncnnrentntx; +rn cnona nastnamrcx nopxxontmn uncnnrentntmn. Ouent uacro nepnte nopxxonte uncnnrentnte ne opasymrcx no omemy npannny or coornercrnymmnx xonnuecrnenntx: primus, first, erst nepnt ne nmemr ornomennx x unus, one, ein onn, no c camoro nauana oosnauamr nepnoro n npocrpancrne nnn npemenn. Har. secundus nepnonauantno osnauano cneymmn n, raxnm opasom, nnuero ne ronopnno o rom, cxontxo npemecrnyer; uacro nx oosnauennx nroporo n pxy ynorpenxercx cnono, nmemmee neonpeenennoe snauenne pyro; nanpnmep: p.-anrn. oper (coxpannnmeecx n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe n xauecrne neonpeenennoro mecronmennx other, n ro npemx xax nopxxonoe
uncnnrentnoe sanmcrnonano ns ]pannyscxoro xstxa), nem. ander, ar. anden. Bo ]pannyscxom mt naxonm npannntnoe opasonanne or deux deuxinme (cnauana, nepoxrno, n couerannxx rnna vingt-deuxinme; cp. vingt-et-uninme). Bo mnornx cnyuaxx, ram, re c rouxn spennx crporo nornxn rpeonannct t nopxxonte uncnnrentnte, ynorpenxmrcx xonnuecrnennte uncnnrentnte; +ro ntstnaercx coopaxennxmn yocrna, ocoenno ecnn peut ner o ontmnx uncnax, nanpnmep: In 1922 = n rtcxua enxrtcor nanart nropom roy or poxecrna Xpncrona (n pyccxom xstxe n +rom cnyuae ynorpenxmrcx nopxxonte uncnnrentnte); anee, npn urennn raxnx oosnauenn, xax line 725, page 32, Chapter XVIII n r. n.; no ]pannyscxom xstxe raxxe: Louis XIV, le 14 septembre n r.n. Hocne cnona nomep raxoe ynorpenenne xonnuecrnenntx uncnnrentntx nmecro nopxxontx xnnxercx nceomnm: nomep cemt snaunr cetmo n pxy. Cp. raxxe oosnauenne uaca: at two oclock n na uaca, at three-fifty n rpn uaca nxrtecxr mnnyr. Oparnre nnnmanne na ynorpenenne nopxxontx uncnnrentntx n nem. drittehalb, ar. halvtredie na c nononnno (rpern +nemenr ecrt rontxo nononnna), a raxxe na necxontxo nnoe ynorpenenne n morn. at half three, ar. klokken halv tre, nem. um halb drei Uhr B nononnne rpertero. Bo mnornx xstxax nopxxonte uncnnrentnte (co cnonom uacrt, onx nnn es nero) moryr ynorpenxrtcx nx oosnauennx poe: cp. five-sevenths, cinq septinmas, ftnf Siabentel, fern syvendedel n r. n. Onaxo nx oosnauennx nononnnt cymecrnyer cnennantnoe cnono: half, demi n r. n.
I. a e a XVI AHHO Onpeenennx. Omee n poonoe nnno. Honxrnnoe n rpammarnuecxoe nnno. Kocnennax peut. 4-e nnno. Bosnparnte n nsanmnte mecronmennx. OHPEEAEHHR B Oxc]opcxom cnonape aercx cneymmee onpeenenne nnna n rpammarnuecxom cmtcne: Kaxt ns rpex paspxon nnuntx mecronmenn n xaxoe ns coornercrnymmnx pasnnun y rnarona, oosnauammee nnn yxastnammee coornercrnenno na nnno ronopxmee (nepnoe nnno), na nnno, x xoropomy opamena peut (nropoe nnno), n na nnno, o xoropom ronopxr (rperte nnno)... Onaxo, xorx +ro onpeenenne ncrpeuaercx n pyrnx xopomnx cnonapxx n n ontmnncrne rpammarnx, ono xnno omnouno. Bet xora x ronopm onen nnn Bt onxnt nrn, nnna, o xoroptx x ronopm, necomnenno x n ,nt. Taxnm opasom, nonnnnoe npornnonocrannenne yer cneymmee: (1) nnno ronopxmee, (2) nnno, x xoropomy opamena peut, n (3) nnno, xoropoe ne xnnxercx nn ronopxmnm, nn apecarom peun. B nepnom nnne ronopxr o cee, no nropom o nnne, x xoropomy opamena peut, a n rpertem o rom, xro ne xnnxercx nn rem, nn pyrnm. anee neoxonmo nomnnrt, uro npn raxom ynorpenennn cnono nnno, onpeenxemoe onnm ns nepntx rpex nopxxontx uncnnrentntx, osnauaer neuro concem nnoe, uem nnno n otunom cmtcne: uenonex, pasymnoe cymecrno. B npenoxennxx Homat exnr, Connne cnernr mt nmeem eno c rpertnm nnnom, a ecnn n acne nomat ronopnr x ery nnn connne ronopnr x cneuy, ro Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
n oonx npenoxennxx mt naxonm nepnoe nnno. Taxoe ynorpenenne repmnna ,nnno nocxonr eme x narnncxo rpammarnxe n anee x rpeuecxo (pros]pon) n xnnxercx onnm ns rex ontmnx neyocrn rpannnonno rpammarnuecxo repmnnonornn, xoropte cnnmxom npouno yxopennnnct, urot nx moxno tno nsmennrt, xaxnm t crpanntm nn npecrannxnoct nencxymennomy uenonexy nonoxenne o rom, uro esnnunte rnaront ncera nmemr ]opmy rpertero nnna: pluit, it rains n r. n. Hexoropte anropt nospaxann npornn nxnmuennx mecronmennx it n cncremy nnuntx mecronmenn, onaxo +ro nxnmuenne onpanano, ecnn nxnatnart n repmnn nnunoe mecronmenne snauenne ,mecronmenne, oosnauammee nnno, n rom cmtcne, o xoropom mna peut ntme. Ho xora mt ronopnm o pasnnunn mexy nymx nonpocnrentntmn mecronmennxmn rmo n :mo, ns xoroptx nepnoe oosnauaer nnno, a nropoe nce, uro ne ecrt nnno, mt cxnonnt nasnart mecronmenne rmo nnuntm mecronmennem, uro tno t, esycnonno, ouent neyono. Hs onpeenennx nepnoro nnna, ecrecrnenno, ntrexaer cnecrnne, uro nepnoe nnno, crporo ronopx, ncrpeuaercx rontxo n enncrnennom uncne 1 . B ono ns npemecrnymmnx rnan (crp. 220 n cn.)yxe yxastnanoct, uro rax nastnaemoe nepnoe nnno mnoxecrnennoro uncna mt n ecrnnrentnocrn npecrannxer coo x + ono nnn necxontxo pyrnx nnn; n nexoroptx paorax, nocnxmenntx xstxam amepnxancxnx nnenen, nx oosnauennx mt ouent yauno ynorpenxmrcx snaxn 1/2 n 1/3, xoropte noxastnamr, uro n +ro ]opme x ,x oannxercx nropoe nnn rperte nnno. B xauecrne xyptesa, nmemmero ornomenne x paccmarpnnaemo nponeme, moxno npnnecrn cneymmee npenoxenne, nnnmcrpnpymmee +monnonantnym oxpacxy rpex nnn: V Pacxnna napo ncera nt; y Kapnenx on oronnraercx eme antme n cranonnrcx onn, no y Moppnca napo ncera mt (n xnnre Bruce Glacier, William Morris). Bo mnornx xstxax pasnnune mexy rpemx nnnamn npoxnnxercx ne rontxo y mecronmenn, no n y rnaronon, nanpnmep, n nartnn (amo, amas, amat), n nrantxncxom, penneenpecxom, ]nncxom n p. xstxax. B +rnx xstxax no mnornx npenoxennxx ner ocooro yxasannx na nonexamee; nnauane npenoxennx rnna ego amo, tu amas orpannunnannct nnmt raxnmn cnyuaxmn, re tno neoxonmo nnn xenarentno ocoo ntennrt x nnn rt. C reuennem npemenn, onaxo, crano nce onee n onee otuntm oannxrt mecronmennx axe rora, xora ne nmenoct n nny ocoo nouepxnyrt nx, a +ro, n cnom ouepet, cosano ycnonnx nx nocrenennoro ocnanennx snyxon n nnuntx oxonuannxx rnaronon n no+romy nnunte oxonuannx nx npannntnoro nonnmannx npenoxennx cranonnnnct nce onee n onee nsnnmnnmn. Tax, no ]pannyscxom xstxe jaime, tu aimes, il aime, je veux, tu veux, il veut, je vis, tu vis, il vit snyuar onnaxono. B anrnncxom xstxe mt naxonm ony n ry xe ]opmy n cnyuaxx I can, you can, he can, I saw, you saw, he saw n axe no mnoxecrnennom uncne: we can, you can, they can, we saw, you saw, they saw ]onernuecxne nsmenennx n samena no ananornn mnn pyxa o pyxy n npnnenn x nnxnnannn npexnnx pasnnun. 3rn pasnnunx, onaxo, nonnocrtm ne
1 Kora I (nnn me nnn ego) npenpamaercx n cymecrnnrentnoe (rnanntm opasom, n ]nnoco]cxom xstxe), ono oxsarentno nepexonr n rperte nnno, orxya n nosnnxaer nosmoxnocrt ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna: several ls nnn mes nnn egos. Ho+romy mt nnnm neuro necoopasnoe n ynorpenennn rnarontntx ]opm n cneymmem npenoxennn: The I who see am as manifold as what I see (J. L. L o we s, Convention and Revolt in Poetry, 6).
ncuesnn: nx ocrarxn npoxnnxmrcx no ]pann. jai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont n n anrn. I go, he goes n y pyrnx rnaronon n ]opme 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna nacroxmero npemenn. B arcxom xstxe ncuesnn n +rn pasnnunx: jeg ser, du ser, han ser, vi ser, I ser, de ser; n rax y ncex rnaronon no ncex npemenax concem xax n xnracxom n n nexoroptx pyrnx xstxax. Hoonoe cocroxnne xstxa cneyer paccmarpnnart xax neantnoe nnn nornunoe, nocxontxy pasnnunx no npany npnnanexar nepnnunomy nonxrnm, n ner nnxaxo neoxonmocrn nonropxrt nx no nropnuntx cnonax. B anrnncxom xstxe nosnnxno nonoe pasnnune mexy nnnamn no ncnomorarentntx rnaronax, xoropte ynorpenxmrcx nx ntpaxennx yymnocrn (I shall go, you will go, he will go) n nx ntpaxennx oycnonnenno nepeantnocrn (I should go, you would go, he would go). Honennrentnoe naxnonenne (n, moxno oannrt, snarentnt naex) ncera, no cymecrny, cronr no 2-m nnne, axe n raxnx npenoxennxx, xax Oh, please, someone go in and tell her nnn Go one and call the lew into the court (Bexcnnp), n ocoenno n npenoxennxx rnna And bring out my hat, somebody, will you (nxxenc), re 2-e nnno cnennantno ntpaxeno n oannennom npenoxennn. B anrnncxom xstxe ]opma rnarona ne yxastnaer na ro, xaxoe nnno nmeercx n nny, no n pyrnx xstxax cymecrnyer 3-e nnno nonennrentnoro naxnonennx. 3ect nanmaercx xon]nnxr mexy rpammarnuecxnm 3-m nnnom n nonxrnntm 2-m nnnom. Hnora, onaxo, nocnenee npeonaaer axe ]opmantno, nanpnmep, n rp. signn nun hapns ekhe signn, re ekhe (2-e nnno), no mnennm Baxepnarenx (Wa c k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, 106), ynorpeneno nmecro ekhet] (3-ro nnna): Kaxt nycrt xpannr monuanne. Tam, re n nonennrentnom naxnonennn mt naxonm 1-e nnno mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xax nr. diamo, ]pann. donnons, +ro 1-e nnno no cymecrny nmeer snauenne a rt, n x roxe am, rax uro nonennrentnoe naxnonenne sect, xax n nese, ornocnrcx xo 2-my nnny. B anrnncxom xstxe npexnee give we tno sameneno ooporom let us give (xax n arcxom n n nexoropo crenenn raxxe n nemenxom); sect let, xoneuno, n c rpammarnuecxo n c nonxrnno rouex spennx npecrannxer coo 2-e nnno, a 1-e nnno mnoxecrnennoro uncna npoxnnxercx nnmt n sanncnmom nexcyce us give. Hapeunem mecra, coornercrnymmnm 1-my nnny, xnnxercx here sect. Ecnn xe nx oosnauennx ne-sect ecrt na napeunx, xax n cenepntx anrnncxnx nanexrax there n yonder (yon, yond), ro n raxom cnyuae moxno cxasart, uro there ram coornercrnyer 2-my nnny, a yonder sa npeenamn 3- my nnny 1 ; onaxo nepexo naxonm rontxo ono napeune, ntpaxammee oa nonxrnx n uacrnocrn, n nnreparypnom anrnncxom xstxe, re yonder xnnxercx ycrapenmnm. Cnxst mexy nepntm nnnom n sect moxno onapyxnrt n nrantxncxom xstxe, re napeune ci sect mnpoxo ynorpenxercx n xauecrne mecronmennx 1-ro nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna n xocnenntx naexax nmecro ni ,nac. B nemenxom xstxe mt naxonm na napeunx nnxennx: hin nx oosnauennx nanpannennx or ronopxmero n her nanpannennx x ronopxmemy. Fanr n cnoe pommpe Vpano-anracxne xstxn (W. Ba n g, Les langues ouralo-altanques, Bruxelles, 1893) cunraer neocnopnmtm, uro uenoneuecxn pasym nmen npecrannenne o sect n ram pantme, uem on ntpaoran nonxrnx x n
1 Cp. raxxe rpn yxasarentntx mecronmennx n narnncxom xstxe hie (1), iste (2), ille (3). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,rt. Ho+romy on ycranannnnaer na paspxa mecronmenntx +nemenron: nepnt nx nonxrn sect, x, ceuac (+nemenrt, naunnammnecx c m-, n-), nropo nx nonxrn ne-x, ram (+nemenrt, naunnammnecx c t-, d-, s-, n-). Hocnenn paspx n cnom ouepet nopasenxercx na na nopaspxa: a) la personne la plus rapproche, la, toi, nagunre, tout a lheure, b) la personne la plus loigne, la-has, lui, autrefois, plus tard. 3ro nmontrnax rouxa spennx, nouemy x n ynomxnyn o ne, no noome n anno xnnre x nosepxnnamct or paccyxenn o nepnonauantnom cocroxnnn rpammarnuecxoro crpox n o nponcxoxennn rpammarnuecxnx +nemenron. OBmEE H POOBOE AHHO Btme mt yxe npnmnn x romy ntnoy (cm. crp. 228), uro n nexoroptx cnyuaxx tno t ouent yono nmert cnennantnym ]opmy nx omero uncna; rouno raxnm xe opasom omymaercx neoxonmocrt n n ]opme omero nnna. Kax yxe yxastnanoct, nmenno raxnm cnyuaem xnnxercx mecronmenne mt, nocxontxy ono osnauaer x n rt nnn x n xro-ro pyro, a raxxe mecronmenne mnoxecrnennoro uncna nt, osnauammee rt n xro-ro pyro, naroapx uemy nponcxonr oennenne 2-ro n 3-ro nnna. Onaxo +ro ne noxptnaer rex cnyuaen, xora na nnna ne coennxmrcx comsom n, a pasennxmrcx, nanpnmep npn nomomn pasennrentnoro comsa. B raxnx cnyuaxx n xstxax, xoropte pasnnuamr nnna n rnarone, nosnnxamr snaunrentnte rpynocrn: cp. Either you or I are (nnn am nnn is?) wrong Hnn rt nnn x nenpan; cm. raxxe npnmept, npnneennte n moe xnnre Language, crp. 335 n cn. Oparnre nnnmanne n na ynorpenenne mecronmennx our nam n npenoxennn Clive and I went each to our habitation. (T e x x e p e , Htmxomt, 297), re moxno tno t cxasart ...each to his home n re n arcxom xstxe, esycnonno, tno t ynorpeneno nosnparnoe mecronmenne 3-ro nnna: C. og jeg gik hver til sit hjem (cp. vi tog hver sin hat); n noonom cnyuae ]opma omero nnna tna t onee nornuno. Baxepnarent (Vorlesungen tber Syntax, Basel, 1920, 107) ynomnnaer nmontrnt cnyua, re rpynocrt tna t paspemena, ecnn t tna ynorpenena ]opma omero nnna: Uter meruistis culpam? Kro ns nac nonx sacnyxnn nopnnannx? (Hnanr); uter rpeyer 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna, no rnaron crannrcx no 2-m nnne mnoxecrnennoro uncna, nocxontxy peut opamena x nym nnnam. B xauecrne omero nnna n eme onee mnpoxom cmtcne moxno paccmarpnnart raxxe n ro, uro mne xorenoct t nasnart poontm nnnom, nanpnmep ]pann. on. B rnane, nocnxmenno uncny (crp. 236), x yxe paccmarpnnan ynorpenenne poonoro enncrnennoro n mnoxecrnennoro uncna c aprnxnem nnn es nero n pasnnuntx xstxax, a n rnane, nocnxmenno nsanmoornomennxm mexy nonexamnm n ononnennem, x ronopnn o pasnnrnn nrantxncxoro si n o xoncrpyxnnn, n cocran xoropo ono nxonr (crp. 182 n cn.); renept xe ymecrno yxasart, uro nx ntpaxennx nonxrnx nce nnna nnn nnxaxoe nnno n peantntx xstxax ynorpenxmrcx ]axrnuecxn nce rpn rpammarnuecxnx nnna: 1) As we know Kax +i snaem = comme on sait; 2) You never can tell Bi nnxora ne moxere cxasart = On ne saurait le dire;
3) One would think he was mad Moxno tno t noymart, uro on cymacmemn = On dirait quil est fou; What is a fellow to think uro :e.oeerv ymart = Quest-ce quon doit penser? (... il faut...), They say (people say) that he is mad Ionopxr (.mou ronopxr), uro on cymacmemn = On dit quil est fou. Btop mexy +rnmn ntpaxennxmn oycnonnen n ontme nnn mentme crenenn +monnonantntmn coopaxennxmn: nnora ronopxmn xouer nouepxnyrt, uro on nxnmuaer cex n ro nnn nnoe yrnepxenne, nnora on cnennantno nstnaer x cnymarenm 1 , a nnora crpemnrcx no nosmoxnocrn ocrartcx n renn, xorx n cymnocrn nmeercx n nny rnanntm opasom 1-e nnno (one, a fellow). Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro mecronmenne co snauennem mt n nexoroptx xstxax nocrenenno ncuesaer n samenxercx oomammnm mecronmennem (one). 3ro nanmaercx no ]pannyscxom xstxe: Je suis prxt, est-ce qu on part? nmecro ... nous partons (Bally, Le langage et la vie, Gennve, 1913, 59); Nous, on va sbatte, nous on va stuer (Be n j a mi n, Gaspard) c +m]arnuecxnm ntenennem nous; cm. crp. 13; Moi, jattends le ballet, et cest nous qu on dansera avec les petites Allemandes n nmenno mt yem rannenart (crp. 18, ram xe). B nrantxncxom xstxe raxne cnyuan nnonne otunt: La piazzetta dove noi si giocava a volano (Verga, Eros, 27); Noi si potrebbe anche partire da un momento all altro (F o g a z z a r o Daniele Cortis, 31); La signora Dessalle e io si va stamani a visitare i Conventi (id. Santo, 139); Noi si sa che lui non vole andare 2 (216). Kax nnno ns npnmepon, yxasannoe xnnenne onontno uacro ncrpeuaercx n nrantxncxom. B cnxsn c +rnm oxcnenne, annoe Fannn (cm. nnrnponannoe counnenne), o rom, uro n 1-m nnne mnoxecrnennoro uncna nous chantons rnaron coxpannn ocooe oxonuanne, ne nyxnoe n ne rapmonnpymmee c oxonuannxmn n ]opmax je chante, tu chantes, il chante, ils chantent, xoropte connann no snyuannm (onaxo uro rora cxasart o vous chantez?), no-nnnmomy, nenepno. Onaxo Fannn, nepoxrno, npan, xora on ronopnr, uro n ro npemx xax ]opmt moi je chante, toi tu chantes, lui il chante, eux ils chantent snyuar nnonne ecrecrnenno, coueranne c +m]arnuecxnm mecronmennem 1-ro nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna nous nous chantons npecrannxercx nexcntm n nerapmonnuntm, a no+romy npenounraercx ]opma nous on xax onee npnemnemax nx cnyxa n cosnannx.
1 V xexa Honona (Maprnn Hen) x namen cneymmn nanor, nectma noxasarentnt nx pasronopnoro ynorpenennx poonoro you. Mncc Py]t cnpamnnaer Maprnna: By the way, Mr. Eden, what is booze? You used it several times, you know. Oh, booze, he laughed. Its slang. It means whisky and beer anything that will make you drunk. Ha +ro ona orneuaer: Dont use you when you are impersonal. You is very personal, and your use of it just now was not precisely what you meant. I dont just see that. Why, you said just now to me, whisky and beer anything that will make you drunk make me drunk, dont you see? Well, it would, wouldnt it? Yes, of course, she smiled, but it would be nicer not to bring me into it. Substitute one for you, and see how much better it sounds. 2 pyrne npnmept cm. n xnnre N y r o p, Italienische Grammatik, 1919, crp. 66. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
HOHRTHHHOE H IPAMMATHHECKOE AHHO B orpomnom ontmnncrne cnyuaen mexy nonxrnntm n rpammarnuecxnm nnnom cymecrnyer nonnoe coornercrnne, r. e., nanpnmep, mecronmenne x n coornercrnymmne rnarontnte ]opmt ynorpenxmrcx ram, re ronopxmn ronopnr o cee; rax xe ocronr eno n c pyrnmn nnnamn. Onaxo nepexo ncrpeuamrcx n orxnonennx: ns yronnnocrn, ynaxennx nnn npocro nexnnnocrn ronopxmn moxer nsexart npxmoro ynomnnannx cnoe nnunocrn; orcma raxne samennrenn n ]opme 3-ro nnna, xax Your humble servant nam noxopnt cnyra; cp. raxxe ncn. Disponga V., caballero, de este su servidor. B nocrountx xstxax raxoe camoynnunxenne oneeno o npeena, n cnona, nepnonauantno osnauanmne pa, noannt, cnyra, crann otuntmn cpecrnamn ntpaxennx nx x (cm., nanpnmep, Fr. Mt l l e r, Grundri der Sprachwissenschaft, Wien, 1876, II, 2. 121). B 3anano Enpone c ee yntmnm camoyrnepxennem nnunocrn, raxne ntpaxennx ynorpenxmrcx rnanntm opasom n myrnnno peun, nanpnmep anrn. yours truly (ns ]opmynt npn oxonuannn nnctma), this child (nyntr. this baby). Byrnnntm samennrenem nx x c oruernnntm orrenxom camoyrnepxennx xnnxercx anrn. number one. Hexoropte anropt, no mepe nosmoxnocrn, nseramr cnona x, ynorpenxx naccnnnte xoncrpyxnnn n pyrne cpecrna; a xora +ro tnaer nouemy-nno nenosmoxno, onn ronopxr: anrn. the author anrop, the (present) writer nncarent, the reviewer oospenarent n r. n. Hsnecrntm npnmepom nonnoro ncxnmuennx 1-ro nnna n nenxx npnannx nonecrnonannm maxcnmantno oexrnnnoro xapaxrepa xnnxercx manepa Hesapx, xoropt noncmy ynorpenxer nmx Hesapt nmecro mecronmennx 1-ro nnna. 3ror npnem, pasymeercx, nmeer pyro cmtcn, xora ero ynorpenxer uaycr y Mapno, Rnn Hesapt, Kopennx n Pnuap II y Bexcnnpa, Canann y Heccnnra nnn Xaxon y 3nenmnerepa (ontmoe xonnuecrno npnmepon ns nemenxoro, pennencnancxoro, rpeuecxoro n pyrnx xstxon npnneeno y Ipnmma, cm. Personenwechsel, crp. 7 n cn.). B nexoroptx cnyuaxx nastnanne cex no nmenn moxer nmert nentm npecrannrt cex cnymarenxm, onaxo otuno +ro pesyntrar ropocrn nnn ntcoxomepnx. Taxo npnem ynorpenxercx eme n npn pasronope nspocntx c manentxnmn ertmn, xora onn, crpemxct trt nyume nonxrtmn, ronopxr o cee ne x, a nana, rerx Mepn n r. n. 1
Bmecro we nnn us nnora ynorpenxercx present company nacroxmax xomnannx: You fancy yourself above present company. Cpen samennrene nonxrnnoro 2-ro nnna npexe ncero cneyer ynomxnyrt oreuecxoe mt, xoropoe uacro ynorpenxmr yunrenx n npaun (Hy, xax mt cex ceronx uyncrnyem?). Hpn +rom nnrepect ronopxmero oroxecrnnxmrcx c nnrepecamn cnymarenx; orcma orrenox oport. Taxoe opamenne otuno no mnornx crpanax, nanpnmep n annn, n Iepmannn (Gr i mm, Personenwechsel, 19), no upannnn (H bien, nous deviendrons un grand savant comme le pnre? F y p x e, Vuennx, 94; Oui, nous avons de lanmie, des troubles nerveux, sa xoroptm nemenenno cneyer vous. Mo n a c c a n, Cnntna xax cmeprt, 224). Otunt orrenox noxponnrentcrnennoro rona n +rom mt
1 Kora uenonex n mononore opamaercx x camomy cee no 2-m nnne (There you again acted stupidly, John; why couldnt you behave decently?), +ro npnmep ynorpenennx (nonxrnnoro) 2-ro nnna. O ,mononorax c mi n mononorax c cm. G r i m m, Personenwechsel, crp. 44 n cn.
orcyrcrnyer onontno uacro n arcxom: Jeg skal sige os Hosnontre mne cxasart nam. anee, cymecrnymr nournrentnte samennrenn, cocroxmne ns npnrxxarentnoro mecronmennx n nasnannx xauecrna: anrn. your highness (= you that are so high), your excellency, your Majesty, your Lordship n r. n. Hsnecrno, uro ncn. vuestra merced nama mnnocrt tno coxpameno n Usted, xoropoe crano otuntm nexnnntm cnonom nx nt. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle moryr ynorpenxrtcx nmecro vous (Monsieur dsire? n r. n.). B crpanax, re npnaercx ontmoe snauenne rnrynam n unnam, npocrte n ecrecrnennte mecronmennx uacro samenxmrcx raxnmn ntpaxennxmn, xaxnmn nsonnymr nemenxn n mnecxn xstxn: Was wtnscht (wtnschen) der Herr Lieutenant?, Darf ich dem gndigen Frulein etwas Wein einschenken? n r. n. B Bnennn ne nerxo necrn nexnnnt pasronop c nnnom, rnryn xoroporo nensnecren nnn satr coecennxom; n, x coxanennm, onxen cxasart, uro n n moe crpane n nocnenne rot crann nce onee n onee nopaxart n +rom ornomennn cocexm na mre n na nocroxe n ronopnrt Hvad mener professoren? nmecro Hvad mener De? B Iepmannn pantme c rnaronom n 3-m nnne enncrnennoro uncna ronopnnn otuno Er, Sie nmecro du, ocoenno npn opamennn x nounnenntm; coornercrnymmax renennnx npeonaana o camoro XIX cronernx n n annn (han, hun). Mecronmenne 3-ro nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna Sie nx nonxrnnoro 2-ro nnna (enncrnennoro n mnoxecrnennoro uncna) crano renept otuntm nexnnntm cnonom n nemenxom xstxe; +ro ynorpenenne, cnpanennno nmenyemoe Ipnmmom necmtnaemtm nxrnom na nemenxom xstxe 1 , crano npemerom pacxoro nopaxannx n annn, re ynorpenxercx De. Cymecrnyer eme onn cnyua ynorpenennx 3-ro nnna nx nonxrnnoro 2- ro nnna, xoropt moxno nponnnmcrpnponart na npnmepe xstxa ntect Boy: Kanna ronopnr cnoemy myxy: My boy is not looking well. Has he been overworking? Mo +a.i:ur nnoxo ntrnxnr. Ou cnnmxom mnoro paoraer? Hoontm xe opasom nnmnennt moxer cxasart mox oporax nnn mox enouxa, nmecro nt (my darling, my own girl). Hpn opamennn x peenxy ynorpenxmr nnora mecronmenne it; moxer trt, +ro nponcxonr or npnntuxn nanononnny opamartcx x peenxy, a nanononnny rontxo ynomnnart o nem, cunrax, uro peenox eme man n ne nomer, uro emy ronopxr. B xauecrne npnmepa moxno npnnecrn cnona cnona Kannt, opamennte x Mapu+nxcy: Poor boy! have I been cruel? Did I make it slice nasty little red onions? B cncreme anrnncxnx cnoxntx opasonann c npnrxxarentntmn mecronmennxmn (myself, yourself) nanmaercx xon]nnxr mexy rpammarnuecxnm nnnom (3-m) n nonxrnntm nnnom (1-m, 2-m); rnaron otuno cornacyercx c nonxrnntm nnnom (myself am, yourself are), xorx nnora ynorpenxercx ]opma 3-ro nnna (y Bexcnnpa mt naxonm nnora my self hath, thy self is n r. n.).
1 Es bleibt ein Flecke irn Gewand der deutschen Sprache, den wir nichlt mehr auswaschen knnnen (Personenwechsel, 13). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
KOCBEHHAR PEHL B xocnenno peun cnnr nnn no mnornx cnyuaxx xnnxercx ecrecrnenntm; npxmoe 1-e nnno, n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn, otuno samenxercx xocnenntm 2-m nnnom nnn xocnenntm 3-m nnnom n r. . Pasnnunte nosmoxnocrn moryr trt npecrannent n nne rannnt: npxmax peut (A ronopnr F): pa namemy cornamennm c nnm (r. e. c B): (1. A ronopnr c B): cxasan, uro x pa ero cornamennm c namn. (2. A ronopnr c I): cxasan, uro x pa ero cornamennm c nnm. (3. F ronopnr c A): Bt cxasann, uro nt pat moemy cornamennm c nnm. (4. F ronopnr c B): On cxasan, uro on pa moemy cornamennm c namn. (5. F ronopnr c I): On cxasan, uro on pa moemy cornamennm c nnm. (6. B ronopnr c A): Bt cxasann, uro nt pat ero cornamennm co mno. (7. B ronopnr c F): On cxasan, uro on pa namemy cornamennm co mno. (8. B ronopnr c I): On cxasan, uro on pa ero cornamennm co mno. (9. I ronopnr c ): On cxasan, uro on pa ero cornamennm c nnm. Cneyer samernrt, onaxo, uro cnyuan 2, 5, 8 n 9 ntnrpann t n xcnocrn, ecnn t nmecro nexcnoro on tno ynorpeneno nmx annoro nnna. To, uro mnoxecrnennoe uncno mt uacro ne nperepnenaer cnnra, ntrexaer ns camoro xapaxrepa cnona mt: cp. On cxasan, uro on no-npexnemy nepnr n cnannoe yymee uaueeo napoa. B anrnncxom xstxe n xocnenno peun c nentm nouepxnyrt, uro 2-e nnn 3-e nnno npecrannxer coo cnnnyroe 1-e nnno, nepexo ynorpenxercx ncnomorarentnt rnaron shall (should): Do you think you shall soon recover? Bt ymaere, nt cxopo nonpannrect?, He thought he should soon recover On yman, uro cxopo nonpannrcx, no cpannnre npoonxenne: but the Doctor knew that he would die no oxrop snan, uro on ymper. onontno neotunt cnyua cnnra nnuntx (npnrxxarentntx) mecronmenn naxonm n Benennancxom xynne (11,8.23): Benox nocxnnnaer: My stones, my daughter, my ducats, n xora mantunmxn nepepasnnnamr ero, +ro nepeaercx rax: Why all the boys in Venice follow him, crying his stones, his daughter, and his ducats. 3ect tna t onee ecrecrnenno npxmax peut. B ncnancxnx carax npn nepeaue uyxo peun nepexo cnnry nonepraercx rontxo ee nauano, a co nroporo npenoxennx peut nepeaercx rouno n raxom xe nne, n xaxom ona tna nponsnecena. 4-e AHHO onxnt nn mt npnsnart 4-e nnno napxy c 3-m? Taxono tno mnenne Pacxa (R a s k, Vejledning, 1811, 96, Prisskr., 1818, 241), xoropt yrnepxan, uro n npenoxennn He beats him On ter ero him 4-e nnno, n ro npemx xax n npenoxennn He beats himself On ter cex himself npecrannxer coo 3-e nnno, noono nonexamemy (Haoopor, Tantnnep cm. T h a l b i t z e r, Handbook of American Indian Languages, 1021 repmnnom 4-e nnno oosnauaer nosnparnoe mecronmenne). Onaxo nerxo nonxrt, uro, npnnnmax annoe ntme onpeenenne nnna, mt n oonx cnyuaxx yem nmert eno c 3-m nnnom n uro 4-e
nnno noome nemtcnnmo, xorx nnonne cnpanennno, uro ono n ro xe mecronmenne nnn rnarontnax ]opma (3-ro nnna) moxer ornocnrtcx x pasnnuntm cymecrnam n npemeram n onom n rom xe npenoxennn nnn n cocennx npenoxennxx. B nexoroptx xstxax amepnxancxnx nnenen cymecrnymr nectma ronxne pasnnunx: cm. Uh l e n b e c k, Grammatische onderscheidingen in het Algonkinsch (Akad. van Wetensch., Amsterdam, 1909). B xstxe unnny+ npn nepnom ynomnnannn 3-e nnno ne ormeuaercx ocoo, no nounnennax nropax tertia persona, nastnaemax raxxe obviativus, ormeuaercx cy]]nxcom -n, a rpertx tertia persona (nastnaemax superobviativus, a no Vnenexy subobviativus) cy]]nxcom -ini. B npenoxennn Joseph took the boy and his mother Hocn] nsxn mantunxa n cnom (ero) mart the boy ecrt nropax, a his mother rpertx tertia persona, npnuem sect rouno oosnauaercx, x xaxomy ns cnon ornocnrcx his x Joseph nnn x the boy. Ha +rom ocnonannn Fpnnron (B r i n t o n, Essays of an Americanist, Philadelphia, 1890, 324) coxaneer o enocrn anrnncxoro xstxa, n xoropom npenoxenne John told Roberts son that he must help him xon cxasan ctny Poepra, uro on onxen nomout emy moxer nmert mecrt pasnnuntx snauenn. B xstxe xe unnny+ nce onn tnn t oruernnno pasrpannuent. Onaxo nao samernrt, uro nourn ncera xonxpernoe snauenne raxnx mecronmenn, xax he n his, tnaer ocrarouno xcno ns cnryannn n xonrexcra axe n npenoxennxx npoe cneymmnx: Jack was very rude to Tom, and always knocked off his hat when he met him; Jack was very respectful to Tom, and always took off his hat when he met him (Alford). Cannn paccxastnaer o rom, xax nxrnnernxx enouxa tna osaauena craptm rnmnom: And Satan trembles when he sees The weakest saint upon his knees. Ona cnpocnna: Whatever did they want to sit on Satans knees for? B cnxsn c +rnm moxno ncnomnnrt raxxe n ro, cxontxo myrox noponna renerpamma xasepa (1914) nacneno npnnnecce: Freue mich mit dir tber Wilhelms ersten Sieg. Wie herrlich hat Gott ihm zu Seite gestanden. Ihm sei Dank und Ehre. Ich habe ihm eisernes Kreuz zweiter und erster Klasse verliehen. B ycrno peun, urot nsexart nycmtcnennocrn n noxasart, xro ecrnnrentno nmeercx n nny, npneramr x ononnnrentnomy yapennm. V xona Crmapra Mnnnx (Essays on Poetry) unraem: Shelley is the very reverse of all this. Where Wordsworth is strong, he is weak; where Wordsworth is weak, he is strong. Ecnn unrart +ro mecro c neyapenntm he, nonyunrcx eccmtcnnna, rax xax he yer osnauart Bopcnopr; nanpornn, ecnn unrart c yapennem na he, nycmtcnennocrt ncuesner n he yer coornocnrtcx c Shelley; eccmtcnnna ncuesner axe n n rom cnyuae, ecnn c yapennem yer nponsneceno nepnoe he, a nropoe Wordsworth sameneno sarem neyapenntm he. Ha nnctme raxoro poa cmtcnonoe yapenne oosnauaercx xypcnnom, nanpnmep they n npenoxennn H+ma: Children love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children. B comepcermnpcxom nanexre Bill cuts vinger osnauaer cno nanen, a Bill cut ees vinger nanen pyroro nnna. BO3BPATHLE H B3AHMHLE MECTOHMEHHR Bo mnornx xstxax ntpaorannct nosnparnte mecronmennx, npn nomomn xoroptx ycrpanxmrcx mnorne nycmtcnennocrn. Hx ]ynxnnx cocronr n rom, uro Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
onn oosnauamr neuro roxecrnennoe c uem-ro yxe oosnauenntm pantme (ontme uacrtm c nonexamnm, uem n oxcnxercx ro, uro +rn mecronmennx ne nmemr ]opmt nmennrentnoro naexa). B nnoenponecxnx xstxax nosnparnte mecronmennx otuno naunnannct na sw-, onaxo c]epa nx npnmenennx ne nese onnaxona, a no+romy yer nnrepecno xorx t xparxo paccmorpert nx ynorpenenne n nanonee nsnecrntx nam xstxax: 1) Hepnonauantno nosnparnte mecronmennx ynorpenxnnct no ncex rpex nnnax n nesanncnmo or uncna, nanpnmep n cancxpnre n n pennemnx namxrnnxax rpeuecxoro xstxa. Taxoe ynorpenenne coxpannnoct n nnroncxom n n cnanxncxnx xstxax: cp. pyccx. Ti epeouui ceoe; Mi ooeo.iui cooom (npnmept nsxrt ns rpammarnxn X. Heepcena). 2) Bo mnornx xstxax nosnparnte mecronmennx tnn orpannuent 3-m nnnom enncrnennoro n mnoxecrnennoro uncna; nanpnmep, nar. se n pasnnnmnecx ns nero ]opmt n pomancxnx xstxax; anee, nem. sich n p.-ncn. sik, ar. sig, xorx, xax mt ceuac ynnnm, c nexoroptmn orpannuennxmn. 3) B mrnancxnx nanexrax mecronmenne sig ynorpenxercx rontxo npn enncrnennom uncne nonexamero; npn mnoxecrnennom uncne nonexamero ynorpenxercx dem. Taxoe ynorpenenne dem nmecro nnreparypnoro sig ne pexocrt n nnreparypnom arcxom xstxe axe y anropon, xoropte ponnnct ne n Rrnannn; rax, Knpxerop nnmer (Ki e r k e g a a r d, Enten Ell., 1. 294): naar de ikke kede dem. 4) B ro npemx xax n nemenxom xstxe mecronmenne nexnnnoro opamennx Sie (nonxrnnoe 2-e nnno) coornocnrcx c nosnparntm mecronmennem sich: Wollen Sie sich setzen, nocne coornercrnymmero arcxoro mecronmennx De, xoropoe ynorpenxercx n nopaxanne nemenxomy xstxy, ncera ynorpenxercx Dem: Vil De ikke sntte Dem (n XVIII cronernn nnora sig). 5) Xorx ]pannyscxoe neyapennoe se ynorpenxercx nx 3-ro nnna nesanncnmo or uncna, yapennax ]opma soi orpannuena enncrnenntm uncnom n ynorpenxercx otuno n rex cnyuaxx, xora ona coornocnrcx c neonpeenenntm nonexamnm: ce quon laisse derrinre soi; n cnyuae xe onpeenennoro nonexamero mt naxonm ce quil laisse derrinre lui, ce quelle laisse derrinre elle (ce quils laissent derrinre eux). Tam n sect ncrpeuamrcx ncxnmuennx ns +roro npannna, nanpnmep onontno uacro y Pomen Ponnana (Xan Kpncro], 7. 81): Il tait trop peu str de soi pour ce r]le (pyrne npnmept: 3. 213; 4. 6). 6) Anrnncxn xstx anno nomen antme nmoro pyroro pocrnennoro xstxa; rax, enncrnenntm nepexnrxom nosnparntx mecronmenn n ro rontxo n pennemn nepno xnnxercx n anrnncxom xstxe npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne sin (cm. nnxe). Taxnm opasom, crapte xoncrpyxnnn crponnnct rax: I wash me, thou washest thee, he washes him, she washes her, we wash us, ye wash you, they wash them. Ocrarxn raxoro nocrpoennx mt onapyxnnaem n npenoxntx xoncrpyxnnxx rnna: I have no money about me, He has no money about him n r.n. Bo mnornx cnyuaxx npocrax ]opma rnarona napxy c nepexono ]ynxnne nmeer sect raxxe nosnparnoe snauenne: I wash, dress, shave x ymt- namct, oenamct, pemct n r. n. Onaxo n ontmnncrne cnyuaen nosnparnoe snauenne ntpaxaercx cnennantno couerannxmn c self: I defend myself, you defend yourself (yourselves), he defends himself n r. n.
Taxnm opasom, n anrnncxom xstxe ntpaorannct nonte nosnparnte mecronmennx, xoropte ornnuamrcx or nnoenponecxnx nosnparntx mecronmenn rem, uro onn pasnnuamr rpn nnna n na uncna n no+romy cxont c ]nncxnmn nosnparntmn mecronmennxmn, opasonanntmn c nomomtm itse n otunoro npnrxxarentnoro cy]]nxca: itseni = myself, itsemme = ourselves, itsesi = yourself, itsenso = himself (herself) n r. n. Cpannnre raxxe onee nosnee rp. emauton, seauton, heauton n r. . n ocoenno nmontrnte conpemennte rpeuecxne opasonannx: ton emauto mou = myself, ton emauto sou = yourself, ton emauto sas = yourselves, ton emauto tou, tss = himself, herself, ton emauto mas = ourselves n r. n. Pasnnrne nosnparntx npnrxxarentntx mecronmenn mno n rom xe nanpannennn, xorx ono n ne tno conepmenno napannentno pasnnrnm se n p. 1) Haunem c roro, uro +ro mecronmenne ornocnnoct xo ncem nnnam n ncem uncnam, uro o cnx nop nmeer mecro n pyccxom xstxe: cp. B es. ceo n.amor. 2) Ono tno orpannueno 3-m nnnom, no morno coornocnrtcx xax c enncrnenntm, rax n c mnoxecrnenntm uncnom. 3ra cranx sacnnerentcrnonana n nar. suus n n pennerepmancxnx xstxax, nanpnmep ror. Qemun hailjan sik sauhte seinaizo Onn npnmnn ncnennrtcx or cnonx onesne (Hyxa, VI. 18); wipondans haubida seina xauax (cnonmn) rononamn (Mapx, XV. 29). penneanrnncxoe no+rnuecxoe sin ncrpeuaercx n snauennn, coornercrnymmem his n her, no nnmt n pexnx cnyuaxx coornocnrcx c nonexamnm no mnoxecrnennom uncne; no- nnnmomy, +ro mecronmenne onontno pano ncuesno ns pasronopno peun. p.- ncn. sinn moxer coornocnrtcx c nonexamnm xax n enncrnennom, rax n no mnoxecrnennom uncne; raxoe ynorpenenne o cnx nop cymecrnyer n nopnex- cxom xstxe (De vasker sine hnnder Onn momr (cnon) pyxn) n n mnecxom. 3) Ho n arcxom xstxe sin ynorpenxercx rontxo c nonexamnm n enncrnennom uncne: Han (hun) vasker sine hnnder; De vasker deres hnnder. 4) B nanexrax Rrnannn mt naxonm ononnnrentnoe orpannuenne: sin coornocnrcx rontxo c neonpeenenntm nonexamnm: Enhver (en) vasker sine hnnder, no Han vasker hans hnnder, Hun vasker hender hnnder. 5) B nexoroptx xstxax +ro mecronmenne norepxno nosnparnt xapaxrep n ynorpenxercx xax omee npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna: nanpnmep, no ]pannyscxom, re ses mains moxer trt ynorpeneno n nmo nosnnnn co snauennem ero nnn ee pyxn. 6) Tax xe rouno n n nemenxom c onnm ononnnrentntm orpannuennem: +ro mecronmenne coornocnrcx c myxcxnm n cpennm poom, no ne c xencxnm: cp. seine Hnde ero pyxn, no ihre Hnde ee pyxn 1 .
1 Fyer nennmnnm nanomnnrt sect unrarenm, uro npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne n nexoroptx xstxax, nomnmo oosnauennx nona (nnn poa) onaarenx, yxastnaer raxxe na po cymecrnnrentnoro, x xoropomy ono xnnxercx amnxrom. Pasnnunte nosmoxnocrn moxno ycmorpert ns cneymmnx nepenoon na ]pannyscxn, anrnncxn, nemenxn n arcxn xstxn: Son frnra = his brother, her brother = sein Bruder, ihr Bruder = hans broder, hendes broder, sin broder. Sa snur = his sister, her sister =seine Schwester, ihre Schwester = hans smster, hendes smster, sin smster. Son chat = his cat, her cat = seine Katze, ihre Katze = hans kat, hendes kat, sin kat. Sa maison = his house, her house = sein Haus, ihr Haus = hans hus, hendes bus, sit hus. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
3a orpannuennocrtm mecra x ne mory paccmorpert sect nonpoc o mnpore ynorpenennx nosnparntx mecronmenn; nocranonxa +roro nonpoca nectma neonnaxona no pasntm xstxam, ocoenno n npnuacrntx n nn]nnnrnnntx xoncrpyxnnxx n n nounnenntx npenoxennxx 1 . Tam, re nosmoxno coornecenne c nymx pasnnuntmn nnnamn n cnoxntx couerannxx, nannune nosnparnoro mecronmennx nnora ne moxer nomout nsexart nycmtcnennocrn, nanpnmep n nar. Publius dicit Gaium se occidere voluisse nnn n ar. Han fandt Peter liggende i sin seng, xoropoe ne onee xcno, uem anrn. He found Peter lying in his bed. Cp. ynorpenenne nem. dessen n cnyuaxx, xora sein tno t nycmtcnenno: Der Graf hat diesem Manne und dessen Sohne alles anvertraut (C u r me, A Grammar of the German Language, 168). K nosnparntm mecronmennxm nnsxn nsanmnte mecronmennx, nmemmne snauenne pyr pyra: xaxax uacrt roro, uro oosnaueno nonexamnm, n ono n ro xe npemx nosecrnyer na pyrne uacrn n nonepraercx ecrnnm co cropont +rnx uacre. 3ro snauenne uacro ntpaxaercx otuntm nosnparntm mecronmennem, nnn n camocroxrentnom ynorpenennn, xax ]pann. Ils se hanssent nnn, c xaxnm-nno oannennem, xax ]pann. Ils se hanssent entre eux, nar. Inter se confligunt, ror. (Mapx, 1. 27) Sokidedun mim sis misso, cp. nem. Sie halfen sich gegenseitig n ]pann. Ils se sont tus lun lautre (rax xax Ils se sont tus moxno tno t nonxrt n cmtcne Onn noxonunnn c coo). Couerannx rnna lun lautre ynorpenxmrcx n es nosnparnoro mecronmennx n xstxax, re onn nmemr renennnm npenparnrtcx n ono neunennmoe nenoe, nanpnmep rp. allslous, ar. hinanden, hverandre, ronn. elkaar, mekaar, nem. einander. O pasnnrnn nemenxoro cnona cm. nnrepecnym crartm n cnonape Ipnmma, n xoropo npnnoxrcx raxxe ananornunte ntpaxennx ns pasntx pyrnx xstxon (pomancxnx, cnanxncxnx, xentrcxnx n nnroncxoro). B anrnncxom xstxe xomnonenrt +roro couerannx tnn pantme pasenent (cp. y Bexcnnpa: gazed each on other; what we speak one to another), no ceuac n otunom xstxe onn coennent nmecre (cp. gaze on each other, speak to one another). B pyccxom xstxe opve opvea pasenxercx npenorom (nanpnmep, opve c opveo+), no renennnx paccmarpnnart +ro coueranne xax enn- crno npoxnnxercx n rom, uro ono ynorpenxercx nesanncnmo or poa n uncna (B o y e r e t S p e r a n s k i, Manuel pour lHtude de la langue russe, Paris, 1905, 273). Benrepcxoe egy-mas xnnxercx, no-nnnmomy, npocro nepenoom nem. einander 2 .
1 orpannuyct necxontxnmn npnmepamn ns pennerepmancxnx xstxon. Ior. Gawaurhta twalif du wisan mim sis On sacrannn nenanart trt c nnm (Mapx, I II. 14); bisaihwatids bisunjane mans bi sik sitandans ornxen rex, oxono nero cnxmnx (3.34); mai frawaurhtans mans frijondans sik frijond Ipemnnxn nmxmnx nx nmxr (Hyxa, VI. 32); Ttgardaloki spyrr hvnrt hann (myrr) hefir hitt rikara mann nokkurn en sik V. cnpamnnaer, ncrpeuan nn on uenonexa cnntnee ero (V.) ( Mnam. +a, 52). Cp. raxxe N y g a a r d, Norrmn Syntax, Kristiania, 1906, 338 n cn.; F a l k o g T o r p, Dansk-norskens syntax, Kristiania, 1900, 130 n cn.; Mi k k e l s e n, Dansk Ordfnjninglnre, Kmbenhavn, 1911, 258 n cn.; We s t e r n, Norsk Riksmels-grammatikk, Kristiania, 1921, 145 n cn.; C u r m e, A Grammar of the German Language, ns. 2-e, New York, 1922, crp. 187 n cn. 2 Opasonanne ennoro neunennmoro cnona npoe einander aer nosmoxnocrt oorn rpynocrt, xoropax nosnnxaer npn ntopa ]opm uncna. Ho-]pannyscxn otuno ronopxr Les trois frnres se hanssent lun lautre, no tno t nornunee cxasart lun les autres nnn les uns lautre. Ha xstxe no nosnnxano sarpynenne, nncart nn la tri frati odias lunu laltru nnn lunu laltri, nnn luni laltri. Ho+romy tno t ropaso yonee nmert ono cnono; sect, ecrecrnenno, nanpamnnaercx mutu xax oparnoe opasonanne or mutuala, xoropoe rora nocnpnnnmanoct t xax npannntno opasonannoe npnnararentnoe or mutu, a ne xax xopnenoe cnono.
Bsanmnte mecronmennx ncrpeuamrcx nnora n ]ynxnnn nonexamero nounnennoro npenoxennx, nanpnmep n nonemem anrnncxom pomane: Miss C. and I are going to find out what each other are like. Hoonte npenoxennx moxno ycntmart n na arcxom xstxe. Mnorne rpammarnxn paccmarpnnamr nonpoc o nosnparntx mecronmennxx n rnane, nocnxmenno pasnnuntm rnnam rnarona, n ntenxmr nosnparnte rnaront xax onn rnn (n nsanmnte rnaront xax pyro). Ho net n n cnyuae We hurt him, n n cnyuae we hurt ourselves, n n cnyuae We hurt one another npecrannen onn n ror xe rnaron; enncrnennoe ornnune n rom, roxecrnenno nonexamee c ononnennem nnn ner. Touno rax xe n n nem. Ich schmeichele mir, Ich spotte meiner ynorpenent re xe camte rnaront, uro n n npenoxennxx Ich schmeichele dir, Ich spotte seiner. Enncrnenno, xora c nsnecrntm ocnonannem moxno tno t ronopnrt o nosnparnom rnarone, +ro n cnyuae, ecnn rnaron nnomarnuecxn ne moxer couerartcx nn c xaxnm pyrnm ononnennem, xpome nosnparnoro mecronmennx: cp. anrn. I pride myself, ar. Jeg forsnakker mig, nem. Ich schme mich. Toxecrno nonexamero n ononnennx (npxmoro nnn xocnennoro) oxastnaer nnnxnne na ntop ncnomorarentnoro rnarona no ]pann. Il sest tu On ynn cex, Nous nous sommes demand Mt cnpocnnn cex (nnn pyr pyra). pyroe eno, uro snauenne, xoropoe n namnx xstxax ntpaxaercx c nomomtm nosnparnoro mecronmennx, n xaxom-nno nnom xstxe moxer trt ntpaxeno ocoo ]opmo rnarona, nanpnmep ]opmo cpenero sanora n rpeuecxom: louomai x ymtnamct n r. n. (+ra ]opma nmeer raxxe n naccnnnoe snauenne; cm. rn. XII, crp. 192). B cxannnancxnx xstxax nosnparnoe mecronmenne sik n coxpamenno ]opme nomno n cocran mnornx rnarontntx ]opm, otuno npnoperammnx n +rom cnyuae uncro naccnnnoe snauenne (han kaldes nepnonauantno on soner cex, renept ero sonyr), a nnora nmemmnx nsanmnoe snauenne: de sles (c xparxnm rnacntm) onn epyrcx; y +roro rnarona ecrt pyrax ]opma c onrnm rnacntm (n c ropranno cmtuxo) nx naccnnnoro snauennx sle(e)s yapen. B pyccxom xstxe nosnparnoe mecronmenne raxxe cxnonno x cnnxnnm c rnaronom n nyx ]opmax -c n -ci (necmorpx na nanncanne, onn nponsnocxrcx c nenanarannsonanntm c); o pasnnuntx snauennxx (oruernnno-nosnparnoe, neonpeenenno-nosnparnoe, nsanmnoe, npnnnsnrentno naccnnnoe) cm. H. P e d e r s e n, Russisk grammatik, Kmbenhavn, 1916, 190; Bo y e r e t S p e r a n s k i, Manuel pour ltudede la langue russe, Paris, 1905, 247.
Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
I . a e a . XVI I HOA H PO Pasnnunte xstxn. Hnoenponecxn po. Hon. Omn non. Oymennennte n neoymennennte. Honxrnnt cpenn po. PA3AHHHLE R3LKH Ho repmnnom po nopasymenaercx sect r p a m m a r n u e c x o e enenne cnon na paspxt, ananornunoe romy, xoropoe mt naxonm n nnoenponecxnx xstxax, re pasnnuaercx myxcxo, xencxn n cpenn po. 3ro pasnnune moxer trt ocnonano na ecrecrnennom pasenennn na na nona 1 , na pasenennn na oymennennte n neoymennennte npemert nnn na uem-nno nnom. B ro npemx xax nectma snaunrentnoe xonnuecrno, nepoxrno, orpomnoe ontmnncrno xstxon ne nmemr poa n yxasannom cmtcne, n nexoroptx xstxax cymecrnnrentnte enxrcx na xnacct n sanncnmocrn or poa. 3ect moxno nnmt nxparne ynomxnyrt nexoropte ns xnaccn]nxann, urot noxasart, c ono cropont, uro xnnxercx omnm, a c pyro cropont, uro xnnxercx cnenn]nuntm no cpannennm c cncremo poa n nnoenponecxnx xstxax. B xstxax anry n Rxno A]pnxe xaxoe cymecrnnrentnoe npnnanexnr onomy ns necxontxnx xnaccon. Kaxt ns xnaccon xapaxrepnsyercx ocotm npe]nxcom, xoropt nonropxercx n onee nnn menee ocnanenno ]opme n xauecrne cnoero poa nanomnnarenx no ncex nounnenntx cnonax, ornocxmnxcx x annomy cymecrnnrentnomy, yt ro amnxrt nnn rnaront. Onn ns +rnx xnaccon npenonaramr ennnunocrt, pyrne mnoxecrnennocrt; no nn onn ns nnx ne nmeer nnxaxoro ornomennx x nony, xorx onn xnacct coornocxrcx npenmymecrnenno c xnntmn cymecrnamn, a pyrne c neoymennenntmn npemeramn. uncno xnaccon pasnnuno n pasnnuntx xstxax, nxoxmnx n +ry rpynny, n ocrnraer n pxe cnyuaen mecrnanarn; onaxo nexoropte xnacct onapyxnnamr renennnm x cmemennm, n ycranonnrt nepnonauantnym npnunny xnaccn]nxannn nenosmoxno (cm. Language, 352 n cn. n paort, nnrnponannte ram). B anncxom xstxe onom ns xstxon Kanxasa x cnony npn- crannxmrcx pasnnunte npe]nxct n sanncnmocrn or roro, xoro nnn uro oosnauaer +ro cnono pasymnoe cymecrno myxcxoro nona, pasymnoe cymecrno xencxoro nona, nepasymnoe cymecrno nnn npemer. Taxnm opasom: vao wa = par ecrt, bstuino ja = xenmnna ecrt, naw ja = xopant ecrt, xaux ba = ronyt ecrt,
1 Hyume nontsonartcx pasntmn repmnnamn non n po, uem ronopnrt, xax +ro uacro enaercx, o ecrecrnennom n rpammarnuecxom poe. Cm. crp. 58 o repmnnonornuecxom pasnnunn mexy myxcxnm, xencxnm nonom n orcyrcrnnem nona, c ono cropont, n myxcxnm, xencxnm n cpennm poom, c pyro cropont.
bader da = peenox ecrt. ,Txxent, ecnn peut ner o myxunne, ntpaxaercx cnonom watshi, o xenmnne jatshi, o nemn batschi, a rxxecrt, coornercrnenno, moxer trt watshol, jatshol, batshol. Wao snaunr par, jao cecrpa, woh ,mantunx, job enouxa. B pocrnennom ueuencxom xstxe x ecmt nepeaercx cnonamn suo wu ecnn ronopnr myxunna, suo ju ecnn ronopnr xenmnna, n suo du ecnn ronopnr peenox (Fr. Mt l l e r, Grundri, III, 2. 162). B anamancxom xstxe onn xnacc oxnartnaer neoymennennte npemert, pyro oymennennte cymecrna, xoropte nopasenxmrcx anee na nme n pyrne oymennennte cymecrna. Hmeer mecro enenne uacre uenoneuecxoro rena na cemt xnaccon, n +ro enenne nepenocnrcx na neoymennennte npemert, xoropte nmemr xaxoe-ro ornomenne x uacrxm uenoneuecxoro rena (P. W. S c h mi d t, Stellung der Pygmervnlker, 121). B anronxnncxnx xstxax pasnnuamrcx oymennennte cymecrna n neoymennennte npemert, xorx pacnpeenenne n pxe cnyuaen npecrannxercx c name rouxn spennx nectma crpanntm: n ro npemx xax uacrn uenoneuecxoro rena cunramrcx neoymennenntmn, uacrn rena xnnorntx ornocxrcx x oymennenntm. (Cm. J. P. B. J o s s e l i n d e J o n g, De Waardeeringsonderscheiding van Levend en Levenloos, Leiden, 1913, re +ra cncrema cpannnnaercx c cncremo poa n nnoenponecxnx xstxax n paccmarpnnamrcx pasnnunte reopnn nponcxoxennx nocnene.) B xamnrcxnx xstxax mt naxonm enenne na na xnacca, ns xoroptx onn nxnmuaer oosnauennx nnn, ontmnx n naxntx npemeron n cymecrn myxcxoro nona, a pyro oosnauenne neme, mantx npemeron n cymecrn xencxoro nona; npn +rom n nexoroptx xstxax naxonm nmontrnoe npannno, cornacno xoropomy cnona nepnoro xnacca no mnoxecrnennom uncne npnnanexar xo nropomy xnaccy n naoopor. Hpn nomomn onnx n rex xe npe]nxcon myxunna npenpamaercx n manentxoro myxunny, par n cecrpy, a nec n cyxy nnn menxa; n eynncxnx xstxax cnono ando +xcxpemenrt npnnanexnr x myxcxomy poy, xora ner peut o noman, none nnn nepnme, no x xencxomy, ecnn nmemrcx n nny onee menxne xnnornte. Ipyt xenmnnt myxcxoro poa, a rpyt myxunnt, mentmax no nennunne, xencxoro. (Me i n h o f, Spr. der Hamiten, 23 n n pyrnx mecrax; Die moderne Sprachforschung in Afrika, 134 n cn.) Po n cemnrcxnx xstxax otuno cunraercx nanonee cxontm c cncremo poa n nnoenponecxnx xstxax, xorx n cemnrcxnx xstxax ner cpenero poa, a rnarontnte ]opmt cornacymrcx c poom (nonom) nonexamero. Taxoe nonoxenne mt naxonm n apacxom xstxe: katabta rt nanncan, katabti rt nanncana, kataba on nanncan, katabat ona nanncana, 2-e n. mn. u. katabtum (m. p.), katabtunna (x. p.); 3-e n. katabt (m. p.), katabna (x. p.); onaxo n 1-m nnne raxoro pasnnunx ne nanmaercx: katabtu x nanncan(a), katabnn mt nanncann. HHOEBPOHEHCKHH PO Hama cemtx nnoenponecxnx xstxon na camtx pannnx ncropnuecxn sacnnerentcrnonanntx crynenxx pasnnrnx pasnnuaer rpn poa: myxcxo, Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
xencxn n cpenn. Hocnenn o nexoropo crenenn moxno paccmarpnnart xax cnoero poa nopasenenne myxcxoro poa; ero rnannax ocoennocrt cocronr n rom, uro on ne pasnnuaer nmennrentnoro n nnnnrentnoro naexe. Pacnpeenenne cnon no +rnm rpem xnaccam oruacrn mornnnponano, a oruacrn nemornnnponano. Ono mornnnponano nocrontxy, nocxontxy mnorne nasnannx cymecrn myxcxoro nona ornocxrcx x myxcxomy poy, cymecrn xencxoro nona x xencxomy poy, a npemeron, ne nmemmnx nona, x cpenemy poy. Onaxo napxy c +rnm n nexoroptx cnyuaxx mt naxonm nasnannx xnntx cymecrn myxcxoro nona, xoropte ornocxrcx x xencxomy nnn cpenemy poy; ncrpeuamrcx raxxe nasnannx cymecrn xencxoro nona myxcxoro n cpenero poa n nasnannx npemeron n nonxrn xencxoro n myxcxoro poa 1 . O pasnnuntx nontrxax oxcnennx +ro cnoeopasno cncremt nnn eccncremnocrn x yxe ronopnn n xnnre Language, crp. 391 n cn. 2 a o ee npaxrnuecxnx neyocrnax ram xe na crp. 346 n cn. Hpnnanexnocrt nexoroptx cnon x romy nnn pyromy poy n pxe cnyuaen moxno oxcnnrt. Tax, Xanent xo (Handel J a k y b, Bulletin de lAcadmie polonaise des Sciences, 19191920, crp. 17 n cn.) neanno oparnn nnnmanne na ro, uro nce cnona co snauennem semnx (rp. khth]n, kh]rn, nar. terra, cnan. ziemia, nem. Erde) npnnanexar x xencxomy poy, no semnx mtcnnrcx xax mart, nopoxammax pacrennx n r. n.; +ro ornocnrcx n x epentxm, noromy uro onn npnnocxr nnot; npn +rom on npnnonr nexoropte napannenn ns cemnrcxnx xstxon. Onaxo ocnonnax nponema ocraercx nepemenno: nouemy xnaccn]nxannx pacnpocrpanxercx na nce cnona, axe n na raxne, y xoroptx nenosmoxno ynnert nnxaxo cnxsn c ecrecrnenntm nonom? Bostmem rontxo onn npnmep: nouemy omennoenponecxoe cnono, oosnauammee nory (pous, pes, fot n r. .), myxcxoro poa, n ro npemx xax +rnmonornuecxn necnxsannte mexy coo cnona, oosnauammne pyxy, xencxoro poa (kheir, manus, handus, pvra)? Hasnannx crona, mtcnn, nnoa, rpoma n r. n. n onnx xstxax myxcxoro, a n pyrnx xencxoro poa. Honcrnne conepmenno nenosmoxno narn n +rom xaoce onn onpeenxmmn npnnnnn. uacrnuno po npoxnnxercx n ]opme; nanpnmep, n narnncxom xstxe nmennrentnt n nnnnrentnt naexn pasnnuamrcx n cnonax rex regem (m. p.), lex legem (x. p.), n ro npemx xax +rn naexn connaamr n cnone regnum (cp. p.). Onaxo +ro rnanntm opasom cnnraxcnuecxoe xnnenne, nocxontxy pasnnunte pot rpeymr pasnnuntx ]opm npnnararentnoro n mecronmennx: cp. ille rex bonus est, illa lex bona est, illud regnum bonum est 3 . B orpomnom ontmnncrne cnyuaen po cnon no rpannnn nepeaercx or noxonennx x noxonennm es nsmenenn; onaxo n nexoroptx cnyuaxx nponcxoxr nsmenennx. Hepexo onn ntstnamrcx npnunnamn uncro ]opmantnoro nopxxa; rax, nanpnmep, tno sameueno, uro no ]pannyscxom xstxe nsmenennxm n poe ocoenno nonepxent cnona, naunnammnecx c
1 Pasnnunx nona, npnsnanaemte orannxamn y pacrenn, xoneuno, c rouxn spennx rpammarncra, onxnt paccmarpnnartcx xax necymecrnymmne; ecnn ]pann. lis nnnnx myxcxoro poa, a rose xencxoro, ro +ro xacaercx rontxo poa +rnx cnon n nmeer ornomenne x nony ne ontme, uem pasnnune mexy mur crena n maison om. 2 Kpome npnneenno nnreparypt, cm, raxxe Me i l l e t, Linguistique historique et linguistique gnrale, Paris, 1921, 199 n cn.; V e n d r y e s, Le langage, 108 n cn. 3 Tax xax pyccxax ]opma npomemero npemenn no nponcxoxennm xnnxercx npnuacrnem, ona nsmenxercx no poam: sua., sua.a, sua.o. 3ro xnnenne o nexoropo crenenn ananornuno poontm pasnnunxm n rnarone n cemnrcxnx xstxax.
rnacnoro snyxa, nocxontxy ]opma onpeenennoro aprnxnx npn nnx yer ono n ro xe n oonx poax, a nmenno l (neonpeenennt aprnxnt un, une nepe cnonom, naunnammnmcx c rnacnoro, roxe nponsnocnncx onnaxono [yn]). Cnona c ncxoom na rax nastnaemoe -e fminin (nnn, ncxox ns conpemennoro nponsnomennx: cnona c ncxoom na cornacnt) nmemr renennnm nepexonrt n xencxn po. Oe +rn npnunnt ecrnymr ononpemenno npn nepexoe cnon nigme, pigramme, pithnte ns myxcxoro poa n xencxn. B pyrnx cnyuaxx nsmenenne poa tnaer cnxsano co snauennem cnon. Cymecrnyer renennnx ntpannnnannx poa y cnon, cnxsanntx no snauennm (raxne cnona, x romy xe, uacro ynomnnamrcx n recno nocneonarentnocrn): cp. ]pann. t nero, xoropoe nepemno ns xencxoro poa n myxcxo, noromy uro x nocnenemy npnnanexar pyrne nasnannx npemen roa hiver snma, printemps ,necna, automne ocent (nocnenee ns +rnx cnon npexe xoneanoct mexy xencxnm poom n nepnonauantntm myxcxnm); la minuit nonnout no nnnxnnem le midi nonent cranonnrcx le minuit. Hoontm xe opasom n n nemenxom xstxe die Mittwoche cpea crano der Mittwoch no ananornn co cnonom der Tag ,ent n c nasnannxmn pyrnx ne neenn. Touno rax xe n po nontx (nnn neanno sanmcrnonanntx) cnon no mnornx cnyuaxx onpeenxercx coopaxennxmn ]opmantnoro nopxxa: nanpnmep, Etage n nemenxom xstxe xencxoro poa (no ]pannyscxom +ro cnono myxcxoro poa); onaxo n nntx cnyuaxx nrpamr pont cmtcnonte ananornn: nanpnmep, n nemenxom xstxe beefsteak n]mrexc nxnmuaercx n cpenn po (no ananornn c Rindfleisch ronxnna), a lift nn]r n myxcxo (no ananornn c Aufzug c rem xe snauennem); no-arcxn mt ronopnm et vita (no ananornn c et liv), en examen (no ananornn c en prmve) n r. n.; ro xe camoe cnono nnora rpaxryercx pasnnuno npn pasntx snauennxx: nanpnmep, fotografien ]ororpa]nx, ]ororpa]nponanne (no ananornn c kunsten), fotografiet ]orocnnmox (no ananornn c billedet), imperativen (meden), det kategoriske imperativ (buddet). Kora tna nneena merpnuecxax cncrema, gram n kilogram (kilo) tnn ornecent x cpenemy poy no ananornn c et pund, et lod, no mt ronopnm en liter no ananornn c en pot, en pngl, n en meter no ananornn c en alen, en fod. Bnnxnne cnyuanocre ]opmantnoro xapaxrepa n ropaso onee mnpoxom nnane moxno npocnenrt npn samene nepnonauantno nnoenponecxo cncremt rpex poon cncremo nyx poon n nexoroptx xstxax. B pomancxnx xstxax ornnunrentnte ueprt myxcxoro n cpenero poa crepnnct rnanntm opasom ns-sa roro, uro coornercrnymmne cnona nepecrann pasnnuartcx snyxamn oxonuann, n ro npemx xax cnona xencxoro poa nmenn n oxonuannn nonnt rnacnt -a; n pesyntrare n conpemenntx pomancxnx xstxax cymecrnyer na poa myxcxo n xencxn (o ocrarxax cpenero poa cm. nnxe). C pyro cropont, n arcxom xstxe pasnnune mexy aprnxnxmn myxcxoro n xencxoro poa (p.-ncn. enn, en nnn inn, in, einn, ein n r. .) tno yrpaueno, n, raxnm opasom, npexnn myxcxo po n npexnn xencxn po cnnnnct n onn omn po, nanpnmep: hesten, bogen, den gamle hest, den gamle bog, n ornnune or cymecrnnrentntx cpenero poa: dyret, det gamte dyr. Onaxo n rex arcxnx nanexrax, re npexnee xoneunoe -nn n -n eme ]onernuecxn pasnnuamrcx (n nepnom cnyuae nannno na- narannsonannax ]opma noconoro cornacnoro), npexnxx cncrema rpex poon myxcxoro, xencxoro n cpenero coxpannnact. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
HOA B cneymmnx nnxe sameuannxx x ocranonnmct rnanntm opasom na nsanmoornomennxx mexy nonxrnntmn (n annom cnyuae ecrecrnenntmn) n rpammarnuecxnmn xareropnxmn; x nocrapamct noxasart, uro xstxn c reuennem npemenn ntpaorann pyrne rpynnnponxn, onee pannonantnte, uem rpannnonnte. Xorx, xax yxe tno yxasano ntme, n xstxe ecrt mnoro npnmepon nenocneonarentnocrn, nce xe coornercrnne mexy xencxnm nonom n xencxnm poom, c ono cropont, n mexy myxcxnm nonom n myxcxnm poom c pyro, nacrontxo oruernnno, uro ono uyncrnyercx onontno cnntno. Taxne nnora nensexnte couerannx, xax nem. eine mnnliche Maus nnn ein weiblicher Hase, ncera yyr nocnpnnnmartcx xax necoopasnte ns-sa npornnopeunx mexy ]opmo aprnxnx n snauennem npnnararentnoro. B onom mmopncrnuecxom xypnane x namen cneymmn npnmep: Linstituteur. Comment donc? Vous xtes incapable de faire lanalyse grammaticale de cette simple phrase: Lalouette chante. Vous avez crit dans votre devoir: Alouett, substantif masculin singulier. Llnve. Sans doute. Et je maintiens energiquement masculin; chez les alouettes, il ny a que ie mnle qui chante. Cp. raxxe npnmep ns mnecxoro xstxa: Hvad heter den hr apan? Hon heter Kalle, fnr det r en hanne Kax sonyr +ry oestxny? Ee sonyr Kapn, noromy uro +ro on. (No r e e n, Vert Sprek, Lund, 1903, 5. 314). Eme npnmep ns nanexra Cenepno Rrnannn: I honkat nnwne wi ese me haj Mt ronopnm on o xomxe (Gr n n b o r g, Optegnelser, 72; cnono kat myxcxoro poa, na uro yxastnaer aprnxnt i). Orcma ecrecrnennax renennnx ycranonnrt coornercrnne mexy poom n nonom 1 . 3roro moxno ocrnut npexe ncero nyrem nsmenennx ]opmt: nanpnmep, n narnncxom xstxe tno opasonano cnono lupa nmecro onee pannero lupus, xoropoe ynorpenxnoct nx oosnauennx nonunnt, ncxopmnnme Pomyna (Havet); nosnee noxnnnnct ncn. leona, ]pann. lionne, nr. signora n ncn. secora, opasonannte or nar. leo n senior, ne pasnnuanmnx nona. B rpeuecxom xstxe crapoe cymecrnnrentnoe neanin mnocrt npnopeno oxonuanne myxcxoro poa - s, npenparnnmnct n neanins mnoma. B pyrnx cnyuaxx ]opma coxpanxercx, no nsmenxercx cnnraxcnuecxax xoncrpyxnnx: nanpnmep, nar. cnona nauta, auriga, xora onn npnmenxmrcx x myxunnam (mopxx, nosnnna), cranonxrcx cymecrnnrentntmn myxcxoro poa (r. e. coueramrcx c npnnararentntmn n myx- cxom poe): nepnonauantno onn tnn acrpaxrntmn cymecrnnrentntmn n nmenn snauenne mopennananne, esa; cp. raxxe ncn. el justicia cytx, el cura ,cnxmennnx, el gallina rpyc, el fi gura saannt napent (npn la justicia ,npanocyne, la cura can cnxmennnxa, la gallina xypnna, la figura ]nrypa). Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe: le trompette rpyau npn la trompette rpya; cp. raxxe la jument xotna. B mnecxom xstxe statsred rocyapcrnennt conernnx, nepnonauantno coner, no-npexnemy cpenero poa, no npnnararentnoe n npenxarnne otuno cronr n ]opme, ome nx myxcxoro n xencxoro poa: Statsredet r sjuk (ne sjukt); n arcxom xstxe +ro cnono n raxom snauennn oxonuarentno nopnano co cpennm poom: Statgreden er syg. Touno rax xe n ar.
1 Onn peenox nrantxnen cnpocnn, nouemy barba ne nastnaercx barbo (Sully, no Lombroso).
viv, ornocnnmeecx npexe x cpenemy poy (noono nem. das Weib, p.-anrn. mxt wif, mne. vivet), renept nepemno n omn po; raxxe n nmecro onee pannero gudet, troldet mt ronopnm renept guden, trolden. OBmHH HOA uacro tnaer xenarentntm n axe neoxonmtm npn oosnauennn xnntx cymecrn nmert cnona, xoropte nnuero t ne ronopnnn o nx none n tnn t n panno crenenn npnnoxnmt x cymecrnam myxcxoro n xencxoro nona. Taxnmn cnonamn xnnxmrcx nem. Mensch uenonex, ar. n nopn. menneske, mne. mnniska, xorx nmontrno, uro nem. Mensch ornocnrcx x myxcxomy poy (no+romy nemnt nnora xonenmrcx npnmennrt +ro cnono x xenmnne), mnecx. mnniska x xencxomy, a ar. n nopn. menneske x cpenemy. B anrnncxom xstxe cnono man c pennemnx npemen npnmenxnoct x oonm nonam, onaxo, nocxontxy ono moxer ynorpenxrtcx raxxe n n cnennantnom snauennn ,myxunna, nosnnxamr nexcnocrn n nycmtcnennocrn, xax, nanpnmep, n cneymme crpoxe Mncc Xnruenep, rax cnntno nosaannnme Bennn: All, all are men women and all! Oparnre nnnmanne raxxe n na raxne cnyuan: Atrabiliar old men especially old women, hint that they know what they know (Kapnent); the deification of the Babe. It is not likely that Man the human male left to himself would have done this... But to woman it was natural. uopma enncrnennoro uncna man n oomennom snauennn nnora ornocnrcx x oonm nonam (God made the country, and man made the town), a nnora rontxo x onomy nony (Man is destined to be a prey to woman); cm. mnorouncnennte npnmept n Modern English Grammar, II, 5. 4. 3ro necomnennt neocrarox anrnncxoro xstxa; n pesyntrare n nocnenee npemx noxnnnact renennnx ynorpenxrt nnmennte nycmtcnennocrn, no onontno rpomosxne ntpaxennx npoe a human being uenoneuecxoe cymecrno (Marriage is not what it was. Its become a different thing because women have become human beings V+nnc) nnn onee xoporxoe human, mn. u. humans (ouent uacro ncrpeuaercx n nontx counnennxx Ioncyopcn, Hoxxa, Kapnenrepa n p.). Oparnre nnnmanne na ro, uro nponsnonte manly myxecrnennt, mannish ,myxenoonax, manful pemnrentnt, cment, a raxxe n raxne cnoxnte cnona, xax man-servant cnyra, onpeenxmr rontxo myxunn, a cnona manlike ,nooammn myxunne n manhood nosmyxanocrt otuno oa nona (manhood suffrage n r. n.). Crapoe cnoxnoe cymecrnnrentnoe mankind (renept c yapennem na nropom cnore) oosnauaer uenoneuecrno n nenom, no onee nonoe mankind (c yapennem na nepnom cnore) npornnonocrannxercx cnony womankind. (Cneyer, onaxo, samernrt, uro +ro pasrpannuenne, ormeuennoe n Oxc]opcxom cnonape, npnsnaercx ne ncemn.) upann. homme n raxo xe mepe nycmtcnenno, xax n anrn. man; no+romy nnora oxastnaercx neoxonmtm ynorpenrt cnonocoueranne un xtre humain; n nayuntx rpyax npnxonrcx ncrpeuartcx c eme onee rpomosxnm oosnauennem: un xtre humain, sans acception de sexe, re n pyrnx xstxax mt naxonm npocroe cnono npoe Mensch (napxy c Mann), rp. anthr]pos (napxy c ansr) n r. n. (Cp. Me i l l e t, Linguistique historique et linguistique gnrale, 273 n cn.) Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
B ro npemx xax ouent ontmoe xonnuecrno cnennantntx oosnauenn nx nme npnmennmo x oonm nonam (cp. liar nxen, possessor nnaenen, inhabitant onrarent, Christian xpncrnannn, aristocrat apncroxpar, fool ,ypax, stranger nesnaxomen, neighbour coce n p.), ecrt n raxne cnona, xoropte, xorx n ne nmemr nnxaxnx nnnmtx orpannuenn n camo ]opme, ]axrnuecxn npnmenxmrcx rnanntm opasom nnn ncxnmunrentno nx oosnaue- nnx cymecrn onoro nona. 3ro nanmaercx, xora coornercrnymmne omecrnennte ]ynxnnn nsanna ntnonnxmrcx npecrannrenxmn nnmt onoro nona nnn rontxo myxunnamn nnn rontxo xenmnnamn: cp., c ono cropont, minister mnnncrp, bishop enncxon, lawyer anoxar, baker nexapt, shoemaker canoxnnx, a c pyro nurse nxnx, dressmaker noprnnxa, milliner moncrxa. Hmontrno, uro nexoropte cnona c reuennem npemenn saxpennnnct ncxnmunrentno sa xenmnnamn, xorx pantme onn ynorpenxnnct n nx oosnauennx myxunn: cp. leman nosnmnennax (p.-anrn. leof-man oporo |uenonex], y uocepa n axe y Bexcnnpa npnmenxercx raxxe x myxunnam; nosxe rontxo x xenmnnam; renept ycrapeno), bawd cnonx, witch xonyntx, girl ,enouxa, enymxa. Tam, re ronopxmn xouer orpannunrt cnona omero nona npnmenennem nx x xaxomy-nnyt onomy nony, moxno npnernyrt x pasnnuntm cnocoam: cp. man-servant cnyra (nnn servant-man), maid-servant cnyxanxa (nnn servant-girl), a he-devil txnon, a she-devil txnonnna, her girl-friends ee nopyrn, a poetess ,no+recca .(Ho ropaso ontmax noxnana cxasart o mnccnc Fpaynnnr, uro ona a great poet [nennxn no+r], uem a great poetess [nennxax no+recca].) Author eme n ontme crenenn xnnxercx cnonom omero nona, xorx n cymecrnyer cnono authoress; onaxo nx oosnauennx yunrentnnnt n nennnt (teacher, singer) coornercrnymmnx opasonann ner. Ananornunte nenocneonarentnocrn na- nmamrcx y ontmnncrna xstxon; uacro xstxonte rpynocrn oycnonnnnamrcx nponnxnonennem xenmnn n re c]ept uenoneuecxo exrentnocrn, xoropte pantme npnnanexann ncxnmunrentno myxunnam 1 . Hs ncxyccrnenntx xstxon rontxo onn paspemnn +ry nponemy, a nmenno xstx no, n xoropom oosnauennx es xaxoro-nno cnennantnoro oxonuannx npnmennmt x oonm nonam, myxcxo non oosnauaercx oxonuannem ulo, a xencxn oxonuannem - ino: cp. frato par nnn cecrpa, fratulo par, fratino cecrpa, frati partx n cecrpt, homo uenonex, homulo myxunna, homino xenmnna, sposo cynpyr nnn cynpyra, spozulo cynpyr, spozino cynpyra; raxxe n dentisto, dentistulo, dentistino n r. n. 2
Bo mnoxecrnennom uncne cnona omero nona eme nyxnee, uem n enncrnennom; onaxo nnmt nemnorne xstxn moryr ynorpenxrt mnoxecrnennoe uncno cnon myxcxoro poa rax, xax +ro enaercx n nrantxncxom xstxe: gli zii ,xx n rerx (lo zio e la zia), i fratelli (il fratello e la sorella), i suoceri (onaxo i padri nmecro i genitrici ne ynorpenxercx), a raxxe n ncnancxom: los padres oren n
1 Hpnneem npnmep ns anexoro npomnoro, saonro o +mancnnannn xenmnn: morgerpr hsfreya var ok mikill (m. p.) hvatamapr, at messi ferp skyldi takaz Ona tna ontmnm nocrpexarenem (cocrn. nocrpexammnm myxem) +roro noxoa (Laxd. saga, 54. II). 2 V pasntx napoon cymecrnymr pasnnunte crenenn oosnauennx nx samyxnnx xenmnn no nonoxennm nnn no npo]eccnn myxa (anrn. Duchess repnornnx, mne. professorska ,npo]eccopma, nem. Frau Professor c rem xe snauennem). Onaxo erantnoe paccmorpenne annoro nonpoca sect neymecrno.
mart, los hermanos par n cecrpa nnn partx n cecrpt, sus dos hijos, Juan y Perfecta (I a n t o c, ontx Hep]exra, 29). uro xacaercx xnnorntx, ro rontxo camte naxnte ns nnx nmemr cnennantnte ]opmt xax nx omero nona, rax n nx orentntx nonon (cp. horse ,nomat, stallion xepeen, mare xotna); anee cymecrnyer necxontxo rpaann (nanpnmep, dog, he-dog nnn npocro dog nx myxcxoro nona, bitch nnn she-dog; sparrow, cock-sparrow, hen-sparrow), nnnort o xnntx cymecrn, non xoroptx otuno ne npecrannxer nnrepeca nx ronopxmero: fly myxa, worm ,uepnxx. Mecronmennx n npnnararentnte, ne nmemmne ]opmt omero nona, xax nanpnmep cnona somebody, everybody, each, uame ncero ynorpenxmrcx n myxcxom poe; nanpnmep: ]pann. quelquun, chacun; Jean et Marie taient trns contents deux-mrmes; npn +rom nensexno n nexoropoe necoornercrnne n npenoxennxx npoe Was Maria und Fritz so zueinander zog, war, da jeder von ihnen am anderen sah, wie er ungltcklich war; cp. raxxe ncn. Doca Perfecta... su hermano... pasaron unos pocos acos sin que uno v otro se vieran (I a n t o c, ontx Hep]exra, 32). Ocoenno nyxna, ouennno, ]opma omero nona nonpocnrentntx mecronmenn, noromy uro, xora saaercx nonpoc: Kro +ro cenan?, ronopxmn ne snaer nanepe, x xaxomy nony npnnanexnr +ro nnno x myxcxomy nnn x xencxomy. Ho+romy ontmnncrno xstxon nmemr n annom cnyuae nnmt ony ]opmy (nepexo c oxonuannem myxcxoro poa): rp. tis, ror. ? as (]opma xencxoro poa ? o, anaemax n rpammarnxax, no-nnnmomy, nnxora ne ynorpenxercx n xauecrne nonpocnrentnoro nepnnunoro cnona), p.-anrn. hwa, anrn. who, nem. wer, ronn. vie, ar. (hvo), hvem, pyccx. rmo n r. . K ncxnmuennxm ornocxrcx: p.- ncn. m. p. hverr, x. p. hver, m. p. hvrr, x. p. hvr n nar. m. p. quis, x. p. quae. Onaxo n conpemennom ncnancxom xstxe +ro pasnnune crepnoct, no xpane mepe n nmennrentnom naexe (hver, hvor), a n pomancxnx xstxax coxpannnact rontxo ]opma myxcxoro poa, npecrannxmmax coo n nacroxmee npemx ]opmy omero nona: nr. chi, ]pann. qui, ncn. quin. V nnuntx mecronmenn 3-ro nnna on (he) n ona (she) pasnnuamrcx n anrnncxom xstxe, xax n n pyrnx xstxax name cemtn; xora rpeyercx mecronmenne omero nona, nmecro he or she moxno ynorpenrt he, no n pasronopno peun uacro ynorpenxercx they (Nobody prevents you, do they? n r. n.; Language, 347, Modern English Grammar, II, 5. 56). B ontmnncrne repmancxnx xstxon no mnoxecrnennom uncne nx oonx nonon tna oomena ona ]opma (anrn. they, nem. sie, ar. de n r. n.), uro nnonne ecrecrnenno, nocxontxy ouent uacro npnxonrcx ronopnrt o rpynne, cocroxme ns nnn ooero nona. To xe nponsomno n n pyccxom xstxe, sa ncxnmuennem nmennrentnoro naexa, re o cnx nop pasnnuamrcx ]opmt ouu n oue. B pomancxnx xstxax ror n pyro non pasnnuamrcx no ncex ]opmax (eglino, elleno; ellos, ellas; ils [eux], elles), xpome ]opmt arentnoro naexa: loro, les, leur, a no ]pannyscxom xstxe n nnnnrentnoro naexa npn rnaronax: les. B pennencnancxom xstxe tnn orentnte ]opmt nx nmennrentnoro n nnnnrentnoro; meir, mxr; m, mxr, no n arentnom tna ennax ]opma meim; n nmennrentnom n nnnnrentnom naexax cymecrnonana raxxe orentnax ]opma nx cpenero poa: mau. Ona ynorpenxercx n xax ]opma omero nona, uro oxcnxmr otuno cnyuantm connaennem no snyuannm ]opmt cpenero poa mnoxecrnennoro uncna c Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
]opmo nocrnennoro uncna (xoropax uacro ynorpenxnact n snauennn on n ona). Ecnn +ro rax, ro ynorpenenne ]opmt cpenero poa e n n c r n e n n o r o uncna n xauecrne ]opmt omero nona moxer trt nepeneceno ns nocrnennoro- mnoxecrnennoro. Hpnmep roro n pyroro naxonm n pennencnancxom: Eptir metta skilja mau Guprn talit, ok bap hvrt meira annat vel fara Hocne +roro I. n on (Cnoppn) nepecramr pasronapnnart n npomamrcx (Laxd. S. 59, 20) (mau cp. p. mn. u., hvrt n annat cp. p. e. u.). O coornercrnymmem npannne n rorcxom n pennenepxnenemenxom cm. Wi l ma n n s, Deutsche Grammatik, Straburg, 1897, 3. 768; S t r e i t b e r g, Gotisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1920, 166. p.-ar. Hwat lengxr liuxr mothxr xthe barn Kro xnner ontme, mart nnn peenox? (Jysk, 1.4. 3). OYmEBAEHHLE H HEOYmEBAEHHLE Pasnnune mexy xnntm n nexnntm, nnn mexy oymennenntm n neoymennenntm, nnn nnora mexy uenoneuecxnm n ne ornocxmnmcx x uenonexy, nnuntm n nennuntm (pasnnune ne ncera n ocrarouno mepe oruernnnoe) nponnstnaer mnorne pasent rpammarnxn ontmnncrna xstxon nnora n cnxsn c poom n nonom, nnora nesanncnmo or nnx. 3ro pasnnune moxer npoxnnxrtcx n rpammarnxe no-pasnomy, n x ne mory yrnepxart, uro nnxecneymmn osop axe nanonee snaxomtx mne xstxon yer ncuepnt- nammnm. B anrnncxom xstxe +ro pasnnune xcnee ncero npoxnnxercx n cncreme mecronmenn, xax nnno ns cneymmero nepeunx: Oovuee.euuie Heoovuee.euuie he, she it ,on, ona ono who what (nonpocnrentnoe) ,xro uro who which (ornocnrentnoe) ,xro xoropt somebody, someone something ,xro-ro uro-ro anybody, anyone anything ,xro-nnyt uro-nnyt nobody, no one nothing ,nnxro nnuero everybody, every one everything ,nce, xaxt nce all (mn. u.) all (e. u.) ,nce nce the good (mn. u.) the good (e. u.) ,xopomne (nmn) xopomee
C pennemnx npemen n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnonana cnntnax renennnx ynorpenxrt mecronmenne it (p.-anrn. hit) nx oosnauennx npemeron. Tax tno axe rora, xora eme tna xnna cncrema rpex poon
(myxcxom, xencxoro n cpenero) n xora po npoxnnxncx n ]opmax amnxron (aprnxne, mecronmenn, npnnararentntx). Hpnney necxontxo npnmepon ns nnrepecno crartn Mypa (S. Mo o r e, Grammatical and Natural Gender in Middle English, Publ. Mod. L. Ass., 1921): hixw... beorhtne (nnn. n. m. p.)... hit; anne arc... hit; xnne calic... hit; misne calic, hit; meos race... hit. Hs Ancrene Riwle: mene kinedom... hit; meo iike scheadewe... hit; mene drunch... hit. (B crarte Mypa +ro xnnenne cmemnnaercx c ynorpenennem mecronmennx heo ona n coornomennn c raxnmn cnonamn, xax cnona cpenero poa wif, mxgden n cnonom myxcxoro poa wifman, a raxxe c ynorpenennem mecronmennx he on nx cnona cpenero poa cild; tno t nyume paccmarpnnart +rn xnnennx orentno: nmenno nocnenee ynorpenenne, no ne nepnoe, onontno uacro ncrpeuaercx n conpemennom nemenxom xstxe.) Hoonoe ynorpenenne it crano, ecrecrnenno, eme onee pacnpocrpanenntm nocne roro, xax ncuesnn npexnne naexnte n poonte pasnnunx n mecronmennxx-amnxrax n npnnararentntx n xora oxono 1600 r. noxnnnact nonax ]opma ponrentnoro naexa its (npexe ynorpenxnact ]opma his nx myxcxoro n cpenero poa). Its ntrecnnno raxxe n nanexrnym ]opmy ponrentnoro naexa it, xoropym naunnann yxe ynorpenxrt n nnreparypnom xstxe. Onaxo n anrnncxom xstxe nenosmoxno nponecrn oruernnnym emapxannonnym nnnnm mexy oymennenntm poom, npecrannenntm he nnn she, n neoymennenntm, npecrannenntm it. Mecronmenne it moxer ynorpenxrtcx no ornomennm x manentxomy peenxy nnn xnnornomy, ecnn ero non nensnecren ronopxmemy nnn ecnn peenox nnn xnnornoe ero mano nnrepecyer: uem ontme on yer nnrepeconartcx peenxom nnn xnnorntm, rem menee on yer cxnonen ynorpenxrt it, a he n she no mnornx cnyuaxx moxno ynorpenrt no ornomennm x xnnornomy, axe nesanncnmo or roro, nsnecren nn ronopxmemy non xnnornoro (a hare saxn ...she, a canary-bird xanapexa ...he, a crocodile xpoxonn ...he, an ant mypane ...she n r. n.). C pyro cropont, ronopx o npemerax n onee nnn menee myrnnnom rone, moxno ynorpenrt he nnn she n rem camtm nouepxnyrt ocot nnrepec x nnm. uame ncero nx nnnmcrpannn +roro npnnonrcx nsnecrnt npnmep ns xstxa mopxxon, xoropte ynorpenxmr mecronmenne she n npnmenennn x xopanm. V nxxenca cnono coach xapera coornocnrcx raxxe c she, a y conpemenntx anromonnncron nanmaercx renennnx ynorpenxrt +ro mecronmenne n npnmenennn x cnoe mamnne. Crpana moxer c pasntx rouex spennx rpaxronartcx xax oymennennoe cymecrno nnn neoymennennt npemer. C ono cropont, ronopx o upannnn, moxno cxasart: It certainly is smaller than Spain, but then it is much more fertile ,Ona, xoneuno, mentme Hcnannn, no saro ropaso nnooponee, a c pyro cropont I do not approve of her policy in the reparations question ne oopxm ee nonnrnxn n nonpoce o penapannxx: n nocnenem cnyuae upannnx paccmarpnnaercx xax ecrnymmee nnno, a orcma n oosnauammee non mecronmenne; n ecnn nsnpaercx mecronmenne xencxoro poa , necmorpx na ro, uro nonnrnuecxne pyxononrenn (eme!) myxunnt, +ro nponcxonr n cnny nnreparypno rpannnn, nyme or ]pannyscxoro xstxa n nartnn, n coornercrnnn c xoropo nasnannx crpan tnn xencxoro poa. B nemenxom n arcxom xstxax, re ee nnnxnne ne tno raxnm cnntntm, nasnannx rocyapcrn axe xax nonnrnuecxnx oprannsmon npnuncnxmrcx x cpenemy poy: es, det (xorx Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nnora tnaer nosmoxno samennrt nasnanne crpant nasnannem nnna Franskmanden ]pannys n cxasart: Ja, Franskmanden, han veed nok hvad han vil, ne nmex n nny nnxaxoro xonxpernoro ]pannysa). o nexoropo crenenn ananornunt cnyua npecrannxer cnono heaven ,neo, xoropoe moxer coornocnrtcx c he, xora ono xnnxercx sanyannponanntm oosnauennem ora. Nature npnpoa, xora ona paccmarpnnaercx xax axrnnnax cnna, yer ona, n coornercrnnn c narnncxnm (n ]pannyscxnm) poom. Fpaynnnr xe nepenocnr +ro na cnono fate cyta (Let fate reach me how she likes), necmorpx na narnncxn po 1 . Kora o connne (sun) ronopxr on (he), a o nyne (moon) ona, +ro ne osnauaer, uro onn nocnpnnnmamrcx xax oymennennte cymecrna; +ro ycnonnax nnreparypnax rpannnx, nymax ns narnncxoro xstxa: nsnecrno, uro cnono connne xax n penneanrnncxom, rax n n pyrnx repmancxnx xstxax tno xencxoro poa, a nyna myxcxoro. He moxer trt nnxaxoro comnennx, uro renennnx onnnernopxrt nexnnte npemert n ornneuennte nonxrnx n no+snn (nanpnmep, opamartcx x cmeprn xax x xnnomy cymecrny) n coornercrnymmee nsopaxenne raxnx nonxrn n cxyntnrype n ontmo crenenn ntsnant nnnxnnem xstxon c cncremo poa, rnanntm opasom, xoneuno, nartnn. Onaxo mnorne cnpanennno ormeuann (n rom uncne Ennm, 1796), uro noonoe onnnernopenne onee pente]no n anrnncxom xstxe, uem, nanpnmep, n nemenxom, nocxontxy ynorpenenne mecronmennx he nnn she n raxnx ycnonnxx, xora n noncenennom xstxe nocroxnno ynorpenxercx it, cpasy npnnnexaer nnnmanne; n nemenxom xstxe +roro ner, nocxontxy ram xaxt cryn n xaxt xament n noncenenno peun yer er, a xaxoe pacrenne n xaxt noc sie. Moxno raxxe samernrt, uro n anrnncxne no+rt nontsymrcx ropaso ontme cnooo n ntope nona, xoropt onn npnnnctnamr raxnm nonxrnxm 2 . Tym (Thum) conocrannxer npenoxenne ns Bexcnnpa: See how the morning opes her golden gates, And takes her farewell of the glorious sun, n xoropom yrpo +ro nosnmnennax, npomammaxcx co cnonm nmnmtm, n nepeno Bnerenx: Sieh, wie sein Tor der goldene Morgen nffnet, Und Abschied von der lieben Sonne nimmt, re ns-sa rpam- marnuecxoro poa cnon Morgen n Sonne nonyuaercx oparnoe nsanmoornomenne. V Mnntrona: Sin is talking to Satan who has begotten on her his son Death; noonoe npenoxenne nenosmoxno no ]pannyscxom nepenoe, nocxontxy le pch ne moxer trt mareptm, a la mort ne moxer trt ctnom. Oparnre raxxe nnnmanne na sameuanne Fpmno (F. Br u n o t, La pense et la langue, Paris, 1922, 87): Le hasard des genres a cr aux artistes de grands embarras. La Grnce, la Beaut, la Science, prenaient facilement figure de femme, mais la Force? On a eu recours a Hercule!
1 Donnerwetter! was ist doch manchmal diese verdammte Welt niedertrchtig schnn! Man sollte gar nicht glauben, da sie dabei einen so hundsgemein behandeln kann! Kein Wunder, meinte Hermann Outzeit, es heit ja die Welt! Frau Welt! rief Doktor Herzfeld und lachte (G. Hermann). 3ro osopnoe sameuanne nosmoxno noromy, uro nemenxoe cnono Welt mnp xencxoro poa n osnauaer (1) nect nnemnn mnp nnn npnpoy, xoropax ne ornocnrcx nn x myxcxomy, nn x xencxomy nony, n (2) uenoneuecrno, xoropoe oennxer n cee xax cymecrna myxcxoro, rax n cymecrna xencxoro nona. Taxoe ynorpenenne tno t nenosmoxno nn no ]pannyscxom (le moride), nn n anrnncxom, nn n rypenxom xstxe. 2 Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought (Bexcnnp). Your wish is mother to your thought (I o n c y o p c n, Bepnocrt, axr II). It is small wonder the wish being parent to the thought that some accepted the rumour (McKenna, While I Remember, 149).
Hexoropte ns pasnnun, nepeuncnenntx na crp. 273, pasnnnnct cpannnrentno neanno; rax, nanpnmep, ornocnrentnoe mecronmenne which o nauana XVII n. morno ynorpenxrtcx no ornomennm x nnny. Kora this n that ynorpenxmrcx n xauecrne nepnnuntx cnon, onn xnnxmrcx neoymennenntmn; oparnre raxxe nnnmanne na pasnnunx n onpeenennxx, xoropte amrcx n cnonapxx, nanpnmep: Rubber one who, or that which rubs. Kora onopnoe cnono one xnnxercx ana]opnuecxnm (r. e. coornocnrcx co cnonom, yxe ynomx- nyrtm), ono moxer trt nnn oymennenntm nnn neoymennenntm (this cake... the only one I care for), no xora ono ne coornocnrcx raxnm opasom c rontxo uro ynomxnyrtm cnonom, ono ncera oosnauaer nnno (cp. the great ones of the earth). Bce +ro nopono paccmarpnnaercx n Modern English Grammar, r. II, n pasntx mecrax. Cneyer ynomxnyrt n o rom, uro conparentnte cymecrnnrentnte moryr couerartcx c rnaronom no mnoxecrnennom uncne rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn onn oosnauamr oymennennte cymecrna (family cemtx, police nonnnnx), nnaue onn ncera coueramrcx c ]opmo enncrnennoro uncna rnarona (library ,nnnorexa, forest nec). ocrono nnnmannx, uro ponrentnt naex (na -s) ntmen ns ynorpenennx, sa ncxnmuennem cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx xnnte cymecrna (the mans foot, no the foot of a mountain), n nexoroptx nepexnrountx sacrtnmnx xoncrpyxnn (out of harms way; a boats length from the ship) 1 . B nemenxom xstxe pasnnune mexy oymennenntmn n neoymennenntmn npemeramn ntpaxeno ne rax xpxo, xax n anrnncxom: mnorne npemert coornocxrcx c mecronmennxmn er, sie, dieser, jene n r. ., r.e. c remn xe camtmn mecronmennxmn, xoropte ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx nnn. H nce xe ecrt onpeenennte yxasannx na pasnnune, xpome xnnoro npornnonocrannennx wer n was: ]opmt arentnoro naexa ihm, ihr ynorpenxmrcx npn oosnauennn npemeron ne ouent uacro; n +rnx cnyuaxx nmecro couerann mit ihm, mit ihr, in ihm, in ihr n r. n. ncnontsymrcx cnoxnte opasonannx damit, darin n r. n. Mecronmennx derselbe, dieselbe uame npnmenxmrcx x neoymennenntm npemeram, uem x xnntm cymecrnam; npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne sein otuno ornocnrcx rontxo. x xnntm cymecrnam: Sie legte die Hand auf den Stein und empfand dessen Worme nnn die Worme desselben (Cu r me, A Grammar of the German Language, New York, 1922, 168). Hpexnn arentnt naex ncues y mecronmenn cpenero poa was, etwas, nichts; n rex cnyuaxx, xora o oymennenntx cymecrnax ronopxr mit wem, von wem, n ornomennn neoymennenntx ynorpenxmrcx cnoxnte opasonannx c wo- (womit, wovon). 3nauenne nonxrnx cpenero poa nouepxnnaercx nnora nmontrntm xnnennem: +ro nonxrne npenosmorno snauenne mnoxecrnennocrn n cnone beides, osnauammem oe nemn (n ornnune or beide oa nnna). Touno rax xe mehreres ,necxontxo neme, no mehrere necxontxo nnn; cp. raxxe alles nce (nar. omnia mn. u. cp. p.), x xoropomy, pasymeercx, ecrt napannenn n pyrnx xstxax: anrn. all e. u. cp. p. (xoropoe nocrenenno ntrecnxercx mecronmennem everything, n ro npemx xax all es onpeenxemoro ynorpenxercx rontxo nx oosnauennx nnn no mnoxecrnennom uncne), ar. alt n r. n. ar. alting tno nepnonauantno ]opmo
1 Ecnn mt ynorpenm ntpaxenne Englands history ncropnx Anrnnn nmecro onee otunoro the history of England, mt rem camtm nouepxnem, uro nasnanne crpant ynorpeneno c nexoroptm npnnnxennem x onnnernopennm. (B r a d l e y, The Making of English, London, 1904, 60.) Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
mnoxecrnennoro uncna co snauennem nce nemn, no renept ono ynorpenxercx n xauecrne ]opmt cpenero poa enncrnennoro uncna: Alting er muligt. Cp. raxxe much (viel, vieles) = many things (viele Dinge). B arcxom xstxe pasnnune mexy oymennennocrtm n neoy- mennennocrtm rpammarnuecxn ntpaxaercx ne ouent oruernnno. Onaxo cymecrnyer nonpocnrentnoe mecronmenne hvem, xoropoe ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx xnntx cymecrn, n mecronmenne hvad nx oosnauennx npemeron; +rn mecronmennx coornercrnymr anrnncxnm who n what; anee, nmecro camocroxrentnoro ynorpenennx begge (= both), xax nepnnunoro cnona, cymecrnyer renennnx ynorpenxrt begge to nx oosnauennx xnntx cymecrn n begge dele nx oosnauennx npemeron, uro coornercrnyer alle (allesammen) nce n alt (alting) nce. Mecronmennx, yxastnammne na non, han on n hun ona ynorpenxmrcx nx oosnauennx nme n rex ntcmnx xnnorntx, x xoroptm ronopxmn npoxnnxer ocot nnrepec; c ocrantntmn xnnorntmn coornocxrcx mecronmennx den nnn det n sanncnmocrn or poa: lammet, svinet... det, hesten, musen... den xrnenox, cnnntx,.. nomat, mtmt. To xe camoe mecronmenne ornocnrcx n x npemeram: huset... det, muren . . . den om, ... crena. Tax xe, xax n n anrnncxom xstxe, xorx ne n ro xe crenenn, sect nanmaercx renennnx nserart ynorpenennx ponrentnoro naexa na -s or nasnann neoymennenntx npemeron: mt ronopnm taget pe huset, trxerne i haven uame, uem husets tag, havens trxer xptma oma, epentx caa. Bnecxn nnreparypnt xstx coxpannn npexnmm cncremy poa n ropaso ontme crenenn, uem arcxn, no n nem nanmaercx ra xe renennnx, uro n n arcxom: npn oosnauennn neme ynorpenxrt den nmecro onee craptx mecronmenn myxcxoro n xencxoro poa han n hon; cm. ouent nnrepecnoe nccneonanne Ternepa (T e g n r, Om genus i svenskan, 1892). Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe, xoneuno, ecrt qui (qui est-ce qui), npo- rnnonocrannxemoe que (quest-ce que) n quoi; anee, en coornocnrcx c neoymennennocrtm, n ro npemx xax n ornomennn oymennenntx cymecrn ynorpenxercx npnrxxarentnoe mecronmenne: Jen connais la prcision, ecnn peut ner o uacax; Je connais sa prcision, ecnn peut ner o uenonexe (onaxo ncrpeuamrcx cnyuan, xora son neoxonmo, axe ecnn peut ner o npemere; ornocnrentnoe cnono, coornercrnymmee en, a nmenno dont ynorpenxercx n oonx cnyuaxx). B ncnancxom xstxe ecrt npannno, cornacno xoropomy ononnenne o]opmnxercx npenorom a, ecnn ono oosnauaer oymennennoe cymecrno: He visto al ministro nnen mnnncrpa, no He visto Madrid nnen Mapn. B pyccxom xstxe n n pyrnx cnanxncxnx xstxax n ananornuntx cnyuaxx ynorpenxercx ponrentnt naex nmecro nnnnrentnoro. B nexoroptx conpemenntx xstxax Hnnn, nanpnmep n xnnn, ononnenne, oosnauammee xn- noe cymecrno, nmeer oxonuanne -ko, n ro npemx xax nx oosnauennx neoymennenntx npemeron ynorpenxercx ]opma, roxecrnennax ]opme nmennrentnoro naexa (S. Ko n o w, Festskrift til A. Torp, 99). Taxnm opasom, n pasntx xstxax pasnnune mexy +rnmn nymx xnaccamn orpaxaercx n nepeaue ononnennx, no nocxontxy cpecrna, npn nomomn xoroptx +ro ocrnraercx, conepmenno pasnnunt, sect, ouennno, npoxnnxercx uepra, xoropax xopennrcx n omnocrn ncnxonornn nme no ncem mnpe. (Cp. raxxe oxonuanne nnoenponecxoro nmennrentnoro naexa -s, ecnn ono nepnonauantno tno
xapaxrepno nx nasnann xnntx cymecrn, uro, onaxo, onee uem comnnrentno, nocxontxy, c ono cropont, -s ncrpeuaercx n nasnannxx neoymennenntx npemeron, nanpnmep nnr. naktis, nar. nox, a c pyro mnorne oosnauennx oymennenntx cymecrn, no-nnnmomy, nnxora ne nmenn -s, nanpnmep nar. pater, rp. ku]n.) Pasnnune mexy oymennenntmn cymecrnamn (nnn nnnamn) n neoymennenntmn npemeramn (nnn ne nnnamn) nnora npoxnnxercx xocnenno n rom, xaxne naexnte ]opmt npoonxamr cymecrnonart, a xaxne ncuesamr. B arentnom naexe uame ynorpenxmrcx cnona, oosnauammne oymennennte cymecrna, uem neoymennennte npemert. Ho+romy ]opmt nnnnrentnoro naexa, cymecrnonanmne n pennemn nepno anrnncxoro xstxa (mec, mec, usic, eowic), tnn pano ntrecnent ]opmo arentnoro naexa (me, me, us, eow renept me, thee, us, you), a necxontxo nosxe npexnne ]opmt arentnoro naexa (hire e, him emy, hem nm [conp. em], hvam xomy) ntrecnnnn ]opmt nnnnrentnoro naexa (hie, hine, hie, hwone); them raxxe tno ]opmo a- rentnoro naexa. C pyro cropont, n cpenem poe crapte ]opmt nnnnrentnoro naexa (hit [it], that, what) coxpannnnct sa cuer ]opm arentnoro. Hoontm xe opasom n arcxom xstxe npexnne ]opmt arentnoro naexa (ham, hende, dem, hvem) ntrecnnnn ]opmt nnnnrentnoro (npana, n cnyuae mig n dig nponsomen oparnt nponecc); n cenepnonemenxom wem ynorpenxercx nmecro wen; ro xe n no ]pann. lui, nr. lui, lei, loro (no ne npn ynorpenennn c rnaronamn); n cnyuae xe nem. was, ]pann. quoi n r. n. noey oepxana ]opma nnnnrentnoro naexa. V cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx xnnte cymecrna, crapax ]opma nmennrentnoro naexa ntrecnxer nnora ]opmt xocnenntx naexe; y cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx neoymennennte npemert, nanmaercx oparnt nponecc. Hanpnmep, xax yxastnann Fexarent, Foynra n Ternep, n nemenxom cxnonennn na -n ]opma nmennrentnoro naexa (Bote, Erbe, Knabe) coxpannnact rontxo y nasnann xnntx cymecrn; y neoymennenntx npemeron oomaercx ]opma xocnenntx naexe: Bogen, Magen, Tropfen. Hoontm xe opasom n n mnecxom xstxe y cymecrnnrentntx maga, bega, strupa, aga, vana oepxan nepx nnnnrentnt naex, n ro npemx xax n cnonax gubbe, granne, bonde tn coxpanen n oomen nmennrentnt (T e g n r, Om genus i svenskan, Stockholm, 1892, 221). B nasnannxx nnn coxpannnoct n pyroe oxonuanne nmennrentnoro naexa: slarver, spjuver, luver (ram xe, 225). B crapo]pannyscxom xstxe cymecrnonano pasnnune mexy nmennrentntm n xocnenntm naexamn; oomancx otuno nocnenn; coxpannnmnecx xe ]opmt nmennrentnoro naexa, xax samernn Fpeant (Br a l, Mmoires de la Socit de Linguistique, 6. 170), oosnauamr nme; nanpnmep: traotre, soeur, fils, maire. Hexnnte npemert paccmarpnnamrcx, nnonne ecrecrnenno, xax neuro menee snaunrentnoe, uem xnnte cymecrna; a nocxontxy cpenn po (n rex xstxax, re on cymecrnyer) ynorpenxercx npenournrentno nx oosnauennx npemeron, y cpenero poa noxnnncx nsnecrnt orrenox npenepexnrentno onenxn n npnmenennn x xnntm cymecrnam (nmxm n xnnorntm). Hnrepecno, uro n arcxom xstxe mnorne cnona pannoro xapaxrepa npnnanexar x cpenemy poy: et fjols, pjok, fx, bxst, drog; nexoropte nasnannx xnnorntx, ynorpenxemte rnanntm opasom n npenepexnrentnom snauennn, n ncropnuecxn nepno nsmennnn cno po n crann cnonamn cpenero poa: cp. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
mg, asen, xsel, kreatur. 3ro moxno conocrannrt c rem, uro, xax nsnecrno, ymentmnrentnte cymecrnnrentnte n pasnnuntx xstxax uacro ornocxrcx x cpenemy poy, axe ecnn cnona, or xoroptx onn opasonant, npnnanexar x pyromy poy: cp. rp. paidion manentxn mantunx or pais, nem. Fischlein, Frulein, Btbchen, Mdchen n p. 1 nonaram, uro mnorouncnennte nrantxncxne ymentmnrentnte cymecrnnrentnte na -ino or cymecrnnrentntx xencxoro poa nepnonauantno npnnanexann ne x myxcxomy, a x cpenemy poy: casino, tavolino, ombrellino or casa, tavola, ombrella, raxxe donnino, manino napxy c donnina, manina. axe pemamct ntcxasart npenonoxenne, uro ror xe camt cpenn po c orrenxom npenepexnrentnocrn xpoercx sa nmontrntmn cnyuaxmn, xoropte mt ncrpeuaem, xora nx oosnauennx manentxnx npemeron ynorpenxmrcx ]opmt na -o, a nx oosnauennx ontmnx ]opmt na -a: buco ,tpouxa, coltello noxnuex npn buca, coltella n r.n. B nanexrax mro- nocrouno Rrnannn nexoropte nasnannx monotx xnnorntx, n arcxom xstxe npnnanexamne x omemy poy, crann cnonamn cpenero poa: et kalv, hvalp, gris, kylling (M. Kr i s t e n s e n, Nydansk, 1906, 57). B mnecxom xstxe cnono individ ncera ynorpenxercx c en, ecnn npnmenxercx x uenonexy, uacro raxxe x ntcmemy xnnornomy, no ecnn peut ner o onee nnsmem xnnornom, ronopxr ett individ (T e g n r, ram xe, 39); n arcxom xstxe +ro cnono ncera cpenero poa, xax n narnncxom n nemenxom. Kpome pasrpannuennx, o xoropom ronopnnoct n rnane, nocnxmenno uncny (rn. XIV, crp. 229), nnora ncrpeuaercx renennnx ycranonnrt rpammarnuecxoe pasrpannuenne n mexy nasnannxmn npemeron (ncuncnxemtmn) n nasnannxmn macct (nencuncnxemtmn). B mro-sanantx nanexrax Anrnnn ,nemn, nmemmne onpeenennte oueprannx, oosnauamrcx mecronmennem on (he, nnn. n. en ns p.-anrn. hine) n onpeenxmrcx mecronmenntmn amnxramn these, thik, n ro npemx xax ec]opmennte macct coornocxrcx c ono (it) n onpeenxmrcx amnxramn this, that: cp. Come under thease tree by this water; goo under thik tree, an zit on that grass (B a r n e s, Dorset Gr., 20; E l l i s, On Early English Pronunciation, 5, 85; Wr i g h t, Dial. Gr., 393, 416 n cn.). B pyrnx xstxax cymecrnyer renennnx ornocnrt nasnannx macct npenournrentno x cpenemy poy; nanpnmep, nem. das Gift, das Kies x, rpann yxe ntrecnnnn nnn ntrecnxmr onee pannne die Gift, der Kies. Touno raxoe xe xnnenne nanmaercx ceuac n arcxom xstxe: stmvet nmecro npexnero stmven ntnt. Ho n arcxom xstxe +ra renennnx ner eme antme. nx yxasannx xonnuecrna npn nasnannxx macct ynorpenxmrcx amnxrt n ]opme cpenero poa, axe ecnn +rn cnona n pyrnx ornomennxx xnnxmrcx cnonamn omero poa. Tax, nanpnmep, mt ronopnm mxlken, osten monoxo, ctp, no alt det mxlk, noget andet ost nce ro monoxo, xaxo-ro pyro ctp (npn oosnauennn macct; pyro ctp npn oosnauennn npemera yer en anden ost). Jeg kan ikke nmjes med det te ne mory yonnernopnrtcx +rnm xonnuecrnom uax, no... med den te, ecnn nmeercx n nny copr nnn xauecrno. Mnorne nanexrt Rrnannn nyr eme antme: n +rnx nanexrax nce cnona, oosnauammne nencuncnxemte npemert, nesanncnmo or
1 Hmontrno ormernrt, uro, xora +rn oxonuannx, xoropte ncera npnnanexar x cpenemy poy, npncoennxmrcx x nmenam cocrnenntm, nosmoxno ynorpenenne aprnxnx xencxoro poa c -chen: die arme Gretchen, no ne c -li (nanexr.): das Bbeli, xorx npn myxcxnx nmenax moxno cxasart, nanpnmep, der Jaknbli (T o b l e r, Vermischte Beitrge zur franznsischen Grammatik, Leipzig, 1921, 5. 7).
nx nepnonauantnoro poa, npnnanexar x cpenemy poy, a n nanexre Xanxeppeepa nponsomno ononnnrentnoe nsmenenne: nce nasnannx npemeron nepemnn n omn po: iset, jordet, skiben, husen ne, semnx, xopant, om (n nnreparypnom arcxom: isen, jorden, skibet, huset). HOHRTHHHLH CPEHHH PO Hpexe uem saxonunrt rnany o poe, neoxonmo paccmorpert raxxe xnnenne, xoropoe, sa nenmennem nyumero repmnna, x npenaram nastnart ,nonxrnntm cpennm poom (conceptional neuter). Moxno cxasart, uro +ro peantnt, nonxrnnt nnn ynnnepcantnt cpenn po. On ornnuaercx xax or xonxpernoro cpenero poa n anrnncxom xstxe, xora no ornomennm x ynomxnyromy panee omy, uepnxxy n r. n. ynorpenxercx mecronmenne it, rax n or ycnonnoro cpenero poa n nemenxom xstxe, xora no ornomennm x panee ynomxnyromy Haus nnn Mdchen ynorpenxercx es, nocxontxy onn npnnanexar x cpenemy poy. Hs nocneymmero nsnoxennx yer nnno, uro cpenn po onaaer onpeenenntmn ecrecrnenntmn nnn nonxrnntmn ]ynxnnxmn, xorx no mnornx xstxax, noome ne nmemmnx cpenero poa, nnmt necxontxo mecronmenntx ]opm yxastnamr na ro, uro n rpammarnuecxo cncreme annoro xstxa cymecrnyer cpenn po. Hepnoe npnmenenne +roro neyrounennoro (unspecified) nnn nonxrnnoro cpenero poa mt nnnm n raxnx npenoxennxx, xax anrn. it rains ner oxt, nem. es regnet, ar. det regner, ]pann. il pleut (pasr. sa pleut), anee: it snows ner cner, it thunders rpemnr rpom n r. n., re ouent rpyno nnn axe nenosmoxno onpeennrt, uro osnauaer it: ecnn xornre, nmeercx n nny nce cocroxnne armoc]ept, no, no ncxxom cnyuae, ro, uro nopasymenaercx, mtcnnrcx n ro xe crenenn onpeenenno, xax n npn ynorpenennn onpeenennoro aprnxnx n npenoxennxx The weather is fine Horoa xopomax, The day is bright ent xcnt. Bo mnornx xstxax mecronmenne n +rom cnyuae ne ynorpenxercx (nar. pluit, nr. piove n r. n.). Fpyrman n pyrne nnxr n ynorpenennn it uncro rpammarnuecxn npnem, oycnonnennt npnntuxo nmert ntpaxennoe nonexamee no ncex pyrnx cnyuaxx (He comes On npnxonr, Il vient, re n narnncxom n nrantxncxom xstxax otuno ynorpenxercx npocro rnarontnax ]opma: venit, viene). 3ro coopaxenne no mnorom, xoneuno, cnpanennno, no ono ne pacxptnaer nce ncrnnt; Ipnmm ne concem nenpan, xora on ronopnr (n cnoem cnonape), uro esnnunte ]opmt ntpaxamr das Geisterhafte, Gespenstige, Unsichtbare, Ungeheure; Bnnrnep ynorpenxer ntpaxenne das groe Neutrum der Natur n nonaraer, uro it xnnxercx no mnorom raxnm xe pesyntrarom mn]onornuecxnx npecrannenn uenonexa, xax n Juppiter tonat 1 . mory oannrt sect, c ono cropont, orptnox nanora ns pomana Fennerra: It only began to rain in earnest just as we got to the gate. Very thoughtful of it, Im sure! oxt nomen no-nacroxmemy, rontxo xora mt opannct o nopor. Ouent npeycmorpnrentno co cropont it, x onxen cxasart!, a c pyro cropont
1 B crarte Das synthetische und das symbolische Neutralpronomen im Franznsischen, Idealistische Neuphilologie, Festschrift ftr Karl Vossler, 1922. Das groe Neutrum der Natur nnno raxxe (es mecronmennx) n pyccxom npenoxennn Orna epenom ynno (P e d e r s e n, Russisk Gramrnatik, Kmbenhavn, 1916). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npnmep ns conepmenno nno onacrn, ns onacrn ynorpenennx cnona That c ontmo yxnt n xauecrne cnnonnma x cnony God or (y Fpaynnnra): Rejoice we are allied To That which doth provide And not partake, effect and not receive! (Rabbi Ben Ezra), a raxxe npnmep ananornunoro ynorpenennx It y Iapn: Why doth It so and so, and ever so, This viewless, voiceless Turner of the Wheel? 3ro ynorpenenne Iapn onpantnaer cneymmnm: The abandonment of the masculine pronoun in allusion to the First or Fundamental Energy seemed a necessary and logical consequence of the long abandonment by thinkers of the anthropomorphic conception of the same (The Dynasts). ycmarpnnam ro xe camoe neyrounennoe nnn nonxrnnoe it (xorx n ne das groe Neutrum der Natur) n ]ynxnnn ononnennx n nnomarnuecxnx cnonocouerannxx: to lord it, You are going it!, We can walk it perfectly well, Let us make a day of it n r. n. B npenoxennn xe He never opens his mouth but he puts his foot in it ns-sa nycmtcnennocrn it cosaercx xomnuecxn +]]exr: it moxno nonxrt n yrounennom n n neyrounennom snauennn. Cxonte xnnennx nanmamrcx n n nnomarnuecxnx ntpaxennxx pyrnx xstxon, nanpnmep: nem. Sie hat es eilig; Er treibts arg; ar. Han har det godt, sidder godt i det; Han skal nok drive det vidt; ]pann. lemporter, le prendre sur un certain ton. B arcxom xstxe mecronmenne cpenero poa det n mecronmenne omero poa den cnoeopasno samenxmr pyr pyra: Ta den med ro He npnnnma +ro nnsxo x cepny c reuennem npemenn ntrecnnno Ta det med ro; den ncrpeuaercx no mnornx nnomarnuecxnx ntpaxennxx: brxnde den a, holde den geende n r. n. Oparnre raxxe nnnmanne na nem. Es klopft an der Ttr Cryuar n nept, ar. Det banker pe dmren, coornercrnymmne anrn. Someone is knocking at the door n ]pann. On frappe a la porte. anee mt naxonm nonxrnnt cpenn po n raxnx cnonax, xax anrn. what uro, nothing nnuero, everything nce, cocrn. xaxoe, something uro- ro; nnrepecno ormernrt, uro n arcxom xstxe, re ting npnnanexnr x omemy poy, ingenting nnuero n alting nce coueramrcx c npenxarnnom cpenero poa: Den ting er sikker, no Ingenting er sikkert n r.n. To xe camoe mt nanmaem n n pomancxnx xstxax, re narnncxn cpenn po cnnncx c myxcxnm, no raxne cnona, axe ecnn onn nepnonauantno tnn cnonamn xencxoro poa, rpaxrymrcx xax npnnanexamne x myxcxomy, r. e. x cpenemy poy, nanpnmep: ]pann. rien ns nar. rem (x. p.): Rien nest certain, anee quelque chose de bon. B nrantxncxom xst- xe qualche cosa, ogni cosa, che cosa (n coxpamennoe nonpocnrentnoe cosa = che cosa) coueramrcx c npenxarnnom n myxcxom, r. e. n cpenem poe: Che cosa fu detto? Touno rax xe Nulla fu pubblicato; Una visione, un nulla che fosse femminile (S e r a o, Cap. Sansone, 87, 123). Honxrnnt cpenn po ncrpeuaercx raxxe c npnnararentntmn n oomennom snauennn, nanpnmep: the beautiful npexpacnoe, the good xopomee n r. n. 3amertre, uro n ncnancxom xstxe n +rnx cnyuaxx coxpannncx narnncxn cpenn po n ]opme aprnxnx: lo bueno n ornnune or myxcxoro poa el bueno xo- pomn (uenonex). Cneymmax ]ynxnnx nonxrnnoro cpenero poa npecrannena npenxarnnamn n xoncrpyxnnxx raxoro rnna, xax: All men my brothers? Nay, thank Heaven, that they are not,,Bce nmn mon partx? Her, naroapenne ney, omu+ (r. e. raxontmn) onn ne xnnxmrcx (Inccnnr, cp. Modern English Grammar, II, 16.
377); cp. raxxe: You make him into a smith, a carpenter, a mason; he is then and thenceforth that and nothing else (Kapnent); Marian grew up everything that her father desired (Inccnnr); His former friends or masters, Whichever they had been (Crnnencon); She had now become what she had always desired to be, Amys intimate friend (Inccnnr); She treated him like a tame cat, which is what he was (McKenna); What is he? Just nothing at all as yet. Cynr n New English Grammar, 212 ne nonxn +ro ]ynxnnn what, nocxontxy on ronopnr o ynorpenennn ero n nnunom snauennn; samertre, uro n ornere na nonpoc What is he? Kro on? Kaxo on? moxer croxrt nmo npenxarnn: a shoemaker canoxnnx kind-hearted ,opocepeunt n r. n. Taxo xe cpenn po mt naxonm n pyrnx xstxax: ar. Er de modige? Ja, det er de. Hvad er han?; nem. Sind sie mutig? Ja, das sind sie. Vom Papst ist es bekannt, da er, als er es noch nicht war, seine Verhltnisse geregelt hatte. Was ist er? Er ist noch nichts; ]pann. Si elles sont belles, et si elles ne le sont pas; nr. Pensare chegli era libero e che anche lei lo era! (uorannapo); ncn. Personas que parecen buenas y no lo son (Iantoc). Cp. raxxe rp. Ouk agathon polukoiranis n nem. cp. p. e. u. Welches sind Ihre Bedingungen? 1
Honxrnnt cpenn po mt ncrpeuaem n rora, xora mecronmenne samenxer rnaron nnn nexcyc: Can you forgive me? Yes, that is easy enough ,Moxere nn nt npocrnrt menx? a, +ro ocrarouno npocro; The Duke hath banished me. That he hath not (Bexcnnp); Ill write or, what is better, telegraph at once. B xstxax, nmemmnx cpenn po, nn]nnnrnnt n nente npenoxennx raxxe ncera coueramrcx c aprnxnxmn n npnnararentntmn n cpenem poe: cp. rp. to pinein, nem. das Trinken, nar. Humanum est errare n r. n. I . a e a XVI I I CTEHEHH CPABHEHHR Cpannnrentnax n npenocxonax crenenn. Panencrno n nepanencrno. Ocnanennte cpannnrentnax n npenocxonax crenenn. Cxptroe cpannenne. uopmantnax cpannnrentnax crenent. Oosnauenne mept. Bropnunte n rpernunte cnona. CPABHHTEALHAR H HPEBOCXOHAR CTEHEHH Bo ncex otuntx rpammarnxax coomaercx, uro cymecrnyer rpn crenenn cpannennx: 1. Honoxnrentnax: old crapt dangerously onacno 2. Cpannnrentnax: older crapme more dangerously onacnee 3. Hpenocxonax: oldest camt crapt most dangerously onacnee ncero 3ra rpexcocrannax cncrema, es comnennx, coornercrnyer peantntm ]o p m a m, cymecrnymmnm n nanonee nsyuenntx xstxax; n +rnx xstxax ,nonoxnrentnax crenent xnnxercx ocnonno ]opmo, or xoropo opasymrcx
1 Cp. raxxe ynorpenenne that n cneymmem cnyuae: Are there not seven planets? That there are, quoth my father (Sterne). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
ne pyrne ]opmt npn nomomn oxonuann nnn npn nomomn raxnx napeun (cymnxron), xax more n most. B nexoroptx omensnecrntx cnyuaxx ne onee ntcoxne crenenn opasymrcx or pyrnx ocnon, uem nonoxnrentnax crenent: good ,xopomn, better nyumn, best camt xopomn; nar. bonus, melior, optimus n r. n. 1
Tenept paccmorpnm +ry cncremy onee nnnmarentno c nornuecxo rouxn spennx. Hpexe ncero ne rpeyercx nnrentnoro pasmtmnennx, urot onapyxnrt, uro nonoxnrentnym crenent, crporo ronopx, nentsx nasnart ,crenentm cpannennx, rax xax, ecnn mt nastnaem nomat nnn xnnry crapo, mt ne cpannnnaem nx c pyro nomatm nnn c pyro xnnro. 3ra ]opma xnnxercx raxnm opasom cxopee ]opmo orpnnarentno n ornomennn cpanne- nnx, uem nonoxnrentno, xax ee nastnann npexnne rpammarncrt c nx nmontrntm npenepexennem x npannntno n nocneonarentno repmnnonornn. Onaxo cam +ror repmnn ne rax yx onacen, nocxontxy ero ena nn moxno cnyrart c repmnnom nonoxnrentnt n cmtcne ne orpnnarentnt. Ho otuno nce rpn crenenn npenonocxrcx rax, uro nam nnymaercx mtcnt, yro onn npecrannxmr coo rpaynponannym mxany: rouno old: older: oldest opasymr nporpeccnm npoe, cxaxem, apn]mernuecxo nporpeccnn 1:2:3 nnn reomerpnuecxo nporpeccnn 1:2:4. Onaxo n peun +ro ncrpeuaercx nnmt n ncxnmunrentntx cnyuaxx, nanpnmep: The clowne bore it [my sonnet], the foole sent it, and the lady hath it: sweete clowne, sweeter foole, sweetest lady (Bexcnnp) nnn We dined yesterday on dirty bacon, dirtier eggs, and dirtiest potatoes Ha oe y nac nuepa tn rpxsnt +xon, onee rpxsnte xna n rpxsnemn xapro]ent (Knrc). Taxoe conocrannenne ncex rpex ]opm 2 moxer trt pesyntrarom oyuennx rpammarnxe n mxone; no naxno nouepxnyrt, uro n otunom ynorpenennn ]opma npenocxono crenenn ne osnauaer onee ntcoxo crenenn, uem cpannnrentnax; n ecrnnrentnocrn ona xoncrarnpyer ry xe camym crenent, no rontxo c pyro rouxn spennx. Ecnn mt conocrannm nospacr uertpex mantunxon A, B, C n D, mt moxem nsnoxnrt onn n ror xe ]axr nymx pasnnuntmn cnocoamn: A is older than the other boys A crapme pyrnx mantunxon nnn A is the oldest boy (the oldest of. or among, all the boys) A camt crapmn mantunx (ns nnn cpen ncex mantunxon). B oonx cnyuaxx A cpannnnaercx c B, C n D; onaxo n nepnom omn pesyntrar coomaercx ncxox ns ornomennx x rpem (pyrnm) mantunxam; no nropom xe cnyuae yunrtnamrcx n c e m a n t u n x n , n x n mu a x c a m o r o A. Cpannnrentnax crenent no+romy onxna ncera ononnxrtcx eme onnm +nemenrom (ntpaxenntm nnn nopasymenaemtm), xoropt nnonrcx cnonom than uem n ornnuaercx or cpannnnaemoro npemera; orcma uacroe ynorpenenne cnona other pyro. Taxo ononnnrentnt +nemenr oxastnaercx nenosmoxntm npn npenocxono crenenn, xoropax n cnom ouepet uacro ononnxercx npenoxntm couerannem of all ns ncex nnn among all cpen
1 Hexoropte npnnararentnte n napeunx ne moryr opasontnart crenenn cpannennx, nanpnmep: other pyro, several necxontxo, half nanononnny, daily exenenno, own cocrnennt. O crenenxx cpannennx cymecrnnrentntx cm. crp. 88. 2 B +rom cnyuae npenocxonax crenent oosnauaer ro, uro n pyrnx cnyuaxx oosnauaercx cnonom still eme: still sweeter, still dirtier.
ncex. Onaxo, nocxontxy oe ]opmt n ecrnnrentnocrn ntpaxamr ony n ry xe mtcnt, mt ne onxnt ynnnxrtcx romy, uro ouent uacro nponcxonr cmemenne, n pesyntrare xoroporo nosnnxamr xoncrpyxnnn rnna the best of all others camt nyumn ns ncex pyrnx; cp. raxxe: A king, whose memory of all others we most adore (F+xon); Parents are the last of all others to be trusted with the education of their own children (Cnn]r). Tenept moxno nonxrt, nouemy nexoropte xstxn, nmenmne npexe ]opmy npenocxono crenenn, mornn rax nerxo orxasartcx or nee n yonontcrnonartcx ]opmo cpannnrentno crenenn. B pomancxnx xstxax enncrnenntm cnocoom ntpaxennx nonxrnx npenocxono crenenn xnnxercx oannenne x otuno ]opme cpannnrentno crenenn snauennx onpeenennocrn nnn c nomomtm onpeenennoro aprnxnx, nnn c nomomtm xaxoro-nnyt pyroro onpeenxmmero cnona: le plus grand malheur; mon meilleur ami n r. n. (Hnora onpeenxmmero cnona noome ne rpeyercx, nanpnmep: la vie, dans tout ce quelle a de plus intensif.) Hoontm xe opasom n n pyccxom xstxe ]opma cpannnrentno crenenn uacro ynorpenxercx xax cnoero poa ]opma npenocxono crenenn. Taxoe ynorpenenne oneruaercx rem, uro nropo +nemenr npn cpannnrentno crenenn cronr n ]opme ponrentnoro naexa. Hocnenn ynorpenxercx n npn npenocxono crenenn n naprnrnnnom snauennn n, raxnm opasom, coornercrnyer xax anrnncxomy than, rax n anrnncxomy of: cp. .v:ue eceeo = better than all n best of all; ooea:e ecex = richer than all n richest of all. (Kpome roro, npenocxonax crenent moxer trt ntpaxena oannennem uau- nepe ]opmo cpannnrentno crenenn nnn cnona ca+i, cm. H. P e d e r s e n, Russisk Grarnmatik, 89; cp. Vo n d r k, Vergleichende slavische Grammatik, Gnttingen, 1906, 1. 494 n 2.71 n cn.) B cneymmnx cnyuaxx mt naxonm xax t orpannuennoe snauenne npenocxono crenenn nyume (n r. n.) ncex pyrnx, xpome onoro (nyx, rpex n r. .): the next best, the largest but one (two n r. .), the third best n r. n. Tax xe ocronr eno n n arcxom n nemenxom xstxax, re, onaxo, ne ncrpeuaercx ntpaxenn, coornercrnymmnx anrnncxnm ntpaxennxm c but. C pyro cropont, cymecrnyer mnoro xstxon, n xoroptx ner npocroro cnocoa ntpaxennx raxo npenocxono crenenn. B nemenxom xstxe mt naxonm nmontrnoe cmemenne, xora npn ]opme npenocxono crenenn ynorpenxercx cnono nosmoxnt: rora n ]opme npenocxono crenenn crannrcx ne npnnararentnoe nnn napeune, a cnono co snauennem nosmoxnt: cp. ntepxxy ns peun npo]. Honx: das Problem der grBtmglichen Gltcksbefriedigung ftr die mglichst groe Zahl; n anrnncxom xstxe tno t: the greatest happiness possible for the greatest number possible ,nosmoxno ontmee cuacrte nx nosmoxno ontmero uncna nme. PABEHCTBO H HEPABEHCTBO Ecnn, raxnm opasom, ncxnmunrt ns paccmorpennx npenocxonym crenent xax pasnonnnocrt cpannnrentno, moxno ycranonnrt cneymmym cncremy crenene cpannennx: 1. (>) more dangerous (better) than npenocxocrno (superiority) Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
onee onacnt (nyume), uem 2. (=) as dangerous (good) as cront xe onacnt (xopomn), xax n panencrno (equality) 3. (<) less dangerous (good) than menee onacnt (xopomn), uem onee nnsxax crenent (inferiority). Conepmenno ouennno, uro 1 n 3 recno cnxsant mexy coo, rax xax n oonx cnyuaxx ntpaxaercx nepanencrno. B anrnncxom xstxe n nepnom n rpertem cnyuaxx ynorpenxercx than, a no nropom as, rora xax n pyrnx xstxax ynorpenxercx ono n ro xe cnono no ncex rpex cnyuaxx: cp. ]pann. meilleur que, aussi bon que. arcxn xstx pasnnuaer end n som, xax n anrnncxn, no n nexoroptx paonax annn (umn) som ynorpenxercx axe nocne cpan- nnrentno crenenn. Touno rax xe n nx nexoroptx nanexron Iepmannn xapaxrepno oomenne wie no ncex rpex cnyuaxx, rora xax n pyrnx uacrxx Iepmannn wie orpannueno cnyuaem panencrna, a npn cpannnrentno crenenn ynorpenxercx als. Hrax, no-]pannyscxn moxno cxasart, nanpnmep, Il a autant ou peut-xtre plus dargent que moi, rora xax n pyrnx xstxax ner raxoro nerxoro cnocoa ntpaxennx; anrnncxoe npenoxenne He could box as well or better than I ,On ymen oxcnponart rax xe xopomo nnn nyume menx (V+nnc) nponsnonr nneuarnenne nexoropo nepexnocrn. B namnx xstxax uacro ncrpeuamrcx na ntpaxennx c npornnononoxntm snauennem, xoropte amr nosmoxnocrt nsmenxrt ornomennx crynene 1 n 3 na oparnte: worse than xyxe uem snaunr ro xe camoe, uro less good than menee xopomn uem. Tax xax snauenne old crapt npornnononoxno snauennm young ,monoo, moxno ycranonnrt cneymmne panencrna: 1) older than = less young than; 2) as old as = as young as; 3) less old than = younger than. Onaxo na npaxrnxe ntpaxennx c less, ecrecrnenno, ynorpenxmrcx pexo; xpome roro, ]opmt, yxasannte no nynxrom 2, ne nnonne cnnonnmnunt: ouennno, tno t nenosmoxno cxasart as young as the hills nmecro as old as the hills crapo xax mnp. 3ro ecrecrnennoe cnecrnne roro ocroxrentcrna, uro old, xpome nerpantnoro snauennx (n xauecrne cnoero poa vox media) nme- mmn raxo-ro nospacr (cp. Baby is only two hours old Peenxy ncero na uaca), nmeer raxxe snauenne npecrapent; n nmenno no nropom snauennn ono npornnonocrannxercx cnony young monoo. B nexoroptx xstxax oa snauennx pasrpannunnamrcx: cp. ]pann. nge de deux heures; vieux; n no: evanta du hori; olda. Hoontm xe opasom, xorx more unkind than = less kind than (onee neopt, uem = menee opt, uem), ntpaxennx as unkind as raxo xe neopt, xax n as kind as raxo xe opt, xax ne cnnonnmnunt, nocxontxy, npn +rom nopasymenaercx, uro n nepnom cnyuae oa cpannnnaemtx nnna xnnxmrcx neoptmn, a no nropom oa opt. Ho+romy cpannenne npn nomomn as otuno nonce ne xnnxercx nerpantntm nnn espasnnuntm, xorx n orentntx cnyuaxx +ro moxer trt n rax: cp. I dont think man has much capacity for development. He has got as far as he can, and that is not far, is it? (Vant). C pyro cropont, cpannenne c than, xax npannno, espasnnuno n nerpantno: Peter is older than John Herp crapme xona ne osnauaer, uro Herp
crap, n cpannnrentnax crenent no+romy moxer n ecrnnrentnocrn oosnauart mentmym crenent, uem nonoxnrentnax n npenoxennn Peter is old Herp crap. Touno rax xe npenoxenne Peter is older than John nnuero ne ronopnr o crapocrn xona; onaxo crapocrt xona yer nopasymenartcx, ecnn npncoennnrt cymnxr still: Peter is still older than John Herp eme crapme, uem xon (rax xe rouno: ]pann. Pierre est encore plus vieux que Jean; ar. Peter er endnu xldre end Jens; nem. Peter ist noch alter als Hans); xcrarn cxasart, mt nnnm sect nnrepecnoe napannentnoe pasnnrne n pasnnuntx xstxax, rax xax noonoe ynorpenenne cnona still nonce ne xnnxercx camoouennntm; raxoe xe ynorpenenne mt naxonm n n pyccxom xstxe. Ecnn mt orpnnaem crynent 1 (Peter is not older than John Herp ne rax crap, xax xon), mt nonyuaem nno snauenne crynenn 2 (panencrna), nno snauenne crynenn 3 (onee nnsxo crenenn); n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnyer nmontrnoe pasnnune mexy ntpaxennem not more than, ne nnonne oruernnntm no snauennm n morymnm trt xax crynentm 2, rax n crynentm 3, n no more than, npecrannxmmnm coo crynent 2 (panencrna). Hpn orpnnannn crynenn 2 mt nonyuaem ]opmy not so old as, xoropax nourn ncera osnauaer crynent 3 ,menee crapt, uem; monoxe, uem; orpnnanne c as pacnpocrpaneno mentme n nnora, xora enaercx ocooe yapenne na as, moxer osnauart crynent 1: cp. yrnepxenne A is as old as B A rax xe crap, xax F, nospaxennem na xoropoe yer: Oh no, not as old as B, but much older O ner, ne rax crap, xax F, a snaunrentno crapme. OCAABAEHHAR CPABHHTEALHAR H HPEBOCXOHAR CTEHEHH Kora npenocxonax crenent ynorpenxercx nx oosnauennx ouent ntcoxo, no ne camo ntcoxo crynenn, nosnnxaer ecrecrnennax cxnonnocrt x npeynennuennm. Taxne cnyuan nastnamr nnora aconmrno npenocxono crenentm nnn +nxrnnno crenentm. Tax ocronr eno c anrn. with the greatest pleasure c nennuamnm yonontcrnnem, a most learned man nectma yuent uenonex n r. n. B nrantxncxom n ncnancxom xstxax +ro xnnenne crano nacrontxo otuntm, uro crapax narnncxax ]opma npenocxono crenenn nnxora ne ynorpenxercx xax nonnnnax npenocxonax crenent: cp. nr. bellissimo ouent xpacnnt, ncn. doctnsimo ouent yuent n r.n. 1 B pasronopnom nopnexcxom xstxe mt naxonm ro xe camoe c orpnnannem: ikke se vxrst ne rax yx nnoxo. B arcxom xstxe pasnnuamrcx ]opmt npenocxono crenenn es oxonuannx n c oxonuannem: n camocroxrentnom ynorpenennn (es aprnxnx) rontxo nepnax nmeer snauenne nonnnno npenocxono crenenn, a nropax +nxrnnnoe snauenne; cp. med stnrst veltalenhed xpacnopeunnee ncex; med strste veltalenhed ,ouent xpacnopeunno. Hnora n cpannnrentnax crenent ne nmeer snauennx cpannennx, nanpnmep ar. en bedre middag xopomn nnn ooeo.iuo xopouu oe; raxxe n n anrnncxom xstxe c rather: Does it rain? Rather! ,Her oxt? Hoporo+! Ananornunoe ocnanenne cpannnrentno crenenn nponcxonr n n cnyuae ar. flere, nanpnmep ved flere lejligheder, xoropomy n anrnncxom coornercrnyer
1 Cp. raxxe nr. medesimo, ncn. mismo, ]pann. mxme ns metipsimus; ncn. axe mismnsimo. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
onee rounoe ntpaxenne more than one onee onoro mnoxecrnennoe or one. Hmontrno, uro n +rom cnyuae, re n ecrnnrentnocrn ner nnxaxoro cpannennx, nexoropte xstxn nmemr nonym ]opmy cpannnrentno crenenn: nem. mehrere (pantme nocne +roro cnona morno croxrt als, ceuac +ro yxe ne- nosmoxno), nosnee nar. plusiores, orxya ]pann. plusieurs, xoropte, necmorpx na ]opmy, n ecrnnrentnocrn cnaee ]opmt nonoxnrentno crenenn viele, beaucoup. CKPLTOE CPABHEHHE B pxe xstxontx ntpaxenn nonxrne cpannennx naxonrcx n cxptrom cocroxnnn. Tax, nanpnmep, n rnarone prefer npenounrart: I prefer A to B npenounram nnno A nnny F = I like A better than B Mne npannrcx A ontme, uem F (]pann. Je prInre A a B; nem. Ich ziehe A dem B vor); n xstxe no n +rom cnyuae ynorpenxercx otunoe cpannnrentnoe coennnrentnoe cnono: me preferas A kam B = me prizas A plu kam B. Hspexa +ro ncrpeuaercx n n anrnncxom xstxe: Preferring a solitude, and to be a bachelor, than to put up with one of these for a companion (T e x x e p e , Ouepxn, 138). anee mt naxonm cxptrym cpannnrentnym crenent n anrn. too cnnmxom (]pann. trop, ar. for, nem. zu), xoropoe osnauaer ontme uem ocrarouno, onee uem xopomo, ,onee uem npnnnuno n r. n. 3ect raxxe moxer trt oosnauena mepa: an hour too late; en time for sent; eine Stunde zu spt; trop tard dune heure; cp. raxxe outlast ,npoonxartcx ontme, uem, outlive nepexnrt, ar. overleve, nem. tberleben; anrn. exceed npenocxonrt n r. n. Kax cxptrym cpannnrentnym crenent cneyer paccmarpnnart raxxe before ,npexe n ero anronnm; ]pann. avant, aprns, nem. vor, nach n r. .; samertre raxxe, uro anrn. after n ar. efter xnnxmrcx cpannnrentno crenentm n -no ]opme; oosnauenne mept mt nnnm n raxnx cnyuaxx, xax: an hour before sunrise ,sa uac o nocxoa connna, une heure avant le lever du soleil; eine Stunde vor dem Sonnenaufgang n r. n. Onaxo, xora mt ronopnm After an hour he came back ,uepes uac on nepnyncx n noontm xe opasom Aprns une heure il rentra n r. n., mt onapyxnnaem sect cmemenne nyx momenron: oosnauenne mept n ononnenne x npenory, rax uro snauenne noontx xoncrpyxnn cneymmee: ,uepes uac nocne (ero yxoa nnn uero-nno nnoro, uro tno ynomxnyro). 3ro moxno conocrannrt c rem, uro nponsomno npn maremarnuecxom ynorpenennn cnon nnmc n mnnyc = ynennunrt (ymentmnrt) na; cp. nepeno na pasnnunte xstxn: anrn. four less two, ]pann. quatre moins deux, nem. vier weniger zwei n r. n. upann. cadet n ann raxxe npecrannxmr coo cxptrym cpannnrentnym crenent: Il est mon cadet de deux ans = On na na roa monoxe menx. Cp. Il avait un frnre cadet, de dix ans moins eg, ingnieur comme lui (Ponnan). Ananornunoe xnnenne nanmaercx n anrnncxom xstxe co cnonamn, nocxoxmnmn x narnn- cxnm ]opmam cpannnrentno crenenn, xorx c rouxn spennx ]opmt n anrnncxom xstxe onn ne moryr paccmarpnnartcx xax cpannnrentnax crenent: He is mv senior by two years On crapme menx na na roa n r. n. Hppannonantnocrt rpammarnuecxoro ntpaxennx xncrnyer ns cneymmnx ]axron: nar. post n ante npecrannxmr coo, xax mt yxe nnenn, ]axrnuecxn
cpannnrentnym crenent, no sa nnmn moxer cneonart quam rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn nropo +nemenr cpannennx xnnxercx nentm npenonoxennem; cornacno otuno rpammarnuecxo repmnnonornn, mt cxaxem, uro post n ante npenorn, a postquam n antequam comst, no +ro ne ecrt otunax ]ynxnnx quam, xoropoe n annom cnyuae coornercrnyer cxopee anrn. that, uem than. Hocne anrn. after n before moryr ynorpenxrtcx xax cnona, rax n nente npenoxennx (onn xnnxmrcx ononpemenno npenoramn n comsamn): cp. He came after (before) the war was over On npnexan nocne roro (nepe rem), xax xonunnact nona, He came after (before) the war On npnexan nocne (o) nont. B arcxom xstxe +rn na cnona rpaxrymrcx no-pasnomy, nocxontxy, nx roro urot crart comsom, efter rpeyer oannennx at: Han kom efter krigen; Han kom efterat krigen var forbi, n ro npemx xax c for nnxaxoro at ne rpeyercx: Han kom for krigen; Han kom for krigen var forbi; n oonx cnyuaxx moxno ynorpenrt fnrend (end osnauaer uem n ynorpenxercx n xauecrne cnxsymmero cnona nocne ]opmt cpannnrentno crenenn), onaxo n nennreparypno peun nocne fnrend ecrt renennnx oannxrt at, urot opasonart coms: Han kom fnrend at krigen var forbi. B nemenxom xstxe rpeyercx ]opma arentnoro naexa yxasarentno-ornocnrentnoro mecronmennx dem, urot npenparnrt npenor nach n coms nachdem, rora xax vor (frther als) xnnxercx npenorom, coornercrnymmnm comsy ehe. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe mt naxonm aprns n avant n xauecrne npenoron, aprns que n avant que n xauecrne comson. 3ect nenosmoxno ycranonnrt, +xnnnanenrom uero xnnxercx que anrn. than nnn anrn. that; cp. raxxe nr. poscia ehe. (C nn]nnnrnnom no ]pannyscxom xstxe cymecrnymr nnn cymecrnonann cneymmne xoncrpyxnnn: avant que de partir, avant de partir, avant que partir, avant partir.) mOPMAALHAR CPABHHTEALHAR CTEHEHL C pyro cropont, cymecrnyer paspx cnon, xoropte xnnxmrcx cpannnrentno crenentm c ]opmantno rouxn spennx, no ne ntpaxamr snauennx nonxrnno cpannnrentno crenenn, nocxontxy +rn cnona ne moryr couerartcx c than: upper, outer n ero yner utter, former n p. Onn, no-nnnmomy, nnxora ne onaann nacroxmnmn ]ynxnnxmn cpannnrentno crenenn; onaxo latter ,nocnenn ns ynomxnyrtx n elder crapmn, n nacroxmee npemx raxxe ne co- ueraemte c than, npexe tnn nonnnntmn ]opmamn cpannnrentno crenenn; eme y Bexcnnpa mt naxonm elder than. Taxne opasonannx no+romy moxno nasnart tnmnmn ]opmamn cpannnrentno crenenn. Other pyro xnnxercx no ]opme cpannnrentno crenentm, xorx coornercrnymme nonoxnrentno crenenn ner; +ro cnono moxer couerartcx c than (rax xe xax n n pyrnx xstxax: autre que n r. n.). B anrnncxom xstxe other nnora nosecrnyer na cno cnnonnm different, xoropt coueraercx n raxnx cnyuaxx ne c from or, a c than uem, nanpnmep: Things will be made different for me than for others (Vant); naoopor, nocne another nnora ncrpeuaercx from: I hope to be another man from what I was (nxxenc). B xstxax name cemtn cymecrnyer mnoro pyrnx cnon, opasonanntx c nomomtm roro xe oxonuannx, xoropte eme mentme ocnonann cunrart ]opmamn cpannnrentno crenenn, a nmenno: mecronmennte cnona, cnxsannte c Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nonxrnem na, nanpnmep: nar. uter, neuter, p.-anrn. xgper, hwxper, anrn. either, neither, whether n r. n. Moxno comnenartcx, tn nn nnoenponecxn cy]]nxc -ter- nepnonauantno cy]]nxcom raxnx mecronmenntx cnon, xoropte coornocnnnct c uncnom na, nnn xe on npecrannxn coo oxonuanne cpannnrentno crenenn 1 . Onaxo xax t ram nn tno, no mnornx xstxax cymecrnyer npannno, cornacno xoropomy npn orcyrcrnnn npxmoro cpannennx (c than), ynorpenxercx cpannnrentnax crenent, ecnn ner peut o nyx npemerax, n npenocxonax ecnn npemeron ontme nyx: cp. nar. major pars, ecnn uacre ne, no maxima pars, ecnn uacre rpn nnn ontme. Coornercrnenno, n anrnncxom xstxe: If Her- cules and Lychas plaie at dice Which is the better man, the greater throw May turne by fortune from the weaker hand (Bexcnnp). Onaxo, ecnn ocrannrt n cropone sacrtnmne ntpaxennx rnna the lower lip nnxnxx rya, the upper end nepxnn xonen, ro n anrnncxom xstxe moxno nanmart ecrecrnennym renennnm ynorpenxrt no ncex cnyuaxx npenocxonym crenent, nanpnmep whose blood is reddest, his or mine (Bexcnnp); cm. raxxe Modern English Grammar, II, 7. 77. 3ra renennnx nonnocrtm oepxana nepx n arcxom xstxe. Hmontrno ormernrt, uro n nemenxom ynorpenxercx ]opma, npecrannxmmax coo crapym npenocxonym crenent c oannennem oxonuannx cpannnrentno crenenn: ersterer, rouno rax xe n anrnncxn +xnnnanenr the former nepnt ns ynomxnyrtx opasonan ns penneanrnncxo npenocxono crenenn forma (= primus) n oxonuannx cpannnrentno crenenn -er. OBO3HAHEHHE MEPL Hpn crenenxx nepanencrna uacro ntpaxaercx crenent pasnnunx (yanennx), nanpnmep: He is two years older than his brother On ua oea eooa crapme cnoero para; nnora c npenorom by; n narnncxom xstxe ynorpenxercx ornoxnrentnt naex, n nemenxom um n r. . Taxnm opasom, oxastnaercx nosmoxntm oennnrt na rnna cpannennx n onom npenoxennn: She is as much better than her husband as champagne is better than beer Ona uacmo.iro .v:ue cnoero myxa, uacro.iro mamnancxoe .v:ue nnna (cp. She is as superior to her husband as champagne is to beer; The distance between her and her husband is like that between n r. .). Mepa npn cpannnrentno crenenn n nexoroptx cnyuaxx ntpaxaercx ]opmo the, pasnnnmecx ns penneanrnncxo ]opmt rnopnrentnoro naexa my. B cneymmnx npnmepax the npecrannxer coo yxasarentnoe mecronmenne: I like him all the better on account of his shyness; That makes it all the worse; So much the better (n nocnennx nyx npnmepax, xpome the, xoropoe nocnpnnnmaercx, nepoxrno, xax nnmennoe snauennx ncrannoe cnono, mepa ntpaxaercx cnonamn all n so much). Onaxo n npenoxennn The more, the merrier uem ontme, rem necenee n n pyrnx ananornuntx ntpaxennxx nepnoe the ornocnrentnoe mecronmenne, a nropoe yxasarentnoe; nepnt +nemenr moxno nasnart
1 Cp. n ]nncxom xstxe: nonpocnrentnoe mecronmenne kumpi xoropt ns nyx n ornocnrentnoe mecronmenne jompi xoropt ns nyx opasonant n nsmenxmrcx xax ]opmt cpannnrentno crenenn.
erepmnnnpymmnm, a nropo erepmnnnpyemtm. Otuno n anrnncxom xstxe oa +nemenra crpoxrcx conepmenno onnaxono, n ner nnuero, uro t yxastnano na ro, xaxoe ns npenoxenn xnnxercx sanncnmtm, a xaxoe rnanntm: cp. The more he gets, the more he wants uem ontme on nonyuaer, rem ontme emy nyxno; no n arcxom n nemenxom xstxax (a pantme n n anrnncxom) nopxox cnon n raxnx cnyuaxx noxastnaer, uro nepnt +nemenr xnnxercx erepmnnnpymmnm, a nropo erepmnnnpyemtm. Cp. Jo mere han fer, des mere mnsker han n Je mehr er bekommt, desto mehr wtnscht er. To xe nsanmoornomenne mexy nymx +nemenramn ntpaxaercx nnora oannennem that nocne nepnoro the: The nearer that he came, the more she fled (Mapno). B pyccxo xoncrpyxnnn uem...rem nepnoe cnono no ]opme xnnxercx ornocnrentntm, a nropoe yxasarentntm mecronmennem n rnopnrentnom naexe, oosnauammnm mepy. Ho no ]pannyscxom xstxe pasnnna mexy nymx +nemenramn c rouxn spennx ]opmt cront xe mana, xax n n anrnncxom; ram ner axe raxoro cnona, xax the: Plus on est de fous, plus on rit. Taxnm opasom, rpammarnuecxn +rn +nemenrt cranonxrcx pannonpanntmn eme ontme, uem n anrnncxom xstxe; uacro +ro npoxnnxercx n ynorpenennn comsa et, xax mexy nymx camocroxrentntmn npenoxennxmn: Plus il a, et plus il dsire. 1
B anrnncxom (penneanrnncxom) xstxe, a raxxe n n pyccxom, raxax xoncrpyxnnx xax yro ntpaxaer rounym nponopnnonantnocrt (:e+ oo.iue.., me+ oo.iue); no na npaxrnxe raxo rouno nponopnnonantnocrn ne cymecrnyer, a no+romy enncrnenntm maremarnuecxnm ntpaxennem xoncrpyxnnn rnna uem ontme on unraer xnnr, rem rnynee on cranonnrcx yer npnmepno ]opmyna: I (n + l) > I (n) , re I (n) osnauaer crenent rnynocrn nocne npourennx n-noro xonnuecrna xnnr. B ontmnncrne cnyuaen na nepnom mecre cronr erepmnnnpymmn +nemenr; nmenno +ror onee nnn menee ycranonnnmncx otua enaer nosmoxntm rpammarnuecxn napannennsm mexy nymx +nemenramn n anrnncxom n ]pannyscxom xstxax. Ecnn nopxox nsmennrt na oparnt, ro no ]pannyscxom xstxe npnercx npnmennrt pyrne, onee ocroxrentnte nnn onee rpomosxne xoncrpyxnnn: La figure est dautant plus admirable quelle est mieux proportionne (= Mieux la figure est proportionne, plus elle est admirable); Si la vie ralise un plan, elle devra manifester une harmonie plus haute a mesure quelle avance, plus loin (Feprcon). B anrnncxom xe xstxe n raxnx cnyuaxx ocrarouno nsmennrt nnmt nopxox cnon, urot cmtcn cran xcntm: They liked the book the better, the more it made them cry (Iontcmnr). Cymecrnyer nnrepecnt nopaspx xoncrpyxnn nponopnnonantnoro coornercrnnx, n xoropom erepmnnnpymmn +nemenr xnnxercx npomexyrxom npemenn, no ne ntpaxen xcno xax raxono. Pasnnunte xstxn n +rom cnyuae nyr pasnnuntmn nyrxmn; nx anrnncxoro xstxa xapaxrepno nonropenne ]opmt cpannnrentno crenenn, nanpnmep: It grew darker and darker Cranonnnoct me+uee u me+uee (= The longer it lasted, the darker it grew uem ontme +ro npoonxanoct, rem remnee cranonnnoct); He became more and more impatient
1 Tax xe n n nrantxncxom: Ma pim ti guardo, e pim mi sento commuovere (Cepao). Cp., c pyro cropont: Quanto pim ti costa, tanto pim devi parlare (xaxosa). O onee pannnx xoncrpyxnnxx no ]pannyscxom xstxe c que plus, quant plus n r.n. cm. Tobler, Vermischte Beitrge zur franznsischen Grammatik, ns. 3-e, Leipzig, 1921, 59 n cn. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,On cranonnncx ece oo.ee u oo.ee nerepnennntm . Hoontm xe opasom ocronr eno n arcxom n n pyrnx xstxax. V no+ron nepnax cpannnrentnax crenent uacro samenxercx nonoxnrentno crenentm: and swift and swifter grew the vessels motion n nce tcrpee cranonnnoct nnxenne natn (Bennn). pyro cnoco ntpaxennx mt nnnm n npenoxennn Her position was becoming daily more insecure Ee nonoxenne cranonnnoct c raroi+ oue+ nce onee nenaexntm. Tpern cnoco c nomomtm ever: He spoke ever more indistinctly ,On ronopnn nce nepasopunnee. B anrnncxom xstxe nocnenn cnoco ncrpeuaercx cpannnrentno pexo, no coornercrnymmax ]opmyna otuno npnmenxercx n nemenxom: Es wurde immer dunkler; Er sprach immer weniger. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe +romy coornercrnyer xoncrpyxnnx de plus en plus (de plus en plus obscur; Il paria de moins en moins n r. n.). Mtcnt sect saxnmuaercx n rom, uro yxe n camt nepnt momenr tno remnee, uem o +roro, a sarem crano eme remnee (no eme ne ntpaxeno). BTOPHHHLE H TPETHHHLE CAOBA B noannxmmem ontmnncrne cnyuaen cpannnnamrcx na nepnnuntx cnona, nanpnmep: John is older than Tom xon crapme Toma, This house is bigger than ours 3ror om ontme namero, I like claret better than beer nmnm opo ontme, uem nnno. Onaxo nnora cpannnnartcx moryr na nropnuntx nnn rpernuntx nonxrnx (xauecrna), nanpnmep: His speech was more eloquent than convincing Ero peut tna ontme xpacnopeunna, nexenn yenrentna; He spoke more eloquently than convincingly. B anrnncxom xstxe sect norpeyercx nepn]pas c more 1 (xax n n arcxom n n nemenxom xstxax), rora xax n narnncxom ynorpenxnact nsnecrnax ananornunax xoncrpyxnnx, n xoropo xax nepnoe, rax n nropoe npnnararentnoe (napeune) croxno n ]opme cpannnrentno crenenn: verior quam gratior. Taxxe moryr cpannnnartcx n rnaront: He felt rather than saw her presence in the room On cxopee nouyncrnonan, uem samernn ee npncyrcrnne n xomnare. B cymnocrn +ro cxopee crnnncrnuecxoe, uem nonnnnoe cpannenne, n ono, cocrnenno, osnauaer: Felt tno t onee npannntntm ntpaxennem, uem saw. Ananornunax mtcnt nexnr n ocnone raxnx ntpaxenn, xax This rather frightened him 3ro cxopee ncnyrano ero. Bropo unen cpannennx ocraercx sect nentpaxenntm, no mtcnt yer cneymmax: Frightened onee noxoxmee ntpaxenne, uem nmo pyro rnaron. anee mt npnxonm x raxnm ntpaxennxm, xax There are some things which I more than dislike Cymecrnymr nexoropte nemn, xoropte x oo.iue :e+ ue .mo.m, re nepnt unen raxxe onymen: Dislike cnnmxom cnaoe ntpaxenne.
1 Cp., onaxo, onpeenenne cnona oblong npoonronart n cnonape: longer than broad; necxontxo ornnuno or +roro: Aunt Sarah, deafer than deaf.
I . a e a XI X 1
BPEMR H BPEMEHHLE mOPML Cncrema enxrn npemen. Cemt npemen. Inannte nopasenennx npemenn. Hounnennte nopasenennx npemenn. 3xonomnx peun. Henpemennye ynorpenenne npemennmx ]opm. CHCTEMA EBRTH BPEMEH B nacroxme rnane yer nrn peut o xstxonom ntpaxennn ecrecrnennoro (nonxrnnoro) npemenn n ero nopasenenn. Bo mnornx xstxax mt naxonm yxasannx na npemx, xoropoe ntpaxeno c nomomtm rnarontntx ]opm, rax nastnaemtx npemen (tenses). Mnornm rpammarncram +ro npecrannxercx nacrontxo camo coom pasymemmnmcx, uro onn cunramr npemennme pasnnunx rnanno xapaxrepno uepro rnaronon (orcma nemenxn repmnn Zeitwort). Onaxo cymecrnymr xstxn, ne pasnnuammne npemen n rnarone, n axe n anrnncxom xstxe, re onn n nenom pasnnuamrcx, ecrt raxne rnaront, xax must onxen, ought onxen t, nmemmne n conpemennom xstxe ncero rontxo ono npemx. C pyro cropont, npemx nepexo ntpaxaercx n pyrnx uacrxx peun, n +ror cnoco oosnauennx npemenn uacro tnaer onee rountm, uem ncxxoe oosnauenne npemenn c nomomtm rnarontntx ]opm, nanpnmep 3 ]enpanx 1923 roa, n 23 uaca 23 mnnyrt. Onaxo paccmorpnm cnauana re pasnnunx no npemenn, xoropte naxoxr ntpaxenne n rnaronax nanonee nsyuenntx xstxon. Hpexe ncero nosnnxaer nonpoc: moxno nn ycranonnrt ynnnepcantnym cncremy npemen? B Harnncxo rpammarnxe Mannra mt naxonm cneymmym cncremy. To, uro ronopnrcx, moxer nno nenocpecrnenno coornocnrtcx c onnm ns rpex rnanntx npemen nacroxmnm, npomemnm nnn yymnm, nno paccmarpnnartcx no ornomennm x xaxomy-ro onpeenennomy momenry (n npomemem nnn yymem) xax nacroxmee, npomemee nnn yymee c rouxn spennx +roro momenra. B pesyntrare mt nonyuaem cneymmne enxrt nopasenenn; x npnnoxy nx, coxpanxx xax repmnnt Mannra, rax n ero npnmept; mno oannent rontxo nn]pt I, II, III n 1,2,3 nx nocneymmnx cctnox. I praesens II praeteritum III futurum 1. scribo scripsi scribam in praeterito 2. scribebam scripseram scripturus eram (fui) in futuro 3. scribam scripturus ero scripturus ero Hepnax crpoxa ne nmeer cnennantnoro oosnauennx; n coornercrnnn c pyrnmn ee cneyer nasnart in praesenti. Ouent nnsxn x +romy cncremt c rpemx ocnonntmn n rpemx nropocrenenntmn npemenamn, xoropte mt naxonm n pyrnx paorax (Matzen,
1 Inant XIX n XX npecrannxmr coo nepenncannym sanono, c nntm pacnonoxennem marepnana, n nexoroptx mecrax coxpamennym, a n nexoroptx pacmnpennym crartm Tid og tempus n Oversigt over det danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger, 1914, 367420. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Kroman, Noreen; cm. onee noponym xapaxrepncrnxy n xpnrnuecxym onenxy +rnx cncrem n Tid og tempus, 374); onn amrcx xax uncro nornuecxne, es xaxoro-nno yuera roro, xax +rn enxrt xareropn ntpaxamrcx n xonxperntx xstxax. Mannr xe, no-nnnmomy, paccmarpnnan cnom cncremy xax +mnnpnue- cxym, npenasnauennym rontxo nx narnncxoro xstxa (n ero Ipeuecxom cnnraxcnce +ra cncrema ne npnnonrcx; emy rpyno tno t narn n ne mecro nx aopncra); onaxo axe n npn onncannn narnncxnx npemen cncrema Mannra crpaaer onpeenenntmn neocrarxamn. Scribarn y Mannra nomemeno n nyx mecrax xax praesens in futuro (I, 3) n xax futurum in praesenti (III, 1), rora xax pyrne ]opmt amrcx rontxo onn pas. B pxy III tno t ecrecrnenno oxnart 1. scripturus sum, napannentno pyrnm ]opmam. Hpnunna necoornercrnnx saxnmuaercx, no-nnnmomy, n rom, uro scripturus sum nmeer snauenne nnsxoro yymero, a Mannr ne xoren npnmemnnart x cnoe cncreme +nemenr yanennocrn no npemenn. Onaxo +ro snauenne npemenny nnsocrn rpyno orrpannunrt or snauennx pyrnx cnoxntx ]opm c scripturus, n n Ipeuecxom cnnraxcnce, 116 Mannr ynorpenxer repmnnt futurum in praesenti n futurum in praeterito nx couerann c mell] n emellon, xoropte no omemy npnsnannm nmemr snauenne nnsocrn no npemenn; ror xe +nemenr nannno n n rpertem pxy y Kpomana n Hopena. Ecnn xe, c pyro cropont, +ror +nemenr ncxnmunrt, ro ne yer nnxaxo neoxonmocrn pasnnuart praesens in future n futurum in praesenti. 3rn ne ]opmt cneyer paccmarpnnart xax ony n nne scribam; no rora no ananornn nyxno tno t raxxe oroxecrnnrt 1, 2 praesens in praeterito n II, I praeteritum in praesenti: pasnnune mexy scribebam n scripsi ne ntpaxaercx c ocrarouno oruernnnocrtm nx mecrom n cncreme; rax, nanpnmep, scripturus eram n scripturus fui nomement y Mannra n ono n ro xe mecro (III, 2). 3rn ne ]opmt ne xnnxmrcx cnnonnmnuntmn; onn pasnnuamrcx mexy coo conepmenno rax xe, xax scribebam n scripsi. Onaxo nx pasnnune, x xoropomy mt eme nepnemcx, ne nmeer nnxaxoro ornomennx x pyrnm npemennmm pasnnunxm, paccmarpnnaemtm n anno cncreme. Ftno t nyume no+romy coxparnrt xonnuecrno npemennmx ]opm c enxrn o cemn, coennnn I, 2 n II, 1, a raxxe I, 3 n III, 1. CEML BPEMEH Hpn nontrxe oprannsonart +rn cemt nopasenenn n crponym cncremy mt npexe ncero cranxnnaemcx c repmnnonornuecxnmn rpynocrxmn. Ftno t ouent xopomo nmert npn +rom na xomnnexra repmnnon onn nx nonxrnntx nnn ecrecrnenntx nopasenenn, a pyro nx rpammarnuecxnx (cnnraxcnuecxnx) npemenntx pasnnun. B arcxom xstxe, a raxxe n nemenxom ouent yono n nepnom cnyuae npnmenxrt ncxonnte repmnnt, a no nropom na- rnncxne; coornercrnenno: nutid, fortid, fremtid (Jetztzeit, Vorzeit, Zukunft) nx rnanntx nopasenenn peantnoro npemenn n praesens, praeterium, futurum nx rpex rnarontntx npemen. Onaxo n anrnncxom xstxe raxo nosmoxnocrn ner, nocxontxy ner ncxonntx (anrnocaxconcxnx) cnon, coornercrnymmnx cnonam present nacroxmn n future yymn. Ho+romy present n future npnxonrcx ynorpenxrt xax nx oosnauennx ecrecrnennoro npemenn, rax n nx oosnauennx rpammarnuecxnx npemen (nocxontxy npx nn moxno onnpartcx na raxne pasnnunx, xax present n praesens, future n futurum). Moxno, nnpouem, npnmenxrt
cnono past npomemn (past time) x nonxrnnomy npomememy npemenn n ynorpenxrt cnono preterit nx oosnauennx coornercrnymmero rnarontnoro npe- menn. Tam, re +ro norpeyercx, n nenxx ontme xcnocrn, x yy pasnnuart present time nacroxmee npemx n present tense ]opma nacroxmero npemenn (= praesens), future time yymee npemx n future tense ]opma yymero npemenn (= futurum). nx nropocrenenntx nopasenenn x npenaram ynorpenxrt npncranxn before o n after nocne, a nx coornercrnymmnx cnnraxcnuecxnx nopasenenn npncranxn ante o n post nocne (nanpnmep, before-past ,onpomemee npemx, ante-preterit ]opma onpomemero npemenn). anee nosnnxaer nonpoc, xax nyume ncero pacnonoxnrt +rn cemt nopasenenn npemenn n rannne. Onn ns nosmoxntx cnocoon saxnmuaercx n pacnonoxennn nx n nne rpeyrontnnxa:
Onaxo raxoe pacnonoxenne ne xnnxercx yonnernopnrentntm; ropaso nyume pacnonoxnrt cemt nopasenenn npemenn na npxmo nnnnn. Tora, ecnn ynorpenxrt rpomosxne repmnnt, nanomnnammne cncremy Mannra, onpomemee npemx, ouennno, yer npomemnm n npomemem, a nocnenpomemee yymnm n npomemem; coornercrnenno, oyymee npemx +ro npomemee n yymem, a nocneyymee yymee n yymem. Taxnm opasom, mt nonyuaem cncremy, cnoonym or nyx ceptesntx nornuecxnx neocrarxon cncremt Mannra: 1) rponoro nopasenennx ceuac, xoropoe xax rouxa ne nmeer nsmepenn n ne moxer trt paseneno, n 2) (uro eme ceptesnee) pacnonoxennx npemenn n nyxmepno cncreme, c 3 x 3 nopasenennxmn. Fes comnennx, mt ntnyxent (ncxox ns camoro cymecrna npemenn nnn, no ncxxom cnyuae, no neoxonmocrn namero mtmnennx) npecrannxrt cee eno rax, uro npemx nmeer rontxo ono nsmepenne n, raxnm opasom, moxer trt npecranneno n nne npxmo nnnnn. Tpn rnanntx nopasenennx npemenn, coornercrnenno, onxnt trt pacnonoxent cneymmnm opasom:
A past B present C future npomemee npemx nacroxmee npemx yymee npemx
oannn npomexyrounte nopasenennx npemenn, mt nonyuaem cneymmym cxemy, n xoropo nonxrnnte repmnnt nomement ntme, a coornercrnymmne rpammarnuecxne repmnnt nnxe nnnnn, nsopaxamme reuenne npemenn: Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
A past npomemee npemx
C future yymee npemx
before-past onpome- mee npemx past npomemee npemx after-past nocnenpome -mee npemx present nacroxmee npemx before-future oyymee npemx future yymee npemx after-future nocneyy- mee npemx Aa Ab Ac B Ca Cb Cc
3ra cxema n yxnt, yxastnammne na pasnnunte nopasenennx, nnnmcrpnpymr ornocnrentnoe snauenne xaxoro ns cemn nopasenenn npemenn; nounnennte nopasenennx npemenn opnenrnpymrcx na xaxo-ro momenr n npomemem (Ab) n n yymem npemenn (Cb), noono romy xax rnannte nopasenennx npemenn (A n C) opnenrnpymrcx na nacroxmn momenr (B). Honyuennax raxnm opasom cncrema npecrannxercx neyxsnnmo c nornuecxo rouxn spennx, no, xax mt ynnnm nnxe, ona ne nperenyer na oxnar ncex nosmoxntx nopasenenn npemenn n ncex npemennmx ]opm, xoropte peantno cymecrnymr n pasnnuntx xstxax 1 . Mt onxnt renept paccmorpert xaxoe ns cemn nopasenenn, naunnax c rnanntx n nepexox x nropocrenenntm, a sarem ycranonnrt, xax onn ntpaxamrcx n pasnnuntx xstxax. IAABHLE HOPA3EAEHHR BPEMEHH (A) Hp o c r o e n p o me m e e n p e m x . B anrnncxom xstxe emy coornercrnyer ona npemennx ]opma, ]opma nperepnra, nanpnmep wrote ,nanncan. B pyrnx xstxax mt naxonm ne npemennte ]opmt, nanpnmep nar. scripsi, scribebam; o pasnnunn mexy nnmn cm. nnxe, crp. 321. B +rnx xstxax yanennocrt no npemenn or nacroxmero momenra xnnxercx conepmenno necymecrnenno, no nexoropte xstxn nmemr cnennantnte ]opmt nperepnra nx oranennoro n nnsxoro npomemero npemenn. Hocnenee no ]pannyscxom xstxe ntpaxaercx c nomomtm onncarentno xoncrpyxnnn (nepn]past) je viens dcrire. Cpen pasnnuntx cnocoon ntpaxennx npocroro npomemero npemenn neoxonmo ynomxnyrt sect rax nastnaemoe ncropnuecxoe nacroxmee npemx, xoropoe tno t nyume nmenonart nencropnuecxnm nnn, ocnontnaxct na nonyrnom sameuannn Fpyrmana, p a m a r n u e c x n m n a c r o x mn m
1 o nexoropo crenenn ananornunoe pacnonoxenne, re enaercx nontrxa oxnarnrt orpomnoe mnoxecrno pasnnun, c moe rouxn spennx ne nmemmnx nnuero omero c npocro npxmo nnnne npemenn, naxonm y Be]]nna (A. D. S h e f f i e l d, Grammar and Thinking, New York, 1912, 131). Kpnrnxy +ro cncremt cm. Tid og Tempus, 383 n cn.
n p e m e n e m . Ionopxmn npn +rom ornnexaercx or ncropnn n paccmarpnnaer ro, uro cnyunnoct n npomnom, rax, xax ecnn t +ro nponcxonno n nacroxmee npemx y nero na rnasax. Cornacno Hopeny, ono cosaer cnoero poa xyoxecrnennym nnnmsnm. Onaxo xaxnm t xyoxecrnenntm npnemom pamarnuecxoe nacroxmee npemx nn xnnxnoct, ne cneyer ymart, uro no cnoemy nponcxoxennm ono ne cnxsano c napontm xstxom; cronr rontxo nocnymart, xaxnm opasom nmn camoro nentcoxoro omecrnennoro nonoxennx paccxastnamr o rom, uro onn nnenn, urot yenrtcx, xax ecrecrnenna n axe nensexna +ra ]opma. H nce xe Cynr nonaraer, uro ona nosnnxna n anrnncxom xstxe no nnnxnnem ]pannyscxo n narnncxo nnreparypno rpannnn, a n nc- nancxne carn, re ona ncrpeuaercx ouent uacro, nponnxna ns npnancxoro xstxa (Philol. Soc. Proceedings, 18851887, crp. x1v; New English Grammar, 228). 3nenxent n pyrne oxcnxmr ynorpenenne ncropnuecxoro nacroxmero npemenn n cpeneanrnncxn nepno nnnxnnem crapo]pannyscxoro xstxa. Onaxo n cpeneanrnncxn nepno ono ncrpeuaercx ocoenno uacro n napono no+snn, re nnoxstunoe nnnxnne cnnraxcnuecxoro xapaxrepa xnnxercx n ntcme crenenn nenepoxrntm. Ecnn raxoe nacroxmee npemx ne ncrpeuaercx nnn pexo ncrpeuaercx n penneanrnncxnx namxrnnxax, ro +ro, x ymam, oxcnxercx rem, uro penneanrnncxo nnreparype ne npncyme raxoe xnnoe nposanuecxoe nonecrnonanne, xoroptm cnannrcx Hcnannx. B nenom xe pamarnuecxoe nacroxmee npemx npnnanexnr x raxnm paspxam noncenenntx ntpaxenn, xoropte cpannnrentno nosno noxnnnnct n nnctmenno peun, nocxontxy cun- ranoct, uro onn neocront nnreparypnoro xstxa. pamarnuecxoe nacroxmee npemx nn pasy ne ncrpeuaercx y Iomepa, no uacro ncnontsyercx Iepoorom. entpmx, xoneuno, npan, yrnepxax, uro ono xnnxercx, necomnenno, pennenapontm (gewi uraltvolksttmlich; Synt., 2. 261). (B) Hp o c r o e n a c r o x me e n p e m x. nx ntpaxennx ero xstxn, nmemmne npemennme pasnnunx n cncreme rnarona, ynorpenxmr otuno ]opmy nacroxmero npemenn (praesens). Ho uro raxoe nacroxmee npemx? Teopernuecxn +ro rouxa, ne nmemmax nnxaxo nnrentnocrn, noono romy xax rouxa n reopernuecxo reomerpnn ne nmeer nsmepenn. Hacroxmn momenr, ceuac +ro rontxo rexyuax rpannna mexy npomemnm n yymnm, ona nce npemx nnxercx nnpano no nnnnn, nsopaxenno na cxeme. Onaxo na npaxrnxe ceuac osnauaer npomexyrox npe- menn co snaunrentno nnrentnocrtm, xoropax cnntno menxercx n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn; cp. raxne npenoxennx, xax: He is hungry On ronoen, He is ill On onen, He is dead On meprn. 3ect nanmaercx ro xe, uro nponcxonr c coornercrnymmnm npocrpancrnenntm cnonom here sect, xoropoe n sa- nncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn nmeer camoe pasnnunoe snauenne (n +ro xomnare, ,n +rom ome, n +rom ropoe, n +ro crpane, n Enpone, n +rom mnpe), n co cnonom we mt, xoropoe moxer oxnartnart pasnoe xonnuecrno nnn, xpome ronopxmero. Hpn +rom rpeyercx rontxo ono, urot n cnyuae c here tno nxnmueno mecro, re naxonrcx ronopxmn, a n cnyuae we cam ronopxmn. uro xacaercx ]opmt nacroxmero npemenn (praesens), ro, no-nnnmomy, no ncex xstxax neoxonmo nnmt nxnmuenne reopernuecxoro nynenoro nynxra (nynxra ceuac n crporom cmtcne) n nepno, oosnauaemt anno ]opmo. 3ro onpeenenne npnnoxnmo x cnyuaxm rnna: He lives at number 7 On xnner n nomepe 7; Knives Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
are sharp Hoxn ocrpt; Lead is heavy Cnnnen rxxen; Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius Boa xnnnr npn 100 rpaycax Hentcnx; Twice four is eight naxt uertpe nocemt. B ornomennn noontx neuntx ncrnn nnora (omnouno) yrnepx- anoct, uro namn xstxn uacro rpemar npornn nnx, nocxontxy onn yro t nsnaramr nx rontxo n npnmenennn x nacroxmemy npemenn n ne nmemr cpecrn ntpasnrt ro, uro n panno crenenn onn tnn n cnne n npomemem n yyr n cnne n yymem. Onaxo nocnenee sameuanne repxer cnom ocrpory, ecnn yuecrt, uro ontmnncrno namnx ntcxastnann o nacroxmem npemenn (nnn axe nce) nensexno sarparnnaer npomemee n yymee. Ecnn npnnxrt annoe ntme onpeenenne nacroxmero npemenn, ono yer npnnoxnmo axe x raxnm nonropxmmnmcx ecrnnxm, xax npnneennte nnxe: I get up every morning at seven ncram xaxoe yrpo n cemt uacon (axe ecnn +ro ronopnrcx neuepom) 1 ; The train starts at 8.32 Hoes orxonr n 8.32; The steamer leaves every Tuesday, in winter, but in summer both on Tuesdays and Fridays 3nmo napoxo ornpannxercx xaxt nropnnx, a nerom no nropnnxam n nxrnnnam. B nocnenem npenoxennn nacroxmn momenr oxastnaercx pacrxnyrtm n npeenax onpeenennoro nepnoa, nocxontxy ntcxastnanne xacaercx cymecrnymmero pacnncannx, ecrnnrentnoro n nx rexymero roa, n nx necxontxnx npomntx, a raxxe, nepoxrno, n nx nnxamnx ner. 3ro ronxonanne npecrannxercx mne onee yenrentntm, uem ronxonanne, npenaraemoe Cynrom, xoropt nnmer (New English Grammar, 289), uro nx raxnx yrnepxenn (nanpnmep: The sun rises in the east Connne nocxonr na nocroxe, Platinum is the heaviest metal Hnarnna camt rxxent merann) nyume ncero noxonr nacroxmee npemx, nocxontxy ono camo no cee xnnxercx camtm neonpeenenntm ns npemen; nouemy neonpeenenntm? Eme mentme ocnonann nastnart raxne npenoxennx nnenpemenntmn (zeitlos), xax +ro uacro enaercx 2 . Ftno t nyume ycmarpnnart n annom cnyuae oomennoe npemx, rouno rax xe xax mt paccmarpnnann ntme oomennoe uncno n oomennoe nnno. Ecnn nx raxnx cyxenn otuno ynorpenxercx ]opma nacroxmero npemenn, +ro nmeer nentm noxasart, uro onn ecrnnrentnt nx na- croxmero npemenn. Onaxo nnora moryr ynorpenxrtcx n pyrne npemennme ]opmt: mt snaem rax nastnaemt rnomnuecxn nperepnr, nanpnmep n mexcnnponcxom Men were deceivers ever Myxunnt ncera tnn omanmnxamn (cp. rpeuecxn rnomnuecxn aopncr) cnoero poa crnnncrnuecxn npnem, nanpannennt na ro, urot cam cnymarent mor cenart ntno; ro, uro tno cnpanennno o cnx nop, cnpanennno ceuac n yer cnpanennntm neuno. C pyro cropont, n cneymmem ]pannyscxom npnmepe n rnomnuecxom snauennn ynorpenxercx ]opma yymero npemenn: Rira bien qui rira le dernier Xopomo yer cmexrtcx ror, xro yer cmexrtcx nocnennm, xoropomy n pyrnx xstxax coornercrnymr nocnonnnt c ]opmo nacroxmero npemenn; no ]pannyscxom
1 Ecnn mt oosnaunm xaxoe ecrnne ncranannx (n cemt uacon) rouxo, a nacroxmn momenr nynem, mt nonyunm cneymmym cxemy, noxastnammym, uro ycnonne, npn xoropom moxno ynorpenxrt ]opmy nacroxmero npemenn, sect conmeno: . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . n r. . 2 Fpmno ronopnr: B npenoxennn La terre tourne autour du soleil 3emnx npamaercx noxpyr connna oosnaueno ecrnne nne npemenn (prsente une action situe hors du temps B r u n o t, La pense et la langue, 210; Les actions situes hors du temps sexpriment au prsent (ram xe, 788).
xstxe sect ynorpenxercx ]opma yymero npemenn, noromy uro +ry nocnonnny npnnoxr uame ncero rora, xora ronopxmn xouer npeynpenrt nnno, cmemmeecx n annt momenr, uro cam on yer cmexrtcx nosxe n +ro yer nyume. 1
(C) Hp o c r o e y y me e n p e m x. Herxo nonxrt, uro cnocot ntpaxennx yymero npemenn menee onpeenennt n menee paspaorant n namnx xstxax, uem cnocot ntpaxennx npomemero: mt snaem o yymem mentme, uem o npomemem, a no+romy nam npnxonrcx ronopnrt o nem n onee neonpeenenntx ntpaxennxx. Mnorne xstxn noome ne nmemr ]opmt yymero npemenn n rounom cmtcne +roro cnona, a nexoropte xstxn axe orxasannct or ]opmt yymero npemenn, xoropax panee cymecrnonana, n same- nnnn ee onncarentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn. am osop cnocoon, xoropte npnmenxmrcx pasnnuntmn xstxamn npn opasonannn ]opm nx ntpaxennx yymero npemenn: 1) B snauennn yymero ynorpenxercx ]opma nacroxmero npemenn. Taxoe ynorpenenne npnmenxercx ocoenno rora, xora n npenoxennn ecrt rounoe oosnauenne npemenn n nne cymnxra n xora yanennocrt no npemenn or nacroxmero momenra neontmax: cp. I dine with my uncle to-niglit ceronx oeam y xn. Crenent pacnpocrpanennx raxoro ynorpenennx nacroxmem npe- menn pasnnuna n pasntx xstxax; uame ncero ono ncrpeuaercx c rnaronamn, oosnauammnmn nepennxenne n npocrpancrne: I start to-morrow yesxam sanrpa; Ich reise morgen ab, Jeg rejser imorgen; Je pars demain; Parto domani n r. n.; rp. eomi ny nourn ncera osnauaer noy. uopma nacroxmero npemenn raxxe mnpoxo ynorpenxercx n npnarountx npenoxennxx, xoropte naun- namrcx comsamn when xora n if ecnn: I shall mention it when I see him (if I see him) cxaxy o +rom, xora x ero ynnxy (ecnn x ero ynnxy); no ]pannyscxom xstxe c si: Je le dirai si je le vois, no ne c quand: quand je le verrai. 2) Bonx. Kax anrn. will, rax n ar. vil o nexoropo crenenn coxpanxmr cnoe npexnee snauenne nonn, a no+romy anrn. will go noy nentsx cunrart uncro ]opmo yymero npemenn, xorx ono n npnnnxaercx x +ro ]ynxnnn. Ocoenno xcno +ro nnno n rex cnyuaxx, xora ono npnmenxercx x xnnennxm npnpot: It will certainly rain before night K noun, esycnonno, noer oxt. Hanmaercx raxxe pacrymax renennnx ynorpenxrt (wi)ll n 1-m nnne nmecro shall: cp. Im afraid Ill die soon omct, uro cxopo ympy (ocoenno n mornancxom n amepnxancxom), uro n eme ontme crenenn npenpamaer will no ncnomorarentnt rnaron yymero npemenn. B nemenxom xstxe wollen npnxonrcx ynorpenxrt n xoncrpyxnnxx rnna Es scheint regnen zu wollen, nocxontxy otunt ncnomorarentnt rnaron werden nentsx ynorpenrt n ]opme nn]nnnrnna. Fyymee npemx ntpaxaercx rnaronom, oosnauammnm nonm; raxxe n pymtncxom xstxe Voiu canta yy nert; cp. raxxe ncrpeuammnecx nnora n nrantxncxom couerannx rnna Vuol piovere (Ro v e t t a, Moglie di Sua Eccel., 155). B conpemennom rpeuecxom xstxe nonxrne nonn n couerannxx c tha, no-nnnmomy, nonnocrtm crepnoct: tha graph] n tha graps] yy nncart nnn
1 Bosmoxno oomennoe npomemee npemx: Last year the early morning train started at 6.15 B npomnom roy yrpennn noes ornpannxncx n 6.15. V nac ner nosmoxnocrn paccmorpert raxne nnrepecnte cnyuan ynorpenennx nacroxmero npemenn, xax I hear (I see in the papers) that the Prime Minister is ill; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him n r. n. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
,nannmy; tha, npexe thena, opasonano or 3-ro nnna the = thelei + na urot ns hina n renept crano uncro npemenny uacrnne 1 . 3) Mtcnt, namepenne. p.-ncn. rnn. 3ror cnyua rpyno orrpannunrt or npetymero. 4) onxencrnonanne. Taxono tno nepnonauantnoe snauenne p.-anrn. sceal, renept shall, ronn. zai. B anrnncxom xstxe snauenne onxencrnonannx nourn ncuesno, no ynorpenenne +roro ncnomorarentnoro rnarona orpannueno 1- m nnnom n yrnepnrentntx npenoxennxx n 2-m nnnom n nonpocnrentntx, xorx n nexoroptx rnnax npnarountx npenoxenn ono ynorpenxercx nx ncex rpex nnn 2 . 3nauenne onxencrnonannx nepnonauantno coxpanxnoct n n pomancxo ]opme, pasnnnmecx ns scribere-habeo nmem nncart, no renept +ro ]opma uncro yymero npemenn: nr. scriverr; ]pann. crirai n r. . Cma xe moxno ornecrn n anrn. is to n npenoxennn: He is to start to-morrow On conpaercx exart sanrpa. 5) nnxenne. Inaront co snauennem xonrt, npnxonrt n r. n. uacro ynorpenxmrcx nx ntpaxennx yymnocrn, xax no ]pann. Je vais crire, oosnauammem nnsxoe yymee, anrn. I am going to write conpamct nncart, xoropoe nnora, no ornmt ne ncera, nmeer ror xe orrenox nnsxoro yymero, n, naxonen, es raxoro orrenxa, n mne. Jag kommer att skriva, ]pann. quand je viendrai a mourir; anrn. I wish that you may come to be ashamed of what you have done; They may get to know it. (Ho ar. Jeg kommer til at skrive osnauaer nno cnyuanoe, nno neoxonmoe ecrnne: nnn Mne cnyunnoct nanncart, nnn onxen nanncart.) 6) Bosmoxnocrt. C anrn. may uacro cnxstnaercx nexcnt orrenox yymnocrn: This may end in disaster 3ro moxer oxonunrtcx xaracrpo]o. 3ect xe cneyer ynomxnyrt n raxne cnyuan, re nepnonauantnoe nacroxmee npemx cocnararentnoro naxnonennx crano ]opmo yymero npemenn: cp. nar. scribam. 7) Ecrt n pyrne nyrn pasnnrnx cnocoon ntpaxennx yymnocrn. Hem. ich werde schreiben x yy nncart, no mnennm nexoroptx nccneonarene, nosnnxno ns npnuacrno xoncrpyxnnn ich werde schreibend, onaxo +ro oxcnenne npnsnaercx ne ncemn; ero ner n y Haynx (Deutsche Grammatik, 4. 127 n 148), re noome rpaxronxa yymero npemenn nectma neyonnernopnrentna. Ipeuecxax ]opma yymero npemenn na -s] (leips] n r. n.), xax yrnepxamr, nepnonauantno ntpaxana xenanne. Honxrnnt nmneparnn oxsarentno nmeer ornomenne x yymemy npemenn. Tam, re n nmneparnne ecrt ne npemennme ]opmt, (xax n narnncxom xstxe), oe onn n ecrnnrentnocrn ornocxrcx x yymemy npemenn; rax nastnaemt nmneparnn nacroxmero npemenn ornocnrcx nno x nnxamemy yymemy, nno x xaxomy-nnyt neonpeenennomy npomexyrxy npemenn n
1 B nr. Sta par partire On conpaercx yesxart nonxrne yymnocrn oycnonneno, no-nnnmomy, npenorom per, nmemmnm snauenne namepennx (nx roro urot); cp. raxxe La bottega n per chiudersi Marasnn conpamrcx saxptnart. 2 B nemenxom xstxe n xauecrne ncnomorarentnoro rnarona yymero npemenn ynorpenxercx nnora sollen: Es handelt sich hierbei freilich meist um Dinge, die erst werden sollen (Fepnrapn), re werden werden tno t, xoneuno, rpomosxo. Bo ]pannyscxom: Louvrage semble devoir xtre trns complet et prcis (Hu c h o n, Histoire de la langue anglaise, vii; anrop ronopnr o rpye, nepnt ntnycx xoroporo on nnen); devoir xtre samenxer orcyrcrnymmn nn]nnnrnn yymero npemenn = sera, a ce quil semble.
yymem, a rax nastnaemt nmneparnn yymero npemenn ynorpenxercx rnanntm opasom nx xaxoro-nnyt cnennantno oosnauennoro npemenn. ,Hep]exrnt nmneparnn raxxe ornocnrcx x yymemy npemenn, a ynorpenenne nep]exra xnnxercx crnnncrnuecxnm npnemom, xoropt noxastnaer, nacxontxo tcrpo ronopxmn rpeyer ncnonnennx cnoero npnxasannx: Be gone! Kora mt ronopnm Have done!, mt, no cymecrny, nmeem n nny Hpexparn nemenenno! nnn He npoonxa!, no +ro moxer trt ntpaxeno n, rax cxasart, oxontntm nyrem: Hycrt ro, uro rt yxe cenan (cxasan), yer ocrarountm. HOHHHEHHLE HOPA3EAEHHR BPEMEHH Tenept mt nepexonm x paccmorpennm nounnenntx nopasenenn npemenn, r. e. momenron, npemecrnymmnx pyromy momenry nnn cneymmnx sa pyrnm momenrom (n npomemem nnn yymem), xoropt moxer trt nno ynomxnyr, nno nopasymenartcx n coornercrnymmem npenoxennn. (Aa). o n p o me me e n p e m x. Horpenocrt n ero oosnauennn ncrpeuaercx nacrontxo uacro, uro mnorne xstxn ntpaorann nx +rom cnennantnte ]opmt: ]opmy nep]exra npomemero npemenn (ante-preterit, pluperfect, past perfect), nno npocrym, xax nar. scripseram, nno onncarentnym, xax anrn. had written n coornercrnymmne ]opmt n pyrnx repmancxnx n n pomancxnx xstxax. B penneanrnncxom xstxe onpomemee npemx uacro ntpaxanoct npn nomomn npocro ]opmt npomemero npemenn n couerannn c napeunem xr: mxt me he xr sxde ro, uro on pantme cxasan. Bsanmoornomenne mexy nymx npemenamn npocrtm npomemnm n onpomemnm moxno rpa]nuecxn npecrannrt rax (nnnnx oosnauaer npemx, xoropoe norpeonanoct na nanncanne nnctma, a c npemx ero npnxoa): I had written the letter before he came = He came after I had written the letter , nanncan nnctmo o roro, xax on npnmen = On npnmen nocne roro, xax x nanncan nnctmo: c. He came before I had written the letter = nno I finished writing the letter after he had come, nno I wrote the letter after he had come On npnmen nepe rem, xax x nanncan nnctmo = nno xonunn nncart nnctmo nocne roro, xax on npnmen, nno nanncan nnctmo nocne roro, xax on npnmen: -T- nnn c .
c
(Ac). Ho c n e n p o me me e n p e m x. ne snam nn onoro xstxa, xoropt onaan t npocro npemenny ]opmo nx ntpaxennx +rom nonxrnx. Otuno ono ntpaxaercx rnaronom co snauennem npenaueprannx nnn onxencrnonannx; n anrnncxom xstxe uame ncero was to: Next year she gave birth to a son who was to cause her great anxiety Ha cneymmn ro y nee ponncx ctn, xoropomy npeocmo.o npu:uuumi e +uoeo oecnorocmea, It was Monday night. On Wednesday morning Monmouth was to die (Maxone); He was not destined to arrive there as soon as he had hoped to do (Knnrcnn). Touno rax xe n pyrnx xstxax: ar. Nxste er fmdte hun en smn som skulde volde hende store bekymringer; nem. Im nchsten Jahre gebar sie einen Sohn, der ihr groe Bektmmernis verursachen sollte; ]pann. Quand Jacques donna a llecteur Frdric sa fille qui devait rtre la tige des rois actuels dAngleterre (Jusserand); Je ne prvoyais point tous les malheurs Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
qui allaient nous frapper coup sur coup (Capce). Hnora no ]pannyscxom xstxe ynorpenxercx ]opma yymero npemenn, xoropax coornercrnyer pamarnuecxomy nacroxmemy: Irrit de lobstination de Biron et voulant donner a la noblesse un de ces exemples que Richelieu multipliera, Henri IV laissa excuter la sentence. Ip. tsn hodon hsi de emellen ernoi kaka ksde esesthai (Onccex, 6. 165: ,Ho nyrn, na xoropom mne onxnt tnn ncrpernrtcx ecrnnx; cp. ram xe, 7. 270; 8. 510). 1
(Ca). o y y me e n p e m x. Coornercrnymmax npemennx ]opma otuno nastnaercx futurum exactum nnn future perfect. Har. scripsero n conpemenntx xstxax nepeaercx otuno onncarentno: I shall have written yxe nannmy (he will have written), er wird geschrieben haben, il aura crit n r. . B arcxom xstxe momenr yymnocrn otuno ocraercx nentpaxenntm: Hvis du kommer klokken 7, har han skrevet brevet (... har vi spist, ... er solen geet ned). Touno rax xe n anrnncxom n n nemenxom nocne npemennmx comson: I shall be glad when her marriage has taken place yy paonartcx, xora ee cnata cocmoumc, Ich werde froh sein, wenn die Hochzeit stattgefunden hat. 3ect moxno, xax n nynxre Aa, art rpa]nuecxoe nsopaxenne npemennmx ornomenn: I shall have written the letter before he comes = he will come after I have written (shall have written) the letter: c. He will come before I (shall) have written the letter = nno I shall finish writing the letter after he has come, nno I shall write the letter after he has come: -T- nnn c .
c
(Cc). Ho c n e y y me e n p e m x. Ono npecrannxer rnanntm opasom reopernuecxn nnrepec, n x ouent comnenamct, urot raxne ]opmt, xax I shall be going to write yy conpartcx nncart (uro osnauaer nnsocrt no npemenn x rnannomy yymemy npemenn) nnn nar. scripturus ero, ncrpeuannct uacro. Mannr npnnonr npnmep ns Hnnepona: Orator eorum, apud quos aliquid aget aut acturus erit, mentes sensusque degustet oportet, no xcno, uro sect ]opma yymero npemenn aget, xoropax nneuer sa coo nocneyymee npemx, n ecrnnrentnocrn npecrannxer coo oomennoe nacroxmee, ntpaxennoe ]opmo yymero npemenn no nnnxnnem oportet (Tenept n ncera) onr oparopa yunrtnart rex, nepe xem on ronopnr nnn yer ronopnrt (conpaercx ronopnrt). Boome xe nao cxasart, uro ecrecrnennoe ntpaxenne roro, uro yer npecroxrt n xaxo-ro momenr n yymem, uacro ncrpeuaercx n orpnnarentntx npenoxennxx: If you come at seven, we shall not yet have dined Ecnn rt npnemt n cemt uacon, +i eue ue noooeoae+ (... the sun will not yet have set); Si tu viens a sept heures, nous naurons pas encore don (le soleil ne se sera pas encore couch). B arcxom xstxe momenr yymnocrn otuno ocraercx nentpaxenntm: Hvis du kommer kl. 7, har vi ikke spist endnu (... er solen ikke geet ned endnu). 2
1 Vnorpenenne ]opmt came n cneymme nnrare ns nxxenca cneyer conocrannrt c C, n. 5, crp. 305: the influence for all good which she came to exercise over me at a later time... 2 Honxrno, uro n cnyuae (To-morrow he will go to Liverpool, and) not long after that he will sail for America nannno ne nocneyymee, a npocroe yymee npemx.
3KOHOMHR PEHH stxn pasnnuamrcx mexy coo n cmtcne +xonomnn npn ynorpenennn npemennmx ]opm rax xe, xax n n pyrnx ornomennxx. Te xstxn, n xoroptx nosmoxnt npenoxennx rnna I start to-morrow yesxam sanrpa, nx ntpaxennx yymero npemenn ynorpenxmr rontxo onn noxasarent (napeune); pyrne rpeymr or ronopxmero ynorpenennx nyx noxasarene, nanpnmep: Cras ibo (= anrn. I shall start to-morrow). Hoonax xe +xonomnx ntpaxennx nanm- aercx n n cnyuae anrn. my old friends father oren moero craporo pyra, re nannno rontxo onn noxasarent ponrentnoro naexa (cp. nar. pater veteris mei amici), nnn n cnyuae ten trout ecxrt ]opene (cp. anrn. ten men ecxrt uenonex n nar. decern viri). Harnncxn xstx uacro npenosnocxr sa nornunocrt n raxnx nonpocax. Hanpnmep, Base nnmer: 3pant cmtcn naennn pnmnxnnna ocotmn cnoconocrxmn x rounomy pasnnuennm nonxrn, ocrpore ntpaxennx, xcnocrn n npospaunocrn peun... Opasonannt pnmnxnnn onesnenno cxpynynesen n oosnauennn npemenn: Ich werde kommen, wenn ich kann snyunr y nero Veniam, si potero; Wie du sest, sowirst du ernten Ut sementem feceris, ita metes; So oft er fiel, stand er auf Cum ceciderat, surgebat. Anrnncxn n arcxn xstxn cxont n +rom ornomennn c nemenxnm. Onaxo cneyer nomnnrt, uro nentsx cunrart nenornuntm, xora n xstxe ne oosnaueno camo coo pasymemmeecx nonxrne: cnryannx n xonrexcr nocxastnamr mnoroe ns roro, uro crporn nornx npn neanrnunom anannse npenouen t nnert ntpaxenntm. He cneyer satnart, uro n narnncxn xstx n nexoroptx pyrnx cnyuaxx xapax- repnsyercx ontme +xonomne. Postquam urbem liquit: sect onpomemee npemx ntpaxeno couerannem postquam (o roro xax) n liquit (]opma npomemero npemenn); n anrnncxom xstxe nosmoxno n onee xparxoe, n onee ocroxrentnoe ntpaxenne: after he left the town nocne roro xax on yexan ns ropoa nnn after he had left nocne roro xax on yexan; n arcxom n nemenxom rpeyercx nonoe ntpaxenne: efterat han havde forladt byen; nachdem er die Stadt verlassen hatte. Harnncxn xstx raxxe npoxnnxer +xonomnm n onymennn noxasarenx npomemero npemenn n npenoxennn Hoc dum narrat, forte audivi n ro npemx xax ona +ro paccxastnana, mne cnyunnoct ycntmart ee. B cneymmem mexcnnponcxom npenoxennn ocrnraercx +xonomnx n nyx noxasarenxx (ornocnrentnoro) npemenn: Our vizards wee will change after we leaue them (= after we shall have left them, Ca); cp. raxxe: You must leave the house before more harm is done (= shall have been done). Taxoe onymenne noxasarene npemenn ocoenno uacro ncrpeuaercx nocne npemennmx n ycnonntx comson; oparnre nnnmanne na pasnnune nyx npenoxenn c when: We do not know when he will come, but when he comes he will not find us ungrateful Mt ne snaem, xora on npner, no xora on npner, on ne naer nac nenaroapntmn: nepnoe when xnnxercx nonpocnrentntm, a nropoe npecrannxer coo ornocnrentnoe napeune nnn coms. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe npn quand n oonx cnyuaxx croxno t il viendra, no xora mt nocrannm ecnn, xoncrpyxnnx ynoonrcx anrnncxo: Nous ne savons pas sil viendra, mais sil vient il ne nous trouvera pas ingrats. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
HEBPEMEHHYE YHOTPEBAEHHE BPEMEHHLX mOPM To, uro otuno xnnxercx rpammarnuecxnm noxasarenem npemenntx ornomenn, moxer nnora ynorpenxrtcx nx ntpaxennx pyrnx nonxrn. Tax, nanpnmep, yymee npemx uacro ynorpenxercx nx ntpaxennx npenonoxennx nnn oraxn, ornocxmecx x nacroxmemy npemenn: il dormira dja = he will already be asleep = er wird schon schlafen ymam, uro on yxe cnnr; rouno rax xe: il laura vu = he will have seen it = er wird es gesehen haben On, nepoxrno, +ro nnen. Conepmenno cnpanennno, uro no ornomennm x yymemy npemenn mt ne moxem ntcxastnart nnxaxnx yrnepxenn, xpome npenonoxenn n oraox; sect +ra ncrnna nnnrnncrnuecxn nepenepnyra nansnanxy, xax yro yymnocrt n npenonoxnrentnocrt ono n ro xe. Hnn, moxer trt, snauenne +ro xon- crpyxnnn cneymmee: Oxaxercx (xora-nnyt n yymem), uro on yxe (n annt momenr) cnnr, noono romy xax rnaron hope naexrtcx, nopasymenammn yymnocrt, moxer couerartcx c npnarountm npenoxennem, n xoropom rnaron cronr n nacroxmem npemenn nnn nep]exre: I hope he is already asleep naemct, uro on yxe cnnr, I hope he has paid his bill , naemct, uro on yxe sannarnn no cuery, r. e. nnocnecrnnn oxaxercx, uro on ceuac yxe cnnr (sannarnn no cuery). Camtm naxntm cnyuaem nenpemennyro ynorpenennx ]opm npomemero npemenn (nperepnra) xnnxercx ntpaxenne nepeantnocrn nnn nenosmoxnocrn. Taxoe ynorpenenne mt naxonm n npenoxennxx, ntpaxammnx xenanne, n n ycnonntx npenoxennxx. Ecnn mt xornm ycranonnrt nornuecxym cnxst mexy +rnm ynorpenennem n nopmantntm npemennmm ynorpenennem nperepnra, mt moxem cxasart: cnxsymmee sneno sect saxnmuaercx n rom, uro no ncex +rnx cnyuaxx uro-ro orpnnaercx n ornomennn nacroxmem npemenn: At that time he had money enough B ro npemx y nero tno ocrarouno ener, I wish he had money enough xoren t, urot y nero tno ocrarouno ener n If he had money enough Ecnn t y nero tno ocrarouno ener nce +rn npenoxennx, xaxoe no-cnoemy, npornnononoxnt npenoxennm He has money enough V nero ocrarouno ener. Hpenoxenne I wish he had money enough ]opmo nperepnra ntpaxaer xenanne, ornocxmeecx x nacroxmemy npemenn, n n ro xe npemx ero nenosmoxnocrt n nepeantnocrt (K coxanennm, y nero ner ocrarouno ener); rouno rax xe ]opma onpomemero npemenn n npenoxennn I wish he had had money enough ntpaxaer xenanne, ornocxmeecx x xaxomy-ro npomememy nepnoy, n n ro xe npemx orpnnaer nannune ocrarounoro xonnuecrna ener n ro npemx. Ho no ornomennm x yymemy npemenn, xax npannno, nenosmoxno orpnnart uro-nnyt rax xareropnuecxn, a no+romy coornercrnymmn cnnr npemennmx ]opm (would nmecro will) ntpaxaer nnmt nsnecrnym neynepennocrt n ocymecrnnennn ecrnnx: I wish he would send the money to-morrow xenan t, urot on nocnan entrn sanrpa, no I hope he will send the money to-morrow ntpaxaer xenanne, nnuero ne ronopx o nepoxrnocrn ero ocymecrnnennx. B ycnonntx npenoxennxx mt nanmaem re xe cnnrn: if he had money enough ornocnrcx x nacroxmemy npemenn n orpnnaer ]axr nannunx y nero ener; if he had had money enough ornocnrcx x npomememy npemenn n orpnnaer nannune ener n ro npemx; if he should have money enough ornocnrcx x yymemy npemenn, no ne orpnnaer nannune ener, a nnmt ocrannxer nexcntm nonpoc o
rom, nonyunr on entrn nnn ner. Onaxo nocnenxx ]opma moxer ynorpenxrtcx raxxe nx ntpaxennx comnennx n nacroxmem npemenn: if he should be innocent ,ecnn on nennnonen, osnauammee, noxany, n ontmnncrne cnyuaen ecnn oxaxercx (n yymem), uro on nennnonen (ceuac) n r. n. Ecnn peut ner o yymem npemenn, moxno ynorpenrt raxxe ]opmy npocroro npomemero (es should): It would be a pity if he missed the boat to-morrow Ftno t xant, ecnn t on sanrpa onosan na napoxo 1 . Hnora, ocoenno n pasronopno peun, ncrpeuaercx eme ontmn cnnr, npn xoropom ]opma onpomemero npemenn ynorpenxercx ne rontxo n ornomennn npomemero, no n n ornomennn nacroxmero npemenn nx roro, urot rontxo nouepxnyrt nepeantnocrt, esornocnrentno xo npemenn. Hanpnmep, moxno cxasart: If I had had money enough (n nacroxmn momenr), I would have paid you n I wish I had had money enough (ceuac) to pay you. Hnrepecno ormernrt raxxe, uro ynorpenenne ]opmt npomemero npemenn nx ntpaxennx nepeantnocrn n nacroxmem npnnonr x romy, uro +ra ]opma moxer ynorpenxrtcx npnmennrentno x yymemy, nanpnmep: It is high time the boy went to bed anno nopa peenxy nrn cnart. B xoncrpyxnnxx co snauennem xenannx n ycnonnx nepeantnocrt n nenosmoxnocrt cnauana ne ntpaxannct cnnrom npemen xax raxontm; rpeonancx raxxe cnnr naxnonenn nepexo or nsxnnrentnoro x cocnararentnomy, uro nanmaercx o cnx nop n nemenxom xstxe. Ho n arcxom xstxe n npomemem (n onpomemem) npemenn ne cymecrnyer nnxaxoro ]opmantnoro pasnnunx mexy naxnonennxmn, rax uro nsmenenne snauennx sanncnr nennxom or ]opmt npemenn. To xe nanmaercx n n anrnncxom xstxe n 99% cnyuaen, rax xax npexnxx ]opma cocnararentnoro naxnonennx npomemero npemenn connaaer c ]opmo nsxnnrentnoro naxnonennx npomemero npemenn, xpome enncrnennoro uncna rnarona be trt, re o cnx nop pasnnuamrcx was n were. Herxo nonxrt n cnxsn c +rnm, uro nncrnnxrnnnoe uyncrno pasnnunx mexy +rnmn nymx ]opmamn ne moxer trt ocrarouno xnntm, urot nomemart ynorpenennm was ram, re necxontxo cronern nasa rpeonanoct were. Hpnnnsnrentno c 1700 r. was ynorpenxercx n raxnx nosnnnxx nce uame: I wish he was present to hear you (e]o); A murder behind the scenes will affect the audience with greater terror than if it was acted before their eyes (unntnnr). B nnreparypnom xstxe n neannee npemx nanmanact peaxnnx n nontsy were, xo- ropoe npenounraercx ontmnncrnom yunrene; onaxo n pasronopno peun were ynorpenxercx cpannnrentno pexo, sa ncxnmuennem ntpaxennx if I were you ,ecnn t x tn na namem mecre; xpome roro, cneyer samernrt, uro was snaunrentno +m]arnunee, uem were, a no+romy ono, rax cxasart, nyume ntpaxaer nenosmoxnocrt, uem crapax ]opma cocnararentnoro naxnonennx: I am not rich. I wish I was ne orar. xenan t trt orartm; I am ill. If I wasnt, I should come with you onen. Ecnn t x ne tn onen, x nomen t c namn rax uacro tnaer n orpnnarentno ]opme. Cp. raxxe if he were to call co cnatm were, cmyrno ntpaxammee yymym nosmoxnocrt, n if he was to call c cnntntm was, orpnnammee ro, uro ntpaxaercx npenoxennem he is to call; is to sect
1 Cnnr npemen nanmaercx n n rex cnyuaxx, xora rnnorernuecxn xapaxrep npnarounoro npenoxennx ne ntpaxen oruernnno c nomomtm comsa rnna if ecnn: Fancy your wife attached to a mother who dropped her hs (Texxepe). Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nourn cnnonnmnuno has to, is bound to: If I was to open my heart to you, I could show you strange sights (Kaynep); If I was to be shot for it I couldnt (Boy). Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe mt naxonm coornercrnymmee ynorpenenne ]opm npomemero n onpomemero npemenn n ycnonntx npenoxennxx; sect nsxnnrentnoe naxnonenne raxxe ntrecnnno cocnararentnoe, xorx ]opmt +rnx naxnonenn pasnnuannct no ]pannyscxom xstxe ontme, uem n anrnncxom n n arcxom: Sil avail assez dargent, il payerait, nepnonauantno sil ett ... 1
ronopnn sect rontxo o npemennmx ]opmax n ycnonnom (npnarounom) npenoxennn, no nepnonauantno re xe npannna ornocnnnct n x rnannomy npenoxennm ycnonnoro nepnoa; rax, mt naxonm: But if my father had not scanted me ... Yourselfe, renowned Prince, than stood as faire As any commer (Bexcnnp); She were an excellent wife for Benedick (Bexcnnp). Coornercrnenno n n onpomemem: If thou hadst bene here, my brother had not died (Hepeno Fnnnn, 1611 r.). Onaxo, noono romy xax cymecrnyer cnntnax renennnx xcnee ntpaxart yymee npemx n rnanntx npenoxennxx, uem n npnarountx (+ro ocrnraercx n anrnncxom xstxe ynorpenennem will nnn shall), rax n sect onee xparxn cnoco ntpaxennx n rnanntx npenoxennxx ycnonnoro nepnoa tn samenen onee nonntm c rnaronamn should n would: you would stand; she would be; my brother would not have died n r. n. Could n might n rnanntx npenoxennxx ynorpenxmrcx no-crapomy, nocxontxy +rn rnaront ne nmemr ]opmt nn]nnnrnna, a no+romy ne moryr couerartcx c should n would, nanpnmep: How could I be angry with you? He might stay if he liked. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe nanmaercx ananornunoe xnnenne: Il vont (venait) n rnannom npenoxennn ycnonnoro nepnoa tno ntrecneno ]opmo il viendrait, xoropax nepnonauantno nmena snauenne onxencrnonannx n npomnom (on onxen tn npnrn), no renept ynorpenxercx rnanntm opasom n xauecrne naxnonennx, xoropoe npnnxro nastnart ycnonntm (le conditionnel), nanpnmep: Sil pouvait, il viendrait. Touno rax xe n npomemem: Mon frnre ne serait pas mort, sil lavait su. Ocotm npnmenennem ]opmt npomemero npemenn nepeantnocrn xnnxmrcx cnyuan ynorpenennx should n ought nx ntpaxennx onxencrnonannx, onra n r. n. n nacroxmem npemenn n cnyuan ynorpenennx c orrenxom cmxruennx ]opmt could nmecro can (Could you tell me the right time), would nmecro will (Would you kindly tell me...) n might nmecro may (Might I ask...). 3ro npnneno x npenpamennm must ns ]opmt npomemero npemenn n ]opmy nacroxmero npemenn; cp. raxxe mne. meste. Fonee ocroxrentnoe paccmorpenne xnnxercx enom cnennantntx rpammarnx.
I . a e a XX BPEMR H BPEMEHHL? E mOPML (Ououuauue) Hep]exr. Hnxnmsnnnoe npemx. Bpemennme ]opmt crpaarentnoro sanora. Aopncr n nmnep]exr. Anrnncxne pacmnpennte npemennme ]opmt. Tepmnnt nx npemennmx ]opm. Bpemennme ornomennx y cymecrnnrentntx (nxnmuax nn]nnnrnn). Bn. HEPmEKT Cncrema npemennmx ]opm, nsnoxennax ntme, nepoxrno, ntsoner cneymmee nospaxenne: ona ne ornonr mecra nep]exry (have written, habe geschrieben, ai crit n r. n.), ono ns nyx cropon nar. scripsi, no narnncxo repmnnonornn perfectum absolutum nnn onpeenennt nep]exr. Onaxo n ecrnnrentnocrn +ro ne xnnxercx neocrarxom cncremt: nep]exr ne moxer narn cee mecra n anno npocro cncreme, rax xax, nomnmo npemennyro momenra, on ntpaxaer pesyntrarnnnocrt. 3ro nacroxmee npemx, no nacroxmee npemx coxpanennx (permansive present): nep]exr npecrannxer ntnemnee cocroxnne xax pesyntrar npomntx cotrn, a no+romy ero moxno nasnart perpocnexrnnno pasnonnnocrtm nacroxmero npemenn. uro +ro pasnonnnocrt nacroxmero, a ne npomemero npemenn, nornepxaercx nosmoxnocrtm ero couerannx c napeunem now renept: Now I have eaten enough Tenept x ocrarouno noen; He has become mad On comen c yma osnauaer, uro on renept cymacmemn, rora xax He became mad nnuero ne ronopnr o ero renepemnem cocroxnnn. Have you written the letter? +ro nonpoc, ornocxmncx x nacroxmemy npemenn, a Did you write the letter? nonpoc, ornocxmncx x onpeenennomy npemenn n npomnom. 3amertre raxxe pasnnune n ntope ]opmt npemenn n npn- arounom npenoxennn: He has given orders that all spies are to be shot at once On oran npnxas, urot ncex mnnonon paccrpennnann nemenenno, no He gave orders that all spies were to be shot at once. Hep]exr moxno nsopasnrt xax BA nnn xax B(A), re yxnt A n B ynorpenent n cmtcne, npnnxrom na crp. 300. Bectma nepoxrno, uro pennn nnoenponecxn nep]exr tn nepnonauantno nnrencnnntm nnn nepmancnnntm nacroxmnm npemenem; +ry rouxy spennx ouent yenrentno orcrannaer Capayn (S a r a u w, Festschrift Vilh. Thomsen, 1912, crp. 60): Hep]exr nnauane oosnauan cocroxnne: odi ,nenannxy, memini nomnm, hestska crom, kektsmai onaam, kekeutha ,coepxy, nmemam, heimai nomy (oexy), oida nmem nepe rnasamn. Hep]exrnoe snauenne nponsnonoe n ocnonano na ymosaxnmuennn: ecnn onaaer, snaunr npnopen, ecnn nocnr, snaunr naen. ne cropont snauennx nep]exra rpyno yepxart n cocroxnnn ycrounnoro pannonecnx. Hexoropte ns craptx nep]exrntx ]opm ynorpenxmrcx rontxo n cmtcne nacroxmero npemenn, nanpnmep nar. odi, memini; n repmancxnx xstxax n +rom cmtcne ynorpenxmrcx rax nastnaemte nperepnro- npesenrnte rnaront, xoropte tno t nyume nmenonart nep]exrno- Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npesenrntmn 1 , nanpnmep: anrn. can mory, may mory, ror. wait snam, coornercrnymmee rp. oida, p.-ncn. veit, p.-.anrn. wat, ycrapenoe anrn. wot n r. . Onaxo pyrne ]opmt pennero nep]exra n repmancxnx xstxax yrparnnn snauenne nacroxmero npemenn n npenparnnnct n ]opmt uncroro npomemero npemenn, nanpnmep: anrn. drove exan, sang nen, held epxan n r. n. nx ntpaxennx xe nep]exrnoro snauennx tnn opasonant cnoxnte ]opmt c have: I have driven, sung, held n r. n. B neannee npemx ono ns raxnx couerann crano nennxom ]opmo nacroxmero npemenn (r. e. nontm nep]exrno-npesenrntm rnaronom): Ive got no time V menx ner npemenn, Youve got to do it Bt onxnt +ro cenart 2 . Harnncxn nep]exr, nosnnxmn n pesyntrare cnnxnnx craporo nep]exra n craporo aopncra 3 , coueraer cnnraxcnuecxne ]ynxnnn oenx npemenntx ]opm. V pomancxnx rnaronon, onaxo, mt nanmaem ro xe pasnnrne, uro n y ontmnncrna repmancxnx: crapte ]opmt nep]exra yrpaunnamr cnom nep]exrnym ]ynxnnm n cranonxrcx ]opmamn npomemero npemenn, c rem nnmt ornnunem or repmancxnx rnaronon, uro onn npecrannxmr coo aopncr (renept nx nastnamr pass dfini, pass historique npomemee ncropnuecxoe), nocxontxy ox o ox c nnmn cymecrnymr ]opmt nmnep]exra (cm. nnxe). Honnnnt nep]exr n pomancxnx xstxax, xax n n repmancxnx, ntpaxaercx onncarentno xoncrpyxnne: ho scritto, ai crit n r. n. (o rnarone nmert n xauecrne xomnonenra nep]exrntx ]opm no mnornx xstxax cm. Me i l l e t, Linguistique historique et linguistique gnrale, 189). Onaxo necmorpx na ynorpenenne ]opmt nacroxmero npemenn rnarona ,nmert n +rnx nontx nep]exrntx ]opmax rpyno coxpanxrt oruernnnoe pasnnune mexy nonxrnem ntnemnero pesyntrara npomntx cotrn n nonxrnem camnx npomntx cotrn: nep]exr cxnonen npenpamartcx n ]opmy npomemero npemenn, xorx +ra renennnx n ne npoxnnxercx c onnaxono cnno no ncex xstxax. Anrnncxn xstx n +rom ornomennn onee nocneonarenen n ne onycxaer ynorpenennx nep]exrno ]opmt, ecnn nmeercx n nny onpeenennt momenr n npomnom, espasnnuno, oosnauen on cnennantno nnn ner. Hpenoxennx co cnonamn npoe yesterday nuepa nnn in 1897 n 1897 roy rpeymr npocro ]opmt npomemero npemenn, rax xe xax n npenoxennx, nonecrnymmne o nmxx, xoroptx yxe ner n xnntx, sa ncxnmuennem rex cnyuaen, xora ronopnrcx o ntnemnem pesyntrare nx npomno exrentnocrn, nanpnmep: Newton has explained the movements of the moon Htmron oxcnnn nnxenne nynt (nnxenne nynt oxcneno Htmronom). C pyro cropont, Newton believed in an omnipotent God Htmron nepnn no ncemorymero ora. Moxno cxasart England has had many able rulers B Anrnnn tno mnoro cnocontx npannrene, no ecnn nmecro cnona England ynorpenrt cnono Assyria, ]opmy npemenn nao nsmennrt (Br a d l e y, The Making of English, London, 1904, 67). B nemenxom xstxe n +rom ornomennn cymecrnyer ontmax cnooa, a n mxnonemenxnx nanexrax npoxnnxercx renennnx ynorpenxrt cnoxnym ]opmy
1 Anrnncxn rnaron must onxen npecrannxer coo nonnnnt nperepnro-npesenrnt rnaron, a ero npexnxx ]opma nacroxmero npemenn mot tna nep]exrno-npesenrntm opasonannem. 2 B anrno-npnancxom ecrt nmontrnt cnyua nep]exra: he is after drinking = has drunk ,ntnnn. 3 Dixi crapt aopncr na -s, a pepuli nep]exr c ynoennem.
no ncex cnyuaxx: Ich habe ihn gestern gesehen. C pyro cropont, nemnt (cenepnte nemnt?) uacro ronopxr: Waren Sie in Berlin? Ftnn nn nt n Fepnnne?; anrnnuannn cxasan t: Have you been in Berlin? Kora anrnnuannn cntmnr noont nonpoc nemna, on, ecrecrnenno, cxnonen ornernrt When? Kora? arcxn xstx sannmaer npomexyrounoe nonoxenne mexy nocneonarentnocrtm anrnncxoro xstxa n cnooo nemenxoro; aruannn, nanpnmep, ncera cnpocnr: Har De vxret i Berlin?, no on ne yer nospaxart n npornn raxnx npenoxenn, xax Jeg har set ham iger nnen ero nuepa. Ecnn xe, onaxo, yxasanne na npemx yer croxrt o rnarona, norpeyercx ]opma npomemero npemenn: Iger see jeg ham. Hcnxonornuecxax npnunna saxnmuaercx sect n rom, uro n nepnom cnyuae npenoxenne naunnanoct rax, xax ecnn t ono tno es yxasannx na npemx; +ro yxasanne xax t oannxercx ononnnrentno nocne roro, xax npenoxenne no cymecrny yxe saxonueno; Jeg har set ham nnen ero; ecnn xe npenoxenne naunnaercx cnonom nuepa, nocne nero, ecrecrnenno, crannrcx ]opma npomemero npemenn. B ncnancxom xstxe raxoe pasnnune, no-nnnmomy, conmaercx axxyparno; Xancen (Ha n s s e n, Spanische Grammatik, Halle, 1910, 95) aer npnmept, coornercrnymmne npnneenntm ntme anrnncxnm npnmepam: Roma se hizo secora del mundo; La Inglaterra se ha hecho secora del mar. Onaxo no ]pannyscxom +ro pasnnune nepecrano omymartcx, n no xpane mepe n conpemennom pasronopnom napnxcxom xstxe n n ronopax Cenepno upannnn ]opma pass dfini conepmenno ntmna ns ynorpenennx: Je lai vu hier; Ils se sont maris en 1910. Hepexo nep]exra n npomemee npemx xnnxercx, ouennno, ynnnepcantno renennne; no ncxxom cnyuae, mt naxonm ero n raxnx oranenntx xstxax, xax nenrepcxn, re nrt has written n otunom xstxe samennno nra wrote (S i mo n i, Die ungarische Sprache, Straburg, 1907, 365). Perpocnexrnnnoe npomemee npemx, xoropoe ornocnrcx x xaxomy-nnyt nepnoy n npomemem, rax xe xax nep]exr ornocnrcx x nacroxmemy, nentsx orrpannunrt or onpomemero npemenn, ynomxnyroro ntme: had written 1 . Taxnm xe opasom n ro, uro mt ntme nasnann oyymnm, nentsx orrpannunrt or perpocnexrnnnoro yymero: will have written. Onncarentnte ]opmt c have, no-nnnmomy, noxastnamr, uro ronopxmne cxnonnt rpaxronart +rn ne npemennte ]opmt xax napannentnte nep]exry, a ne npocromy npomememy; orcma n repmnnt past perfect n future perfect. HHKAK3HBHOE BPEMR Hepexo tnaer neoxonmo ronopnrt o rom, uro ononpemenno ornocnrcx n x npomememy n x nacroxmemy npemenn. Moxno couerart ne
1 Max-Keppoy (R. B. M c K e r r o w, Engl. Grammar and Grammars, Essays and Studies by Members of the Engl. Assoc., 1922, crp. 162) ocrpoymno nomeuaer, uro npenoxenne Caesar had thrown a bridge across the Rhine in the previous autumn Hesapt nepepocnn mocr uepes Pen npetyme ocentm otuno osnauaer, uro +ror mocr cymecrnonan n ror nepno, o xoropom paccxastnaer ncropnx, no raxo ntno momenrantno nerpannsyercx, ecnn oannrt uro-nnyt npoe: but it had been swept away by the winter floods no on tn cnecen snmnnmn nanoxamn. Ho moe repmnnonornn had thrown n nepnom cnyuae yer ]opmo perpocnexrnnnoro npomemero npemenn, a no nropom ]opmo uncroro onpomemero. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
npemennte ]opmt: I was (then) and am (still) an admirer of Mozart; I have been and I am an admirer of Mozart tn n ocramct noxnonnnxom Monapra. Ho ecnn x +romy oannrt yxasanne na nnrentnocrt, annte ne ]opmt moxno oennnrt n nnxnmsnnnym ]opmy npomeme-nacroxmero npemenn. Bnny cnoxnocrn camoro snauennx nexoropte xstxn ynorpenxmr nep]exr, nanpnmep anrnncxn n arcxn, a pyrne ]opmy nacroxmero npemenn, nanpnmep nemenxn n ]pannyscxn: I have known him for two years snam ero na roa; Jeg har kendt ham i to er; Ich kenne ihn seit zwei Jahren; Je le connais depuis deux ans. Oparnre nnnmanne na pasnnune n ynorpenennn npenoron n xaxom cnyuae. B narnncxom xstxe mt naxonm ro xe npannno, uro n no ]pannyscxom, rontxo es npenora: annum jam audis Cratippum. Conepmenno ouennno, uro raxoe npemennye ornomenne ne moxer narn cee mecra n npnneenno ntme rannne, no ero moxno oosnaunrt yxnamn B & A. Coornercrnymmne ntpaxennx mt naxonm n npnmennrentno x npomememy n x yymemy npemenn: In 1912 I had known him for two years B 1912 roy x yxe snan ero n reuenne nyx ner; I 1912 havde jeg kendt ham i to er; In 1912 kannte ich ihn seit zwei Jahren; En 1912 je le connaissais depuis deux ans; Next montli I shall have known him for two years B cneymmem mecxne x yy snart ero yxe na roa; Nxste mened har jeg (vil jeg ha) kendt ham i to er; Im nchsten Monat werde ich ihn seit zwei Jahren kennen; Le mois prochain je le connaotrai depuis deux ans. Pasymeercx, nocnenne ntpaxennx ncrpeuamrcx ne ouent uacro. BPEMEHHL? E mOPML CTPAATEALHOIO 3AAOIA Hpn paccmorpennn onncarentntx npemenntx ]opm crpaarentnoro sanora n pomancxnx n repmancxnx xstxax neoxonmo nmert n nny nocrnennt xapaxrep nep]exra. B xnaccnuecxo nartnn, re cymecrnonana nonnnnax ]opma nacroxmero npemenn crpaarentnoro sanora na -r (scribitur), cnoxnax ]opma scriptum est (= it is written) xnnxercx nep]exrom n nmeer snauenne ,nanncano, r.e. tno nanncano n xnnxercx nanncanntm ceuac. Ho n pomancxnx xstxax ]opma crpaarentnoro sanora na -r ncuesna, a snauenne onncarentntx xoncrpyxnn uacrnuno nsmennnoct. 3ror nonpoc nyume ncex nccneonan nn (Di e z, Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen, Bonn, 1876, 3. 202). Hs pannnx namxrnnxon on npnnonr raxne npnmept, xax quae ibi sunt aspecta nmecro aspiciuntur; est possessum nmecro possidetur, a sarem ennr rnaront na na xnacca. B nepnom xnacce ecrnne nno orpannueno ennnuntm momenrom (cxnarnrt, ynnnrt, pasynrt, ocrannrt, xonunrt, ynrt), nno nopasymenaer xoneunym nent (Endzweck: enart, ntstnart, yxpamart, ,coopyxart, nrt); sect naccnnnoe npnuacrne oosnauaer ecrnne xax conepmennoe n saxonuennoe, a coueranne c sum n pomancxnx xstxax, xax n n narnncxom, xnnxercx ]opmo nep]exra. Hpnmept: Il nemico n battuto, Lennemi est battu = Hostis victus est; Era battuto, Io sono abbandonato, sorpreso; La cosa n tolta via. nn nastnaer +rn rnaront nep]exrnnntmn. pyro xnacc rnaronon (nmnep]exrnnnte) oxnartnaer rnaront, oosnauammne ecrnnx, xoropte ne npenpnnnmamrcx c nentm sanepmennx: nmnrt, nenannert, xnannrt, ,nopnnart, nocxnmartcx, nnert, cntmart n r. n. 3ect npnuacrne n couerannn c sum ntpaxaer nacroxmee npemx: Egli n amato da tutti, Il est aim de
tout le monde = Amatur ab omnibus; H biasimato, lodato, odiato, riverito, temuto, veduto. B pomancxnx xstxax, xax n n narnncxom, npnuacrnx rnaronon nepnoro xnacca n pesyntrare yrpart npemennyro snauennx cxnonnt npenpamartcx n npnnararentnte (Eruditus est, Terra ornata est floribus). Ecnn npnuacrnxm, cxnonntm npenparnrtcx n npnnararentnte, neoxonmo npnart snauenne npomemero npemenn, nx +ro nenn ynorpenxercx nonoe npnuacrne or esse: Il nemico n stato battuto, Lennemi a t battu. B nacroxmem npemenn npenourenne oraercx axrnnno xoncrpyxnnn: Battono il nemico, On bat lennemi. B nrantxncxom n ncnancxom xstxax n xauecrne ncnomorarentnoro rnarona nx opasonannx crpaarentnoro sanora nacroxmero npemenn moxer ynorpenxrtcx raxxe rnaron venire. Pasnnune mexy nymx xnaccamn, ouent xcnoe y nna, tno anee pasnnro Hnnporom n nyx necrxmnx crartxx (H. Lindroth; cm. Paul und Braunes Beitrge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 31. 238 n Om adjektivering af particip, Lund, 1906). K nepnomy xnaccy Hnnpor npnmenxer repmnn ,cyxneccnnnte (c nopasenennem na repmnnarnnnte n pesyntrarnnnte), a xo nropomy repmnn xypcnnnte. Pncxyx xax yro t es ocoo naonocrn npnymnoxnrt cymecrnymmym repmnnonornm, x pemamct npenoxnrt cnon repmnnt: xonxnmsnnnte (conclusive) n nexonxnmsnnnte (non-conclusive). B nemenxom n arcxom xstxax, re ecrt na ncnomorarentntx rnarona werden, blive, c ono cropont, n sein, vxre, c pyro, ne ocoenno naxno, xaxo ncnomorarentnt rnaron ynorpenxercx c rnaronamn nroporo xnacca (nexonxnmsnnntmn) nepnt nnn nropo: Er wird geliebt (ist geliebt) von jedermann, Han bliver elsket (er elsket) av alle = Jedermann liebt ihn, Alle elsker ham 1 . Onaxo c rnaronamn nepnoro xnacca (xonxnmsnnntmn) +rn ncnomorarentnte rnaront yxastnamr na pasnnunte ]opmt npemenn: Er wird tberwunden, Han bliver overvundet = Man tberwindet ihn, Man overvinder ham; no Er ist tberwunden, Han er overvundet = Man hat ihn tberwunden, Man har overvundet ham. B nocnenem cnyuae nep]exrnt naccnn moxno ntpasnrt eme oruernnnee cnoxno ]opmo Er ist tberwunden worden, Han er blevet overvundet. B anrnncxom xstxe npexnn ncnomorarentnt rnaron weorpan, coornercrnymmn nem. werden, ncues, n no+romy omax xaprnna n ocnonnom raxax xe, xax n no ]pannyscxom xstxe. Ecnn oparnrtcx cnauana x nexonxnmsnnntm rnaronam (nropo xnacc y nna), ro craner xcno, uro, xora npnuacrnx rnna honoured ynaxaemt, admired ntstnammn nocxnmenne, despised npesnpaemt ynorpenxmrcx n xauecrne amnxron (nanpnmep, an honoured colleague ynaxaemt xonnera), onn ne amr nnxaxoro yxasannx na npemx, a cneonarentno moryr, n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn, ornocnrtcx x nmomy npemenn (an honoured colleague of Bacon). Ho+romy couerannx rnna is honoured, is admired n p. npnnanexar x ro xe camo ]opme npemenn (nacroxmero), uro n npocro rnaron is.
1 V nexoroptx nexonxnmsnnntx rnaronon moxer noxnnxrtcx nsnecrnt orrenox n snauennn, n sanncnmocrn or roro, xaxo ns ncnomorarentntx rnaronon ynorpenen. B arcxom xstxe cymecrnyer raxxe ]opma crpaarentnoro sanora na -s: elskes, overvindes, cnococrnymmax nosnnxnonennm ouent ronxnx pasnnun n snauennn nexoroptx rnaronon. Cnyuan ynorpenennx ncnomorarentnoro rnarona venire n nrantxncxom xstxe coornercrnymr nemenxnm xoncrpyxnnxm c werden n arcxnm c blive: viene pagato ornnuno or n pagato. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Hnaue ocronr eno c xonxnmsnnntmn npnuacrnxmn rnna paid ,sannauennt, conquered sanoenannt, lost norepxnnt n r.n. B xauecrne amnxron onn oosnauamr pesyntrar npomnoro ecrnnx: a paid bill ,onnauennt cuer, conquered towns sanoenannte ropoa, a lost battle ,nponrpannoe cpaxenne. Couerannx xe c ncnomorarentntm rnaronom is moryr nmert na pasnnuntx snauennx, n sanncnmocrn or roro, uro ntcrynaer na nepnt nnan npncymee nn npnuacrnm snauenne nep]exrnocrn nnn npncymee ]opme is snauenne nacroxmero npemenn. Cp. na npenoxennx: His bills are paid, so he owes nothing now Ero cuera onnauent, rax uro on ceuac nnuero ne onxen (sind bezahlt; he has paid) n His bills are paid regularly on the first of every month Ero cuera onnaunnamrcx perynxpno nepnoro uncna xaxoro mecxna (werden bezahlt, he pays). uopma npomemero npemenn His bills were paid, xoneuno, roxe moxer nmert coornercrnymmne na snauennx. Cp. cneymmne cnyuan: He was dressed in the latest fashion On tn oer no nocnene moe; The children were dressed every morning by their mother ere xaxoe yrpo oenana mart; At that time they were not yet married, but they were married yesterday B ro npemx onn eme ne tnn xenart, onn noxennnnct nuepa. Haxonen, nocnenn npnmep x epy ns crartn Kepma n npnnoxy ero c nesnaunrentntmn nsmenennxmn: When I came at five, the door was shut (war geschlossen), but I do not know when it was shut (geschlossen wurde) Kora x npnmen n nxrt uacon, nept tna sanepra, no x ne snam, xora ona tna sanepra. Camt nyumn cnoco pasxcnnrt +ro pasnnune saxnmuaercx n rom, urot noxasart, rar tno t nsnoxeno npornnononoxnoe yrnepxenne: When I came at five, the door was open (ynorpeneno npnnararentnoe), but I do not know when it was opened Kora x npnmen n nxrt uacon, nept tna orxptra, no x ne snam, xora ona tna orxptra. B anno xoncrpyxnnn, necomnenno, sanoxen ncrounnx nycmtc- nennocrn 1 , onaxo nao npnsnart, uro n reuenne nocnennx cronern ntpaorannct nsnecrnte cpecrna npeoonennx +ro nycmtcnennocrn. Bo- nepntx, couerannx has been, had been c npnuacrnem, pexne n ennsanernncxym +noxy, crann ynorpenxrtcx nce uame n uame. V Bexcnnpa mt naxonm is n rex cnyuaxx, xora conpemennt anrop, es comnennx, ynorpenn t has been: Spending againe what is already spent... So is my loue still telling what is told (Sonn., 76); Arthur, whom they say is killd to night on your suggestion (John IV. 2. 165). Taxym ]opmy naxonm n n nepenoe Fnnnn 1611 r.: Blessed are they which are persecuted forrighteousness sake (Mar]e, V. 10), no n nepenoe 1634 r.: Blessed are they that have been persecuted. 2 Bo-nroptx, n rex cnyuaxx, re be tno t nycmtcnenno, nce uame ynorpenxmrcx rnaront become n, ocoenno n pasronopno peun, get: taking it into his head rather late in life that he must get married (nxxenc); I am engaged to Mr. W. You are not engaged to anyone. When you do become engaged to anyone, I or your father will inform you of the fact (Vant) 3 . Haxonen, nycmtcnennocrt n xaxo-ro mepe ycrpanxercx
1 B anrnncxom xstxe ner cpecrn rouno nepeart cneymmee npenoxenne ns Iere: Was heute nicht geschieht, ist morgen nicht getan. 2 B nauane enanrennx or Hyxn n nepenoe 1611 r. ronopnrcx: thy prayer is heard; am sent; is borne this day; which was told them; it was revealed; n Twentieth Century Version: has been heard: have been sent; has been born; what had been said; it had been revealed. 3 Hpecrannxmr nnrepec cneymmne npenoxennx n ono ns ntec Boy, rax xax no nropom npenoxennn rpeyercx +m]arnuecxax ]opma, a they are killed nerxo morno trt nonxrno nenpannntno: No man goes to battle to be killed. But they do get killed.
cpannnrentno nontm couerannem is being. Taxnm opasom, conpemennt anrnncxn xstx onaaer no xpane mepe rpemx nontmn ntpaxennxmn napxy c npexnnm the book is read, a nmenno: the book has been read, gets read, is being read. 3ra cnennannsannx xnnxercx necomnenntm ntnrptmem nx xstxa. AOPHCT H HMHEPmEKT Mt nnenn ntme, uro nar. scripsi tno ne rontxo nep]exrom (have written), no n nperepnrom (wrote); napxy c nnm cymecrnonana n pyrax ]opma nperepnra scribebam. Tenept paccmorpnm pasnnune mexy +rnmn nymx rnnamn nperepnra, nontsyxct repmnnamn rpeuecxo rpammarnxn aopncr n nmnep]exr. B rpammarnxe ]pannyscxoro xstxa, xax mt yxe nnenn, aopncr nmeer pasnnunte nasnannx: le pass dfini, le pass historique; nropo repmnn (npomemee ncropnuecxoe) tn npnnxr Komnrerom no rpammarnuecxo repmnnonornn, xorx ncropnxy, ouennno, rpeyercx ne rontxo annt nn nperepnra, no n nmnep]exr. B rpeuecxom, narnncxom n pomancxnx xstxax oe npemennme ]opmt opasymrcx or rex xe rnaronon c nomomtm pasnnuntx oxonuann. B cnanxncxnx xstxax, re pasnnune no cymecrny raxoe xe, ono ocrnraercx pyrnm nyrem, nyrem pasnnuennx rax nastnaemtx rnaronon conepmennoro n neconepmennoro nna (nep]exrnnntx n nenep]exrnnntx; npana, ne concem n rom snauennn, xax y nna, cm. crp. 318). Kax npannno, na rnarona npornnonocrannxmrcx pyr pyry n n ontmnncrne cnyuaen, xorx n ne ncera, opasymrcx or onoro n roro xe xopnx c nomomtm pasnnuntx cy]]nxcon. Onn ononnxmr pyr pyra n enamr nosmoxntm ntpaxenne npemennmx orrenxon, xorx cnanxncxn rnaron nmeer rontxo na npemenn. 3ro moxno nsopasnrt cneymmnm opasom: ]opma nacroxmero npemenn nperepnr nep]exrnnnt rnaron: yymee npemx aopncr nenep]exrnnnt rnaron: nacroxmee npemx nmnep]exr Ocranonnmcx renept na snauennn aopncra n nmnep]exra. Oa oosnauamr npomemee npemx, a no+romy nx nentsx nomecrnrt n pasnnuntx rouxax nnnnn npemenn (cm. crp. 300), rax xax onn naxoxrcx n onom n rom xe ornomennn x nacroxmemy momenry n ne nmemr ornomennx x nopasenennxm npemenn, oosnauenntm npncranxamn o- n nocne-. Camn no cee onn raxxe ne yxast- namr na nnrentnocrt annoro ecrnnx; nentsx cxasart, uro ono ecrnne mrnonennoe, a pyroe nnrentnoe. Vxasanne na nnrentnocrt moxer trt ononnnrentno npncoenneno x oenm ]opmam: Ebasileuse tessera kai pentskonta etea On napcrnonan nxrtecxr uertpe roa; Lucullus multos annos Asix prxfuit; Louis XIV rgna soixante-douze ans et mourut en 1715; De retour de ces campagnes il fut longtemps malade; Il languit pendant des annes entinres. Paccmarpnnaemte ne npemennte ]opmt coornercrnymr nym snauennxm anrn. then: (1) sarem, nocne: Then he went to France 3arem on noexan no upannnm (ar. dxrpe) n (2) rora, n ro npemx: Then he lived in France Tora on xnn no upannnn (ar. dengang). Aopncr nponnraer nonecrnonanne nnepe, on ronopnr, uro cnyunnoct norom, rora xax nmnep]exr saepxnnaercx na ycnonnxx, cymecrnonanmnx n +ror nepno, n onnctnaer nx onee nnn menee Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
ocroxrentno. B onom cnyuae nannno nnxenne, n pyrom ocranonxa. Anrop ono narnncxo rpammarnxn, nnrary ns xoropo x re-ro namen, cxaro ]opmynnpyer +ry mtcnt cneymmnm opasom: Perfecto procedit, imperfecto insistit oratio. Touno rax xe n Kpmrep ronopnr, uro aopncr oennxer (zusammenfat) n cocpeorounnaer, a nmnep]exr pasnopaunnaer (entfaltet). Capayn (Sarauw) pasnnnaer +ro nonoxenne (Kuhns Zeitschrift ftr vergleichende Sprachforschung, 38. 151) cneymmnm opasom: npn ynorpenennn aopncra ronopxmn ornnexaercx or necymecrnennoro, or ocroxrentcrn, npn xoroptx nponcxonno ecrnne, a raxxe or nosmoxntx nepeptnon n nem, n ro, uro n ecrnnrentnocrn tno pxom nocneonarentntx ecrnn, ynnornxercx n ono ecrnne, nn- rentnocrt xoroporo, onaxo, ne coxpamaercx. Hpnmeuarentno, uro n crapocnanxncxom xstxe, xax nouepxnnaer Capayn, aopncr opasontnancx xax or nenep]exrnnntx, rax n or nep]exrnnntx rnaronon. Bo ]pannyscxom xstxe aopncr (pass historique) ynorpenxercx raxxe or nmoro rnarona, nesanncnmo or ero snauennx. C nexoroptm npeynennuennem moxno axe cxasart, nontsyxct nnecxnm ntpaxennem, uro nmnep]exr ynorpenxer ror, xomy onn ent xa- xercx rtcxuenernem, a aopncr ror, xomy rtcxuenerne xaxercx onnm nem. Bo ncxxom cnyuae mt nnnm, uro repmnnt rnna nem. Aktionsart oxastnamrcx nectma nerountmn: paccmarpnnaemoe pasnnune ne nmeer ornomennx x ecrnnm xax raxonomy; mt yem ropaso nnxe x ncrnne, ecnn cxaxem, uro pasnnune saxnmuaercx n cxopocrn nonecrnonannx; ecnn ronopxmn xenaer, nepeuncnxx cotrnx, cxopee noorn x nacroxmemy momenry, on nseper aopncr; ecnn xe, naoopor, on mennr n ornnexaercx na nropocrenennte erann, on ynorpenr nmnep]exr. Taxnm opasom, +ro pasnnune, no cymecrny, ecrt pasnnune n remne: nmnep]exr lento, a aopncr allegro, nnn xe coornercrnenno ritardando n accelerando. Orcma cranonnrcx nonxrntm n ro, uro nmnep]exry n ornnune or aopncra uacro cnocrnenna snaunrentnax +monnonantnax oxpacxa. B cnoxntx ]opmax onpomemero npemenn coornercrnymmee pasnnune cymecrnyer no ]pannyscxom xstxe mexy javais crit n jeus crit. 3ect raxxe n nennreparypno peun nmecro eus ynorpenxercx ai eu: Quand ma femme a eu trouv une place, elle a donn son enfant a une vieille pour le ramener au pays (oe). Hoono romy, xax n narnncxom xstxe nep]exr ntnonnxer ne ]ynxnnn, rax n nmnep]exr n narnncxom xstxe, pomancxnx xstxax n rpeuecxom xstxe roxe ntnonnxer ne ]ynxnnn: xpome samenennoro ecrnnx, o xoropom peut mna ntme, on oosnauaer eme otunoe ecrnne n onpeenennt nepno npomemero npemenn. 3ect no+romy nonxrne npemenn cnxstnaercx c nonxrnem nonropnocrn, n ecrnnrentnocrn npecrannxmmnm coo uncnonoe nonxrne (cm. pasen uncno, crp. 244): nonxrne mnoxecrnennocrn no ornomennm x rnarontnomy ecrnnm, ntpaxaemoe n raxom ynorpenennn nmnep]exra, +ro nonxrne roro xe nopxxa, uro n nonxrne, xoropoe naxonr onee oruernnnoe ntpaxenne n nreparnnntx nnn ]pexnenrarnnntx opasonannxx. Tenept moxno art cneymmym cpannnrentnym rannny npemenntx ]opm n necxontxnx nanonee nsnecrntx xstxax. B crpoxe nepno npnnonrcx nonnnnt nep]exr; no nropo aopncr; n rperte nmnep]exr co snauennem otunoro ecrnnx, a n uernepro onncarentnt nmnep]exr. Taxo osop xcno noxastnaer, xax n nexoroptx xstxax cmemnnamrcx re pasnnunx, xoropte oruernnno pasrpannunnamrcx n pyrnx xstxax.
1. gegraphe scripsit a crit has written hat geschrieben 2. egrapse scripsit crivit, wrote schrieb a crit 3. egraphe scribebat crivait wrote schrieb 4. egraphe scribebat crivait was writing schrieb 1 . AHIAHHCKHE PACmHPEHHLE BPEMEHHL? E mOPML B npnneennom osope narnncxomy scribebam n anrnncxom xstxe naxonrcx na coornercrnnx: wrote nx otunoro ecrnnx n was writing nx onncarentnoro nmnep]exra. Coornercrnymmne ntpaxennx cymecrnymr n n nacroxmem npemenn n r. ., rax xax n anrnncxom xstxe nmeercx nent px cnoxntx npemenntx ]opm: is writing, was writing, has been writing, will (shall) be writing, will (shall) have been writing, would (should) be writing, would (should) have been writing, a n naccnne is being written, was being written; Cynr n cnoe cncreme aer axe I have been being seen, I had been being seen, I shall be being seen, I should be being seen, I shall have been being seen, xorx, es comnennx, moxno tno t npouecrt ncm anrnncxym nnreparypy n ne ncrpernrt ram n nonecxrxa npnmepon raxnx ]opm. O +rnx couerannxx tna cosana orpomnax nnreparypa; rpammarncrt nastnamr nx pasnnuntmn repmnnamn: definite tenses ,onpeenennte npemena, progressive tenses nporpeccnnnte npemena, continuous tenses nnrentnte npemena. npenounram nastnart nx pacmnpenntmn npemenntmn ]opmamn (expanded tenses), nocxontxy +ror repmnn ocrarouno xcno xapaxrepnsyer nx opasonanne, no nmecre c rem ne coepxnr npensxro onenxn nx ynorpenennx. uro xacaercx ncropnuecxoro pasnnrnx paccmarpnnaemtx ]opm, ro x yxe an npenapnrentnt oruer o cnonx nccneonannxx n xnnre Tid og Tempus, crp. 406420 c xpnrnxo onee pannnx reopn, a sect npnney nnmt ouent xparxn osop. Mo rnannt ntno cocronr n rom, uro conpemennax xoncrpyxnnx n ouent mano crenenn oxsana cnonm cymecrnonannem penneanrnncxnm xoncr- pyxnnxm rnna wxs feohtende tn cpaxammnmcx, xoropte ne nrpann naxno ponn n n cpeneanrnncxn nepno; +ra xoncrpyxnnx pasnnnact rnanntm opasom nyrem orceuennx nauantnoro cnora ns couerann orrnarontnoro cymecrnnrentnoro c npenorom on: is on huntinge (ecrt) na oxore, is a-hunting, is hunting (rax xe xax burst out on weeping, a weeping, weeping; set the clock on going, a going, going). Taxoe ronxonanne oxcnxer, nouemy +rn ]opmt crann pacnpocrpanxrtcx n nepno, xora orceuenne nauantnoro cnora (back ns on bxc, aback n r. . n r.n.) crano ouent uacrtm xnnennem; cranonnrcx nonxrntm n ynorpenenne npenora of nepe ononnennem (xoropoe o cnx nop ncrpeuaercx n nennreparypno peun), naccnnnoe snauenne n cnyuaxx rnna the house was building ,om crponncx, n, naxonen, nocnenee no nopxxy, no ne no naxnocrn +ro ronxonanne nomoraer nonxrt rounoe snauenne pacmnpenntx npemenntx ]opm n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe snauenne ropaso onee onpeenennoe, uem snauenne penneanrnncxnx n cpeneanrnncxnx npnuacrntx couerann. Cne-
1 O coornercrnymmnx pasnnunxx n yymem npemenn n n nmneparnne n conpemennom rpeuecxom xstxe cm. A. Thumb, Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache, 1895, crp. 73, ns. 2-e, 1910, crp. 119; C. B u c k, Classical Philology, 1914, 92. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
yer nomnnrt, uro npenor on pantme uacro ynorpenxncx ram, re ceuac ynorpenxercx npenor in: He is on hunting On na oxore osnauaer He is in (the middle of) the action of hunting n, raxnm opasom, coepxnr na +nemenra: nepnt trnx, c xoroptm cnxsano yxasanne na npemx, a nropo oxort, xoropt opasyer xax t pamxy noxpyr ecrt. ecrnne, oosnauennoe cnonom hunting, nauanoct o momenra, oosnauennoro ]opmo is (was), no eme ne saxonunnoct; cp. ]pann. Il tait a se raser, quand est venu son beau-frnre. Hasnauenne pacmnpenntx ]opm cocronr n ntpaxennn ne nnrentnocrn xax raxono, a ornocnrentno nnrentnocrn no cpannennm c mentme nnrentnocrtm pyroro ecrnnx. Methuselah lived to be more than nine hundred years old: sect mt nnnm nepacmnpennym ]opmy lived, yxastnammym na ouent nnrentnt nepno npemenn. He was raising his hand to strike her, when he stopped short On nonnman pyxy, urot yapnrt ee, xax npyr ocranonnncx: pacmnpennax ]opma oosnauaer ecrnne ouent neontmo nnrentnocrn. Ornocnrentno onee npoonxnrentnt nepno moxno nsopasnrt npxmo nnnne, a ornocnrentno mentmn rouxo na nnnnn, xoropax ntpaxaer nno nacroxmn momenr (on ne oxsarentno cnennantno oosnauaercx n peun), nno xaxo-ro momenr n npomnom, xoropt n ontmnncrne cnyuaen onxen trt cne- nnantno oosnauen: he is writing he was writing
(now) when I entered Inaront, oosnauammne ymennoe cocroxnne, uyncrna n r. n., xax npannno, ne moryr ynorpenxrtcx n pacmnpenntx npemenntx ]opmax; +ro nerxo oxcnnrt, ecnn ncxonrt ns couerannx is on -ing: net ena nn moxno cxasart He is on liking fish n r. n. Onaxo o npexoxmem cocroxnnn ronopxr: I am feeling cold. Ocoo cneyer ynomxnyrt pacmnpennte ]opmt rnaronon, oosnauammnx nnxenne: go nrn, exart, come npnxonrt, npnesxart. Bo-nepntx, onn moryr ynorpenxrtcx otuntm opasom, ecnn rnaron nmeer cnennantnoe snauenne, xoropoe camo no cee ne ntstnaer npecrannennx o nauane nnxennx: My watch has stopped, but the clock is going Mon pyunte uact ocranonnnnct, no crennte uact uovm, Things are coming my way now; You are going it, I must say. Bo-nroptx, onn moryr ynorpenxrtcx, ecnn xcno, uro nmeercx n nny ne ennnunt axr: The real hardships are now coming fast upon us Hacroxmne rpynocrn tcrpo uaoeueammc na nac ce:ac; She turned to the window. Her breath was coming quickly; Cigarettes were then coming into fashion. Onaxo n ontmnncrne cnyuaen is coming, is going ynorpenxmrcx n ornomennn yymero npemenn, noono romy, xax snauenne yymero npemenn noxnnxercx y ]opmt nacroxmero npemenn coornercrnymmnx rnaronon n pyrnx xstxax (rp. eomi n r. n., cm. crp. 304). Ayxnnonncr otuno ronopnr: Going, going, gone. Cp. raxxe: I am going to Birmingham next week; Christmas is coming, the geese are getting fat. Taxnm opasom, nonyuaercx ntpaxenne nx nnsxoro yymero: He is going to give up business; axe: He is going to go. Fontmnncrno cnyuaen ynorpenennx pacmnpenntx ]opm n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe noxonr no npannna, annte sect; ocoenno nonesno yer cxasannoe o onee nnrentnom npomexyrxe Fpemenn xax o cnoero poa pamxe nx pyroro ecrnnx. H nce xe nentsx orpnnart, uro ecrt mnoro cnyuaen, xoropte
nentsx oxcnnrt raxnm opasom, nanpnmep mnorne couerannx c cymnxramn npoe always ncera, ever xora-nno, constantly nocroxnno, all day long ,nect ent, all the afternoon ncm nropym nononnny nx. Onaxo cneyer samernrt, uro raxne cnyuan ncrpeuannct ocoenno uacro n cpeneanrnncxn nepno, o roro xax maccont npnrox nx n pesyntrare orceuennx nauantnoro rnacnoro n a-hunting n r. n. n xopne nsmennn xapaxrep +roro couerannx. Ecrecrnenntm cnecrnnem ynorpenennx pacmnpenntx npemenntx ]opm, cnyxamnx cnoero poa pamxo noxpyr uero-ro pyroro, xnnxercx oosnauenne npexoxmero cocroxnnx, n npornnononoxnocrt nocroxnnomy cocroxnnm, xoropoe rpeyer nx cnoero ntpaxennx coornercrnymmnx nepacmnpenntx ]opm. Pacmnpennax ]opma nanonr na mtcnt o npemenntx npeenax, nnyrpn xoroptx uro-ro conepmaercx, rora xax npocrax ]opma ne cnxstnaercx c npecrannennem o npeene. Cp. He is staying at the Savoy Hotel On xnner ceuac n rocrnnnne Cano n He lives in London On xnner n Honone; cp. raxxe What are you doing for a living? I am writing for the papers n What do you do for a living? I write for the papers. Hpnntuxn ntpaxamrcx otuno nepacmnpenntmn npemenntmn ]opmamn; cp., nanpnmep, cneymmne npenoxennx: A great awe seemed to have fallen upon her, and she was behaving as she behaved in church; Now he dines at seven, but last year he dined at half-past; Thanks, I dont smoke (cp. I am not smoking). Onaxo, ecnn otunoe ecrnne paccmarpnnaercx xax pamxa nx xaxoro-ro pyroro ecrnnx, ynorpenxercx pacmnpennax ]opma: I realize my own stupidity when I am playing chess with him ocosnam cocrnennym rnynocrt, xora nrpam c nnm n maxmart; Every morning when he was having his breakfast his wife asked him for money Kaxoe yrpo, xora on sanrpaxan, xena cnpamnnana y nero ener (onaxo, ecnn oa ecrnnx nonnocrtm connaamr no nnrentnocrn, pacmnpennte ]opmt nperepnra moryr ynorpenxrtcx n oonx cnyuaxx: Every morning when he was having his breakfast his dog was staring at him Kaxoe yrpo, xora on sanrpaxan, coaxa ne cnonna c nero rnas). Vnorpenenne pacmnpenno ]opmt nx ntpaxennx npexoxmem cocroxnnx n npornnononoxnocrt nocroxnnomy cocroxnnm n camoe neannee npemx nponnxno n n rnaron be, xorx pasnnune mexy He is being polite On nexnnn (n annt momenr) n He is polite On nexnnn (noome) rontxo naunnaer conmartcx. Onaxo nmontrno ormernrt, xax +ro xe camoe pasnnune n pyrnx xstxax ntpaxaercx npn nomomn raxnx cpecrn, xoropte ne nmemr nnuero omero c npemenny cncremo rnarona. B arcxom xstxe av sig cnyxnr nnora nx yxasannx na xauecrno xax na xapaxrepnym uepry (Han er bange av sig ,On poox no npnpoe), n ro npemx xax Han er bange osnauaer On poeer n annt momenr; onaxo oannenne av sig ncrpeuaercx ne uacro. B ncnancxom xstxe cymecrnyer pasnnune mexy nymx rnaronamn, osnauammnmn trt: ser nx oomennoro npemenn, a estar nx annoro npomexyrxa npemenn: Mi hermano es muy active Mo par ouent exrenen; Mi hermano est enfermo Mo par onen; xopomn npnmep x namen y Kantepona (Can. antx., 3. 275): Tu hija soy, sin honra estoy rnox out, no x oecuemena. Or pyrnx rnaronon yno- rpenxercx pacmnpennax ]opma, nourn xax n anrnncxom: Hl est comiendo On ceuac oeaer 1 . (= He is dining); El com a las siete On oeaer n cemt uacon. B pyccxom xstxe npenxarnn nmeer ]opmy nmennrentnoro naexa, ecnn nmeercx n
1 Cp. nr. sta mangiando. Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
nny oomennoe npemx: Ou oi. rvne (noome), n ]opmy rnopnrentnoro naexa, ecnn nmeercx n nny xonxpernt nepno npemenn: Ou oi. rvno+ (n annoe npemx); onaxo +ro pasnnune xacaercx rontxo cymecrnnrentntx; npenxarnn, ntpaxennt npnnararentntm, ncera nmeer ]opmy nmennrentnoro naexa. O ananornunom pasnnunn n conpemennom npnancxom xstxe cm. H. P e d e r s e n, Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, Gottingen, 1909, 2. 76. B ]nncxom xstxe npenxarnn cronr n ]opme nmennrentnoro naexa, ecnn nmeercx n nny oomennoe npemx: Isni on kipe Mo oren onen (nocroxnno, xnnxercx nnnannom), n npornnnom cnyuae ynorpenxercx +ccnnnt naex: Isni on kipen Mo oren onen (n annoe npemx). (Cm. raxxe rnany, nocnxmennym naexy, crp. 210.) Haxonen, neoxonmo paccmorpert naccnnnym xoncrpyxnnm n ycrapenom oopore The house is building om cmpoumc n n otunom npenoxennn: While the tea was brewing B ro npemx xax ua saeapuea.c; My MS. is now copying ,Mox pyxonnct ce:ac nepenucieaemc. B moe npetyme paore x yxasan, nouemy x comnenamct n pannem cymecrnonannn +ro xoncrpyxnnn, n nsnoxnn cnom reopnm, cornacno xoropo raxne xoncrpyxnnn nocxoxr x naccnnnomy ynorpenennm axrnnntx ]opm rnarona (His prose reads like poetry Ero nposa :umaemc, xax no+snx; It lookes ill, it eates drily, marry tis a witherd pear Bexcnnp). Fnaroapx +romy ynorpenennm cranonxrcx onee nonxrntmn nexoropte npnmept na couerannx is ing (preparing npnroronnxercx, brewing ,sanapnnaercx, maturing cospenaer), no ne nce n ocoenno ne re, xoropte xnnxmrcx, noxany, camtmn otuntmn: The house is building om crponrcx, rax xax nenosmoxno cxasart The house builds om crponrcx n naccnnnom cmtcne. Inannt ncrounnx +ro xoncrpyxnnn, no moemy mnennm, +ro coueranne on c orrnarontntm cymecrnnrentntm na -ing, xoropoe, xax n pyrne orrnarontnte cymecrnnrentnte, camo no cee ne xnnxercx nn axrnnntm, nn naccnnntm (cm. ntme, crp. 197), a no+romy onycxaer naccnnnoe ncronxonanne (cp. The house is in construction om naxonrcx e npoecce cmpoume.icmea). Coueranne c npenorom a, onaammee naccnnntm snauennem, tno nonce ne raxnm pexnm axe n onee pannn nepno, nanpnmep This was a doyng (M+nopn); There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest (Bexcnnp); While my mittimus was a making (Fennxn). Orcma nonxrnt n xoncrpyxnnn while grace is saying, while meat was bringing in. Cymecrnyer onpeenennax pasnnna mexy My periwig that was mending there (Pepys) n He is now mending rapidly, nocxontxy nmenno n nocnenem, no ne n nepnom cnyuae nosmoxno ynorpenenne nepacmnpenntx ]opm mends, mended. Cp. raxxe: While something is dressing for our dinner (Pepys) n While George was dressing for dinner (cp. George dresses for dinner). Hoono romy, xax nycmtcnennocrt nexoroptx pyrnx couerann c cymecrnnrentntm na -ing, nepnonauantno ne nmenmnm nn axrnnnoro, nn naccnnnoro snauennx, npnnena cpannnrentno neanno x noxnnennm nono xoncrpyxnnn c being (Foxes enjoy hunting, but do not enjoy being hunted Hncnnt nmxr oxornrtcx, no ne nmxr, xora sa nnmn oxorxrcx), nnonne ecrecrnenno, uro npexnxx xoncrpyxnnx is building tna orpannuena axrnnntm snauennem n uro tna cosana nonax xoncrpyxnnx is being built. Hsnecrno, uro +ra rpomosxax, no nenycmtcnennax xoncrpyxnnx crana noxnnxrtcx x xonny XVIII n. n uro n XIX
n. ona ncrpernna cnntnoe conpornnnenne, npexe uem tna oxonuarentno npnsnana xax saxonnax ennnna anrnncxoro xstxa. TEPMHHL AR BPEMEHHL? X mOPM Tenept necxontxo saxnmunrentntx cnon no nonoy repmnnonornn. B cnxsn c mnpoxnm ynorpenennem pasnnuntx ncnomorarentntx rnaronon n conpemenntx xstxax cranonnrcx nenosmoxntm nnn no xpane mepe nenenecoopasntm nmert cnennantnt repmnn nx ncex npnemnemtx couerann rem onee, uro mnorne ns nnx ntnonnxmr ne ony ]ynxnnm (He would go On nomen t n npenoxennn He would go if he could ornnuno or cnnnyroro I will go noy n npenoxennn He said he would go to-morrow). Houemy would go n would have gone onxnt oosnauartcx cnennantntmn repmnnamn, a might go n might have gone nnn dared go n r. n. ne onxnt? Enncrnennoe ocnonanne cocronr n rom, uro +rn ]opmt coornercrnymr npocrtm ]opmam npemenn nexoroptx pyrnx xstxon. Hpano xe, ner nnxaxo neoxonmocrn n raxnx repmnnax, xax Future Perfect in the Past nep]exrnoe yymee n npomemem nx oosnauennx couerannx would have written, xoropoe, xax mt yxe nnenn, n cnoem ocnonnom ynorpenennn ne nmeer nnuero omero c yymnm npemenem n n nepnom xomnonenre coxpanxer cnet nepnonauantnoro snauennx nonn. Ecnn mt aem I shall write, you will write, he will write xax napanrmy yymem npemenn, mt ncrpeuaemcx c rpynocrxmn npn paccmorpennn couerannx he shall write n npenoxennn He says that he shall write, n xoropom nocnenee coueranne npecrannxer coo cnnnyroe (xocnennoe) I shall write. Iopaso nerue oxcnnrt nce +ro yuamnmcx, ecnn nsxrt orentno xaxt ncnomorarentnt rnaron, yunrtnax ero nepnonauantnoe n ero onee nosnee ocnanennoe snauenne, a sarem, c pyro cropont, noxasart, xax ntpaxaercx yymnocrt (yymee npemx) c nomomtm pasnnuntx cpecrn anrnncxoro xstxa: ro c nomomtm ocnanennoro will (nonx), ro c nomomtm ocnanennoro shall n is to (onxencrnonanne), a ro n pyrnmn cpecrnamn (is coming) n xax uacro yymnocrt moxer nopasymenartcx n xonrexcre, ne yyun ntpaxena nnuem. Taxnm opasom, mt ne yem ronopnrt, uro I shall go n he will go ]opmt yymero npemenn, a cxaxem, uro n oa couerannx nxonr ncnomorarentnt rnaron n ]opme nacroxmero npemenn n nn]nnnrnn. Enncrnenntm cnyuaem, xoropt, noxany, aer nexoropoe ocnonanne nx ocoom repmnna, xnnxercx have written (had written), rax xax otunoe snauenne have sect nonnocrtm yrpaueno n +ro coueranne ynorpenxercx ncxnmunrentno nx oosnauennx onoro ouent cnennantnoro npemennyro ornomennx. Ho axe n sect moxno ycomnnrtcx, ne nyume nn oornct es repmnna nep]exr. BPEMEHHL? E OTHOmEHHR Y CYmECTBHTEALHLX (BKAKHAR HHmHHHTHB) Paccmorpen raxnm opasom npemennte ornomennx, ntpaxaemte npemenamn nnuntx ]opm rnarona, mt nocrapaemcx renept ntxcnnrt, ner nn cxontx rpammarnuecxnx xnnenn sa npeenamn +ro onacrn. Pasymeercx, Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
moxno npecrannrt cee raxo xstx, n xoropom ns ]opmt cnona tno t nnno, x xaxomy nepnoy ornocnrcx saxar, o xoropom ner peut, x npomnomy, nacroxmemy nnn yymemy. B raxom xstxe cnona nenecra, xena, nona npecrannxnn t rpn npemennte ]opmt, opasonannte or onoro xopnx. Hepnoe nesnaunrentnoe npnnnxenne x +romy moxno ycmorpert n npncranxe ex-, xoropax crana omeynorpenrentno n pxe enponecxnx xstxon n camoe neannee npemx: ex-king, ex-roi n r. n. B pyrnx cnyuaxx npnxonrcx ynorpenxrt amnxrt pasnnuntx rnnon: the late Lord Mayor noroui nop m+p, a future Prime Minister ovovuu npemtep-mnnncrp; cp. raxxe an owner, present or prospective, of property; He dreamt of home, or of what was home once; the life to co+e; She was already the expectant mother of his child n r. n. B onom pomane x namen coueranne governors and ex-governors and prospective governors npannrenn, +xc-npannrenn n npenonarammnecx npannrenn 1 . B nexoroptx oranenntx xstxax npemennte pasnnunx n cyme- crnnrentntx ntpaxamrcx onee oruernnno. Tax, nanpnmep, n +cxnmoccxom xstxe na Anxcxe cymecrnnrentnoe ningla xono, mopos nmeer ]opmy npomemero npemenn ninglithluk n ]opmy yymero npemenn ninglikak, a or puyok tm opasyercx npomemee npemx pujuthluk ro, uro tno tmom n yymee npemx puyoqkak ro, uro yer tmom ocrpoymnoe nasnanne nopoxa (Ba u m, Gram- matical Fundamentals of the Innuit Language of Alaska, Boston, 1901, crp. 17). Hoontm xe opasom ocronr eno n n pyrnx amepnxancxnx xstxax. B uacrnocrn, cy]]nxc -neen n aranacxcxom xstxe (xyna) oosnauaer ]opmy npomemero npemenn xax y cymecrnnrentntx, rax n y rnaronon; cp. xontaneen ,om n pasnannnax, xoutneen ero noxonax xena (Bo a s, Handbook of American Indian Languages, Washington, 1911, crp. 105 n III; cp. raxxe Uh l e n b e c k, Grammatische onderscheidingen in het Algonkinsch, Amsterdam Ac., 1909). Vxasanne na npemx npecrannxnoct t ecrecrnenntm y cymecrnnrentntx, opasonanntx or rnarona nnn recno cnxsanntx c rnaronom. H nce xe nasnannx ecrnymmnx nnn otuno cront xe nerpantnt no ornomennm xo npemenn, xax n pyrne cymecrnnrentnte: xorx creator cosarent uame ncero osnauaer ror, xro cosan, raxo orrenox snauennx nn n xoem cnyuae ne xnnxercx oxsarentntm; a baker nexapt, liar nxen, beggar nnmn, reader unrarent n r. n. nnuero ne ronopxr o npemenn, xora nponcxonr coornercrnymmee ecrnne 2 . B ontmnncrne cnyuaen nopasymenaercx otunoe ecrnne, no ecrt n ncxnmuennx (n anrnncxom xstxe uame, uem n arcxom), nanpnmep: the speaker, the sitter = the person who sits for his portrait (ronopxmn, cnxmn [r. e. ror, xro nosnpyer nx noprpera]). B nexoroptx xstxax pasnnnnct npemennte pasnnunx y axrnnntx npnuacrn, nanpnmep rp. graph]n, graps]n, grapsns, gegraph]s, nar. scribens, scripturus. B repmancxnx xstxax cymecrnyer rontxo ono axrnnnoe npnuacrne: nem. schreibend, anrn. writing nnmymn; cp. raxxe n pomancxnx xstxax: nr. scrivendo, ]pann. crivant, xoropte otuno nastnamrcx npnuacrnxmn nacroxmero npemenn, xorx n ecrnnrentnocrn ronopnrt o nacroxmem npemenn
1 Cp. c npnnararentntm: this august or once-august body. 2 Ho+romy arrnmrnnannx nasnann ecrnymmero nnna n rnarona ecrt moxer anart, n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn, nnn yymee nnn nep]exrnoe npemx. Hpnmept ns pasnnuntx xstxon cm. y L. Ha m m e r i c h, Arkiv fnr nord. filol, 38. 48 n cn.
sect ponno crontxo xe ocnonann, cxontxo n o nmom pyrom npemenn, rax xax peantnoe npemx onpeenxercx npemenny ]opmo rnannoro rnarona: cp. I saw a man sitting on a stone ynnen uenonexa, cnxmero na xamne, I see a man sitting on a stone nnxy uenonexa, cnxmero na xamne, You will see a man sitting on a stone Bt ynnnre uenonexa, cnxmero na xamne. Oparnre raxxe nnnmanne na ntpaxenne for the time being n annoe npemx. Cnoxnax ]opma having written, ayant crit ontme sacnyxnnaer nasnannx nep]exrnoro npnuacrnx. uro xacaercx npnuacrn rnna nr. scritto, ]pann. crit, anrn. written, nem. geschrieben n r. n., ro o ntpaxennn npemenntx ornomenn n +rnx ]opmax yxe tn cenan px sameuann ntme, crp. 318. Otunt repmnn npnuacrne npomemero npemenn nnn nep]exrnoe npnuacrne moxer oxasartcx noxoxmnm nnmt n nexoroptx cnyuaxx, nanpnmep: printed books uane:amauuie xnnrn, no on nenpnemnem, nanpnmep, nx npenoxenn: Judged by this standard, the system is perfect Ecnn cynrt no +romy xpnrepnm, annax cncrema conepmenna; He can say a few words in broken English On n cocroxnnn cxasart necxontxo cnon na nomanom anrnncxom xstxe; My beloved brethren ,Mon nosnmnennte partx; He is expected every moment Ero oxnamr c mnnyrt na mnnyry, Many books are printed every year in England B Anrnnn xaxt ro neuaraercx mnoro xnnr n r. n. Hexoropte rpammarncrt, nnx +ro repmnnonornuecxoe sarpynenne, ynorpenxmr nx ]opm writing n written repmnnt axrnnnoe npnuacrne n naccnnnoe npnuacrne. H +ro nao npnsnart npannntntm nocrontxy, nocxontxy peut ner o npnuacrnn writing (ecnn ornneutcx or ycrapenoro ntpaxennx the house building now = a-building). Onaxo pyroe npnuacrne ne ncera naccnnno no cnoemy xapaxrepy. Ono onpeenenno axrnnno n couerannxx a well-read man naunrannt uenonex, a well-spoken lad ,monoo uenonex, ymemmn xopomo ronopnrt, mounted soldiers xonnte conart, He is possessed of landed property On nnaeer sementno cocrnennocrtm. H axe n rex cnyuaxx, xora npnuacrne n nepnonauantntx xoncrpyxnnxx, nexamnx n ocnone cnoxntx ]opm nep]exra, tno naccnnno (I have caught a fish noman pty, nepnonauantno I have a fish [as] caught nmem pty nomanno), +ra naccnnnocrt anno ncuesna, xax nnno n npnmepe I have lost it norepxn ero, a ocoenno npn nenepexontx rnaronax: I have slept, come, fallen, been nocnan, npnmen, ynan, tn, re ncx xoncrpyxnnx, es ncxxoro comnennx, axrnnnax. Fpeant (Br a l, Essai de smantique, Paris, 1897, 224) axe yrnepxaer, uro camo npnuacrne crano (par contagion) axrnnntm, n noxpennxer cnoe yrnepxenne npnmepom ns renerpa]noro crnnx: Resu de mauvaises nouvelles. Pris la ligne directe. Taxnm opasom, nocxontxy nx npnuacrn n nx peantnom ynorpenennn ne yaercx noopart yonnernopnrentnoro onncarentnoro nasnannx, x nnxy rontxo onn ntxo ns +roro repmnnonornuecxoro sarpynennx (ntxo ne nnonne yonnernopnrentnt) nepenymeponart ]opmt npnuacrn n nasnart npnuacrne na -ing npnuacrnem nepntm, a pyroe npnuacrnem nroptm 1 .
1 B nexoroptx couerannxx nn]nnnrnn c to moxno paccmarpnnart xax cnoero poa samecrnrent orcyrcrnymme ]opmt npnuacrnx yymero npemenn, nanpnmep: a chapter in a book soon to appear in London rnana n xnnre, xoropax cxopo onxna noxnnrtcx n Honone; naccnnnt nn]nnnrnn a book soon to be published by Macmillan xnnra, xoropax cxopo yer onynnxonana M.; cp. raxxe: A National Tricolour Flag; victorious, or to be victorious, in the cause Ompeakmupoean u onynukoean ua came PRESSI ( HERSON )
Hexcycnte cymecrnnrentnte, xax npannno, ntpaxamr npemennte ornomennx ne n ontme crenenn, uem pyrne cymecrnnrentnte: his movement ,ero nnxenne n sanncnmocrn or ocroxrentcrn moxer coornercrnonart no snauennm ]opmam he moves on nnxercx, he moved on nnrancx, he will move ,on yer nnrartcx. Hoontm xe opasom on account of his coming ns-sa ero npnxoa moxer osnauart n noromy, uro on npnxonr, n noromy, uro on npnmen, n noromy, uro on npner. I intend seeing the doctor namepen nonnart oxropa ornocnrcx x yymemy, I remember seeing the doctor nomnm, uro nnen oxropa x npomememy. Onaxo npnnnsnrentno c 1600 r. nomna n ynorpenenne cnoxnax ]opma c having, nanpnmep: He thought himself happy in having found a man who knew the world (xoncon). Hn]nnnrnn, xax yxe yxastnanoct ntme (crp. 159 n cn.), xnnxercx craptm orrnarontntm cymecrnnrentntm; on n o cnx nop n xaxo-ro mepe coxpannn npexnee espasnnune x npemenn: I am glad to see her pa ee nnert ornocnrcx x nacroxmemy npemenn, I was glad to see her tn pa ee nnert x npomememy, a I am anxious to see her ouent xouy ee nnert x yymemy 1 . Ho n nexoroptx xstxax, nanpnmep n rpeuecxom, n nn]nnnrnne pasnnnnct npemennte ]opmt; cp. raxxe nar. scripsisse napxy c scribere. 3ror nep]exrnt nn]nnnrnn ntmen ns ynorpenennx n pomancxnx xstxax; renept mt naxonm ram cnoxnt nep]exrnt nn]nnnrnn rnna ]pann. avoir crit n r. n.; coornercrnymmax cnoxnax ]opma cymecrnyer raxxe n repmancxnx xstxax: anrn. (to) have written, nem. geschrieben (zu) haben. Anrnncxn nep]exrnt nn]nnnrnn coornercrnyer ne rontxo nep]exry (Tis better to have loved and lost Than never to have loved at all Hyume nmnrt n norepxrt, uem ne nmnrt nonce), no n otunomy npomememy npemenn (You meant that? I suppose I must have meant that Bt +ro xorenn cxasart? onxno trt, x xoren cxasart nmenno +ro), a raxxe n yymemy (nep]exrnoe yymee npemx: This day week I hope to have finished my work naemct uepes neenm oxonunrt paory). Hpexe on uacro ynorpenxncx nx ntpaxennx neocymecrnnennoro namepennx (With that Leander stoopt to haue imbracd her, But from his spreading armes away she cast her Mapno); +ror cnyua nentsx orennrt or ynorpenennx nep]exrnoro nn]nnnrnna, napannentnoro ynorpenennm ]opmt npomemero npemenn nx ntpaxennx nepeantnocrn; raxoe ynorpenenne uacro ne sameuaercx rpammarncramn, a mexy rem n nem ecrt mnoro nnrepecnoro; onaxo x ne mory ocranannnnartcx na nem nopono; orpannuyct rem, uro npnney necxontxo npnmepon ns moero copannx es xnaccn]nxan