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D n sn xut th nghim c lp cp nh nc
trung tm khoa hc k thut v cng ngh qun s
Bo co khoa hc tng kt
d n sn xut th nghim
Hon thin cng ngh thit k, ch to
b khuch i siu cao tn tp thp
( sa cha theo kt lun ca H nghim thu c s ngy 13.07.2006)
6242
H Ni 07. 2006
b khoa hc & cng ngh b quc phng
d n sn xut th nghim c lp cp nh nc
trung tm khoa hc k thut v cng ngh qun s
Bo co khoa hc tng kt d n
Hon thin cng ngh thit k, ch to
b khuch i siu cao tn tp thp
C quan ch qun d n: B Khoa hc v Cng ngh
C quan ch tr d n: Trung Tm KHKT&CNQS/BQP
n v thc hin d n: Vin Raa/Trung Tm KHKT&CNQS
Ch nhim d n: TS. NCVC. Trn Vn Hng
Cc n v hp tc chnh:
1. Qun chng PK-KQ: Phng Raa/CcKT; E291/F371; E927/F371.
2. Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
07. 2006
Li ni u
Nm 1980 c s gip ca mt Vit kiu ti Cng ho Php, Vin K
thut Qun s trin khai thc hin ti cp Vin: Nghin cu thit k ch to
v p dng th b khuch i siu cao tn tp m thp vo tuyn thu raa di sng
10 cm v c nh gi nghim thu xut xc, nhng ti khng c tip tc
pht trin do lc chng ta gp rt nhiu kh khn v ngun vt t linh kin v
kinh ph m bo.
Nm 1992 Vin K thut Qun s phi hp vi Vin K thut Phng khng
thc hin ti cp B Quc phng: Nghin cu ch to thay th khi, phn khi,
cm chi tit hay hng hc trong kh ti phng khng bng linh kin v cng ngh
mi, trong vic nghin cu ch to v p dng b khuch i siu cao tn bng
bn dn trng c ni tp nh vo tuyn thu ca i raa cnh gii dn ng lm
vic di sng 10 cm c nh gi tt v c ch lnh cho m ti p dng th.
Nm 1997 Vin K thut Qun s tham gia d n ci tin i raa cnh gii
dn ng 37 (lm vic di sng 10cm) ca Qun chng Phng khng ti Nh
my Quc phng A29 vi ni dung: ci tin tuyn thu cao tn, trong n khuch
i siu cao tn YB99 c thay th bng b khuch i siu cao tn bn dn trng
tp thp. Tuy kt qu t c c nhiu kh quan (nghim thu c ba b trn tng
s nm b), song vn cn nhiu im tn ti nh: nhy my thu khng ng u
cc knh; kh m bo nhy ca knh thu lm vic pha tn s cao; bn
ca b khuch i (kh nng chu ng mc cng sut ln u vo my thu)
khng cao; tin cy lm vic thp Nguyn nhn chnh ca nhng tn ti l
do: Vic nghin cu tnh ton thit k cha hp l, khi thit k cha thc s bm st
cc yu cu tng th v ch tiu k thut v tnh trng hot ng thc t ca i raa
37; Cng ngh ch to cn n gin v mang tnh cht th cng; Cht lng vt t
linh kin khng m bo; Trnh v kinh nghim thc t ca i ng cn b tham
gia thc hin cha cao; S xung cp ca kh ti do thi gian khai thc s dng di
dn n s bin i cc tham s k thut mt cch kh kim sot c
Trn c s kt qu t c ca cc ti nghin cu v cc d n ci tin
raa, trc nhng yu cu cp bch v vt t thay th ca cc loi kh ti raa, nm
2001 Th trng B Quc Phng giao cho Phn vin Raa (Vin Raa ngy nay)
ch tr thc hin D n sn xut th nghim cp Nh nc Hon thin cng ngh
thit k, ch to b khuch i siu cao tn tp thp. Ngy 15 thng 1 nm 2002
B trng B KHCNMT (nay l B KH-CN) ra quyt nh s 49/Q-BKHCNMT
ph duyt D n v D n c trin khai thc hin thng qua Hp ng nghin cu
khoa hc v pht trin cng ngh s 01/2002/H-DAL ngy 24.1.2002 gia B
Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng; B Quc Phng v Trung tm KHKT&CNQS.
Mc tiu ca D n l: Hon thin quy trnh cng ngh ch to b khuch i
siu cao tn tp thp cho raa cnh gii dn ng 37 lm vic di sng 10 cm
v tin ti thc hin thit k ch to cc b khuch i cao tn cho cc i raa lm
vic cc di sng khc ch ng ngun vt t thay th, m bo kh nng chin
u ca cc loi kh ti raa trong qun i ta hin nay.
D n ny tp trung gii quyt cc vn c bn sau:
- Kho st v nh gi chnh xc tnh trng k thut thc t tuyn siu cao
tn ca cc i raa37, trn c s xc nh li ch tiu k thut ca b khuch
i cao tn tp thp cho ph hp.
- Xc nh v xy dng quy trnh tnh ton thit k b khuch i cao tn tp
thp cho raa 37 (bao gm hai phn: mch bo v v mch khuch i siu cao tn
tp thp) trn c s nghin cu ng dng cng ngh v linh kin mi.
- Sn xut 10 b khuch i siu cao tn theo quy trnh tnh ton thit k
xc nh, lp t sn phm vo raa 37 chin u th nghim.
- T chc nh gi kt qu th nghim, trn c s a ra cc kt lun v
kin ngh c th tin hnh trin khai sn xut v a sn phm vo trang b.
Bo co khoa hc ny trnh by cc phn c bn nh sau:
Phn mt: Kho st nh gi tnh trng thc tuyn cao tn raa 37
Phn hai: Xy dng ch tiu k thut cho KCT tp thp ng dng raa 37
Phn ba: C s l thuyt tnh ton thit k b KCT tp thp
Phn bn: Thit k, ch to b KCT tp thp ng dng trong raa 37
Phn nm: Xy dng quy trnh thit k, ch to, kim tra, lp t b KCT
Trong sut qu trnh thc hin, d n lun nhn c s quan tm ng h
nhit tnh v c hiu qu ca cc ngnh, cc cp ca B KH-CN; B QP; cc n v
phi hp v cc ng nghip. iu to iu kin rt thun li cho s thnh
cng ca d n. Nhm thc hin d n - Vin Raa xin chn thnh cm n tt c
nhng s ng h !
Mc lc
Phn 1 Kho st v nh gi thc trng tuyn siu cao
tn i raa 37
Trang 3
1.1 Nhng vn chung 3
1.1.1 H thng pht 3
1.1.2 H thng thu 4
1.1.3 Thit b chuyn mch anten 5
1.2 nh gi thc trng tuyn siu cao tn raa 37 8
1.2.1 Tng quan 8
1.2.2 Kt qu kho st thc t 11
1.2.2.1 Kho st cng sut lt t my pht sang my thu 11
1.2.2.2 Kho st iu kin v mi trng lm vic 15
1.2.2.3 Kho st tn sut hng ca n khuch i cao tn YB394 16
1.3 Kt lun phn mt 17
Phn 2 Xy dng ch tiu k thut b Kct tp thp ng
dng trong tuyn thu i raa 37
18
2.1 Yu cu chung i vi sn phm ca D n 18
2.2 Xy dng s khi ca b KCT tp m thp 19
2.3 Ch tiu k thut ca b KCT tp m thp 19
2.4 Kt lun phn hai 20
Phn 3 C s l thuyt tnh ton thit k b KCT
tp m thp
21
3.1 ng truyn siu cao tn 21
3.1.1 Khi nim c bn v ng truyn 21
3.1.2 M hnh vt l v cc tham s s cp 22
3.1.3 Phng trnh truyn sng 23
3.1.4 S phn x sng trn ng truyn, h s phn x 25
3.1.5 ng truyn vi di 31
3.1.5.1 Cu trc hnh hc ca ng truyn vi di 31
3.1.5.2 Nhng tham s c bn ca ng truyn vi di 32
3.1.5.3 Cc tn hao trong ng truyn vi di 33
3.1.5.4 Cc c tnh v yu cu i vi vt liu lm mch di 33
3.2 Ma trn tn x 33
3.2.1 L thuyt mng hai cng 34
3.2.2 Tham s tn x 34
3.2.3 Cc tnh cht ca tham s tn x 37
3.2.4 th dng tn hiu 38
3.2.5 Tham s ca mng hai cng 40
3.3 Gn Smith 44
3.3.1 C s xy dng 44
3.2.2 Tnh ton phi hp tr khng bng gin Smith 45
3.4 Kho st thit k b khuch i i cao tn 47
3.4.1 S chc nng ca b khuch i cao tn 47
3.4.2 Kho st s n nh ca mch KCT 48
3.4.3 Phi hp tr khng u vo v u ra ca mch KCT 57
3.4.4 H s khuch i khi phi hp tr khng hon ton 60
3.4.5 Tnh ton b KCT vi gi tr khuch i cho trc 62
3.4.6 Tnh ton b KCT vi h s tp ti u 64
3.4.7 Tnh ton b KCT c nhiu tng khuch i 67
3.5 Kho st thit k b hn ch cng sut cao tn 68
3.5.1 Nhng vn chung 68
3.5.2 Mt s mch hn ch cng sut cao tn kiu th ng 70
3.5.2.1 Cu trc ca it pin 70
3.5.2.2
ng dng ca it pin mt s mch HCCS cao tn
72
3.6 Kt lun phn ba 85
Phn 4 Tnh ton thit k v ch to b Kct tp thp
ng dng trong tuyn thu i raa 37
86
4.1 Tnh ton thit k v ch to b KCT tp thp 86
4.1.1 Tnh ton thit k b KCT tp thp 86
4.1.1.1 Xc nh ch tiu k thut ca b KCT 86
4.1.1.2 Chn s khi cho mch KCT 86
4.1.1.3 Chn linh kin transistor cho mch KCT 87
4.1.1.4 Tnh ton thit k mch KCT 89
4.1.1.4.1 Tnh ton s tng khuch i 89
4.1.1.4.2 Tnh ton tng u vo 91
4.1.1.4.3 Tnh ton tng u ra 101
4.1.1.4.4 Tnh ton ng truyn tr khng 50 trn mch di CT 104
4.1.1.4.5 Tnh ton kch thc hp ca b KCT 105
4.1.1.5 Xy dng s nguyn l ca mch KCT 106
4.1.1.6 Xy dng bn v thit k ca b KCT 106
4.1.2 Ch to b KCT tp thp 107
4.1.2.1 Gia cng mch di CT 107
4.1.2.2 Cy dn v hn linh kin 107
4.1.2.3 Gia cng c kh 108
4.1.2.4 Lp rp b KCT tp thp 109
4.1.3 Kim tra nh gi tham s k thut ca b KCT tp thp 109
4.1.3.1 o c tuyn bin tn s ca b KCT tp thp bng
my o tng hp siu cao tn MARCONI 6200B
109
4.1.3.2 o h s khuch i ca b KCT tp thp bng my pht
tn hiu chun 4-80
110
4.2 Tnh ton thit k v ch to b hn ch cng sut cao tn 111
4.2.1 Tnh ton thit k b HCCS cao tn 111
4.2.1.1 Xc nh ch tiu k thut ca b HCCS cao tn 111
4.2.1.2 Xc nh s chc nng ca mch HCCS cao tn 112
4.2.1.3 Chn vt t linh kin cho mch HCCS cao tn 113
4.2.1.4 Tnh ton thit k mch HCCS cao tn 115
4.2.1.4.1 Tnh ton s tng hn ch 116
4.2.1.4.2
Tnh ton ng truyn tr khng 50 v cc tham s phi
hp trn mch di cao tn
118
4.2.1.4.3 Tnh ton kch thc hp ca b HCCS cao tn 119
4.2.1.5 Xy dng s nguyn l mch HCCS cao tn 119
4.2.1.6 Xy dng bn v thit k ca b HCCS cao tn 120
4.2.2 Ch to b HCCS cao tn 121
4.2.2.1 Gia cng mch di cao tn 121
4.2.2.2 Cy dn v hn linh kin 121
4.2.2.3 Gia cng c kh 121
4.2.2.4 Lp rp b HCCS cao tn 122
4.2.3 Kim tra nh gi tham s k thut ca b HCCS cao tn 122
4.2.3.1 nh gi tn hao thng qua ca b HCCS cao tn trong
phng th nghim
122
4.2.3.2 nh gi kh nng lm vic ca b HCCS trn i raa 37 125
4.3 Ghp ni h thng v th nghim tng th sn phm 127
4.3.1 Ghp ni h thng 127
4.3.2 nh gi tham s k thut v th nghim tng th sn phm 129
4.3.2.1 nh gi TSKT ca sn phm trong phng th nghim 129
4.3.2.2 nh gi nhy my thu raa 37 vi b KCT tp thp 129
4.3.3 Chy th nghim thc t sn phm trn cc i raa 37 134
Phn 5 Xy dng quy trnh thit k v ch to b Kct
tp thp ng dng trong tuyn thu i raa 37
135
5.1 Xy dng quy trnh thit k 135
5.1.1 Quy trnh thit k b HCCS cao tn 135
5.1.2 Quy trnh thit k b KCT tp thp 137
5.2 Xy dng quy trnh ch to sn phm 140
5.3 Xy dng quy trnh kim tra hiu chnh sn phm 142
5.3.1 Quy trnh kim tra hiu chnh sn phm phng th nghim 142
5.3.2 Quy trnh kim tra sn phm trn i raa 37 145
5.4 Xy dng quy trnh lp t sn phm vo i raa 37 148
Phn 6 Kt lun v kin ngh 150
Ti liu tham kho 152
k hiu v cc ch vit tt
CS Cng sut
CT Cao tn
HCCS Hn ch cng sut
K Khuch i
KCT Khuch i cao tn
LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) Khuch i tp m thp
MAG (Maximum Available Gain) H s khuch i hiu dng ln nht
PPL (Passive Power Limiter) Hn ch cng sut th ng
RL (Return Loss) Tn hao tr v
VSWR H s sng ng
3
Phn Mt
kho st v nh gi thc trng
tuyn siu cao tn i raa cnh gii dn ng 37
1.1. Nhng vn chung.
Raa 37 lm vic di sng 10 cm, n m bo nhim v pht hin, xc
nh to mc tiu v thc hin dn ng cho khng qun, v th n c v tr c
bit quan trng trong mng cnh gii phng khng ca chng ta hin nay.
Cc i 37 ca Lin X c gip ta u c sn xut t nhng nm 70 ca
th k trc v c cc th h khc nhau, cc th h h ny khc nhau mc ci
tin mt s h thng trong i (ch yu ci tin cc h thng thu, pht v chng
nhiu), Vit Nam hin ang c cc th h: 37-1; 37M2; 37M3. Theo thng
k, hin nay chng ta c khong 22 b i raa 37 trong 18% s i c cht
lng cp hai, 77% s i c cht lung cp ba v 5% s i c cht lng cp nm
(cp nm l cp c cht lng km nht). C th thy hu ht cc i raa 37 ca
ta xung cp do qu thi gian khai thc s dng. Trong nhng nm qua, m
bo chin u cho raa 37 chng ta thng xuyn (nh k v t xut) tin
hnh sa cha hiu chnh, tuy nhin cht lng sn phm sau sa cha cha cao,
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh nh hng n cht lng sa cha l thiu vt
t thay th, c bit l cc chng loi vt t ca tuyn siu cao tn.
Tuyn siu cao tn ca raa 37 bao gm cc thnh phn: thu cao tn, pht
cao tn v h thng anten-ng truyn. c im k thut c bn ca mt s thnh
phn trong tuyn siu cao tn ny l:
1.1.1. H thng pht.
My pht to ra cc xung nng lng siu cao tn qua h thng anten ng
truyn bc x vo khng gian.
Thnh phn ca h thng gm:
- B chnh lu cao p BBC in p +(6 -7)KV dng ti 300 mA .
- Cun cm np cho php nhn c trn cun tr nng in p +(1214) KV-ln
gp i in p ngun vo do khi BBC to ra.
- it ghim c nh in p mt chiu trn dy di gi khi thay i tn s lp li
ca xung kch.
4
- Cun tr nng Y2 to xung dng hnh thang bin khong 16KV, tr khng sng
24. S lng mt np l 8 ( tu theo ch kch m ta s dng 5 hay 8 mt).
- Kho cao tn cao p chn khng BB-20 chuyn mch cc mt ca dy tr nng
khi thay i cc ch lm vic (thay i ch kch pht).
- Bin p xung Y5 phi hp tr khng ca n magnhetrn vi tr khng sng
ca dy tr nng v tng in p xung a n catt n magnhetrn.
- n pht magnhetrn 29 v h thng nam chm vnh cu l ngun to ra cc
dao ng siu cao tn cng sut ln a ln anten.
- Cng tc phng in dng n kh hyr loi - 400/16 chu c in p cao,
dng ln, ni tr nh v c c tnh im ho dng .
- Kho iu khin (it c iu khin T50) c m nh xung ca b so snh, khi
kho m th khng cn dao ng trong mch np.
- Cc mch iu khin, kim tra v bo v bo v h thng pht khi cc s c
bt thng nh nh la, qu ti, qut mt hng, ngun sai pha
Cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca h thng:
- S lng knh pht: 5 (mi knh lm vic 1 tn s c nh trong di sng 10cm).
- Cng sut trung bnh ca mi knh pht: 700 W.
- Cng sut xung ca mi knh pht: 700 KW .
- rng xung pht: (2,5 2,9)s ch Kch tha 1 v Kch tha 2.
- rng xung pht: (1,4 2,0)s ch Kch mau 1 v Kch mau 2.
- Tn s lp li ca xung pht: 375Hz vi ch kch tha 1; 330 Hz vi ch
kch tha 2; 750 Hz ch kch mau 1 v kch mau 2.
1.1.2. H thng thu.
H thng thu raa 37 c thit k theo s my thu ngoi sai mt ln
trn tn c mch t ng iu chnh tn s ca b dao ng ngoi sai.
Thnh phn chnh ca my thu gm:
- B chuyn i t ng sng ch nht kch thc (34x72)mm sang cp ng trc
50 ghp chuyn mch anten vi u vo my thu - .
- B khuych i cao tn dng n sng chy -99 hoc bn dn -394.
- B dao ng ngoi sai - 01.
- B chia cng sut ca b dao ng ngoi sai M-01.
5
- B trn knh tn hiu v chn lc tn s .
- B trn tn knh t ng iu chnh tn s dao ng ngoi sai.
- B khuch i trung tn knh bin v khuch i trung tn knh tng can.
- B trn tn hiu knh bin v b trn tn hiu knh tng can.
Cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca h thng:
- S lng knh thu: 05
- H s tp ca mi knh thu: 6,5 dB
- nhy ca mi my thu: 105dBm (i vi c hai loi n khuch i cao tn
YB99 v YB394).
1.1.3. Thit b chuyn mch anten.
Chuyn mch anten truyn nng lng siu cao tn cng sut ln t my
pht n anten v sng phn x t mc tiu v my thu vi tn hao nh nht.
Ngoi ra, thit b chuyn mch anten cn phi m bo ngn cng sut cao tn t
ng pht lt sang ng thu ( cch ly pht-thu) v ngn tn hiu phn x t mc
tiu vo pha my pht ( nh hng).
Trong raa 37, chuyn mch anten thc hin theo nguyn l kho chuyn
mch r nhnh (hnh 1.1), y, n cha kh phng in bo v my thu t
nhnh thu v mc ni tip n cha kh phng in (n ni thng) pha nhnh
pht. trnh nh hng ca knh thu n s lm vic ca knh pht v ca knh
pht n knh thu th phi t chnh xc n phng in bo v my thu v n
phng in thng mch ng pht n nhnh r ra anten vi cc on tng ng
/4 v /2. Khi my pht pht xung c hai n u lm vic v chng c in tr rt
nh gn bng in tr ngn mch, xung my pht i vo anten v ng vo my
thu b ngn mch bi n phng in bo v my thu, khi on mt phn t bc
sng ng vai tr chnh. Khi kt thc xung pht, n phng in ni thng ng
pht b h, nn in tr ca n rt ln v khi di chuyn v nhnh anten bng on
mt phn hai bc sng s to ra tr khng rt ln nhn t anten v my pht, iu
s to s ngn cch ln khng cho tn hiu vo my pht.
Chuyn mch anten ca raa 37 thc hin trn ng sng ch nht kch thc
(34x72)mm, ghp nng lng thnh hp ng sng cho n phng in ni thng
my pht v thnh rng ng sng cho n phng in bo v my thu. Ghp
thnh hp ng sng c kh nng tn hao nh khi pht v ngn cch ln khi thu, ghp
6
thnh rng ng sng c kh nng tn hao nh khi thu v ngn cch ln khi pht.
Anten
/4 /2
Hnh 1.1. S chuyn mch anten loi r nhnh.
n phng in ni thng my pht dng loi PP-7 chung cho c nm knh
pht, hp cng hng cho PP-7 dng hnh xuyn. Hp hnh xuyn kt hp vi hai
cc phu ca PP-7 to ra hp cng hng, iu chnh cng hng bng thay i
khong cch khe gia hai cc phu ca PP-7.
n phng in bo v my thu c dng mt on ng sng ch nht chiu di
bng /4, hai u bt bng hai vch cng hng. Do hp cng hng c h s phm
cht cao, di tn s hp nn phi dng bn loi n c kch thc khc nhau cho
nm knh thu (PP-2 knh 1,3; PP-3 knh 5; PP-4 knh 2 v PP-20 knh 4).
S tng ng chuyn mch anten di dng dy song hnh hnh 1.2.
Ti anten
c
Khuch i cao tn
c
/2 /4
a b
a b
/4
T my pht
Hnh 1.2. S tng ng ca chuyn mch anten raa -37
My thu My pht
7
Trong s hnh 1.2, n phng in PP-7 cng vi hp cng hng ca n
tng ng nh mch cng hng song song ni vo im aa ghp vi ng sng
chnh thnh hp qua on mt phn t bc sng im bb. Khung cng hng
ny c phm cht rt cao nn khi cng hng ( trng thi khng nh la) c
tr khng rt ln, khi mt cng hng (khi phng in) c tr khng rt nh. S
dng tnh cht thay i tr khng rt ln ny lm b thng mch v h mch
ng pht ca chuyn mch anten. S tng ng ny ch thc hin vi mt
sng truyn l H
10
. im cc ni thnh rng ng sng v s tng ng ca
n phng in bo v my thu, y n tng ng vi on ng sng c chiu
di bng mt phn t bc sng ngn mch u cui khi pht v h mch khi thu.
ch thu, lc ny cc n phng in khng l vic, im aa c tr
khng u vo rt ln, chuyn qua on mt phn t bc sng c tr khng rt nh
lm chp mch ng dy song hnh im bb. T im bb n im cc c chiu
di bng na bc sng, cho nn ti im cc cng c tr khng rt nh, lm chp
mch dy song hnh ti s ngn khng cho nng lng thu nhn t anten vo
my pht v n ch i vo my thu qua n phng in ch nht khng b tn hao
ln. n phng in ch nht lin kt vi ng sng thnh rng c in tr u
vo ca n phng in phi hp vi in tr ng sng tt s gim s tn hao tn
hiu t anten vo my thu.
ch pht, cc n phng in lm vic (phng in), khung cng hng
ca n phng in PP-7 b mt cng hng, in tr u vo ca n tr nn rt nh
(im aa) qua on mt phn t bc sng tr khng tr nn rt ln (im bb) ni
song song vi ng chnh. C th coi ng dy im ny ch c ti l tr khng
c tnh ca ng sng, tc l khng c s bt ng nht no trn ng truyn. Bi
vy nng lng cao tn t do i t magnhetron n anten m khng b phn x t
n PP-7. Ti im cc c tr khng rt ln, do cch mt on mt phn t bc
sng c s ngn mch do s nh la ca n phng in ch nht, bi vy nng
lng cao tn t my pht khng vo my thu.
C th nhn thy, loi chuyn mch anten r nhnh c kt cu v nguyn l kh
n gin nhng li tn ti mt s nhc im sau:
- n phng in phi dng hai loi khc nhau.
- Lm suy gim r rt cng sut pht khi pht.
8
- Cng sut lt t pha my pht sang pha my thu cao.
- Di thng tn lm vic hp.
Trn y chng ta xem xt n h thng pht v thit b chuyn mch anten
l nhng phn c nh hng c bn n cht lng v kh nng hot ng ca my
thu raa 37. Vi thit b chuyn mch anten, chc nng ngn cng sut my pht
lt vo my thu c th c coi nh mt b phn bo v my thu, nu cng sut lt
sang ln, b khuch i cao tn u vo my thu s b hng (c bit l cc b
khuch i cao tn bng bn dn trng vn rt yu trc cng sut mnh ca tn
hiu u vo), y l nguyn nhn trc tip v l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh
n kh nng lm vic ca b khuch i siu cao tn tp thp. Vi h thng pht,
s hot ng n nh (n nh v tn s v n nh v cng sut pht) ca n quyt
nh n cht lng lm vic ca my thu.
1.2. nh gi thc trng tuyn siu cao tn raa 37.
Mc ch ca vic kho st l a ra c cc nh gi chnh xc v thc
trng ca tuyn siu cao tn - tuyn c nh hng trc tip n cht lng v bn
ca cc b khuch i cao tn, c bit l cc b khuch i cao tn s dng bn
dn trng tp m thp trong my thu raa 37. Trn c s s thit k v xy
dng ch tiu k thut ca b khuch i siu cao tn tp m thp ca D n cho ph
hp vi tnh trng thc t .
1.2.1. Tng quan.
Do nhng c th: cng sut pht ln (700KW xung), tn s lm vic cao (t
2,71GHz n 3,10GHz), n pht dng loi magnhetron nn khi hot ng cc tham
s k thut ca my pht raa 37 thng khng n nh, nht l trong iu kin
i raa xung cp nh hin nay th trong my pht thng xuyn xy ra cc hin
tng nh la n pht, tn s v cng sut pht ra khng n nh, khng nng
c dng pht ln gi tr danh nh
Trong h thng chuyn mch anten, cc n phng in bo v my thu v
ni thng my pht do sn xut lu nn cht lng hin nay rt km, hn na li
khng c my o chuyn dng kim tra cht lng thc t ca n m ch nh
gi bng mt thng. Mt n phng in c coi l tt nu khi my pht lm vic,
qua l trn quan st trn thn n nhn thy sng u v nh sng c mu tm hoa
c, nu n km cht lng th nh sng khng lin tc v c mu trng. V cng
9
sut ca my pht ln cng vi iu kin lm vic trong mi trng nng m cao
cho nn cc m ch, m l so cho n phng in trong chuyn mch anten rt
mau hng gy nh la trong ng sng v lm lt cng sut ln t pha my pht
vo my thu.
m cao cng l yu t gy nh hng n tuyn ng dn sng ca i
raa. Tuyn ng sng ca i raa 37 theo thit k n khng c sy kh trc
khi pht cho nn khi trong ng sng m qu cao th s gy nh la khi nng
cng sut pht ln gi tr danh nh.
Mt s phn t trong my pht (cun chn, bin th cao p, bin th xung...)
ca mt s i raa khng m bo cht lng nn hay gy ra qu ti v cc s c
khc trong qu trnh lm vic ca i raa.
Tt c cc yu t trn y l nguyn nhn trc tip gy nh hng n kh
nng lm vic tin cy v bn ca my thu i raa. Thc trng cc my thu ca
cc i raa 37 hin nay phn ln khng m bo ch tiu nhy ton tuyn theo
gi tr danh nh (105dBm), l do ch yu ca tnh trng ny l n khuch i cao
tn (mch u vo ca tuyn thu) b km cht lng dn theo thi gian hot ng
(h s khuch i gim v h s tp tng).
i vi cc b khuch i cao tn dng n sng chy YB99, do c im v
nguyn l cu to (t iu chnh mc suy gim i vi tn hiu vo c mc cng
sut ln) m kh nng chu ng mc cng sut u vo tng i cao, nn n
m bo c bn v tin cy s dng kh cao, tuy nhin im yu ca loi
n ny l ph thuc nhiu vo ch ngun nui - c bit l in p si t cho
nn n hay b hng v suy gim tham s k thut khi ngun nui khng n nh.
n khuch i cao tn YB394 c thit k ch to thay th n sng
chy YB99 vi mc ch nng cao cht lng my thu khi n khc phc c nhng
nhc im ca loi n sng chy nh h s tp ln, kch thc v khi lng ln,
ch cp ngun phc tp. Cu to ca n gm hai phn, phn bo v v phn
khuch i. S chc nng ca n khuch i cao tn YB394 ch ra hnh 1.3.
Thit b bo v c chc nng hn ch mc cng sut ln ca tn hiu vo n
mc chu ng c (khong +10dBm) ca mch khuch i v truyn vi tn hao
thng qua nh i vi cc tn hiu vo c cng sut nh (tn hiu phn x t mc
tiu). Chc nng ny c thc hin trn c s s dng mch hn ch kiu th ng
10
vi cc phn t chuyn mch l cc pin it hn ch siu cao tn.
Ngun +5v100mA
Vo Ra
Hnh 1.3. S chc nng n khuch i cao tn YB394
Phn khuch i cao tn c thc hin trn mch khuch i bng bn dn
trng c ni tp nh, n m bo ch tiu h s khuch i tn hiu v h s tp cn
thit cho tuyn cao tn ca my thu.
Cc c trng k thut c bn ca n khuch i cao tn YB394 nh sau:
- H s khuch i: (23-30)dB.
- H s tp: 3dB.
- Mc cng sut cc i ca tn hiu vo: 1W trung bnh.
Vi cc c trng k thut nh trn c th nhn thy khi s dng YB394 th
nhy ca my thu c m bo tt hn v h s tp c tr s nh (3dB so vi t
7dB n 11dB ca cc n sng chy). Tuy nhin, cng nhn thy im yu ca n
l kh nng chu ng mc cng sut ln ca tn hiu vo rt thp (1W trung bnh),
im yu ny l nguyn nhn chnh dn n s km cht lng rt nhanh ca n.
T cu to nguyn l v vt t linh kin c s dng trong hai loi n, c
th ni rng: nu n sng chy cht lng v bn ca n ph thuc ch yu
vo ch cp ngun (cht lng ca ngun nui) th n tp thp YB394 ph
thuc ch yu vo mc cng sut ca tn hiu u vo - bi v, bn dn trng l
phn t rt yu vi cng sut tn hiu. Kt lun ny rt c gi tr v n l im c
bn xem xt khi thc hin thit k ch tiu k thut ca b khuch i cao tn tp
m thp ca D n m n c kt cu nguyn l v phng n s dng vt t linh
kin gn tng t nh n khuch i cao tn YB394.
Qua qu trnh khai thc s dng v cc kt qu nghin cu nh gi cho thy,
nguyn nhn chnh gy hng v lm km cht lng n YB394 l mc cng sut
u vo ca n ln (ln hn 1W trung bnh) lt t my pht sang my thu qua thit
Mch bo v
(pin it hn ch
siu cao tn)
Mch khuch i
siu cao tn
(trn bn dn trng)
11
b chuyn mch anten. Ngoi ra, mt s nguyn nhn khc cng nh hng ln n
cht lng ca n nh: tn hiu phn x t vng a vt gn i c mc cng sut
ln, cc yu t mi trung (nhit lm vic trong i raa v tnh cht ca vng
kh hu ni t i).
Theo nguyn l cu to ca cc thnh phn trong tuyn siu cao tn raa 37
th mc cng sut lt t my pht sang my thu ph thuc vo cc yu t:
- Cht lng n phng in bo v my thu ca thit b chuyn mch anten.
- Cht lng cc vng m l so bng thp v vng m bng ch ghp
n phng in vi ng sng ca thit b chuyn mch anten.
- S lm vic n nh ca my pht v ng truyn siu cao tn (khng gy
nh la n pht v trong ng dn sng, khng gy qu ti bin th cao p).
- S lng cc my pht cng lm vic trong mt thi im i raa.
Hai phn t bn dn quan trng trong thnh phn ca b khuch i cao tn
tp thp l pin it hn ch cao tn v transistor trng (FET) u rt nhy cm vi
nhit mi trng lm vic (tnh cht ca linh kin bn dn), nu phi lm vic
lin tc trong iu kin nhit cao ( 40
0
c) th cc linh kin bn dn rt nhanh
hng. Mi trng kh hu xung quanh l yu t gy ra hin tng xy ho cc phn
t linh kin dn n tnh trng khng tip xc, chy chp trong mch in v lm
hng n.
1.2.2. Kt qu kho st thc t.
Vic kho st c tin hnh trc tip trn cc i 37 ca mt s trm raa
ca Qun chng PK-KQ nm c ba vng min t nc v trn cc n YB394
hng c thu hi t cc trm raa trong c nc.
1.2.2.1. Kho st cng sut lt t my pht sang my thu.
S thc hin php o cng sut lt th hin hnh 1.4.
Raa 37
Hnh 1.4. S mch o cng sut lt trn raa 37.
My pht
raa
Chuyn i ng sng
sang cp ng trc
Chuyn
mch anten
My o cng
sut M3-232A
B suy gim
c nh 30dB
12
Phng php kho st: o trc tip gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo my
thu ( u ra ca b chuyn i ng sng - cp ng trc).
Cc kt qu o thc t c ghi li nh sau:
Nh my A29- Bin Ho/ng Nai (i raa 37 ci tin - thng 2/2001).
a. o u vo ca mt knh thu (my thu s 3):
- Anten raa hng v pha khng c a vt vng gn v ch pht my pht s 3:
Dng my pht s 3
(mA)
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo
knh thu s 3 (mW)
40 647
50 881
60 1017
- Anten raa hng v pha c a vt vng gn v ch pht my pht s 3:
Dng my pht s 3
(mA)
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo
knh thu s 3 (mW)
40 671
50 933
60 1184
- Thc hin ni ln lt bn my pht cn li v anten raa hng v pha khng c
a vt vng gn:
My pht
(Dng pht l 50 mA)
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo
knh thu s 3 (mW)
Khi ni my s 1 881
Khi ni my s 1 v 2 915
Khi ni my s 1,2 v 4 988
Khi ni my s 1,2,4 v 5 1082
- Thay n phng in bo v my thu (PP-2) cho knh thu s ba v ch ni my
pht s ba:
Dng my pht s 3
(mA)
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo
knh thu s 3 (mW)
40 581
50 787
60 912
13
b. o u vo ca nm knh thu khi c nm my pht cng lm vic:
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo cc knh thu (mW) Dng cc my
pht (mA) Knh thu 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5
40 921 889 932 972 877
50 1089 987 1082 1115 910
60 1105 1008 1341 1378 1012
Trm raa T42/F371 - Sc Sn/H Ni (thng 3/2002).
Thc hin o khi c nm my pht cng lm vic:
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo cc knh thu (mW) Dng pht
(mA) Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5
30 942 920 932 1027 977
40 1069 990 1210 1533 1310
50 nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
1236
Trm raa T43/F371 - Kp/Bc Giang (thng 3/2002).
Thc hin o khi c nm my pht cng lm vic:
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo cc knh thu (mW) Dng pht
(mA) Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5
30 967 1020 1007 1027 997
40 1119 1231 1466 1263 1110
50 1423 1654 nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
1473
Trm raa T26/F361 - T Lim/H Ni (thng 3/2002).
Thc hin o khi c nm my pht cng lm vic:
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo cc knh thu (mW) Dng pht
(mA) Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5
30 1042 1120 1031 1184 989
40 1222 1390 1310 1231 1190
50 nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
Trm raa T29/F375 - Sn Tr/ Nng (thng 5/2002).
Thc hin o khi c nm my pht cng lm vic:
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo cc knh thu (mW) Dng pht
(mA) Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5
30 973 1034 962 1157 1223
40 1095 1348 1210 1604 1310
50 nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
nh la
n pht
14
Trm raa T33/F367 - Vng Tu/B Ra-Vng Tu (thng 5/2002).
Thc hin o khi c nm my pht cng lm vic:
Gi tr cng sut trung bnh u vo cc knh thu (mW) Dng pht
(mA) Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5
30 922 939 1007 929 982
40 1172 1231 1348 1130 1260
50 1324 1452 nh la
n pht
1269 nh la
n pht
Nhn xt kt qu kho st:
1. Tn hiu u vo my thu (u vo n khuch i cao tn) c mc cng
sut thay i phc tp, n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
- V tr t i raa (vng a vt gn i).
- S lng cc knh pht ca i raa lm vic trong cng mt thi im.
- Cht lng ca thit b chuyn mch anten:
V nguyn l hot ng, thit b chuyn mch anten m raa 37 s dng l
loi r nhnh, n c nhc im c bn l cng sut pht lt sang my thu ln v di
thng tn hp. Cc nhc im ny do tnh cht cng hng ca hp cng hng c
n phng in phi ch to c phm cht rt cao v chnh phm cht rt cao
ny li ko theo t s tr khng ca n thay i rt ln khi b lch tn s mt lng
nh so vi tn s cng hng. Cht lng ca chuyn mch anten da trn t s tr
khng ca khung cng hng khi cng hng v khi mt cng hng, nu iu
chnh ng cng hng t s ny rt cao, cn khi lch mt lng nh, t s ny
gim rt nhanh v do lm gim cht lng ca chuyn mch anten.
V cu to, thit b chuyn mch anten raa 37 c nhc im: n phng
in bo v my thu dng ng sng ch nht, khi lp vo ng sng sao cho bo m
tip xc tt v in theo chu vi ch nht ca n l rt kh, ngi ta phi dng hai
dong ch (hoc si kim loi) hnh ch nht khi p st bng cc c vt to ra s
tip xc tt, thc hin iu ny i vi th sa cha khng phi l kh, nhng vi
trc th khng phi d, nu tip xc khng tt s gy ra nh la cc khe h
dong ch khi pht v cng sut cao tn lt sang my thu s ln. n phng in ni
thng my pht PP-7 t trong hp cng hng xuyn phi iu chnh khong cch
khe gia hai cc phu t tn s cng hng mt trong nm knh pht, iu
ny lm nh my c thit b o khng kh, nhng khi lm n v, trc th nhn
15
bit s cng hng bng mu sc ca tia la in trong n (c mu xanh hoa c l
t) s khng bo m chnh xc s cng hng v s lm gim cht lng
kho thu - pht.
V mt l thuyt, chuyn mch anten loi r nhnh cch ly pht - thu c
th t ti gn 40dB. Nhng vi cc i raa 37 khi khai thc s dng lu nm
th thng s ny c th ch cn mc t 26dB n 30dB.
2. Do cht lung ca cc i raa 37 xung cp nn hu ht cc knh
pht khng lm vic c (xy ra hin tng nh la v qu ti trong my pht) khi
tng dng pht ln 50mA trong khi yu cu dng lm vic n 60mA. Cc hin
tng nh la s gy nhng t bin xung (to cc nh xung c bin ln
u vo my thu) v lm hng n khuch i cao tn (hng theo in p).
3. Gi tr cng sut lt t my pht sang my thu rt cao, mc dng pht l
40mA hu ht cc gi tr u ln hn 1w lin tc (vt qu gii hn chu ng
1w ca n khuch i cao tn YB394) nn lm hng (hng theo cng sut) hoc
lm gim cht lng ca cc n YB394.
1.2.2.2. Kho st iu kin mi trng lm vic:
Nc ta c kh hu nhit i gi ma vi nng, m rt cao (ma h v
ma kh nhit ngoi tri ln ti hn 40
0
c, ma ma nhiu ni c m 95%),
nhng vng ven bin khng kh cn c mui vi nng ln. S tc ng ca mi
trng khc nghit nh hng rt ln n bn ca n YB394, trong khi
cng ngh ng kn li cha m bo ngn c s thm thu ca khng kh vo
bn trong n.
Vic kho st mc nh hng ca mi trng i vi n YB394 c
tin hnh theo phng php: tho mt s n hng thu hi t cc n v v.
i vi cc n thu hi t cc i raa lm vic cc vng ven bin: S n
kho st l 05 chic (03 chic ca trm raa 29, 02 chic ca trm raa 22). Kt qu
cho thy: 3/5 n b xy ho nng, chn cc linh kin v mch in g st, gy t do
khng kh c hi mui n mn, cc ng mch b g xanh. 2/5 n b xy mt phn
u vo khi bo v v khi khuch i.
i vi cc n thu hi t cc i raa lm vic su trong t lin: S n
kho st l 06 chic (03 chic ca trm 53, 02 chic ca trm 26 v 01 chic ca
trm 31). Kt qu kho st cho thy: 2/6 n khng b xy ho v 4/6 n cn li c
16
b xy ho nhng khng ng k.
Trn c s kt qu kho st, nhn thy: do nh sn xut x l cng ngh cha
tt nn n YB394 khng m bo c cc iu kin lm vic trong mi trng
kh hu ca nc ta. y l mt yu t gy nh hng n cht lng ca n, tuy
khng gy hng t bin nh yu t cng sut lt t my pht sang nhng n nh
hng t t theo thi gian lm vic v lm gim tui th ca n.
1.2.2.3. Kho st tn sut hng ca n YB394.
n khuch i cao tn tp m thp YB394 c nhp vo Vit Nam t nm
1994 thay th dn cho cc n sng chy YB99 trong i raa 37. Theo l lch,
tui th ca n l 10.000 gi nhng thc t s dng cho thy n YB394 rt nhanh
hng, nhiu n mi s dng (400-500) gi m khuch i b suy gim, c
bit c n ch hot ng c (10-20) gi l hng ngay, hu nh khng c n no
m bo c tui th 10.000 gi nh ghi trong l lch.
Trong mt i raa 37 c nm n YB394 v s gi m my bnh qun
l100 gi mi thng. Qua qu trnh theo di vic s dng n YB394 cc trm
raa ca Qun chng PK-KQ nhn thy tnh trng nh sau:
i vi cc i raa 37 cc trm raa vng ven bin (trm 22;29;33):
Sau 04 thng: 2/5 n c h s khuch i b suy gim t (1-3)dB.
Sau 06 thng: 3/5 n c h s khuch i b suy gim t (2-5)dB.
Sau 12 thng 2/5 n b hng hn, khng s dng c.
Sau 18 thng 3/5 n b hng hn, khng s dng c .
Sau 24 thng c 05 n u hng hn, khng s dng c.
i vi cc i raa 37 cc trm raa khc:
Sau 04 thng: 1/5 n c h s khuch i b suy gim t (1-3)dB.
Sau 06 thng 1/5 n suy gim h s khuch i t (1-5)dB.
Sau 12 thng 1/5 n hng v thm 1 n suy gim h s khuch i t (2-5)dB.
Sau 18 thng 2/5 n hng v thm 2 n suy gim h s khuch t (2-5)dB.
Sau 24 thng 3/5 n hng.
Sau 30 thng c 5 n u hng hon ton, khng s dng c .
Qua kt qu kho st cho thy: tn sut hng ca n YB394 rt cao, hu nh
khng n YB394 no m bo c s gi lm vic tt theo quy nh (10.000 gi),
chnh yu t ny gy p lc rt ln cho kh nng m bo ngun vt t thay th.
17
1.3. Kt lun phn mt.
1. Tt c cc i raa 37 ca ta hin nay u xung cp, hu ht cc h
thng trong i khng m bo cc ch tiu k thut theo yu cu, cht lng ca
cng tc sa cha v m bo k thut cha cao m mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
quan trng l ngun vt t thay th khng y v khng m bo cht lng nht
l cc vt t c chng ca tuyn siu cao tn.
2. V nguyn l, thit b chuyn mch anten ca raa 37 (theo nguyn l
chuyn mch r nhnh) c nhiu nhc im, mt trong nhng nhc im quan
trng ca loi chuyn mch ny l cng sut ca my pht lt sang pha my thu
ln v chnh y l nguyn nhn ch yu lm hng n khuch i cao tn ca my
thu nht l cc n s dng bn dn trng ni tp nh.
3. V cu to, thit b chuyn mch anten ca raa 37 s dng phn t
chuyn mch l cc n phng in khng c in p mi v th tc chuyn
mch khng nhanh, cht lng hn ch cng sut (chc nng bo v my thu) khng
cao v vic lp ghp vi thit b chuyn mch anten phc tp (phi m bo tip
xc tt v khng c khe h gia n v ng sng). Vi nhng im hn ch nh vy
nn n phng in lt cng sut ca tn hiu pht vo my thu ln gy nh
hng n kh nng lm vic ca n khuch i cao tn.
4. n khuch i cao tn YB394 do LB Nga sn xut, cu to ca n gm
hai phn: B khuch i cao tn dng bn dn trng ni tp nh; Mch bo v (trn
cc pin it hn ch siu cao tn) c chc nng bo v b khuch i t mc cng
sut ln 1,3 KW xung v 1W trung bnh u vo. Vi ngng cng sut u vo
nh vy c th khng nh n YB394 khng p ng c iu kin lm vic thc
t trn cc i raa 37 ang c ta hin nay, v theo kt qu kho st th mc cng
sut cao tn u vo my thu u ln hn hoc xp x bng 1W trung bnh.
5. Mi trng kh hu ca nc ta cng l mt nguyn nhn quan trng lm
nh hng n cht lng ca n khuch i cao tn, c bit khi m vic x l
cng ngh n YB394 cha tt.
6. Tn sut hng ca n YB394 rt cao, hn na do c c im cng ngh
ch to nn khi khi n hng chng ta khng th sa cha, phc hi c v th m
hng nm m bo cho chin u ta phi nhp khu vi s lng ln nYB-394
vi gi thnh t.
18
Phn hai
Xy dng ch tiu k thut
b khuch i cao tn tp m thp
ng dng trong tuyn thu i raacnh gii dn ng 37
Trn c s phn tch v nh gi kt qu kho st cc i raa 37 hin c,
tin hnh thit k xy dng ch tiu k thut cho b khuch i cao tn tp m thp
ca D n m bo ph hp v p ng c yu cu lm vic trong iu kin thc
t ca cc i raa 37 hin nay. Ngoi ra, vic thit k ch tiu k thut cho b
khuch i cao tn cn c thc hin trn c s tham chiu cc ch tiu k thut
ca n khuch i cao tn YB394 do LB Nga ch to, y l loi n c chn
lm mu thit k ch to b khuch i cao tn tp m thp ca D n.
2.1. Yu cu chung i vi sn phm ca D n.
Sn phm ca D n l b khuch i cao tn tp m thp s dng trong
tuyn thu ca i raa 37, n phi m bo cc yu cu chung nh sau:
Yu cu v k thut:
+ m bo h s tp, y l ch tiu quyt nh n nhy ca ton tuyn
thu raa 37. Ngoi h s tp m ca tuyn anten ng truyn cao tn c
mc nh nh my sn xut raa, th h s tp ca b khuch i cao tn (do ta sn
xut) s quyt nh h s tp ( nhy) ca ton tuyn thu i raa.
+ m bo h s khuch i to mc cng sut tn hiu cn thit cho thit
b pha sau (b trn tn v cc b khuch i trung tn) lm vic bnh thng.
Yu cu v s dng v cu trc:
+ B khuch i cao tn phi lm vic tin cy trong iu kin tnh trng k
thut thc t ca cc i raa raa 37 ca ta hin nay, c s gi lm vic khng
hng (tui th) tng i cao.
+ B khuch i cao tn phi lm vic n nh v khng t kch trong h
thng thu ca i raa, phi duy tr c cc c trng k thut trong gii hn cho
php khi c s thay i cc tham s ca mi trng bn ngoi (nhit , m, p
sut) v ngun nui.
+ Ch cp ngun khng phc tp.
+ Vic kim tra cc tham s k thut thun tin v n gin.
19
+ D pht hin v nhanh chng khc phc cc hng hc.
+ m bo bn c hc khi va p v rung xc.
+ Thao tc tho lp thun tin v tn t thi gian.
+ Kch thc v trng lng ph hp.
+ Chun ho vt t linh kin, ngun cung cp vt t linh kin n nh.
2.2. Xy dng s khi ca b khuch i cao tn tp m thp.
S khi ca b khuch i cao tn tp m thp ca D n th hin trn
hnh 2.1. S ny c xy dng trn c s tham kho s khi ca n YB394.
Vo Ra
+(8-18)v/100mA
Hnh 2.1. S khi b KCT tp thp ng dng my thu raa 37
S hnh 2.1 gm hai khi:
Khi hn ch cng sut siu cao tn c nhim v bo v khi khuch i cao
tn tp m thp khng b hng bi mc cng sut ln ca tn hiu cao tn u vo.
N thc hin hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn t mc 2W trung bnh u vo
xung mc (3- 5)mW trung bnh, c ngha l m bo hn ch trong di t 28dB
n 23dB. [mc (3- 5)mW trung bnh l mc gii hn chu ng c (khng hng)
ca bn dn trng tng u tin ca b khuch i cao tn tp thp].
Khi khuch i siu cao tn tp m thp m bo nhim v khuch i tn
hiu siu cao tn yu u vo vi h s khuch i (28-32)dB v h s tp 3dB.
2.3. Ch tiu k thut ca b khuch i cao tn tp m thp.
Ch tiu k thut b khuch i cao tn tp m thp ng dng cho tuyn thu
raa 37 c D n xy dng th hin trong bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1.
tt Tn ch tiu vt Gi tr Ghi ch
1 Di tn lm vic GHz 2,7-3,1 Nh n YB394
2 H s khuch i trong di tn lm vic dB 28-32 Nh n YB394
B HAN CH
CNG SUT
SIU CAO TN
B KHUCH AI
SIU CAO TN
TAP M THP
20
3 H s tp trong di tn lm vic dB
3
Nh n YB394
4 Mc cng sut trung bnh max u vo W 2,0 n YB394 l 1,0
5 Mc cng sut xung max u vo Kw 2,3 n YB394 l 1,3
6 Mc hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn dB 28 n YB394 l 20
7 Tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch dB
2,0
n YB394 l 1,6
8 in p ngun nui V +(8-18) n YB394 l +5
9 Dng tiu th mA
100
Nh n YB394
10 Loi u gic vo - ra u N YB394 l u SMA
11 Vt liu lm v hp Nhm YB394: Thp (tn)
12 Dng hp Khi hp
ch nht
13 Kch thc hp (Di x Rng x Cao)mm 150 x 113 x 36
14 Trng lng Kg 0,9 n YB394 l 0,4
15 Thi gian tho, lp trn i raa Pht 3 Nh n YB394
16 S gi lm vic khng hng Gi 1.000 YB394 l 10.000
(theo l lch)
17 Kh nng sa cha phc hi khi hng
hc.
C kh
nng
YB394 khng c
kh nng sa cha.
18 Di nhit lm vic
0
C T -20
n +70
YB394
-60 n +70
2.4. Kt lun phn hai.
Khi tnh ton thit k b KCT tp m thp th vic quan trng u tin l
phi xc nh r cc yu cu v k thut, s dng v cu trc ca n. V y c
coi nh l khu xy dng u bi cho bi ton thit k, t u bi cng r rng th
thit k cng chnh xc v sn phm to ra s p ng cng tt cc yu cu lm vic
thc t.
C b ch tiu k thut, khi thit k ngi thit k c th linh hot trong vic
la chn gii php k thut, gii php cng ngh cng nh phng n vt t linh
kin m bo cho sn phm.
Vic xc nh cc yu cu v k thut, s dng v cu trc ca b KCT tp
thp phi c da trn cc c s: Yu cu k chin thut ca my thu raa s dng
b KCT tp thp c thit k; Tnh trng k thut thc ti ca i raa s s dng
b KCT c thit k; Trnh k thut v nng lc cng ngh hin ti.
21
PHN BA
C S L THUYT TNH TON THIT K
B KHUCH I CAO TN TP M THP
3.1. ng truyn siu cao tn.
ng truyn siu cao tn l mt b phn quan trng trong tuyn siu cao
tn, hin c rt nhiu cc loi ng truyn khc nhau cc di sng khc nhau.
Trong cc mch siu cao tn, bc sng ca tn hiu c th bng hoc nh hn kch
thc ca cc b phn v ng truyn gia chng, c ngha l c th din ra
nhng thay i quan trng v pha tn hiu dc theo ng truyn v c s bin i
tr khng danh nh ca mt thit b hoc mt thnh phn m tn hiu i qua.
Nhng bin i tr khng ny gy ra cc sng phn x trn ng truyn, v vy
iu quan trng l phi m t chnh xc cc tnh cht ca ng truyn tn s cao,
iu ny dn n s pht trin ca mt lnh vc l thuyt mch v cc ng truyn
tc l ng ni gia cc b phn ca mch c chiu di ng k so vi bc sng.
Vic la chn mt ng truyn no s dng ch yu da vo kh
nng ng dng hay s sn c ca cng ngh v mi loi c th vi cc u nhc
im ring. Trong phm vi ca D n, ch tp trung nghin cu cu trc cng nh
cc tham s c bn ca ng truyn vi di.
3.1.1. Khi nim c bn v ng truyn.
ng truyn l cc thit b hay h gii hn ng truyn lan cc dao
ng in t hay cc dng nng lng in t theo hng cho, ng truyn
dng truyn dn nng lng siu cao tn gi l ng truyn siu cao tn.
Trong k thut siu cao tn ng truyn ng nht c s dng l ch
yu, l loi ng truyn m dc theo hng truyn sng tit din ngang khng
thay i v mi trng cha trong n l ng nht. ng truyn ng nht c cc
loi: ng truyn h v ng truyn kn.
Trong ng truyn h ti tit din ngang khng c vng kim loi bao bc
vng truyn nng lng siu cao tn, ng truyn h c nhiu dng khc nhau
nh: ng dy i, mch di, ng truyn sng mt
i vi ng truyn kn th trong n phi c t nht mt mt vt dn (kim
loi) bao bc hon ton vng truyn nng lng siu cao tn. ng truyn kn
22
l cc loi ng kim loi rng c tit din khc nhau bn trong c th nht y cc
cht in mi ng nht khc nhau hoc khng kh hay chn khng, chng c gi
l ng dn sng. C nhiu loi ng sng nh: ng dn sng ng trc, ng dn sng
ch nht, ng dn sng tr trn
Khi chn kiu ng truyn cn k n cc yu cu: Tn hao nh; iu
chnh n gin; Th tch, trng lng nh; Cc tham s n nh; Sn xut lot.
di sng mt, ngi ta ng dng ng dy i (song hnh) v cp ng
trc hay ng dn sng ng trc truyn dn nng lng siu cao. ng dy i
c cu trc n gin v cho kch thc ngang kh gn, d iu chnh phi hp.
Nhng di sng dm, ng dn sng hay cp ng trc c dng ph bin
truyn dn nng lng siu cao. ng dy i khng c s dng trong di sng
ny v tn hao do bc x v hiu ng b mt.
Trong di sng cm ng truyn siu cao ph bin l cc ng sng ch nht
v tr trn v n cho tiu hao nh, kch thc ph hp, ng dn sng ng trc hay
cp ng trc t c dng v tn hao do hiu ng b mt li trong v tn hao
trong in mi rt ln, n ch ng vi khong cch ngn v cng sut nh. Trong
di sng milimt, ng truyn siu cao ph bin l mch di.
3.1.2. M hnh vt l v cc tham s s cp.
Xt mt ng truyn sng chiu di l, t tng ng vi trc to x t to
x = 0 n to x = l. u vo ng truyn c ngun tn hiu E
S
v in tr
trong Z
S
, u cui ca ng truyn c kt thc bi ti Z
L
. Sng tn hiu t
ngun E
S
lan truyn theo hng Ox n ti Z
L
Gi s chiu di l ln hn nhiu ln so vi bc sng nn h thng c
thng s phn b. Xt ti mt im trn ng truyn c to x bt k. Trn on
E
S
Z
S
ng truyn sng
Z
L
O
x x + x Trc to x l
Hnh 3.1: M hnh vt l ca ng truyn
23
vi phn chiu di [x, x + x] cng c hin tng lan truyn sng tuy nhin do x
<< nn ta c th thay th on ng truyn x c thng s phn b bng mt
on mch in tng ng c tham s tp trung nh hnh v di y:
Cc tham s tuyn tnh ca ng truyn gm: in cm tuyn tnh L n v
[H/m] c trng cho in cm tng ng ca mt n v chiu di ng truyn;
in dung tuyn tnh C, n v [F/m], c trng cho in dung ca lp in mi
phn cch hai dy dn kim loi ca mt n v chiu di ca ng truyn; in tr
tuyn tnh R, n v [Ohm/m], c trng cho in tr thun ca dy dn cu to nn
mt n v chiu di ng truyn. in tr tuyn tnh R lin quan n tn hao kim
loi (do dy dn khng phi l in dn l tng), l hng s hoc bin thin theo
tn s ca tn hiu lan truyn; in dn tuyn tnh G n v [S/m], c trng cho
in dn thun ca lp in mi phn cch trong mt n v chiu di ng
truyn. in dn tuyn tnh G lin quan n tn hao in mi (do in mi khng
cch in l tng).
Trong s mch in tng ng trn, mt cch tng qut, u hin din
c hai loi tn hao: R mc ni tip L to thnh tr khng ni tip:
Z = R + jL (3.1)
V G mc song song vi C to thnh dn np song song
Y = G + jC (3.2)
Chng ta gi L, C, G, R l cc thng s s cp ca ng truyn.
3.1.3. Phng trnh truyn sng.
Cc i lng vt l ca tn hiu trong mch tng ng l in th v(x,t),
v(x + x,t) v dng in i(x,t), i(x + x,t) ti to x v x + x ca ng truyn
v ti thi im kho st t.
R.x
C.x G.x
L.x
im to x im to x + x
i(x,t)
i(x + x,t)
v(x,t) v(x + x ,t)
Hnh 3.2: Mch in thay th cho on ng
truyn c di x
24
Theo nh lut Kirchoff v in p chng ta c:
t
t x i
x L t x i x R t x x v t x v
+ + + =
) , (
* * ) , ( * * ) , ( ) , ( (3.3)
Theo nh lut Kirchoff v dng in chng ta c:
t
+
+ + + + =
t) x, v(x
* x * C t) x, v(x * x * G t) x, i(x t) i(x,
(3.4)
Vit li h phng trnh trn trong min tn s:
V(x,) = V(x + x,) + (R + jL)*x*I(x,) (3.5)
I(x,) = I(x + x,) + (G + jL)*x*V(x + x,) (3.6)
Chuyn v hai phng trnh trn v chia cho x chng ta nhn c
) , ( * ) (
) , ( ) , (
x I L j R
x
x V x x V
+ =
+
(3.7)
) , ( * ) (
) , ( ) , (
x x V C j G
x
x I x x I
+ + =
+
(3.8)
Bin i 2 phng trnh trn chng ta nhn c
) , ( * ) (
) , (
x I L j R
x
x V
+ =
(3.9)
) , ( * ) (
) , (
x V C j G
x
x I
+ =
(3.10)
y l h hai phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh ca hai i lng in p
V(x,) v dng in I(x,) ti to bt k x trn ng truyn sng v ti tn s
bt k ca tn hiu. Bin i h hai phng trnh bng cch tnh o hm ring bc
hai ca mi nghim theo x:
) , ( * ) ( * ) (
) , (
x V C j G L j R
x
x V
+ + =
2
2
(3.11)
) , ( * ) ( * ) (
) , (
x I L j R C j G
x
x I
+ + =
2
2
(3.12)
t ) ( * ) ( ) ( C j G L j R + + = c gi l h s truyn sng l mt
hng s vi to x, ta c:
) , ( * ) (
) , (
x V
x
x V
2
2
2
=
(3.13)
25
) , ( * ) (
) , (
x I
x
x I
2
2
2
=
(3.14)
Gii h 2 phng trnh trn chng ta nhn c nghim nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )x x
e V e V x V
+
+ =
,
. , (3.15)
( )
( ) ( )x x
e I e I x I
+
+ = , (3.16)
Trong V
+
, V
-
, I
+
, I
-
: L cc hng s tu nh c xc nh bi iu kin
v in p v dng in ti im ngun (x = 0) v ti im ti (x = l) ca ng
truyn sng, tc l iu kin b ca bi ton
3.1.4. S phn x sng trn ng truyn siu cao tn, h s phn x.
in p v dng in ti im bt k x trn ng dy lun lun c th c
xem l tng ca mt sng ti v mt sng phn x. Sng ti xut pht t ngun tn
hiu t u vo ng dy i v pha ti, sng phn x i t ti v pha ngun l
sng pht sinh ra do hin tng phn x ca sng ti trn ti u cui ng dy.
Sng phn x lan truyn vi cng vn tc nh sng ti (nhng ngc chiu), c
bin v pha ph thuc khng nhng vo bin v pha ca sng ti m cn ph
thuc vo mi tng quan ca tr khng ti Z
L
cui ng dy vi tr khng c
tnh Z
0
ca ng dy. Theo cng thc 3.15 in p ti im to x bt k c
vit nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )x x
e V e V x V
+
+ =
,
. ,
Trong :
( )
+
e V ; ( )
= = (3.17)
Cc tr s V
+
v V
-
l cc hng s ph thuc vo iu kin ngun v ti. H
s phn x in p ( ) x
v
s bin thin theo to x bi h s
x
e
2
.
Ti ti (x = l), h s phn x in p l:
( )
( ) l
v
e
V
V
l
. 2
+
= (3.18)
Ti im to x bt k, nu t: d = l x l khong cch t im x ang
26
kho st n ti, ta c th vit h s phn x in p:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d l d l x
v
e e
V
V
e
V
V
e
V
V
x
. 2 . 2 . 2 . 2
.
+
+
= = = (3.19)
So snh (3.18) vi (3.19), ta c:
( ) ( )
( )d
v v
e l x
2
= . (3.20)
Vy, h s phn x in p ( ) x
v
ti im to x bt k s ph thuc vo
h s phn x in p ti ti ( ) l
v
v khong cch d t im ang kho st x n ti.
Da trn c tnh ny, ta c th suy ra ( ) x
v
ti im no bt k trn ng dy nu
bit trc ( ) l
v
ti ti.
Trong biu thc (3.19) mt cch tng qut ( ) l
v
l mt s phc, h s truyn
sng cng l s phc ( ) j + = , do ( ) x
v
cng l s phc. Cc h s phn
x in p c th c biu din bi cc im trong mt phng . Chng ta c
mt s phc c th c biu din nh sau:
j + = (3.21)
Nn (3.20) c vit li nh sau:
( ) ( )
d j d
v v
e e l x
2 2
. .
= (3.22)
Trong : H s
d
e
2
l s thc ph thuc vo h s suy hao v cng
gim khi d cng ln (cng i xa khi ti v pha ngun). H s
d j
e
2
l s phc c
module lun bng n v v gc pha d 2 t l vi h s pha v cng gim khi d
cng ln.
T cc nhn xt trn v biu thc (3.22) ta c th rt ra: Khi di chuyn trn
ng truyn sng t ti v pha ngun mt khong cch d, h s phn x in p
v
s di chuyn trn mt qu tch hnh xoy trn c trong mt phng phc . Qu
tch xut pht t im c h s phn x in p ti ( ) l
v
v xoay theo chiu kim
ng h (i v pha ngun) mt gc d 2 vi suy gim module ca vector
v
bi h
s
d
e
2
. c bit, nu ng truyn sng khng tn hao ( 0 = ) th t (3.22), ta c:
( ) ( )
d j
v v
e l x
2
.
= (3.23)
Qu tch ca
v
lc ny l mt vng trn tm gc to v i qua im
( ) l
v
. H s phn x in p ( ) x
v
ti im x bt k ch l s xoay pha ca h s
27
phn x in p ti ti ( ) l
v
. Do :
( ) ( ) l x
v v
= (3.24)
Theo (3.22) gc xoay pha khi di chuyn khong cch d l d 2 . Ta c th
biu din gc xoay pha nh sau:
2
. 2
2
2 2
d
d d = = (3.25)
Ni cch khc, gc pha ca h s phn x in p
v
s xoay mt lng 2
(xoay mt vng trn quanh gc to trong mt phng phc
v
) khi di chuyn
khong cch d bng mt na ln bc sng ca tn hiu. Vi khong cch d bt
k, gc pha s xoay quanh gc to mt lng t l vi d theo (3.25).
Ta cn nhn thy, chiu xoay ca gc pha l cng chiu kim ng h khi ta
di chuyn v pha ngun hoc chiu xoay l ngc chiu kim ng h khi di chuyn
v pha ti trn ng truyn sng.
Cc nhn xt trn v qu tch ca im phc
v
trong mt phng h s phn
x in p s c p dng xy dng th Smith.
Tng t h s phn x in p
v
, ta cng c th nh ngha h s phn x
dng in
i
trn ng truyn sng. Theo 3.16 dng in ti im x bt k cng
c coi l tng ca sng dng in ti v sng dng in phn x:
( )
( ) ( )x x
i
e I e I x I
+
+ = ,
Do tnh cht vt l ca ng truyn sng, cc quan h in p sng ti V
+
vi dng in sng ti I
+
v quan h gia sng in p phn x V
-
v sng dng
in phn x I
-
, chiu ca dng phn x ngc dng ti, nn I
-
c du m:
0
Z
V
I
+
+
=
v
0
Z
V
- I
=
(3.26)
Trong Z
0
l mt hng s phc ph thuc v cu trc vt l ca ng
truyn sng, c gi l tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn sng, n v []
H s phn x dng in ( ) x
i
ti im x c nh ngha:
( )
( )
( )
( )x
x
x
i
e
I
I
e I
e I
x
2
+
= = (3.27)
28
L t s gia dng in phn x v sng dng in ti ti im x .
( )
( ) ( )x x
i
e
V
V
e
Z
V
Z
V
x
2 2
0
0
+
= (3.28)
So snh (3.28) vi (3.17), ta rt ra:
( ) ( ) x x
v i
= (3.29)
Vy, h s phn x v dng in l i ca h s phn x v in p do chiu
ca dng in sng ti v sng phn x l ngc chiu nhau theo qui c.
Trong thc t, h s phn x in p
v
thng c s dng nh h s phn
x ca ng dy; do ta ni n h s phn x l ngm hiu rng l h s
phn x theo in p:
( ) ( ) x x
v
(3.30)
minh ho v cc h s
v
,
i
, xt hai ng truyn sng 1 v 2 phn cch
nhau bi mi ni mt phn x hnh 3.3. Gi s sng ti in p v dng in u
c bin l 1. Ti mt phn x, mt i lng in p bin
v
v mt i lng
dng in bin
i
=-
v
c phn x v pha ngun. Do , mt sng in p
bin 1+
v
v mt sng dng in bin 1+
i
=1-
v
s c tip tc truyn v
pha ti trn ng truyn sng 2.
Nh vy, nu tnh theo cng sut tn hiu, ta c cng sut sng ti l 1, cng
ng truyn sng 1
Sng ti in p 1
Sng phn x
V
Sng ti dng in 1
Sng phn x
I
Cng sut sng phn x
2
V
Sng truyn in p
1+
V
Cng sut sng truyn
1
2
V
Sng truyn dng in1+
I
= 1-
V
ng truyn sng 2
Mt phn x
Cng sut sng ti 1
Ngun
Ti
Hnh 3.3: Hin tng phn x ti mt phn x
29
sut sng phn x trn mt phn x l
2
.
v i v
= (Du - biu th cng sut sng
phn x i ngc chiu truyn sng), v cng sut sng truyn v pha ti trn
ng truyn sng 2 l:
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 1 . 1
v v v i v
= + = + + (3.31)
Nh vy, mt phn sng cng sut
2
v
s b phn x ngc v trn mt
phng phn x v mt phn sng cng sut
2
1
v
s c truyn i tip tc. nh
lut bo ton cng sut c p dng ng trong trng hp ny.
Xt mt ng dy truyn sng c tr khng c tnh Z
0
, h s truyn sng
, chiu di l; u cui c kt thc bi ti Z
L
(hnh 3.4). c bit, ti ti Z
L
(x =
l), ta c:
( )
l l
e V e V l V
+
+ = (3.32)
( )
l l
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
l I
0 0
+
= (3.33)
Mt khc, t hnh 3.4, ta thy in p trn ti V(l) v dng in qua ti I(l)
quan h vi nhau theo nh lut Ohm.
( )
( ) l I
l V
Z
L
= (3.34)
T (3.32), (3.33) v (3.34), ta c th vit:
l l
l l
L
e V e V
e V e V
Z Z
+
=
0
(3.35)
Theo nh ngha ca h s phn x in p (3.17), ta suy ra:
( )
( ) l
l
Z Z
L
+
=
1
1
0
(3.36)
ng truyn sng 1
Dng in I(l)
Ti
Z
L
H s phn x
L
in p V(l)
Tr khng c tnh Z
0
0 l x
Hnh 3.4
30
Ngi ta thng s dng tr khng chun ha c nh ngha l:
( )
( ) l
l
Z
Z
z
L
L
+
= =
1
1
0
(3.37)
Hoc: ( )
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
l
L
L
+
= (3.38)
Cng thc (3.36) v (3.37) xc nh mi quan h gia h s phn x trn ti
( ) l v tr khng ca ti Z
L
. y l mi quan h 1-1, c ngha l mt gi tr ca Z
L
tng ng v ch tng ng vi mt gi tr duy nht ca ( ) l (quan h tng
ng). Ta s s dng tnh cht ny nh ngha th Smith.
Mt cch tng qut, Z
L
v Z
0
u l gi tr phc, do , ( ) l cng l s phc:
( ) ( ). l l = arg ( ) l (3.39)
Trong : ( ) l tng trng t s gia bin sng in p phn x v bin
sng in p ti; arg ( ) l tng trng cho gc lnh pha gia sng phn x v
sng ti.
Nu = 0 th khng c sng phn x. = 0 th theo phng trnh (3.38)
ta c Z
L
= Z
0
tc l tr khng ti phi bng tr khng c trng ca ng truyn,
gi trng hp ny l phi hp tr khng.
Khi khng phi hp th khng phi ton b cng sut ca ngun s ri trn
ti m s c tn hao ngi ta nh ngha tn hao l (RL)
RL = -20*log (n v l: dB) (3.40)
Nh vy, nu phi hp = 0 th tn hao ngc bng v cng (khng c phn
x). Nu phn x = 1 (phn x hon ton) th tn hao ngc RL = 0. Khi c hin
tng phn x trn ng truyn th in p ca tn hiu trn ng truyn s xut
hin cc im cc tiu v cc i ca in p (cc im ng vi nt sng v bng
sng). Bit rng, in p v dng in trn ng truyn bao gm tng sng ti v
sng phn x to thnh sng ng, h s sng ng c nh ngha:
VSWR =
min
max
V
V
(3.41)
Theo hin tng giao thoa th in p trn ng dy t cc i khi m in
p ca sng ti v in p ca sng phn x ng pha nhau, theo cc cng thc tnh
3.15 v 3.17 ta c:
31
V
max
= V
+
e
-l
(1+ |(l)|) (3.42)
in p trn ng dy t cc tiu khi in p ca sng ti v in p ca
sng phn x ngc pha nhau theo 2.15 v 2.17 chng ta c:
V
min
= V
+
e
-l
(1- |(l)|) (3.43)
T 3.41, 3.42 v 3.43 chng ta c biu thc tnh h s sng ng nh sau:
VSWR =
) (
) (
l
l
+
1
1
(3.44)
T 3.44 cho thy h s sng ng c gi tr 1 VSWR .
3.1.5. ng truyn vi di.
Khi cn truyn nng lung cao tn c mc cng sut khng ln th ng
truyn vi di (microstrip) l vt liu thng dng nht to ra mt ng truyn
sng do d sn xut, khi lng nh (li th so vi ng dn sng) d tng thch
vi cc qui trnh cng ngh ca mch tch hp. Phm vi tr khng c trng hp l,
tn hao thp, di thng tng i rng.
3.1.5.1. Cu trc hnh hc ca ng truyn vi di.
Hnh 3.5 minh ho mt ng truyn vi di h vi ba thnh phn chnh ca
cu trc di, cht dn trn nn in mi v mt phng kim loi tip t, Hnh 3.5
cng ch ra bn tham s chnh c s dng trong thit k ng truyn vi di h, w,
t v
r
. Hnh 3.6 v hinh 3.7 minh ha mt ct ca hai cu trc lin quan, hnh 3.6 l
ng truyn vi di c bc ngoi khi mt phng tip t cao h1 pha trn
ng truyn vi di tuy nhin cc cnh bn vn h, hnh 3.7 minh ha ng truyn
vi di trong hp vi dy dn hon ton c bc kn trong mt lp ngoi bng kim
Hnh 3.5: ng truyn vi di h.
w
t
h
r
32
loi tip t.
Trong thc t, hu ht ng truyn vi di c bc trong mt s dng hp
kim loi, do cu trc cui cng l cu trc thc t nht, tuy nhin hu ht cc
phng trnh thit k li da trn cu trc h hoc c bc ngoi, iu ny c th
gy ra s khng thng nht gia cc kt qu l thuyt v o lng.
Sau y s nghin cu mt s cc tham s c bn ca ng truyn vi di
dng khng i xng, mt dng ang c s dng rt nhiu trong thc t hin nay.
3.1.5.2. Nhng tham s c bn ca ng truyn vi di.
- Di tn cng tc ca ng truyn di khng i xng nm trong gii hn
100MHz - 50.000 MHz
- in tr sng ca ng truyn ti khng i xng
Z
S
=
h
w
w
h
0836 . 0
0724 . 0
735 . 1 1
377
(3.45)
- S hn ch cc kch thc hnh hc ca ng truyn: chiu rng y a
c xc nh bi bt ng thc:
a 3w (3.46)
Nn gim nh chiu dy lp nn h m bo tn hao do bc x nh.
Nhng m bo gi tr in tr sng l khng i th vic gim h cn km theo
gim chiu rng gii w v do dn n tng tn hao trong dy dn. Hin nay
ngi ta sn xut hng lot cc lp nn tiu chun cho lp nn ca ng truyn
vi di: h = 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 (3.47)
h
h
1
Mt phng ni t trn cng
Bc xung quanh
Hnh 3.6
ng truyn vi di c bc ngoi.
Hnh 3.7
ng truyn vi di trong hp.
33
kh b cc sng bc cao trong ng truyn cn gim nh chiu rng w
ca di dn in, mt khc vic gim chiu rng di li dn n vic tng tn hao
trong dy dn.
3.1.5.3. Cc tn hao trong ng truyn vi di.
C bn yu t chnh gy tn hao nng lng trong cc cu trc ng truyn
vi di: Tn hao cht dn; Tn hao in mi; Tn hao bc x; S truyn sng b mt
Hai yu t u l hiu ng tiu tn bi v chng lin quan n cc ng
truyn vi di ng dng, hai yu t sau l k sinh bi v chng ch xut hin cc
im gin on ca ng truyn vi di (ch un cong, cc bc theo chiu rng...).
3.1.5.4. Cc c tnh v cc yu cu i vi vt liu lm mch di.
Vt liu in mi dng lm nn mch di cn c cc tnh cht sau: Hng s
in mi cao; Gc tn hao in mi nh; Hng s in mi khng thay i mt
di tn rng; Gi tr in tr ring ln; bn in tt; dn in ln.
Cc vt liu lm dy dn trong cc ng truyn mch di v vi mch di
cn c nh gi bng cc ch tiu cht lng c bn sau: dn in cao; Ho
tan tt khi ty bng ha cht v d gn kt vi cc kim loi khc; D phn tn v m
in trn lp nn.
3.2. Ma trn tn x.
Khi cc tham s ABCD v tham s Y c dng phn tch mng siu cao
tn th c nhng vn pht sinh trong qu trnh o c nhng tham s ny vi tn
s siu cao, qu trnh ny bao gm:
Vic to mch h v ngn mch u cui ca h thng mng, cng vi vic
o in p v dng in. Ta thy rng rt kh c th t c mng h v ngn
mch vi cht lng cao tn s trn 1GHz v vic ng m thit b thc hin theo
cch ny c th lm hng thit b do s phn x tc ng ln thit b. Mt vn
khc ny sinh trong qu trnh o in p v dng in tn s cao thng thng ch
cho nhng i lng c th o c nh l h s sng ng (VSWR), h s phn
x, cng sutTham s d o nht l cng sut ti v cng sut phn x, iu kin
th l tng l khi mng hai cng c phi hp ti. Nhng tham s da trn
nhng iu kin ny l tham s tn x hay cn gi l tham s S. Sau y s tm hiu
mt cch c th cc tham s tn x, cng nh ngha vt l ca chng.
34
3.2.1. L thuyt mng hai cng.
Mt mng bt k c th c mt s cng no (hai hoc ln hn). Cc tham
s ca mng c th c gii thch rt r bng cc iu kin ca mt mng m ch
vi 2 cng (u vo v u ra). c trng cho kh nng ca mt mng, mt vi
b tham s bt k c th c s dng, mi mt b tham s cho chng ta mt s
thun li nht nh trong phn tch v thit k mch in t. Mi mt b tham s
lin h vi mt b 4 bin gn vi mt ch ca mng 2 cng. Hai trong bn bin
ny miu t s kch thch ca mng (cc bin c lp) v 2 bin cn li biu din s
phn ng ca mng theo s kch thch (cc bin ph thuc). V d, mt mng hai
cng di y c kch thch bi in p ngun V
1
v V
2
:
Th cc dng in I
1
v I
2
s lin h vi nhau theo cc biu thc sau:
I
1
= Y
11
V
1
+ Y
12
V
2
(3.48)
I
2
= Y
21
V
1
+ Y
22
V
2
(3.49)
Trong trng hp ny vi cc in p ca cng c la chn ging nh cc
bin c lp v cc dng in l cc bin ph thuc th mi lin h gia cc tham s
c gi l cc tham s in dn ngn mch hay cn gi l tham s Y. Mi php o
c thc hin vi mt cng c kch thch bi in p ngun khi cng khc l
c ngn mch. Tt c cc b tham s u mang thng tin v mt mng v mi
mt b tham s lun lun c th c tnh ton vi bt k mt b tham s no khc.
3.2.2. Tham s tn x.
Tham s tn x hay cn gi chung l tham s S l mt b tham s lin h vi
cc sng lan truyn trong mt mng c n cng. Chng ta bit rng phn ln cc
php o c vi cc tham s khc c thc hin trn u vo v u ra ca linh
kin l phi ngn mch v h mch. iu ny rt kh thc hin c bit l tn s
cao ni m cun cm v t in lm cho vic ngn mch v h mch rt kh t
c. Ti tn s cao, vic o cc tham s loi ny yu cu phi tinh chnh, ring
vic chnh ti mi mt tn s o phn nh cc iu kin ngn mch v h mch
Mng
hai cng
I
1
I
2
V1 V2
Hnh 3.8
35
ln cc cc ca linh kin khng ch bt tin v lm mt mi. Vic mc sn ti u
vo v u ra c th l nguyn nhn xut hin cc dao ng lm sai lch php o.
Cc tham s S thng c o c vi linh kin c ni vo ngun v ti
c tr khng l 50 v iu ny l rt t c hi cho cc dao ng c th xy ra. Mt
thun li quan trng ca tham s S xut pht t thc t cc sng truyn khng nh
cc in p v dng in trn cc cc, n khng thay i ln ti mi mt im
trn ng truyn khng tn hao. iu ny c ngha l cc tham s tn x c th
c o c trn mi mt linh kin xc nh ti mt vi khong cch vi thit b o
c min l linh kin o v thit b c ni vi nhau bng mt ng truyn
khng c tn hao.
Cc tham s tn x biu din mi quan h ca cc bin (a
i
, b
i
). Cc bin a
i
v
b
i
l cc gi tr phc chun ho ca cc sng ti v cc sng phn x t cng th i
ca mng. Chng c nh ngha di dng cc in p V
i
v dng in I
i
trn cc
cc v tr khng tu Z
i
a
i
=
Z
I Z V
i
i i i
Re 2
+
b
i
=
Z
I Z V
i
i i i
Re
*
2
(3.50)
Phn ln cc php o c v s tnh ton ca cc tham s tn x thch hp
vi cc tr khng Z
i
c phn thc dng. xc nh cc phng trnh sng nh
ngha cc tham s S chng ta hy xem xt mt mng hai cng di y:
a
1,
v a
2
l cc sng ti. b
1
, b
2
l cc sng phn x
Cc bin c lp a
1
v a
2
l cc sng in p ti c chun ho:
a
1
=
Z
Z I V
0
0 1 1
2
+
=
Z
Vi
0
1
(3.51)
a
2
=
Z
Z I V
0
0 2 2
2
+
=
Z
Vi
0
2
(3.52)
Mng hai cng
b
S
Z
S
Z
L
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
Hnh 3.9: Mng hai cng
36
Cc bin ph thuc b
1
, b
2
l cc in p phn x chun ho:
b
1
=
Z
Z I V
0
0 1 1
2
=
Z
Vr
0
1
(3.53)
b
2
=
Z
Z I V
0
0 2 2
2
=
Z
Vr
0
2
(3.54)
Cc phng trnh tuyn tnh biu din mt mng 2 cng c dng nh sau:
b
1
= S
11
a
1
+ S
12
a
2
(3.55)
b
2
= S
21
a
1
+ S
22
a
2
(3.56)
Trong :
S
11
=
a
b
a
1
1
0
2
=
H s phn x u vo khi u ra c phi hp.
S
12
=
a
b
a
2
1
0
1
=
H s truyn ngc vi u vo c phi hp.
S
21
=
a
b
a
1
2
0
2
=
H s truyn thun vi u ra c phi hp.
S
22
=
a
b
a
2
2
0
1
=
H s phn x u ra vi u vo c phi hp.
Ch rng: S
11
=
a
b
1
1
=
Z
I
V
Z
I
V
0
1
1
0
1
1
+
=
Z Z
Z Z
0 1
0 1
+
Theo cng thc 3.36 th Z
1
= Z
0
(
S
S
11
11
1
1
+
)
Trong Z
1
=
I
V
1
1
l tr khng u vo ti cng 1.
Cc phng trnh tnh ton ni trn cho thy c cc tham s tn x l cc
i lng khuch i v cc h s phn x, c hai i lng ny rt quen thuc vi
ngi tnh ton thit k mch khuch i cao tn.
Mt thun li quan trng khc ca tham s tn x l n cho bit mi quan h
gia cc bin c lp v cc bin ph thuc vi cc sng cng sut khc nhau:
37
a
1
2
= Cng sut ti trn u vo ca mng.
= Gi tr cng sut t mt ngun c tr khng Z
0
.
a
2
2
= Cng sut ti trn u ra ca mng.
= Cng sut phn x t ti.
b
1
2
= Cng sut phn x t u vo ca mng.
= Gi tr cng sut t mt ngun c tr khng Z
0
tr i cng sut ri
trn u vo ca mng.
b
2
2
= Cng sut phn x t u ra ca mng = Cng sut sng ti trn ti.
= Cng sut mong mun ri trn ti Z
0
.
Bn phng trnh trn cho thy rng tham s S lin quan cht ch n h s
khuch i v tn hao do mt phi hp ca b khuch i, cc i lng thng
c quan tm nhiu hn l cc phng trnh in p tng ng.
3.2.3. Cc tnh cht ca tham s tn x.
3.2.3.1. Tnh cht thun nghch.
Nu s dch chuyn t cng 1 ti cng 2 ging nh t cng 2 n cng 1 th
thit b c tnh thun nghch, ngha l S
12
= S
21
. Trong trng hp ny S = S
T
trong
T th hin ma trn chuyn v (iu kin ny c th m rng ra mng c th nhiu
hn 2 cng):
[S] =
22 12
21 11
S S
S S
(3.57)
Nhiu thit b v mng c tnh nghch o, tr b khuch i, thit b th
ng v thit b c nam chm phn cc t tnh. Mng hai cng trong nhng trng
hp ngoi l ny gi l khng c tnh thun nghch. in tr, t in, cun cm v
ng truyn u c tnh thun nghch.
3.2.3.2. Tnh i xng.
Nu thit b hay mng c tnh i xng vt l th khng c cch no phn
bit cng 1 v cng 2 v S
12
= S
21
v S
11
= S
22
[S] =
11 21
21 11
S S
S S
(3.58)
38
S = S
T
tt c phn t nm trn ng cho ca cc ma trn l bng nhau.
3.2.3.3. S bo ton nng lng.
Trong trng hp mng khng tn hao xt ma trn S trong trng hp ny
chng ta c:
[S
*
][S] = [I] (3.59)
Ma trn S
*
l ma trn chuyn v lin hp ca S:
[S
*
] =
* *
* *
22 12
21 11
S S
S S
(3.60)
Du * ch gi tr lin hp v [I] l ma trn n v
1 0
0 1
Tnh cht 3.59 ca ma trn S c th c chng minh nh sau:
Tng cng sut:
( ) [ ] [ ]
= + + = + =
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2 1
b
b
b b
a
a
a a b b a a P P P
* * * *
Nh vy: P = b b a a
* *
Theo nh ngha
[b] = [S][a]; [b
*
] = [Sa]
*
= [a
*
][S
*
]
Ta c: P = [a
*
][a]- [a
*
][S
*
][S][a] = [a
*
]([I]- [S
*
][S])[a]
i vi mch bo ton P 0 v [I] = [S
*
][S]
V phn t ca ma trn ta c:
* *
* *
22 12
21 11
S S
S S
22 21
12 11
S S
S S
=
+ +
+ +
2
21
2
11 21 22 12 11
22 21 12 11
2
21
2
11
S S S S S S
S S S S S S
* *
* *
=
1 0
0 1
V vy i vi mng khng tn hao:
2
21
2
11
S S + =
2
22
2
12
S S + (3.61)
Nu thm iu kin l mng nghch o (S
12
= S
21
)
2
11
S =
2
22
S (3.62)
V S
11
, S
22
ch khc nhau v pha.
3.2.4. th dng tn hiu.
th dng tn hiu rt c ch cho vic phn tch mng siu cao tn khi c
sng ti v cc sng phn x. Trc tin, xt qui lut v tnh cht xy dng
th dng tn hiu v xt k thut n gin ho v gii vi th dng tn hiu.
39
th dng tn hiu c cc nhnh v cc nt:
Nt: Tt c cc cng i ca mng siu cao tn c hai nt a
i
v b
i
. Nt a
i
biu
th sng ti ti ca i v nt b
i
biu th sng phn x ti ca i.
Nhnh: Nhnh l ng gia nt a v b n biu din dng chy t nt a ti
nt b. Cc nhnh u c tham s S hoc l h s phn x lin quan.
Chng ta hy xt th dng tn hiu ca mt mng 2 cng sau:
Nhn vo th dng tn hiu sng c bin a
1
vo ti cng vo 1 chia lm
2 phn qua S
11
ti u ra ti nt b
2
v ra ti u ra ti cng 2. Nu ti c h s phn
x khc khng mc vo cng 2 th sng ny s phn x mt phn tr li mch cng
2 ti nt a
2
. Mt phn ca sng phn x li ra khi cng 2 qua S
22
mt phn chuyn
ti cng 1 qua S
12
.
Khi biu din mng tn s siu cao ngi ta thng rt gn d x l. C
bn qui tc rt gn cc nhnh ni gia hai nt:
Qui tc1 (qui tc ni tip): Hai nhnh c chung nt m ch c mt sng vo
hay sng ra th c th hp nht thnh mt nhnh c h s l tch ca cc h s nhnh
gc. Hnh v sau minh ho qui tc ny:
T hnh v cho thy: U
3
= S
32
U
2
= S
32
S
21
U
1
.
Qui tc 2 (qui tc song song): Hai nhnh c th xut pht t mt nt chung
n mt nt chung khc c th hp nht thnh mt nhnh m h s ca n l tng
ca cc h s u tin ca cc nhnh gc.
Mng hai
cng
a
1
a
2
b1 b2
b
2
a
1
b
1
a
2
S
21
S
12
S
11
S
22
Mng hai cng
th dng tn hiu
Hnh 3.10: th dng tn hiu
U
3
U
2
S
21
U
1
S
32
=>
S
21
S
32
U
1
U
2
40
T hnh v chng ta c: U
2
= S
a
U
1
+S
b
U
1
= (S
a
+ S
b
)U
1
.
Qui tc 3 (qui tc nhnh ring): Khi nt c nhnh ring (nhnh t xut pht
v kt thc ti nt) c h s l S th c th loi nhnh ring ny bng cch nhn h
s ca cc nhnh ti nt ny vi
S 1
1
. Hnh v sau m t qui tc ny.
T gc th ta c:
U
2
= S
21
U
1
+ S
22
v U
3
= S
32
U
2
Thay U
2
vo U
3
ta c: U
3
=
S
S S
22
21 32
1
U
1
Qui tc 4 (qui tc tch): Mt nt c th tch thnh hai nt ring bit, cc
nhnh ra v vo u ni vi nt gc. Hnh v sau biu din qui tc ny.
T hnh v chng ta c: U
4
= S
42
U
2
= S
21
S
42
U
1
.
3.2.5. Cc tham s ca mng hai cng.
3.2.5.1. H s phn x u vo v h s phn x u ra.
Hnh v 3.11 biu din mt mng hai cng c ni vo mt ngun c tr
khng ngun Z
S
v mt ti c tr khng ti Z
L
.
IN
l h s phn x u vo
OUT
l
h s phn x u ra ca mng.
S
a
S
b
U
1
U
2
=>
S
a
+S
b
U
1
U
2
U
1 U
3
U
2
S
21
S
32
=>
S
42 U
4
U
3
U
2
S
21
S
32
U
4
S
21
U
1
U
,
4
S
32
U
1
U
2
U
3
U
3
U
2
S
21
U
1
S
32
=>
S
22
22
21
1 S
S
41
Ta c th dng tn hiu ca mng nh sau:
Theo cc qui tc rt gn th dng tn hiu c th c rt gn li nh sau:
xc nh sng b
1
phn x ngc tr li u vo chng ta hy tm cc
ng truyn sng c th c t a
1
n b
1
. Nhn vo th dng tn hiu chng ta
thy c cc ng sau:
S
11
, S
21
L
S
12
, S
21
L
S
22
L
S
12
, S
21
L
S
22
L
S
22
L
S
12
,...
Nh vy chng ta c biu thc sau:
b
1
= S
11
a
1
+ S
21
L
S
12
a
1 ( ) { } .... ... + + + +
n
L L
S S
22 22
1
(3.63)
Biu thc trong du ngoc chnh l mt cp s nhn li v hn vi cng bi
l S
22
L
. Do tng ca mt cp s nhn li v hn c tnh:
( ) .... ... + + + +
n
L L
S S
22 22
1 =
L
S
22
1
1
(3.64)
b
1
= S
11
a
1
+
L
L
S
a S S
22
1 12 21
1
(3.65)
Mng hai cng
b
S
Z
S
Z
L
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
IN
OUT
Hnh 3.11: Mng hai cng.
b
S
a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
S
11
S
S
21
S
12
S
22
L
1
Hnh 3.12: th dng tn hiu
a
1
a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
S
11
S
S
21
S
12
S
22
L
b
1
IN
b
S
1
Hnh 3.13: th dng tn hiu dng rt gn.
b
S
1
42
Do h s phn x u vo c tnh:
IN
=
1
1
a
b
= S
11
+
L
L
S
S S
22
12 21
1
(3.66)
tnh h s phn x u ra ca mng th dng tn hiu c rt gn:
Tnh ton hon ton tng t h s phn x u ra ca mng cng nhn c
biu thc sau:
OUT
=
2
2
a
b
= S
22
+
S
S
S
S S
11
12 21
1
(3.67)
3.2.5.2. H s khuch i cng sut ca mng hai cng.
H s khuch i cng sut ca mng hai cng c tnh bng biu thc:
G =
1
2
P
P
(3.68)
Trong : P
1
l cng sut trn u vo ca mng hai cng c tnh bng:
( )
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
b a P = (3.69)
Theo cng thc 3.66 chng ta c
( )
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
IN
a P = (3.70)
P
2
l cng tn hao trn ti u ra, c tnh bng biu thc:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
L
b a b P = = (3.71)
Nh vy ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2
1
2
1
1
IN
L
a
b
P
P
G
= = (3.72)
T th dng tn hiu hnh 3.14 d dng ngoi suy ra mi quan h ca b
2
vi a
1
nh sau:
b
S a
1
b
2
a
2 b
1
S
11
S
S
21
S
12
S
22
L
1
b
S2
b
2
a
2
OUT
Hnh 3.14: th dng tn hiu dng rt gn.
43
( ) { } ...... ... + + + + =
n
L L
S S a S b
22 22 1 21 2
1 (3.73)
Do ta c:
L
S
S
a
b
=
22
21
1
2
1
(3.74)
Thay phng trnh 3.74 vo phng trnh 3.72, nhn c:
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
22
2 2
21
1 1
1
IN L
L
S
S
G
= (3.75)
Thay phng trnh 3.66 vo phng trnh 3.75 nhn c:
( )
+
= =
2
22
12 21
11
2
22
2 2
21
1
2
1
1 1
1
L
L
L
L
S
S S
S S
S
P
P
G (3.76)
hay
( )
( )
2
11
2
22
2 2
21
1
1
L L
L
S S S
S
G
= vi S = S
11
S
22
S
12
S
21
(3.77)
3.2.5.3. H s khuch i truyn.
H s khuch i truyn (tham s thng c dng trong thit k cc b
khuch i tn s cao) c nh ngha bng t s gia cng sut u ra P
2
c
phn pht n ti bi mt ngun vi cng sut hiu dng ln nht t ngun .
G
T
=
SCCMAX
P
P
2
(3.78)
Cng sut ri trn ti u ra:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
L
b a b P = = (3.79)
Theo th dng tn hiu 3.12 v hnh 3.13 ti u vo ca mng hai cng
ngun c kh nng cung cp mt cng sut l:
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
S IN
IN
S SCC
b P
= (3.80)
Vy cng sut hiu dng ln nht ca ngun t c khi
*
S IN
=
( )
2
2
1 2
S
S
SCCMAX
b
P
= (3.81)
H s khuch i truyn ca mng hai cng c tnh nh sau:
44
( )( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 1
L S
S
SCCMAX
T
b
b
P
P
G = = (3.82)
Theo th dng tn hiu hnh 3.14 ta c:
( )
L OUT
S
n
L OUT S L OUT S S
b
b b b b b
= + + + =
1
...
2
2 2 2 2 2
(3.83)
Mt khc ta li c:
( ) ( )( )
L OUT S
S
S
S
S
S
S b
b
S
S b
b
=
=
1 1 1
11
21
2
11
21
2
(3.84)
Vy h s khuch i truyn c tnh nh sau:
( )( )
( )( )
2
11
2 2 2
21
2
1 1
1 1
L OUT S
L S
SCCMAX
T
S
S
P
P
G
= = (3.85)
Thay cng thc 3.67 vo cng thc 3.85 chng ta c
( )( )
( )( )
2
21 12 22 11
2 2 2
21
2
1 1
1 1
L S L S
L S
SCCMAX
T
S S S S
S
P
P
G
= = (3.86)
3.3. Gin Smith.
3.3.1. C s xy dng.
Trong k thut siu cao tn, cc bi ton phn tch v thit k cc mch in
hot ng tn s siu cao thng dn n vic gii cc h thng phng trnh
phc rt di dng v phc tp. iu ny gy kh khn khng t cho thit k, nht l
khi cn c ngay mt li gii cho cc vn k thut trong mt thi gian ngn nht.
n gin ho vic tnh ton, phng n gii bng th t ra kh hiu qu
v nhanh chng. Php gii bng th khng nhng n gin m cn gip ngi
thit k theo di st vic tnh ton bng nhng ng tc bin i rt hnh tng v
d hiu. Trong khuynh hng , mt s kiu th tr khng c hnh thnh
nhm gip gii quyt vic phn tch mch in siu cao tn t kt cu n gin nh
ng dy truyn sng n cc mch in phc tp hn nh mch khuch i siu
cao tn, mch phi hp tr khng Tuy nhin, kiu th ang c s dng ph
bin nht hin nay l dng th h s phn x tr khng ng dy, c xy
dng bi Phillip H.Smith nm 1939, c gi l th Smith.
Mt cch tng qut th Smith c xy dng da trn mi quan h gia
h s phn x (x) v tr khng ng dy Z(x) ti mt im x bt k trn ng
truyn sng.
45
Tr khng ng dy:
Z(x) = Z
0
) ( 1
) ( 1
x
x
+
(3.87)
hoc tr khng ng dy chun ho:
z(x) =
) ( 1
) ( 1
x
x
+
(3.88)
H s phn x: (x) =
Z
Z
x Z
x Z
0
0
) (
) (
+
(3.89)
hoc (x) =
1
1
) (
) (
+
x z
x z
Trong tr khng chun ha z(x) =
0
Z
Z(x)
Mi quan h trn l 1-1 (quan h tng ng), c ngha l mt gi tr ca
tr khng ng dy chun ho z(x) tng ng v ch tng ng vi mt gi tr duy
nht ca h s phn x (x). iu ny cho php ta gn mt im phc (x) bt k
trong mt phng s phc h s phn x tng ng vi mt gi tr tr khng chun
ho duy nht z(x). Khi h s phn x (x) thay i th tr khng chun ho z(x) (v
do tr khng Z(x) cng thay i tng ng, v im phc s di chuyn thnh
mt qu o trong mt phng phc h s phn x ).
Cn ch rng trong thc t, do ) (x lun lun nh hn hoc bng 1 nn
qu o ca z(x) ch gi gn trong phm vi vng trn gc to , bn knh n v.
th Smith s c xy dng t mt phng phc ny.
Gin Smith l phng tin c bn gii quyt cc bi ton tn s siu
cao. Cch s dng v cng dng ca gin Smith c cp rt nhiu trong
cc ti liu k thut siu cao tn, y ch m t mt cch khi qut gin Smith.
3.3.2. Tnh ton phi hp tr khng dng gin Smith.
Phi hp tr khng bao gi cng l vn rt c quan tm trong k thut
siu cao tn. Nhim v c bn ca vn phi hp tr khng tn s siu cao l
lm sao m bo trong tuyn siu cao h s sng ng K
d
hay h s sng chy K
ch
t yu cu ra trong mt di tn nht nh. C rt nhiu phng php phi hp
tr khng mang li kt qu cao. Trong phi hp tr khng bng gin Smith l
phng php n gin v hiu qu hn hn. K thut ny s dng gi tr c nh
ca in khng hoc in np kh phn t in khng c tr khng khng phi
46
hp. Phn thc c iu chnh nh thm dy c di cn thit quay im tr
khng trn gin Smith trc khi kh phn t in khng.
C bn t hp phn t in khng: t hp dung khng hoc cm khng mc
ni tip (in khng) hoc mc song song (dn np). V vy, c th chn phn t
chnh xc phi hp vi phn t in khng, ph thuc vo im ta t ti trn
biu Smith. K thut thit k c ch ra trn hnh v sau:
di ca ng truyn Z
0
c cng vi tr khng u cui. Xoay im
tr khng trn ng trn c tm l tm ca biu Smith (ng trn ng SWR)
theo chiu hng v ngun pht. Xoay im n phn thc ca in khng hoc
phn thc ca dn np bng 1, ti im ny ta c th thm mt trong bn phn t
in khng bng cch di chuyn im dc theo gc in tr hoc in dn ti tm
ca biu (iu kin phi hp tr khng). y l mt k thut c bn ca k thut
siu cao tn. Hnh v 3.16 di y minh ho vic phi hp tr khng trn gin
Smith. K thut by s c trnh by k khi tnh ton thit k b khuch i
phn sau.
hoc
Z
0
L
Z
0
Hnh 3.15: K thut phi hp in khng
Hnh 3.16: Phi hp tr khng dng gin Smith.
47
3.4. Kho st thit k b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
3.4.1. S chc nng ca b khuch i cao tn.
B khuch i cao tn dng nng cao nhy ca my thu.Yu cu ch
yu i vi b KCT ny l khuch i kh ( 30dB) trong khi mc tp m bn
thn phi nh nht. Gi tr di thng b KCT khng i hi cao v n rng hn rt
nhiu di thng ca my thu. Mt khc trong cc b khuch i bng bn dn lun
tn ti mch phn hi (tham s tn x ca bn dn S
12
ni chung l khc khng),
nn c th dn n s lm vic khng n nh, tc l gy ra hin tng t kch.
S tng qut ca mt b KCT c biu din nh trn hnh v sau:
Trong : G
S
l mch phi hp u vo ca linh kin (hay cn gi l mch
vo) bao gm cc phn t th ng l cc linh kin tp trung hoc phn tn. nh
hng n mt i xng gia tr khng c tnh ca ngun v h s phn x u
vo ca linh kin. Tu theo cc tham s ca linh kin khuch i th gi tr nh nht
ca h s tp m c th xy ra khi phi hp tr khng hoc khi mt phi hp ti u.
Khi phi hp tr khng hon ton th cng sut truyn t ngun n u vo ca
linh kin t gi tr ln nht. Hay ni cch khc l n m bo lng tn hiu truyn
t ngun n linh kin t b tiu hao trong qu trnh truyn dn. Khi lm mt phi
hp G
S
mt cch ti u th bin i tr khng ca ngun tn hiu n gi tr m
bo tr s tp m ca b khuch i cao tn l nh nht.
G
L
l mch phi hp u ra ca b khuch i cao tn vi b trn (i vi
my thu siu ngoi sai) hoc vi b tch sng (trong my thu khuch i thng).
nh hng n mt i xng gia tr khng c trng ca ti v h s phn x
u ra ca linh kin. Nu u ra c phi hp hon ton vi ti th cng sut c
khuch i bi linh kin s c hp th trn ti l ln nht v s khng c cc
Z
S
S
Phi hp
Z u vo
S
[G
S
]
IN
OUT
L
Phi hp
Z u ra
[G
0
]
[G
L
] Z
L
Hnh 3.17: S chc nng ca b KCT.
48
sng phn x ngc tr li linh kin. Trong nhiu trng hp chng ta thng nh
mt phi hp trn u ra m bo cng sut cho tng pha sau.
G
0
l cc linh kin tch cc m bo khuch i tn hiu. Khi thit k cc b
khuch i cao tn th la chn cc transistor thng qua tn s lm vic v h s tp
ni b ca n. H s tp l mt tham s cc k quan trng trong thit k b khuch
i cao tn bi v tp m ca b khuch i quyt nh n nhy ca thit b thu.
Thit k mt b KCT phi m bo tnh ton chnh xc cc yu cu t ra
i vi b khuch i cao tn. T nhng phn tch trn chng ta nhn thy bi
ton thit k b khuch i cao tn ch yu l bi ton tnh ton phi hp tr khng
u vo v u ra theo cc yu cu cho trc ca b khuch i cn thit k. Bi
ton phi hp tr khng i vi mt tn s nht nh th khng qu kh nhng
tnh ton phi hp trong c mt di tn lm vic ca b khuch i m bo cc yu
cu i vi mt b KCT l mt bi ton rt phc tp.
Nhng ni dung c bn ca vic thit k mch khuch i l: Chn mt im
th hiu sau s dng thng s tn x v thng s tp hon tt trn vn mt
mch ring; Chn transistor trn c s h s khuch i tng ng vi tn s yu
cu, mc tp tn s , cc ch thin p; Chn loi hm hp bao gi.
Di y kho st phng php thit k b khuch i cao tn tn tp thp
dng tham s S nh l mt cng c thit k.
3.4.2. Kho st s n nh.
i vi b khuch i khi lm vic khng n nh c th gy ra hin tng
t kch, pht sinh dao ng k sinh, lm gim cng sut c ch, gy mo tn hiu,
iu chnh kh khn, gy qu ti, c th lm hng phn t tch cc dng khuch
i. i vi mch khuch i dng transistor lng cc v transistor trng xt
tnh n nh ca n kh phc tp v nhiu khi khng th thc hin c. Nhng
kh khn ny xut pht t hai nguyn nhn c bn sau: Th nht thnh lp c
phng trnh c trng ca mch cn phi da vo s vt l tng ng ca
transistor, m s tng ng ca transistor trong di siu cao tn l kh phc
tp v thng ch m t gn ng. Th hai trong di siu cao tn i tng o c
khng phi l in p hay dng in m l cc sng ti v sng phn x. Ph hp
vi n transistor cng c c trng bng cc tham s sng (ma trn tham s tn
49
x v ma trn tham s sng). V nhng yu t trn nn y tp ch trung kho st
s n nh ca b khuch i cao tn dng tham s tn x.
Khi thit k b khuch i rt d xy ra hin tng t kch (dao ng
ngc), cn phi kh cc dao ng ngc trong cc b khuch i cao tn.
Mt mng 2 cng c th c m t mt cch hon chnh bng cc tham s
tn x ca chng (tham s S). Cc tham s tn x cho php tnh ton s khng n
nh v in th (hng dao ng ngc), gi tr khuch i hiu dng ln nht, cc
tr khng u vo v u ra, h s khuch i cng sut. Tham s S cng cho php
tnh ton cc tr khng ngun v tr khng ti ti u v s phi hp tr khng hon
ton ca chng. Tham s tn x gip chng ta d dng la chn cc tr khng
ngun v ti cho mt gi tr khuch i c bit. Mt c trng quan trng ca
mng 2 cng l |S
21
| # |S
12
| v thng thng |S
21
| >> |S
12
|.
Xt mt mng 2 cng c mc vo mt ngun c tr khng Z
S
v mt ti
c tr khng Z
L
(Hnh 3.18). Bin ca h s phn x ngun |
S
| v bin ca h
s phn x ti |
L
| l nh hn 1. iu ny c ngha l cc tr khng ngun v ti c
phn thc dng.
Trc tin chng ta nghin cu mt trng hp ca mng 2 cng vi S
12
= 0
(transistor n hng - cng sut truyn theo hng ngc bng 0). Trng hp
ny rt tin li bi v n cho chng ta khng nh mt qui lut chc chn m khng
phi nng v tnh ton. th dng tn hiu ca mng hai cng trong trng hp
ny nh sau:
Mng hai cng
b
S
Z
S
Z
L
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
IN
OUT
Hnh 3.18: Mng hai cng
b
S
a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
S
11
S
S
21
S
22
L
1
Hnh 3.19: th dng tn hiu khi S
12
= 0
50
Theo cng thc 3.86 chng ta c h s khuch i truyn c tnh bng:
( )( )
( )( )
2
21 12 22 11
2 2 2
21
1 1
1 1
L S L S
L S
T
S S S S
S
G
= (3.90)
Khi S
12
= 0 th chng ta c phng trnh ca h s khuch i truyn
2
22
2
2
21 2
11
2
1
1
1
1
L
L
S
S
T
S
S
S
G
= (3.91)
Vi
2
11
2
1
1
1
S
S
S
G
= v
2
22
2
2
1
1
L
L
S
G
=
Khi |S
22
| < 1 v |S
11
| < 1, mng 2 cng l n nh tuyt i. ngha vt l
y cho thy do h s khuch i ngc bng 0, tc l khng c sng phn x t
u ra ngc tr li u. Mt khc do |S
22
| < 1 v |S
11
| < 1 tc l sng phn x nh
hn sng ti trn u vo v u ra. Kt qu l b khuch i lm vic n nh vi
bt k t hp no ca cc tr khng ngun v ti (ng vi mt gi tr bt k no ca
tr khng ngun v tr khng ti th b KCT cng lm vic n nh). Ngoi h s
khuch i ngc (S
12
= 0), gi tr khuch i hiu dng c th hy vng t c
vi b khuch i di iu kin phi hp ng thi tr khng u vo v u ra
(
S
=
S
*
11
v
L
=
S
*
22
) l h s khuch i cng sut ln nht truyn t ngun ti.
2
22
2
21 2
11
1
1
1
1
S
S
S
G
TMAX
= (3.92)
Vi h s phn x ngc bng khng (S
12
= 0) th tr khng ngun v ti
khng nh hng n cc tr khng u vo v u ra ca linh kin.
Khi |S
22
| > 1 hoc |S
11
| > 1 mng 2 cc c kh nng khng n nh v chng
s sinh ra cc dao ng ngc. Bi v khi cc h s phn x c cc gi tr ln hn 1
th tng cc sng phn x s ln hn tng ca cc sng ti. Do cc iu kin |S
22
|
> 1 hoc |S
11
| > 1 ch ra rng cc dao ng c th xut hin trong b khuch i nu
chng ta la chn cc tr khng ngun v tr khng ti khng hp l. Ta s ln lt
kho st cc trng hp ca mng 2 cng vi tng trng hp c th.
3.4.2.1. S n nh ca mng 2 cng trong trng hp chung (S
12
# 0).
Mt mng 2 cng l n nh tuyt i nu cc h s phn x u vo v u
51
ra (nhn t u vo v u ra) c cc bin nh hn 1, m khng ph thuc vo
bin ca cc h s phn x ngun v ti
S
<1 v
L
< 1 ti cc im u vo v
u ra ca mng 2 cng. Cc tr khng nhn t u vo v u ra c cc phn thc
dng v cc h s phn x u vo v u ra
out
,
in
ph thuc vo cc tr khng
ngun v ti.
Theo cng thc 3.66 c biu thc ca h s phn x u vo
L
L
IN
S
S S
S
+ =
22
12 21
11
1
(3.93)
Bin i cng thc trn nhn c biu thc ca h s phn x u vo nh
sau:
L
IN
S S
S S
S
S
+
=
22 22
12 21
22
1
1
vi S = (S
11
S
22
- S
21
S
12
) (3.94)
H s phn x ti
L
mt gi tr phc c bin |
L
| < 1. Kt qu l n s
nm trong ng trn C
1
, vi tm ti gc (O
1
) bn knh = 1 (hnh 3.20). V tr ca
IN
c th c xc nh bng mt chui cc
php bin i hnh hc bng cch chng ta ln
lt v cc ng trn O
1
, O
2
, O
3
, O
4
, O
5
, O
6
c cc phng trnh c xc nh theo cc
thnh phn ca cng thc 3.94.
Trong :
S
22
L
c biu din bng ng trn C
2
c
tm O
2
=0; bn knh R
2
=
22
S
1- S
22
L
c biu din bng ng trn C
3
c tm O
3
= 1; bn knh R
3
=
22
S
L
S
22
1
1
c biu din bng ng trn C
4
c tm O
4
=
2
22
1
1
S
; bn
knh R
4
=
2
22
22
1 S
S
L
S S
S S
22 22
12 21
1
1
c biu din bng ng trn C
5
c tm O
5
=
( )
2
22 22
12 21
1 S S
S S
; bn knh R
5
=
2
22
12 21
1 S
S S
Hnh 3.20
Thc
o
52
L
S S
S S
S
S
+
22 22
12 21
22
1
1
c biu din bng ng trn C
6
c tm O
6
=
( )
2
22 22
12 21
22
1 S S
S S
S
S
; bn knh R
6
=
2
22
12 21
1 S
S S
Khi h s phn x u ra ca mng hai cng S
22
< 1 th bn knh ca ng
trn C
4
cng nh (tng ng vi tm O
4
ca n). T mi lin h gia
IN
v
L
chng ta thy xut hin mt vn l: Nu
L
nm trong ng trn C
1
th n nm
trong ng trn C
6
khi S
22
< 1. Bin ca h s phn x u vo (bn knh R
6
)
nhn t u vo ca mng 2 cng l nm bn trong ng trn C
6
. Do
in
< 1 nu
R
6
=
2
22
12 21
1 S
S S
< 1 th kt qu l |S
21
S
12
| < 1 - |S
22
|
2
Nhn thy rng bn knh ca ng trn C
1
= 1, chng ta c th ni rng
mng hai cng n nh tuyt i nu C
6
l hon ton nm trong ng trn C
1
. Kt
qu l |O
6
| + R
6
< 1
2
2
22
12 21
2
2
22
22
21 12
22
2
6
2
6
1
1
1
1
1
S
S S
S
S
S S
S
S
R O
(3.95)
O
6
v R
6
l cc gi tr phc, t c cc bin phi bnh phng cc
ga tr phc ca chng ln
o
6
2
= O
6
x O
6
*
. Bin i phng trnh 3.95 nhn c
h s n nh K, hay cn gi l h s n nh Linvill:
K =
S S
S
S S
12 21
2 2 2
2
1
22 11
+
1 (3.96)
Ta va kim tra h s phn x u vo
IN
nhn t u vo ca mng cng, kt
qu cho mt iu kin n nh tuyt i. Kim tra tng t i vi u ra ta c:
S
S
OUT
S
S S
S
a
b
+ = =
11
12 21
22
2
2
1
(3.97)
iu ny dn n kt qu l |S
21
S
12
| < 1 - |S
11
|
2
v do chng ta mt mng
hai cng l n nh tuyt i trn c u vo v u ra khi cc h s phn x v cc
53
h s khuch i ngc v thun tho mn cc iu kin.
u ra: |S
21
S
12
| < 1 - |S
11
|
2
u vo: |S
21
S
12
| < 1 - |S
22
|
2
Kt hp cc iu kin n nh u vo v u ra cho cc iu kin n nh ca
mng hai cng l:
1
12 21 22 11
=
S S S S
S v 1
2
1
12 21
2 2 2
22 11
+
=
S S
S
S S
K (3.98)
Khi K ln hn 1 v S nh hn 1, th linh kin n nh tuyt i vi bt k
t hp ca cc tr khng ngun v cc tr khng ti. Nu khi tnh ton K nh hn 1
hoc S ln hn 1 th linh kin tim tng mt nguy c mt n nh v s pht sinh
cc dao ng. Trong trng hp ny phi rt cn thn trong vic la chn cc tr
khng ngun v cc tr khng ti. iu kin ny khng c ngha l linh kin khng
c s dng, n ch c s dng khi la chn tr khng ngun v tr khng ti
hp l. y l trng hp c th gp trong khi thit k cc b khuch i.
3.4.2.2. Kh nng mt n nh.
Khi h s n nh Linvill ch ra kh nng mt n nh, linh kin s pht sinh
cc dao ng vi mt s t hp ca tr khng ngun v ti. Ngha l khi la chn
gi tr ca tr khng ngun v tr khng ti khng cn thn s rt d xy ra dao
ng. Khi K nh hn 1 hoc S ln hn 1 iu ny l rt quan trng trong vic la
chn cc tr khng ngun v tr khng ti. Mt trong cc phng php xc nh cc
tr khng ngun v ti cho b khuch i lm vic n nh l v cc vng trn
n nh ln trn gin Smith. Vng trn n nh trn gin Smith biu din gii
hn ca cc gi tr ca tr khng ngun v tr khng ti, m cc tr khng ngun v
tr khng ti ny lm cho linh kin hot ng n nh hay khng n nh. Chu vi
ca ng trn l qu tch ca cc im m lm cho h s n nh K = 1. Hn na
cc gi tr bn trong hoc bn ngoi ca ng trn biu din vng lm vic khng
n nh ca linh kin. Tm v cc bn knh ca cc vng trn n nh u vo u
ra c tm nh sau.
Bin i cng thc 3.94 v 3.97 nhn c:
L
L
IN
S
S S
=
22
11
1
(3.99)
54
S
S
OUT
S
S S
=
11
22
1
(3.100)
Khi mt mng hai cng tim tng mt kh nng mt n nh, cn xc nh
cc vng lm vic n nh ca n (tc l i tm cc gi tr ca
S
v
L
m cc gi
tr ca
S
v
L
lm cho |
in
| < 1 v |
out
| < 1). xc nh bin gii ca vng n
nh v khng n nh hy xem xt cc gi tr ln nht c th (bng 1) ca cc h s
phn x u vo v u ra nhn t u vo v u ra ca linh kin.
i vi u ra ca linh kin chng ta chng minh rng vng trn n nh u
ra C
2
(vi tm O
2
v bn knh R
2
) c xc nh bi
S
. Gi tr
L
c xc nh
bng phng trnh |
in
| = 1. Nh vy ta c:
2
22
2
11
1
L L
S S S = (3.111)
( ) ( )
L L L L
S al S S S al S S + = +
22
2
22 11
2 2
11
2 1 2 Re Re
*
(3.112)
( ) 0 2
2
= + B A al
L L
Re (3.113)
vi A v B c nh ngha nh sau
2 2
22
11 22
S S
S S S
A
=
*
(3.114)
2 2
22
22
1
S S
S
B
+
= (3.115)
( ) 0 Re 2
2 2
2
= + + B A A A al
L L
(3.116)
Bin i phng trnh trn nhn c mt phng trnh ng trn trn mt
phng phc: B A A
L
=
2
2
*
, c tm ti
*
A vi bn knh B A
2
.
2 2
22
11 22
2
S S
S S S
A O
= =
* *
*
(3.117)
2 2
22
21 12
2
2
S S
S S
B A R
= = (3.118)
Chng minh tng t i vi u vo ca linh kin vi
S
v |
out
| nhn
c cc vng trn n nh cho linh kin:
u vo:
2 2
11
22 11
1
S S
S S S
O
=
* *
2 2
11
21 12
1
S S
S S
R
= (3.119)
55
u ra:
2 2
22
11 22
2
S S
S S S
O
=
* *
2 2
11
21 12
2
S S
S S
R
= (3.120)
xc nh v tr ca vng trn C
2
c bao quanh gc gin Smith hay
khng, ta cn phi tnh ton |O
2
|
2
R
2
2
. Nu |O
2
| > R
2
, th vng trn ny khng bao
quanh gc gin (hnh 3.21). Nu |O
2
| < R
2
, th:
2 2
22
22 2
2
2
1
S S
S
R O
= (3.121)
Nu (1 - |S
11
|
2
) v (|S
22
|
2
- | S|
2
) c cng du nhau (dng hoc m), th |O
2
| l
rt ln hn R
2
, v vng trn C
2
khng bao quanh gc ca gin . Nu (1 - |S
11
|
2
) v
(|S
22
|
2
- | S|
2
) khc du nhau, |O
2
| nh hn R
2
, v vng trn C
2
bao quanh gc gin
. Sau khi tnh ton s n nh c th v cc vng trn n inh trn gin Smith.
Min lm vic khng n nh ca b khuch i l cc vng trn c th xut
hin nh trn hnh 3-22(a-d). Trn hnh v th thng b ct bi mt phn ca
cc vng trn n nh. Sau khi v cc vng n nh trn th bc tip theo xc
nh v tr ca vng trn m biu din vng khng n nh.
Hnh 3.22a: Vng trn n nh u ra vi |S
11
| < 1 v |S| < |S
22
|. Vng trn
n nh u vo vi |S
22
| < 1 v | S| < |S
11
|. ng trn C
2
khng bao quanh gc
gin .
Hnh 3.21
Vng trn n nh u ra
Hnh 3.22.a
56
Hnh 3.22b: Vng trn n nh u ra vi |S
11
| < 1 v | S| > |S
22
|. Vng trn
n nh u vo vi |S
22
| < 1 v | S| > |S
11
| .Vng trn C
2
bao quanh gc gin .
Hnh 3.22c: Vng trn n nh u ra vi |S
11
| > 1 v | S| < |S
22
|. Vng trn
n nh u vo vi |S
22
| > 1 v | S| < |S
11
|. Vng trn C
2
bao quanh gc gin .
Hnh 3.22d: Vng trn n nh u ra vi |S
11
|>1, |S|>|S
22
|. Vng trn n
nh u vo vi |S
22
|>1 v | S|>|S
11
|. Vng trn C
2
khng bao quanh gc gin .
Cc vng m biu din cc vng khng n nh ca b khuch i. Vic la
chn
L
cng nh
in
nh hn 1 m bo mt mng hai cng l n nh ti u
ra. Cc iu kin ca u ra ca di dng
S
v
IN
cng ng cho u vo di
dng
L
v
OUT
. Tm ca th Smith chun ho phi l mt phn ca vng n
nh c biu din trn cc vng trn n nh. Nu vy th mt trong cc vng
trn n nh phi bao quanh tm ca th trong trng hp ny. Vng bn trong
Hnh 3.22.d.
Hnh 3.22.c.
Hnh 3.22.b.
57
ca ng trn biu din vng ca cc tr khng n nh ca cng. Ni mt cch
khc nu S
11
hoc S
22
> 1 b khuch i hot ng khng n nh th vng trn
khng bao quanh gc ca gin . Do vy ton b vng bn ngoi ca ng trn
biu din vng lm vic n nh ca cng. Bi v y l nhng khi nim chung
trc khi i vo thit k cc b khuch i (S
11
< 1 v S
22
< 1), ch cc trng hp 1
v 2 l thng gp trong cc ng dng thc t.
3.4.3. Phi hp u vo v u ra.
Vic phi hp lin hp phc u vo v u ra ca b khuch i nhm t
c gi tr khuch i hiu dng ln nht. Chng ta c th bt u vi vic thit k
khi tm thy mt b khuch i c kh nng khuch i ph hp vi yu cu ca bi
ton. Qu trnh tnh ton thit k s cho cc gi tr ca h s phn x ngun v h s
phn x ti. Cc h s phn x ngun v h s phn x ti cung cp s phi cc tr
khng ti u vo v u ra ca b khuch i. Chng ta nn nh rng tr khng
u ra ca b khuch i ph thuc vo tr khng ngun ca b khuch i. Ngc
li tr khng u vo cng ph thuc vo tr khng ti ca b khuch i. Cc s
ph thuc ny l nguyn nhn ca h s khuch i ngc (S
12
). Nu S
12
= 0 th cc
tr khng ti v tr khng ngun khng nh hng n cc tr khng u vo v
u ra ca b khuch i.
H s khuch i truyn ca mng hai cng theo cng thc 3.78 c biu
din nh sau:
G
T
=
SCCMAX
P
P
2
(3.122)
H s khuch i truyn l mt hm ca h s n nh K. H s khuch i
truyn ln nht khi cng sut a vo mng hai cng l ln nht (P
1
= P
SCCMAX
) v
khi cng sut tiu tn trn ti l ln nht. iu ny t c khi
S
=
*
IN
v
L
=
*
OUT
. Theo cng thc 3.99 v 3.100 chng ta c:
S
=
* *
* * *
L
L
S
S S
22
11
1
=
*
in
(3.123)
L
=
* *
* * *
S
S
S
S S
11
22
1
=
*
OUT
(3.124)
Bng vic thay th gi tr ca
L
vo phng trnh ca
S
ta c:
58
=
S
S
S
S
S
S
S S
S
S
S S
S S
11
22
22
11
22
11
1
1
1
*
* *
(3.125)
Bin i phng trnh
S
trn chng ta c
( ) ( ) 0 1
1 1
1 1
22 11
2 2
22
2
11
2
22 11
= + +
=
43 42 1
4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 2 1
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
*
* * *
C B
C A
S
S S S S S S S S S (3.126)
y l phng trnh bc hai bin s
S
, gii phng trnh nhn c:
S
=
( )
C
C B B
1
2
2
1 1
2
4
1
(3.127)
Chng ta s nhn c hai kt qu ca
S
v theo nh chng ta ni trn
b khuch i lm vic n nh th m un ca cc h s phn x u vo v u
ra phi nh hn 1. C ngha l trong cc nghim ca
S
cn chn cc nghim c
mun nh hn 1.
Tnh ton hon ton tng t i vi h s phn x ti
L
cng nhn c
kt qu nh sau:
L
=
( )
C
C B B
2
2
2
2 2
2
4
2
(3.128)
Vi C
2
= S
22
- S
11
*
S
v B
2
= 1 + |S
22
|
2
- |S
11
|
2
- | S|
2
Tip theo, tnh ton cc gi tr (B
1
2
- 4|C
1
|
2
) v (B
2
2
- 4|C
2
|
2
) xc nh cc
h s phn x u vo v h s phn x u ra nh l mt hm ca h s n nh
Linvill K. Gi s tnh ton vi u vo
) ( Re
* *
S S S al S S S S S S C + = =
22 11
2
22
2
11
2
22 11
2
1
2 (3.129)
vi ( ) ) ( Re Re
* * *
12 21 22 11
2
22 11 22 11
S S S S al S S S S S al + = (3.130)
( )
12 21 22 11
2
21 12
2
22 11
2
2 S S S S al S S S S S
* *
Re + = (3.131)
Thay gi ( ) S
S S
al
*
Re
22 11
2 vo phng trnh ca S ta c
( )( )
2
21 12
2
22
2 2
11
2
1
1 S S S S S C + = (3.132)
( )
2
2 2
22
2
11
2
1
1 S S S B + = (3.133)
59
( )
2
21 12
2
2 2
11
2
22
2
1
2
1
4 1 4 S S S S S C B + = (3.134)
Biu din theo phng trnh ca h s n nh K nh sau:
12 21
2 2
22
2
12
2
1
S S
S S S
K
+
=
Thay vo ta c B
1
2
- 4|C
1
|
2
= 4|S
12
S
21
|
2
(K
2
1). (3.135)
Thay vo phng trnh ca
S
nhn c
( )
1
2
21 12 1
2
1 2
C
K S S B
S
= 3.136)
Tnh ton hon ton tng t cng nhn c
( )
2
2
12 21 2
2
1 2
C
K S S B
L
= (3.137)
xc nh du ca
S
v
L
, chng ta c th s dng
S
tnh ton. Nu
h s n nh K > 1, th B
1
2
- 4|C
1
|
2
> 0 trong trng hp ny v bin ca h s
phn x u vo l:
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
4 2 4
C
C B B C B B
S
+ +
= (3.138)
By gi phi xc nh du trc cn thc theo iu kin
S
<1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 2 4 2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
<
+ C B B C B (3.139)
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 4 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
<
+ B C B C B (3.140)
Kt qu l ( ) ( )
1
2
1
2
1
4 B C B < (3.141)
Cng ging nh h s n nh K > 1 biu din iu kin n nh tuyt i,
chng minh trn rng:
B
1
> 0 du - phi c s dng trong phng trnh ca
S
vi
S
<1
B
1
< 0 du + phi c s dng trong phng trnh ca
S
vi
S
<1
Du trc cn thc tri du vi B
1
. Pha ca h s phn x ngun ngc pha
vi tham s C
1
.
Khi tm c h s phn x ngun mong mun, th h s phn x ny c th
c v ln trn gin Smith, tng ng s tm c tr khng ngun ca chng.
60
Vi h s phn x ngun chng ta c th tnh c h s phn x ti cn thit cho
u ra ca b khuch i theo phng trnh sau
*
+ =
S
S
L
S
S S
S
11
12 21
22
1
(3.142)
Mt khc du * ch ra rng c th kt hp cc gi tr trong ngoc (v d nh
bin nhng ngc du vi pha).
Tip theo chng ta kim tra li iu kin phi hp hon ton vi h s n
nh K < 1 (iu kin ch ra nguy c mt n nh ca b khuch i). Trong trng
hp ny B
1
2
- 4|C
1
|
2
< 0. tnh c cn ca i lung ny chng ta bin i v
dng gi tr o: B
1
2
- 4|C
1
|
2
= J
2
(4|C
1
|
2
- B
1
2
). Khi h s phn x ngun c tnh
nh sau:
( )
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
4
C
B C B
S
=
( )
1
4
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
=
+
=
C
B C B
S
(3.143)
Vi h s n nh K<1 cc h s phn x ngun v h s phn x ti bng 1.
iu ny l rt nguy him v b khuch i rt d xy ra hin tng t kch.
3.4.4. H s khuch i trong iu kin phi hp tr khng hon ton.
Trong phn trc chng minh c rng mt mng hai cng c phi
hp hon ton ch c th vi h s n nh K > 1. Trong trng hp ny th
*
IN S
= v
*
OUT L
= . Khi theo cng thc 3.85 h s khuch i truyn c
tnh nh sau:
( )( )
( )( )
2
11
2 2 2
21
1 1
1 1
L OUT S
L S
T
S
S
G
= (3.144)
Thay
OUT
t cng thc 2.67 v bin i chng ta nhn c
( )
( )
=
2
2
1
2
1 2
11
2
2
21
1
4
S
T
C B
S S
S
G
(3.145)
ta c
( )
( )
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
4
4 2
4
4 4
1
C B B
C B
C
C B B C
S
=
+
= (3.146)
Thay vo phng trnh ca h s khuch i truyn ta c:
61
( )
2
1
2
1
2 2
22
2
11
2
21
4 1
2
C B S S S
S
G
T
+
= (3.147)
Theo phn trn chng ta c B
1
2
- 4|C
1
|
2
= 4|S
12
S
21
|
2
(K
2
1). Thay vo phng
trnh trn nhn c:
( ) 1 2 2
2
2
21 12 12 21
2
21
=
K S S K S S
S
G
T
1
1
1
2
12
21
2
12
21
=
= K K
S
S
K K
S
S
G
T
(3.148)
Gi tr khuch i ln nht c th t c t b khuch i di cc iu
kin phi hp hon ton cn c gi l: Gi tr khuch i hiu dng ln nht
(MAG). nh ngha MAG chng ta trc tin phi tnh ton cc gi tr ca B
1
v
C
1
theo cc phng trnh:
2 2
22
2
11 1
1
S
S S B + = (3.149)
S
S S C =
*
22 11 1
(3.150)
B
1
c th c tnh trc tin, bi v n xc nh du c s dng trc cn
thc. Trong phn trc gii thch rng nu B
1
l dng th du - phi c s
dng v nu B
1
l m th du + phi c s dng. Qui tc ny cng ng cho
MAG. Ch rng K phi ln hn 1 v S nh hn 1 (n nh tuyt i) hoc
phng trnh ca MAG s khng xc nh. Vi K < 1 gi tr cn thc trong phng
trnh ca MAG l mt s o v s tnh ton MAG l khng hp l. Do vy MAG l
khng xc nh vi b khuch i lm vic khng n nh. Vi trng hp K > 1,
chng ta biu din phng trnh ca B
1
nh l mt phng trnh ca |C
1
|
2
:
|C
1
|
2
= (|S
11
|
2
- |
S
|
2
) (|1 - S
22
|
2
) + |S
12
S
21
|
2
(3.151)
( )
2
22
2
21 12
2
2
22
2
1
1
1
1
S
S S S C
B
=
=
(3.152)
Vi cc b khuch i lm vic n nh th S
22
l nh hn 1. Ta lit k ra
mt lot cc phng trnh ca h s n nh K. Chng ta bt u vi |S| < 1. Kt
qu l (1 - |S
22
|
2
) > |S
21
S
12
|. Do vy c th ni rng B
1
> 0 vi b khuch i lm n
nh tuyt i, v do du - phi c dng trc cn thc. Vi mt b khuch
62
i n nh tuyt i chng ta c th biu din gi tr khuch i truyn ln nht
nh l mt phng trnh ca h s n nh K:
G
TMAX
= ( ) 1
2
12
21
K
K
S
S
(3.153)
Gi tr khuch i hiu dng ln nht biu din di dng dB:
MAG = 10Log
S
S
12
21
+ 10Log( ) 1
2
K
K (3.154)
Trong trng hp c bit K = 1, G
TMAX
c xc nh theo:
G
MS
= |S
21
| / |S
12
|. y l gi tr khuch i n nh ln nht.
Vi trng hp K v S cng ln hn 1, u vo v u ra ca linh kin c
th c phi hp hon ton nhng vn tim tng kh nng mt n nh. B
1
< 1 vi
trng hp ny du - phi c s dng trc cn thc. Nh vy h s khuch
i truyn c tnh nh sau:
G
TMAX
=
+ 1
2
12
21
K
S
S
K (3.155)
3.4.5. Tnh ton b khuch i vi gi tr khuch i cho trc.
Khi thit k cc b khuch i hay gp trng hp c mt tng khuch i
hot ng vi mt gi tr khuch i nht nh no . Gi tr khuch i ca tng
khng c ln hn hoc nh hn gi tr cho. Theo phn trn ta thy s phi
hp hon ton trong b khuch i c th cung cp gi tr khuch i ln nht m
vi gi tr khuch i ny c th lm qu ti cho tng sau (hoc tng ni tip). Do
cn tm c mt b khuch i, m n cung cp mt gi tr khuch i chnh
xc theo ng yu cu t ra khi phi hp hon ton. iu ny c th mt rt nhiu
thi gian v cng sc. Mt cch tt nht v d dng nht c th gii quyt vn
ny l chn la mt phi hp.
Vic la chn mt phi hp l vic iu khin v qun l mt gi tr khuch
i gii hn bng vic lm mt phi hp tr khng ln ti ca b khuch i. K
thut ny gip chng ta t c mt gi tr khuch i theo yu cu. Nhng chng
ta phi lu ch c php nh mt phi hp trn u ra ca b khuch i, tuyt
i khng c lm mt phi hp ti u vo ca b khuch i, bi v vic phi
hp trn u vo l rt quan trng. N l yu t nh hng n nhy ca thit b.
Mt trong cc phng php tt nht la chn mt phi hp ca b khuch
63
i l s dng vng trn hng s khuch i c v trn gin Smith. Chu vi ca
vng trn hng s khuch i l qu tch cc im (cc tr khng ti) m cc im
ny tc ng ln h s khuch i n mt gi tr c bit. V d, nu gi tr bt k
ca tr khng ti nm trn ng trn c chu vi biu din h s khuch i 10dB th
tr khng ti tc ng ln gi tr khuch i ca tng l 10dB. Khi vng trn hng
s khuch i c v ln trn gin Smith chng ta c th tm thy gi tr ca tr
khng ti. v vng trn hng s khuch i ln trn gin Smith chng ta cn
phi thc hin mt vi php tnh ton xc nh tm v bn knh ca n. Cc vng
trn hng s khuch i c ngoi suy t gi tr khuch i cng sut ca mng
hai cng.Theo cng thc 3.77 phng trnh ca h s khuch i cng sut:
( )
( )
2
11
2
22
2 2
21
1
1
L L
L
P
S S S
S
G
= vi S = S
11
S
22
S
12
S
21
(3.156)
=
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
L L
L
S S S al S S S
S
+
*
11 22
2 2 2
22
2
11
2 2
21
Re 2 1
1
(3.157)
n gin cc phng trnh tnh ton ta nh ngha
G = G
P
/ |S
21
|
2
v D
2
= |S
22
|
2
-|S|
2
v C
2
= (S
22
- SS
11
*
) (3.158)
( )
[ ]
L L
L
C al D S
G
+
=
2
2
2
2
11
2
Re 2 1
1
(3.159)
( ) ( )
2
11 2 2
2
1 1 Re 2 ) 1 ( S G C al G GD
L L
= + (3.160)
( ) ( )
2
2
11
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
Re 2
GD
S G
GD
C al G
L
L
+
=
+
(3.161)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
11
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
1 1 1
2
GD
S G
GD
GC
GD
GC
GD
C al G
L
L
+
=
+
+
+
+
Re
(3.162)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]( )
( )
2
2
2
2
11
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
1 1
2
GD
GD S G GC
GD
GC
GD
C al G
L
L
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
Re
(3.163)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]( )
( )
2
2
2
2
11
2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
1 GD
GD S G GC
GD
GC
L
+
+ +
=
+
*
(3.164)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
11 2 2
2 2
2 2
22
2
11
2
2
2
1
1 1
1 GD
S D D C G S S S G
GD
GC
L
+
+ + +
=
+
*
(3.165)
Cc bn knh ca vng trn hng s khuch i c th c vit di dng
64
phng trnh ca h s n nh K. Ta c phng trnh h s khuch i theo h s
n nh nh sau:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
22
2
2
21 12 21 12
2
2 2
22
11 22
1
2 1
1
S S G
G S S G S S K
S S G
G S S S
L
+
+
=
+
* *
(3.166)
Tm v bn knh cc vng trn hng s khuch i c biu din nh sau:
Tm =
( )
( )
2 2
22
11 22
1 S S G
G S S S
+
* *
; bnknh =
( )
2 2
22
2
2
21 12 21 12
1
2 1
S S G
G S S G S S K
+
+
Phng trnh trn cho ta mt gi tr phc ca tm di dng bin v pha
tng ng vi h s phn x. Bn knh ca ng trn c xc nh t phng
trnh (3.166) l mt gi tr nm gia 0 v 1. Khi v c vng trn hng s
khuch i (hnh 3.23) chng ta c th d dng xc nh c h s phn x ti (tr
khng ti) cn thit bng cch v mt vect t tm th Smith n tm ca vng
trn h s khuch i. Giao im ca vect vi ng trn h s khuch i chnh
l im tr khng ti cn tm. V ng vi qu tch cc im ca h s phn x ti
nm trn vng trn h s khuch i ca b khuch i th giao im ca vect vi
ng trn c h s phn x nh nht.
Trn gin Smith hnh cc vng trn biu din cc gi tr khuch i khc
nhau m c th t c vi b khuch i. Vng trn bn knh ln nht biu din
gi tr khuch i nh nht. Vng trn bn knh bng 0 biu din gi tr khuch i
hiu dng ln nht trong iu kin phi hp hon ton u vo v u ra. Tt c cc
tm ca cc vng trn u nm trn cng mt trc
3.4.6. Tnh ton b khuch i vi h s tp ti u.
Tp m trong mt b khuch i hay trong bt k mch no trong thc t
thng c m hnh ho di dng mt ngun in p tp e
n
v mt ngun dng
Hnh 3.23: th Smith v vng trn h s khuch i
65
tp i
n
nui mt mch khng c nhiu tp nh trong hnh v 3.24:
in tr ca ngun tn hiu to ra tp m nhit. Cc ngun in p tp m
v ngun dng tp c th c coi l c ngun gc t tp nhit ca mt in tr
hiu ng R
0
v mt in dn hiu ng G
i
khi:
e n
fR kT e = 4 v
i n
fG kT i = 4 (3.167)
f l di tp m tng ng, trong khi k l hng s Boltzman v T l
nhit tuyt i. Dng in i vo mch khng c nhiu tp l:
in g
g n n
i
Z Z
Z i e
I
+
+
= (3.168)
Cng sut i vo mch khng c nhiu tp c to ra t cc ngun ny l:
( )( )
+
+ +
=
2
s in
s n n s n n
in
Z Z
Z i e Z i e
P Re = M
R
Z i e
M
G
i
M
R
e
s
s n n
s
n
s
n
+ +
4
2
4 4
2 2
Re
Vi
2
4
in s
i s
Z Z
R R
M
+
= v
( )
2 2
1
s s
s
s
s
X R
R
Z
G
+
=
= Re (3.169)
in p v dng nhiu s khng cng pha nu cc qu trnh pht sinh nhiu
tp ca chng c lp vi nhau. Mt khc mt qu trnh sinh nhiu tp c th ng
gp cho c e
n
v i
n
v do cc ngun s c mt s s tng quan vi nhau. Khi
cc ngun c s khc bit pha v thi gian trung bnh l v v vy s hng cng
sut
n n
i e l:
n t i
i e
jp p e fG kT fR kT + =
4 4
(3.170)
e
1
Z
S
E
~
Z
i
Mch c
nhiu
e
1
Z
L
e
1
Z
S
E
~
Z
in
Mch khng
nhiu
Z
L
e
21
i
11
Hnh 3.24: Mch c nhiu c thay bng mt mch khng
c nhiu v hai ngun nhiu e
21
v i
11
66
Tr khng ngun Z
S
= R
S
+jX
S
to ra mt in p tp m l
S n
fR kT e = 4
v do ton b cng sut nhiu u vo l:
( )
+ + + =
s
n
s
t
s s
i
s
e
in
X p R p
R G
G
R
R
fM kT P
2
1 4
(3.171)
H s tp m ca b khuch i l t s gia ton b cng sut nhiu tp u
vo vi cng sut nhiu ca tr khng ngun v cng sut nhiu i vo t mch
ngun l 4kTfM. Hay ni cch khc h s tp ca mt b khuch i l t s
tn/tp ti u vo vi t s tn/tp ti u ra ca b khuch ai.
OUT
IN
N
S
N
S
NF = hay
( )
s
n
s
t
s s
i
s
e
X p R p
R G
G
R
R
NF + + + =
2
1
(3.172)
H s tp nh nht ca b khuch i t c khi 0 =
S
R
NF
v 0 =
S
X
NF
nghim ca hai phng trnh vi phn trn cho chng ta mt gi ca tr khng
ngun ti u Z
opt
= R
opt
+jX
opt
Trong :
i
n
opt
G
p
X = v
2
2 1
i i
e
opt
G
p
G
R
R
/
= (3.173)
iu kin th hai ch ra rng
2
opt
i
e
Z
G
R
= . H s tp nh nht khi Z
S
= Z
opt
v hiu gia h s tp ca Z
S
v h s tp ca Z
opt
l:
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2
opt S opt S
S
i
opt
X X R R
R
G
NF NF + =
[ ]
{ }
2
2
2
2
opt S
opt S e
opt S
opt S
e
Z Z
Z Z R
Z Z
Z R
R
Re
= = (3.174)
Chuyn i cc tr khng thnh cc h s phn x bng cch chun ho tr
khng Z
0
:
S
S S
Z
Z
+
=
1
1
0
;
opt
opt opt
Z
Z
+
=
1
1
0
{ }
2
2
0
1
1
S
S
S
Z
Z
+
=
Re
(3.175)
Nh vy h s tp ca b khuch i c biu din nh sau:
+
=
+
=
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
4
1 1
4
Opt S
Opt S
e
Opt S
Opt S
i opt
r g NF NF
(3.176)
Trong :
0
Z
G
g
i
i
= ;
0
Z
R
r
e
e
=
67
Biu thc trn c th c vit li di dng
( )
2
2 2
1
4
1
S
opt S
e
opt opt
r
NF NF
=
+
=
S S
opt opt S opt S S
1
2 2
(3.177)
y l phng trnh ng trn c tm v bn knh l:
i
opt
Fi
N
C
+
=
1
; ( ) [ ]
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
opt i i
i
Fi
N N
N
R +
+
=
Vi:
2
1
4
opt
e
i
i
r
NF NF
N +
=
min
(3.178)
Cc gi tr ca NF
min
, r
e
,
opt
l cc gi tr bit, t phng trnh 3.177 thy
rng NF l qu tch cc im ca h s phn
S
c phng trnh l cc ng trn
nm trn gin Smith. Bn knh ca ca vng trn h s tp tng ln khi tng gi
tr ca NF, vi vng trn c bn knh bng khng th tm ti
opt
. C th nhn thy
rng tm ca vng trn h s tp nm trn vect
opt
c gc ti tm ca th
Smith kt thc ti
opt
. Khi v vng trn h s tp ln trn gin Smith vic xc
nh tr khng ngun cn li rt n gin. Chng ta cng v mt vecto t tm gin
Smith n tm ca vng trn h s tp. Giao ca vecto vi ng trn h s tp
l h s phn x ngun
S
. Cng vic chnh ca ngi thit k l phi gim nh h
s tp t tr khng ngun tn hiu. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cc gim
nh s truyn cng sut tp vo mng hai cng bng vic mt phi hp ti u vo
ca mng hai cng. Nhng cng vi s lm gim vic truyn cng sut ca tn
hiu qua mng hai cng vic lm ny s dn n lm mt mt phn tn hiu khi i
qua mng. y l iu khng c li khi tn hiu nhn c yu. Hn na lm gim
s n nh ca mng do h s sng ng u vo cao. ph hp gia h s
khuch i v h s tp th cc vng trn h s tp v cc vng trn h s khuch
i phi c v ln trn gin Smith. Khi ta s la chn c mt tr khng
ca ngun tn hiu tho mn cc iu kin v h s khuch i v h s tp.
3.4.7. Tnh ton b khuch i c nhiu tng khuch i.
B khuch i vi nhiu tng khuch i c s chc nng hnh 3.25.
Vic tnh ton b khuch i c nhiu tng c chia nh thnh tnh ton vi tng
68
tng ring bit v vic tnh ton c tin hnh hon ton tng t nhau ch khc l
tr khng u ra ca tng pha trc chnh l tr khng u vo ca tng pha sau.
Khi h s khuch i tnh theo xibel ca b khuch i:
=
=
n
i
i
K K
1
BKD
(3.179)
Trong : K
BKD
l h s khuch i ca b khuch i
K
i
l h s khuch i ca tng khuch i i
H tp ca b khuch i c tnh nh sau:
+ =
=
n
i
i
i
BKD
K
NF
NF NF
2
1
1
1
(3.180)
Trong : NF
BKD
l h s tp ca b khuch i
NF
i
l h s tp ca tng th i
Vi b khuch i c nhiu tng th tng u l tng c tp m nh nht cc
tng pha sau cng phi chn sao cho c mc tp m nh v h s khuch i cng
sut ln m bo nhy v h s khuch i theo yu cu.
Qua phn tch vic kho st thit k b khuch i cao tn tp thp ni trn,
ta nhn thy khi lng tnh ton thit k cho mch khuch i cao tn l rt ln,
iu ny i hi phi c mt phng php tnh ton hp l. Mt trong nhng
phng php tnh ton thit k nh kho st l s dng th Smith, bn cht ca
phng php ny l da vo tham s tn x ca linh kin xc nh cc tiu chun
khi thit k b khuch i cao tn nh: kh nng phi hp tr khng; n nh v
kh nng mt n nh; h s khuch i cng sut, tham s tp ( nhy); ch
thin p v cp ngun Cng nh cc mch siu cao tn khc, khi thit k ch to
b khuch i cao tn rt cn n cc yu t thc nghim, n s b sung hon chnh
cho phn tnh ton l thuyt.
3.5. Kho st thit k b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
3.5.1. Nhng vn chung.
B hn ch cng sut c chc nng bo v cc phn t nhy cm vi cng sut
Tng 1
f
vo
f
ra
Tng 2 Tng n
Hnh 3.25: S chc nng ca b khuch i nhiu tng.
69
siu cao tn, v th n cn c gi l thit b bo v. C th y n c chc nng
bo v b khuch i cao tn tp m thp trn bn dn trng trc cc tn hiu siu
tn c mc cng sut ln u vo b khuch i, c th hn n m bo hn ch
cng sut ca tn hiu vo n mc chu ng c ca tng u tin ca b khuch
i cao tn tp m thp.
m bo chc nng hn ch cng sut, v nguyn tc c cc gii php thc
hin: hn ch kiu th ng v hn ch kiu tch cc. Hn ch tch cc thc cht l
hn ch c iu khin theo thi gian, theo chc nng hn ch cng sut ch c
thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nht nh ca chu k lp li xung cng sut ln
(v d nh xung pht x ca i raa), i vi vi cc i raa th khong thi gian
thng c xc nh bng rng ca xung pht x. Hn ch th ng c
thc hin trn nguyn tc: khi mc cng sut tn hiu cao tn vt ngng th thc
hin hn ch, nh vy c ngha l vic hn ch c thc hin khng c s khng
ch v thi gian m ph thuc hon ton vo mc cng sut (cng sut vt ngng)
a n b hn ch. Cc phn t chuyn mch hn ch (chc nng hn ch v khng
hn ch), tu thuc vo ln cng sut cao tn a n v cc yu cu k thut c
th m c th la chn cc phn t khc nhau nh: n phng in c in p mi
hoc khng c in p mi, cc it hn ch siu cao tn, cc it pin
im mnh ca nguyn tc hn ch tch cc l c th to ra mc hn ch rt
cao (n -70dB), nn n rt ph hp vi cc mch c mc cng sut vo ln, nhng
im hn ch ca nguyn tc ny khng thc hin hn ch c khi kt thc thi
gian khng ch.
Nguyn tc hn ch th ng kh m bo c hn ch ln nh nguyn
tc tch cc, song n m bo hn ch lin tc theo thi gian vi cc mc cng sut
vt ngng hn ch ca n. y l mt u im m lm cho n tr nn rt ph hp
vi chc nng bo v my thu raa (bo v b khuch i cao tn), bi v nh
bit, trong qu trnh thu ngoi xung lt t my pht sang (trong thi gian pht x)
cn c cc tn hiu phn x c mc cng sut ln c th lm hng b khuch i cao
tn ngoi ra v mc cng sut tn hiu cao tn u vo my thu khng cao (v n
c i qua thit b chuyn mch anten) nn khng cn phi c hn ch ln
nh nguyn tc hn ch tch cc. Vi mc cng sut u vo khng qu cao cn cho
php b hn ch kiu th ng c s dng cc phn t chuyn mch l cc linh
70
kin bn dn siu cao tn (nh cc it bn dn khc nhau; cc varactor kiu meja
hoc planar; cc it c hng ro stki hoc c tip xc im) vi hng lot cc
u im: gn nh; tc chuyn mch nhanh; thi gian hi phc nhanh; di cng
sut tiu tn rng
Thit b bo v (b hn ch cng sut) my thu raa cn phi p ng c
cc yu cu c bn sau:
Khi tn hiu c ch (tn hiu phn x t mc tiu) i qua th phi c tn hao
nh nht, ngha l c h s truyn ln nht m bo ch tiu nhy ca tuyn
thu. Khi xung pht (trong thi gian pht x) mnh n u vo my thu th phi c
suy gim ln, ngha l c h s truyn ti thiu bo v b khuch i cao
tn.
Khi tnh ton thit k b hn ch cng sut cn ch n mc cng sut ln
nht u vo khng vt ng k mc cng sut tn x cho php ca cc phn t
chuyn mch (n phng in; cc it bn dn) dng trong mch bo v. iu ny
c ngha l khi mc tn hiu cn nh th s bo v my thu phi hp vi ng
truyn, cn khi mc tn hiu ln lm s bo v my thu mt phi hp tr khng
vi ng truyn v c s phn x mt phn ng k cng sut truyn ti u vo
s bo v my thu. Cng sut phn x phi c hp th in tr cn bng ca
thit b chuyn mch anten.
Di y s kho st mt s mch hn ch cng sut theo nguyn tc th
ng (nguyn tc uc D n la chn) vi cc phn t chuyn mch l cc loi it
pin hn ch siu cao tn.
3.5.2. Mt s b hn ch cng sut siu cao tn kiu th ng.
Ngy nay, cc gii php thit k b hn ch cng sut th ng phn ln u
da trn c s s dng cc linh kin bn dn siu cao tn: it pin; it tch sng v
MESFETs kt hp vi cc loi ng truyn l mch di (microstrip) hoc ng
dn sng, nn n cn c gi l b hn ch bn dn (PPL).
3.5.2.1. Cu trc it pin.
it pin l linh kin bn dn ba lp P-I-N (hnh 3.26). Hai u mt ca it
l cc lp bn dn giu cht P v N v c hai chn u ra ngoi, ngn cch hai lp
ny l mt cht cch in c gi tr ni tr ln I v n c tnh cht dn in ring
(gi l vng bad).
71
Hnh 3.26. Cu trc ca it pin.
Khi t vo it pin thin p ngc chiu hoc bng khng th hiu s in p
tip gip ca cc lp chuyn P-I v I-N cn tr s lt qua ca cc ht mang in tch
t do t lp P sang lp I trn bad ca it v it c ni tr rt ln. V bad c
chiu dy ln (vi trm m) s to yu t qun tnh. Lc it cm, khi truyn tn
hiu cao tn qua s khng sy ra hin tng nn dng, v na chu k dng ca
dao ng trn bad ca it khng tch lu kp cc in tch l trng t do (do tnh
cht qun tnh).
S tng ng ca it pin trng thi cm cho hnh 3.27. N c th l
mt mch song song in tr thun ln R v in dung chung ca it Ci, c th l
mt mch ni tip gia in tr thun khng ln r
-
(c vi m ) v in dung C
-
.
C
-
r
-
R Ci
Hnh 3.27. S tung ng ca pin it
Khi t vo it pin thin p dng (1-2)V th lp chuyn bn dn c m,
bad ca it s cha y l trng t do. Cc l trng t lp P v cc in t t lp
N, lm cho in tr bad gim ng k. duy tr in tr nh trn bad, cn c
dng in mt chiu t (10-500)mA b p s mt mt bi cc ht mang in
tch ti hp in t l trng. Khi it thng c th cho qua dng in cao tn n
hng chc ampe vi s duy tr in tr thp, v na sng m ca dao ng cao tn
khng kp ly ra phn in tch truyn trn bad ca it. S tng ng khi
it thng l mt in tr thun tr s nh r
+
ni tip vi mt in cm khng ln Ls
do k sinh v (hnh 3.28).
Qun tnh ca it s hn ch thi gian tc ng nhanh ca chuyn mch. Thi
I
N
P
72
gian chuyn t cm sang thng ca it pin c xc nh bng tc cha y cc
ht mang in tch trong lp chuyn I - khong (0,1 1)s. Thi gian chuyn
thng sang cm to ra do vic ly cc ht in tch d tr ra khi lp I, n s ln hn
trng hp chuyn t cm sang thng mt vi ln.
Ls
r
+
Hnh 3.28. S tng ng khi pin it thng.
it pin c th lm vic hai ch : chuyn mch v hn ch. S chuyn
mch, thc hin theo nguyn tc chuyn trng thi t cm sang thng hon ton v
ngc li. S hn ch, thc hin theo nguyn l thay i tr khng it khi thay i
cng sut cao tn (hoc mt chiu) t vo it.
3.5.2.2. ng dng ca it pin mt s b chuyn mch v hn ch cao tn.
Phn t chuyn mch it vn l mt mng hai cc c th mc vo ng
truyn theo kiu song song hoc ni tip. C th mc song song vo ng truyn
song hnh hoc ng dn sng. Cn mc ni tip th tin li hn ch cho trng hp
song hnh. nhng tn s cao thng dng ng dn sng th s bo v mc
song song l hp l hn c. nhng tn s thp hn (sng mt) th s mc it
nh mt thit b bo v s do cu trc ca khi cao tn quyt nh. S bo v c
th c loi kt hp cc it mc song song v ni tip (s hnh hoc hnh T).
Khi mc song song it th nhn c tn hao nh nht khi it ng. Tn hao
ln nht v cng sut phn x ln nht khi it thng. Bi vy, khi thu cc tn hiu
c ch yu cu t ln it cc in p ng, cn khi c cng sut xung ln n th
phi a xung in p (hoc dng) m thng it. Khi mc it ni tip th tn
hao s nh nht khi it m thng, suy gim phi cc i khi it ng. Bi vy,
trong s mc ni tip khi thu nhng tn hiu yu it phi m thng cn khi c
tn hiu mnh th n phi ng bng in p ng. S ni tip ca mch bo v
so vi s song song th sinh tp m nhiu hn, v khi mc ni tip it, tn hiu
yu phi i qua it m thng v tp m it thng hon ton ln vi tp m cc
73
tng sau . Cho nn i vi cc khi cao tn tp m nh th s bo v mc song
song c coi trng hn.
Vic chn it cho cc mch hn ch cng sut cao tn (chuyn mch cao tn)
c da trn c s cc tham s sau y ca it:
- Gi tr in tr h mch ca it phi ln nht, v n c trng cho s tn hao
cng sut SCT do c it trong ng truyn.
- in tr ca it khi c dng in iu khin qua n phi nh nht, v n c
trng cho suy gim do it a vo ng truyn khi n thng.
- Thi gian chuyn trng thi ca it phi nh nht, v n c trng cho di
ca thi gian chuyn trng thi it t ch c dng in v ngc li.
- Cng sut tiu tn cho php phi ln nht, nhng khi nhit ca it
khng vt qu gi tr gii hn.
- in tr nhit ca it phi ln nht, v n c trng cho hiu qu tn x
nhit ca it.
- in p nh thng ca it khi a n n mt thin p ngc phi ln nht.
1. Chuyn mch v hn ch di thng rng.
it pin thc hin hai chc nng lm suy gim (hn ch) v chuyn mch tn
hiu siu cao tn. S mch n gin thc hin hai chc nng th hin trn
hnh v 3.29(a;b) v 3.30(a;b).
Cc iu khin
R
G
R
1(PIN)
L
1
Vo PIN Ra ~ G Z
0
R
L
C
L
2
a. S mch b. S tng ng
Hnh 3.29. B chuyn mch v suy gim cao tn dng it pin u ni tip.
S suy gim mch it pin trong mch ni tip l do s gim in tr cao
tn ca it pin khi c s tng ca dng cao tn chy qua. Cn trong trng hp
mc sun th ngc li. Nu cc iu khin chuyn mch gia gi tr cao v thp
(bng khng) th mch tr thnh b chuyn mch n gin. Khi s dng lm b
74
chuyn mch, lc chuyn mch trng thi thng s c lng suy gim d thng
gi l s tn hao chn (tn hao ph, hay tn hao truyn ph thuc vo mc ch ca
mch). Khi chuyn mch trng thi cm, s suy gim c gi l tn hao cch ly.
Vo Ra R
G
Pin
L
2
Cc K G R
1(PIN)
R
L
C L
1
Z
0
a. S mch b. S tng ng
Hnh 3.30. B chuyn mch v suy gim cao tn dng it pin u sun.
Trong cc s hnh 3.29 v hnh 3.30, L
1
l cun chn cao tn; L
2
l cun
thot dng mt chiu.
Nu gi s it l in tr thun vi cao tn, khi s suy gim i vi mi
mch c cho bi cc biu thc sau:
)
2
1 log( 20
0
1
) . (
Z
R
t n
+ = (3.181)
)
2
1 log( 20
1
0
) (
R
Z
Sun
+ = (3.182)
y Z
0
= R
G
= R
L
l cc in tr ca mch, my pht v ti tng ng. R
1
l in
tr cao tn ca it pin khi c dng c trng cc iu khin.
Cc biu thc 3.181 v 3.182 cho thy, s suy gim khng ph thuc vo tn s
v l mt hm s ca t s ca cc in tr mch v it. Trn cc iu khin ca
it in p bin i, in tr ti v ngun cng bin i, do s suy gim t
c mt cch c bn bng s phn x v mt phn tiu tn trn it pin.
Nh bit, mt it thng c mt s tr khng yu t m khng phi l in
tr thun vi cao tn nh gi s. Do , khi s dng it trong thc t th c
trng suy gim tr nn ph thuc vo tn s. S mch tng ng ca it trong
hai cch mc (song song v ni tip) dn ra hnh 3.31(a;b).
suy gim ca hai mch trn (hnh 3.31) c xc nh:
]
4
) ( ) 2 (
log[ 10
2
0
'
2
0
'
'
) . (
Z
X
Z
R
S S
T N
+ +
= (3.183)
]
4
) ( ) 2 (
log[ 10
2
2 ' 2 '
0
'
2
2 ' 2 '
0
'
'
) (
S S
S
S S
S
Sun
X R
Z X
X R
Z R
+
+ +
+
= (3.184)
75
y:
'
s
R v
'
S
X l tr v khng ca tr khng tng ng it, tc l
' '
S S d
jX R Z + = .
Z
d
L
P
C
P
R
1
C
1
Z
0
Z
d
L
P
Z
0
V
G
V
G
Z
0
Z
0
C
P
R
1
C
1
Z
0
a. Mch ni tip it. b. Mch song song it.
Hnh 3.31. B suy gim phn x thc t trn it.
Cc hm suy gim ph thuc vo tn s, s ph thuc ny khc nhau cc
loi it pin khc nhau, thng thng s ph thuc c th din t nh sau:
i vi mch ni tip trong h thng 50 suy gim cch ly ln tn s thp v
gim khi tn s tng; tn hao chn rt nh tn s thp v tng rt nhanh tn
s cao.
i vi mch song song trong h thng 50, suy gim cch ly ln tn s
thp v gim dn khi tng tn s; tn hao chn gi mt mc khng i khi tn s
tng n hng chc GHz, sau tng nhanh khi tng thm tn s.
2. Chuyn mch v hn ch nhiu it pin.
Khi c yu cu s suy gim hoc s cch ly ln hn th thng dng mch
nhiu it pin dng ni tip, song song hoc ni tip-song song. Th d nh cc
mch ch ra hnh 3.32.
4 / 4 /
Hnh. a Hnh. b Hnh. c
Hnh 3.32. Cc b chuyn mch v hn ch nhiu it pin.
Mt cp song song n hoc ni tip n ca hai it chng s ch lm tng
suy gim cc i n 10dB v cng s tng tn hao chn. Tuy nhin, nu n it
c t cch nhau mt phn t bc sng (hnh 3.32b), s suy gim ton b c th
tng bi s tng n ln s it. Tn hao chn, nu c cc yu t k sinh, cng c th
76
b gim i do khong cch mt phn t bc sng to ra s hu b cc phn khng
ny. y khong cch 4 / l khng thc t, s cch ly cao hn c th t c
bng cch s dng vic ni ni tip-song song nh hnh 3.32c. Trng hp ni nh
th, s cch ly ln hn tng ca vic ni tip it n v ni song song it n.
Chuyn mch v hn ch nhiu it pin b tr phn tn:
B suy gim loi ny cn gi l b suy gim hai cng. Thit k mch ny v
tng qut cng ging b suy gim nhiu it pin loi tr phn tc ng qua li gia
cc it phi c xem xt trong qu trnh thit k.
4 / 4 / 4 / 4 /
Cng 2 D
2
RFC D
1
Cng 1
Cng 3
.khin 2 .khin 1
a. Chuyn mch r nhnh ni sun.
.khin 2 .khin 1
RFC RFC
D
2
D
1
Cng 2 Cng 1
Cng 3 b. Chuyn mch r nhnh ni tip.
Hnh 3.33. Chuyn mch v hn ch nhiu it pin b tr phn tn.
Mch cho hnh 3.33a hot ng nh sau: khi it D
1
c iu khin trc v
it D
2
iu khin bng khng hoc ngc li, cng sut cao tn s chy t cng 3
n cng 2 v cch ly vi cng 1. Khi hai cc iu khin ngc nhau cng sut
cao tn chy n cng 1 v cng 2 l b cch ly. gim n mc ti thiu tr
khng ti ca cng m bi cng ng, cc it t cch n im ngun 4 / . Chi
tit RFC dng khp kn dng mt chiu v ngun ca cc iu khin v h
Comment [ l 1] :
77
mch tn hiu cao tn. Cc t C
1
v C
2
ni t cao tn cho i-t v mch h vi
dng iu khin. tng kh nng cch ly ta c th mc thm cc it cch it
trc mt on 4 / .
Nu khong cch 4 / khng thc hin c hoc lm hn ch di thng
khng mong mun, lc c th nghin cu n mch ni tip nh hnh 3.33b.
Trong mch ny, cch ly c th c tng bng vic thc hin t mt it sun
hoc mt cp it sun cch nhau 4 / ti cng ra sau cc it ni tip.
Cu hnh ny l thc t v hu ch trong vic thit k chuyn mch nhiu it
pin b tr phn tn bng tn rng.
Chuyn mch v hn ch c tr khng khng i:
Trong mt s h thng cao tn, h s phn x ln sy ra cc ca cao tn l
khng cho php. Nh th, c th p dng trng thi tr khng khng i trn cc
it pin cho b suy gim v chuyn mch c th gim h s phn x cc ca
vo ra. Mt s mch nh th cho hnh 3.34.
Pin Pin
Z
0
Z
0
Vo Pin Pin Ra
Vo Pin Ra
a. Hn ch hnh
b. Hn ch cu ch T
4 /
Vo Pin Pin Pin Pin Ra
c. Hn ch in tr tuyn tnh
Hnh 3.34. Cc b hn ch trn it pin c tr khng khng i.
Cc mch hnh 3.34(a, b v c) dng it pin thc hin suy gim bng s hp
th mt phn cng sut cc tn hiu cao tn khng mun. Trong mch a v b, dng
iu khin bin i qua mi it l c sp xp nh mt ng m tr khng ti
c hai u cao tn vn khng i mt cch cn thit theo tr s thit k, trong khi s
suy gim ton b c th bin i trn mt gii hn nh hn 1dB n ln hn 20dB.
i vi mch c, tr khng u vo gi khng i bng vic s dng b tr nhiu
78
it. S bin i tr khng ca mi it cng theo kiu sao cho cc it gia ca
cu trc bin i nhiu hn cc it cc pha ngoi. Tr khng cui cng trong
cu trc cho kt qu mt tr khng khng i cn thit ti cc u ra, trong khi s
suy gim ton b c th ln n (40-50)dB, ph thuc vo chiu di ca cu trc.
Bi v s b tr t nhin mch hnh 3.34c l tng qut v rt hu ch tn s thp
cng nh tn s rt cao trn 1GHz. Mch ny li cun mt cch c bit khi cn
phm vi suy gim rt ln. Mch kiu ny n gin nht (hnh 3.35) gm mt it
pin chuyn mch v hn ch mc song song vi ng truyn bng mch vi di v
cc phn t b sung lm nhim v ngn mch dng mt chiu hay cn gi l ng
hi tip. Sau y chng ta s phn tch mch hn ch n gin :
ng hi tip m bo khp kn mch i vi dng mt chiu I
0
sinh ra bi
it di tc ng ca cng sut cao tn, iu ny lm cho it thay i tr khng
theo s thay i mc cng sut cao tn u vo - tc l thay i kh nng hn ch
cng sut ca it.
ng hi tip m bo ngn mch dng mt chiu nhng li phi h mch
i vi dng cao tn nhm hn ch s tn hao. to ng hi tip phi s dng
mt s cc phn t b sung nh cc mch phn nhnh tiu chun vi cc phn t
bin i cm khng, bin i tr khng... y chnh im hn ch ca s mc cc
it song song v n gy rt nhiu kh khn cho cng vic thit k. khc phc
nhng hn ch , a ra cc gii php thit k mi trong ng hi tip c
to ra bi chnh cc phn t cao tn m khng cn b sung thm cc phn t khc,
mt s cu trc n gin ca b chuyn mch hn ch thit k theo hng ny c
xem xt tip theo y.
3. Chuyn mch v hn ch dng hai it trong mt ct ngang ca ng sng
hnh ch nht.
Cu trc: B hn ch cng sut trn mt ct ngang ca ng sng hnh ch nht
bao gm mt tm in mi mng, mch in v hai it - hnh 3.36. Tm in mi
Pvo
ng
hi tip
Hnh 3.35: S tng ng mch hn ch.
it
PIN
Io
79
c t theo tit din ngang ca ng sng. Mch in c cc thanh dn thng ng
bng kim loi mng v cc ng dn iu chnh cm ng, gia hai thanh dn c
khe h nm ngang, it tch sng (loi it c hng ro stky) v it pin c mc
ngc chiu nhau qua khe h ny.
Khi mc cng sut ca tn hiu vo nh, cc it c tr khng cao, cc khung
cng hng song song c to ra bi tr khng cao ca it vi cc thanh dn kim
loi v ng dn iu chnh cm ng s lm cho tn hao thng qua nh - c ngha
l tn hiu siu cao tn i qua b hn ch vi suy gim khng ng k. Nu cng
sut tn hiu vo tng n mc ngng hn ch th ngay lp tc it tch sng s
xut hin dng mt chiu, dng ny s chy qua it PIN v lm cho tr khng ca
n gim xung, khi mch cng hng to ra bi thanh dn kim loi v tr khng
thp ca it s phn x mnh vi tn hiu u vo - nh vy s to ra s cch ly an
ton gia u ra vi u vo i vi tn hiu cao tn c mc cng sut ln.
Hnh 3.36. B hn ch hai it trong mt ct ngang ca ng sng.
S tng ng: S tng ng ca b hn ch bn dn c th hin
Hnh 3.37. Cc phn t trn s tng ng gm: L - tng cm khng ca hai
thanh dn kim loi thng ng, C - dung khng ca hai t in to ra gia hai thanh
Tm in mi
ng dn sng
it PIN
it tch sng
Thanh dn kim loi
Khe h ngang
iu chnh cm ng
80
dn kim loi v thnh rng ca ng dn sng, Lc - cm khng ng dn iu chnh
cm ng, C
PIN
v R
PIN
- dung khng v tr khng song song ca it PIN, L
SPIN
v
R
SPIN
- cm khng v tr khng ni tip ca it PIN. it tch sng cng c cc
tham s tng t: C
TS
v R
TS
; L
STS
v R
STS
. Cc it v mch in (cc thanh dn bng
kim loi) to ra mch cng hng t iu chnh vi cc thng s in bin i.
Hnh 3.37. S tng ng ca b PPL hai it
trong mt ct ngang ca ng sng ch nht.
n gin cc phng trnh, c th b qua ni tr ca cc it khi n thng.
V vy, ch tn hiu vo cng sut ln th mch tng ng ca cc it ch
cn li L
SPin
v L
STS
. Trong trng hp ny, mch cng hng ni tip to bi cc
thanh dn kim loi thng ng v tr khng thp ca cc it s hn ch i cng
sut ca tn hiu vo, mc hn ch ln nht ti tn s trung tm f
0
ca di tn lm
vic.
C/2 L 2
1
f
0
=
(3.185)
trong :
STS
L
SPIN
L
STS
L
SPIN
L
L
L
+
+ =
rng di hn ch c xc nh bi h s hn ch - Q
HC
. Khi c s phi hp
ti v phi hp tn s, ta tnh c cm khng tng L
4
Q Z
L
f
=
(3.186)
y: f
0
(GHz) l tn s trung tm, Z
C
() l tr khng c tnh.
L/2
L/2
it
tch sng
it
PIN
Lc
C
C
Io
81
Cm khng L(nH) c xc nh qua L
SPIN
v L
STS
theo cng thc:
STS SPIN
STS SPIN
0
HC C
L L
L L
4
Q Z
L
+
=
f
(3.187)
Dung khng C(pF) c xc nh:
HC
C
0
3
Q
10 . 2
C
z
f
=
(3.188)
Khi cng sut tn hiu vo nh, cc it c coi tng ng nh cc phn t
C
PIN
v C
TS
. Trong trng hp ny, mch cng hng song song s cho tn hao
thng qua nh. Ti tn s trung tm f
0
, s hn ch i vi cng sut tn hiu vo l
nh nht.
+
=
)C L (L 2
1
f
C
0
(3.189)
y:
TS PIN
TS PIN
C C C/2
) C C/2(C
C
+ +
+
=
T cc phng trnh 3.185 n 3.189 ta tnh c gi tr cm khng L
C
:
TS PIN
C
L
C C
C/2
L
+
=
(3.190)
Cc phng trnh t 3.185 n 3.190 cho php tnh ton c cc tham s c
bn ca b hn ch. Trn c s ny, kt hp vi vic tnh ton thc nghim cc tham
s ca ng truyn sng c la chn ta c th xy dng m hnh ca b hn ch
vi cc ch tiu k thut c th.
4. Chuyn mch v hn ch dng hai it trong mt phng E ca ng sng
hnh ch nht.
Cu trc: Cu trc ca b chuyn mch v hn ch kiu ny c th hin trn
Hnh 3.38. Cu to ca n gm: tm in mi mng c hng s in mi nh, c
t trong mt phng E ca ng sng ch nht, thanh dn kim loi trn b mt cht
in mi c dng hnh elp hoc hnh trn - c to ra bng phng php n mn
theo nh phim thng thng. Cc it pin v it tch sng mc v tr nh trc
chnh ca hnh elp hoc hnh trn. Cc it, thanh dn kim loi to nn mch cng
hng t iu chnh tham s theo mc cng sut ca tn hiu cao tn truyn qua.
Khi cng sut tn hiu vo nh, cc it c tr khng cao, mch cng hng b
mt cng hng do tn hao i vi tn hiu truyn qua nh.
Khi cng sut tn hiu vo ln, dng mt chiu sinh ra t it tch sng lm tr
82
khng ca cc it gim. Khi , cc it v thanh dn kim loi hnh trn hoc elp
to nn mch cng hng ni tip i vi mt sng H11 v lm cho mc hn ch
cng sut ca tn hiu truyn qua ln.
Hnh 3.38. B hn ch hai it trong mt phng E ca ng sng.
Mi quan h gia tn s cng hng f
0
v ng knh D ca hnh trn cng
hng (i vi hnh elp l ng knh ln) c xc nh:
300 D f
0
(3.191)
vi: - hng s in mi hiu dng ca tm in mi, f
0
(GHz) - tn s cng hng
v D(mm) - ng knh hnh trn (hoc ng knh ln ca hnh elp).
S tng ng: S tng ng ca b hn ch hai it trong mt
phng E c ch ra trn hnh 3.39.
Mch cng hng y c coi l mch cng hng ni tip ca cm
khng L v dung khng C. Gi tr ca L v C c xc nh qua h s hn ch Q
HC
C
L
it tch sng
it PIN
Hnh 3.39: S tng ng b hn ch hai it trong mt phng E.
ng dn sng
it PIN
Tm in mi
it tch sng
Thanh dn kim loi
83
ch thc hin hn ch cng sut:
0
c HC
4
Z Q
L
f
=
(3.192) v
2
HC
2
c
3
Q Z
L 4.10
C=
(3.193)
y: Z
c
() - tr khng c tnh, L(nH) - cm khng v C(pF) - dung khng.
5. Chuyn mch v hn ch kiu mch cng hng hnh ch nht.
Cu trc: Thnh phn chnh ca n gm hai ng mch di u vo v u ra
ring bit vi mch cng hng hnh ch nht c mc hai it (Hnh 3.40).
Hnh3.40. B hn ch kiu mch cng hng hnh ch nht
C cc phng n dng it nh sau: mt it hn ch thng thng v mt
it hng ro stky; mt it tch sng vi mt it pin (tng kh nng hn ch).
Cc it v mch in (thanh dn kim loi) to nn mch cng hng t iu chnh vi
s thay i di in ca ng truyn. B hn ch kiu ny l kt hp cc
nguyn l lm vic ca: b hn ch t cp, b lc chuyn mch c iu khin dng
mt chiu t bn ngoi v b lc dng cc cp ng song song.
Khi cng sut tn hiu vo nh, di in tng ng ca mch cng hng
ch nht (gm c 2 it) ti tn s lm vic bng 180
0
, b hn ch cho tn hao
thng qua nh trong di tn hp i vi tn hiu cao tn. Khi cng sut tn hiu vo
tng n ngng hn ch s xut hin dng mt chiu qua it tch sng v lm
gim tr khng ca cc it, do lm thay i (gim) tn s cng hng ca mch
cng hng - tc l mch cng hng b mt cng hng tn s lm vic, v vy
cng sut cao tn u vo s b phn x v to s cch ly an ton gia u vo v
u ra ca b hn ch.
u vo
it PIN it tch sng
u ra
84
di in l
1
v l
2
ca mch cng hng ch nht c xc nh khi gii
phng trnh biu din di in tng cng.
S tng ng: Mch cng hng t iu chnh c coi nh mt mch
cng hng ni tip, hai it vi tr khng bin i c mc ni tip trong mch.
Hai ng mch di u vo, u ra c ghp vi mch cng hng theo kiu ghp
in dung vi s ghp hnh trn c s cc dung khng - hnh 3.41. Mch tng
ng ca cc it gm mt dung khng mc song song vi mt tr khng bin i.
Cm khng L(nH) v dung khng C(pF) c xc nh:
0
c HC
4
Z Q
L
f
=
(3.194)
0
0
C - C
C C
C
=
(3.195)
2 2
C
3
0
Z
L x 10 x 4
C
HC
Q
=
(3.196)
) X (X
160
C
TS0 PIN0 0
+
=
f
(3.197)
y: Q
HC
- h s hn ch, f
0
(GHz) - tn s trung tm ca di tn lm vic, Z
C
() -
tr khng c tnh, X
PIN0
v X
TS0
l phn khng ca cc it trng thi tr khng
cao. Error!
Trn y chng ta xem xt mt s kiu mch thc hin hn ch cng
sut siu cao tn kiu th ng v chuyn mch s dng cc it bn dn (pin it
v it tch sng). Khi nghin cu ng dng phi tu thuc vo cc yu cu k
thut c th phi p ng m la chn kiu mch no cho ph hp, sau tnh ton
trn c s l thuyt kt hp vi thc nghim hon thin sn phm.
C
g
C
g
C
g
C
g
C
ap
L
C
C
ap
Hnh 3.41: S tng ng ca b hn ch
kiu mch cng hng hnh ch nht trn mch di.
PIN
it
TS
85
3.6. Kt lun phn ba.
Tt c nhng l thuyt siu cao tn c nu ra trong phn ny u nhm
nhc li nhng khi nim c s nht lin quan n tnh ton thit k mch khuch
i cao tn, t c mt ci nhn chung nht v vic tnh ton thit k cng nh
tnh ton cc trng hp c th xy ra trong qu trnh thit k.
Phn ba ca bo co tp trung gii thiu v ng truyn sng siu cao tn
vi bc sng tn hiu nh hn hoc bng kch thc vy l ca cc phn t trong
mch, trong miu t: hin tng vt l xy ra trn ng truyn, hin tng phn
x sng trn ng truyn,tnh ton cc i lng vt l trn ng truyn. Bo co
cng trnh by v l thuyt mng hai cng bn cc, ma trn tn x, gin Smith,
tnh ton phi hp tr khng trong mng siu cao... Trong ma trn tn x l b
tham s quan trng khi tnh ton thit k mch siu cao tn, bi v y l tham s c
lin quan trc tip n h s phn x, cng sut ca tn hiu truyn trong mch.
Khi lng cng vic khi thit k b khuch i cao tn l rt ln v phc tp
i hi phi c phng php thit k hp l. D n s dng phng php th da
trn th Smith tnh ton thit k, bn cht ca phng php ny l da vo
tham s tn x ca linh kin tnh ton trn gin Smith cc thng s ca b
khuch i: Min tr khng u vo, u ra; iu kin lm vic n nh; Cc vng
trn h s khuch i v vng trn h s tp; H s phn x u vo, u ra cng
nh cc h s phn x ngun v h s phn x ti. Kh khn ch yu khi thit k b
khuch i cao tn l tnh ton phi hp tr khng u vo-ra, phi hp mt tn
s ring l th n gin nhng c mt di tn s lm th rt kh nn i khi phi
hy sinh mt yu cu no c th t c mt b khuch i theo mong mun.
Phn ba ca bo co cng tp trung gii thiu: Mt s c s l thuyt
tnh ton thit k mch hn ch cng sut cao tn; Cc nguyn l thc hin hn ch
cng sut cao tn; Mt s kiu mch hn ch cng sut cao tn. y l nhng thng
tin c bn v ht sc cn thit cho vic tnh ton thit k mch hn ch cng sut
bo v mch khuch i cao tn tp thp. Mch hn ch ngoi nhim v quan trng
l bo v n cn gip vic nng cao di ng ca b khuch i, tuy nhin n cng
lm suy hao tn hiu truyn qua v lm tng h s tp, v vy khi tnh ton cn phi
bit hi ho cc ch tiu m vn m bo c chc nng bo v quan trng ca n.
86
Phn bn
Tnh ton thit k, ch to b khuch i cao tn
tp m thp ng dng trong tuyn thu i raa 37
B khuch i cao tn tp m thp cn ch to gm hai phn: hn ch cng
sut (bo v) v khuch i cao tn tp m thp. Sau y, ta s xem xt cc ni
dung tnh ton thit k, ch to vi tng phn ring bit v tng th sn phm.
4.1. Tnh ton thit k, ch to b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
4.1.1. Tnh ton thit k b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
4.1.1.1. Xc nh ch tiu k thut ca b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
Trn c s cc phn tch, nh gi cc phn trn, D n xc nh ch tiu k
thut c th ca b khuch i cao tn tp m thp cn ch to nh sau:
1. Di tn s lm vic: (2,7 - 3,1)GHz.
2. H s khuch i trong di tn lm vic: (28-32)dB.
3. H s tp trong di tn lm vic: 3dB.
4. Ngun nui: DC (8-18)V/100mA.
5. Kiu u gic vo /ra: u N.
6. Di thng ca b khuch i: 500MHz.
7. Ngun tn hiu v ti l cp ng trc c in tr sng Z
0
= 50.
8. Khong nhit lm vic: (0 70)
0
C.
4.1.1.2. Chn s khi ca mch khuch i cao tn tp thp.
S mch khuch i cao tn tp thp c la chn da theo s khi tng
qut ca mch khuch i cao tn dng nhiu tng khuch i bng transistor.
Hnh 4.1 th hin s khi mt tng khuch i trong mch khuch i nhiu
tng c la chn vi cc phn t khuch i l cc transistor trng ni tp nh.
Phi hp Z u vo Phi hp Z u ra
Z
S
Z
L
S
S
IN
OUT
L
Hnh 4.1. S khi mch khuch i cao tn tp thp.
[G
S
] [G
0
]
[G
L
]
87
Trn s hnh 4.1 th G
S
; G
L
; G
0
ln lt l cc mch phi hp u vo u ra
v khuch i vi h s truyn cc i tng ng l G
SMax
; G
LMax
v G
0Ma x
. H s
khuch i cng sut truyn ca mch c xc nh theo cng thc 3.91. Thc t
cho thy G
SMax
> G
LMax
, nn khi iu chnh h s khuch i ca mch th vic chnh
phi hp u vo c tc dng nhiu hn u ra ca mch, vic iu chnh phi hp
u cng s lm cho nhy ca mch khuch i thay i.
Trong s mch khuch i tp thp nhiu tng khuch i th transitor ca
tng u vo cn phi m bo yu cu: h s tp nh (h s khuch i khng cn
cao), nhng i vi transistor ca cc tng ra th h s tp khng qu phi kht khe
v h s khuch i cng khng cn ln m bo iu kin n nh.
4.1.1.3. Chn linh kin transistor cho mch khuch i cao tn tp thp.
Cn c theo cc tiu chun k thut ca mch khuch i c xc nh v
cc tham s k thut c th ca tng loi transistor trng, D n la chn transistor
ATF36077 (hng HP) cho tng u vo v ERA-3MMIC (hng Minicircuits) cho
cc tng u ra. Tham s k thut ca linh kin transistor trng cho cc bng sau:
Tham s ca transistor trng ATF36077:
ATF36077 - Ch thin p:
K hiu Tham s n v tnh Gi tr Max
V
DS
in p cc D-S (Clct - Emt) V +3,0
V
GS
in p cc G-S (Baz - Emt) V -3,0
V
GD
in p cc G-S (Baz - Clct) V - 3,5
I
DS
Dng clcht mA I
ds
P
T
Cng sut tiu tn mW 180
P
In Max
Cng sut cao tn cc i u vo dBm +10
T
STG
Di nhit lm vic
0
C -65 n +150
ATF36077 - Cctham s chc nng:
T
C
= 25
0
C; Z
0
= 50; V
DS
= 1,5V; I
DS
= 10mA
K hiu Tham s n v tnh Danh nh
NF H s tp f = 4,00 GHz
f = 12,0 GHz
dB 0,3
0,5
G
A
H s khuch i f = 4,00 GHz
f = 12,0 GHz
dB 17,0
12,0
V
GS
Thin p cc Baz V - 0,20
88
ATF36077- Tham s tn x [ di tn s (1-5)GHz].
Z
0
= 50; V
DS
= 1,5V; I
D
= 10mA
S
11
S
21
S
12
S
22
f
GHz ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc
1,0 0,99 -17 5,010 163 0,016 78 0,60 -14
2,0 0,97 -33 4,904 147 0,030 66 0,59 -28
3,0 0,94 -49 4,745 132 0,043 54 0,57 -41
4,0 0,90 -65 4,556 116 0,054 43 0,55 -54
5,0 0,86 -79 4,357 102 0,063 33 0,53 -66
ATF36077- Tham s tp [ di tn s (1-6)GHz].
Z
0
= 50; V
DS
= 1,5V; I
D
= 10mA
H s phn x ti u
OPT
Tn s
GHz
NF
MIN
dB
Bin Pha
R
n
/Z
0
1,0 0,30 0,95 12 0,40
2,0 0,30 0,90 25 0,20
4,0 0,30 0,81 51 0,17
6,0 0,30 0,73 76 0,13
ATF36077- Tham s tn x ni suy ( cc tn s lm vic ca raa 37).
Z
0
= 50; V
DS
= 1,5V; I
D
= 10mA
S
11
S
21
S
12
S
22
f
GHz ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc
2,71 0,949 -44,19 4,794 136,50 0,0390 57,52 0,576 -34,37
2,83 0,946 -45,79 4,766 134,94 0,0420 56,03 0,570 -36,22
2,98 0,942 -47,49 4,759 132,78 0,0426 55,04 0,572 -38,05
3,01 0,940 -48,99 4,745 131,98 0,0432 53,96 0,569 -41,16
3,10 0,936 -50,59 4,726 130,40 0,0442 52,78 0,565 -42,08
ATF36077- Tham s tp ni suy ( cc tn s lm vic ca raa 37).
Z
0
= 50; V
DS
= 1,5V; I
D
= 10mA
H s phn x ti u
OPT
f
GHz
NF
MIN
dB
ln Gc
R
n
/Z
0
2,71 0,30 0,864 31,54 0,185
2,83 0,30 0,859 32,69 0,183
2,98 0,30 0,854 33,85 0,181
3,01 0,30 0,850 34,99 0,180
3,10 0,30 0,845 36,44 0,178
89
Tham s ca transistor ERA-3MMI.
ERA-3MMIC - Cctham s chc nng (T
C
= 25
0
C):
K hiu Tham s n v tnh Danh nh
NF H s tp dB 3,5
G
A
H s khuch i f = 2,00 GHz
f = 4,00 GHz
dB 18,7
15,7
P
IN
Mc cng sut vo cc i dBm +13
T
STG
Di nhit lm vic
0
C
-65 +150
ERA-3MMIC - Tham s tn x:
Z
0
= 50; I
CC
= 35mA
S
11
S
21
S
12
S
22
f
GHz ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc
2,0 0,20 101,53 11,00 80,11 0,07 -18,97 0,25 120,23
3,0 0,16 74,69 8,79 34,40 0,08 -37,88 0,24 104,67
4,0 0,15 171,29 6,99 -20,83 0,09 -55,67 0,25 91,54
5,0 0,14 72,67 5,88 -35,34 0,063 -79,99 0,25 68,29
ERA-3MMIC - Tham s tn x ni suy ( cc tn s lm vic ca raa 37).
Z
0
= 50; I
CC
= 35mA
S
11
S
21
S
12
S
22
f
GHz ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc ln Gc
2,71 0,168 69,78 9,40 49,11 0,077 -32,32 0,2404 109,10
2,83 0,165 70,18 9,19 44,30 0,078 -34,18 0,2401 107,60
2,98 0,162 71,81 8,98 39,39 0,079 -36,03 0,2400 106,11
3,01 0,160 74,68 8,79 34,40 0,080 -37,87 0,2398 104,60
3,10 0,157 78,79 8,59 29,30 0,081 -39,70 0,2397 103,20
4.1.1.4. Tnh ton thit k mch khuch i.
4.1.1.4.1. Tnh ton s tng khuch i ca mch khuch i.
Nh bit, h s khuch i truyn cc i ca mt tng khuch i c
xc nh theo cng thc 3.92 (khi S
12
= 0):
2
22
2
21
2
11
1
1
1
1
S
S
S
G
TMAX
=
Khi u vo v u ra ca linh kin c phi hp hon ton, tc l h s
phn x ngun v h s phn x ti bng 0, lc h s khuch i truyn cc
90
i ch c tnh theo cu trc bn thn linh kin khuch i (transistor), tc l:
2
21
S G
TMAX
=
Theo bng tham s tn x ni suy ca linh kin ATF36077, tn s trung
tm ca di tn lm vic ca b khuch ai (f
0
= 2,98GHz) ta c gi tr ca |S
21
| l:
S
21
(ATF/f
0
) = 4,759 v nh vy h s khuch i cc i ca bn thn linh
kin ATF ( tn s f
0
) l: G
TMAX
= (4,759)
2
= 22,648 = 13,55dB.
Theo yu cu, h s khuch i ca b khuch i cn thit k l 32dB, v
vy mt cch c bn th s tng khuch i ca mch cn phi l:
N =
5 , 13
32
= 2,37
Vi N = 2,37, s chn s tng ca mch khuch i bng 3 v trong mch
thc t, transistor khng t c gi tr h s khuch i cc i. Nh vy, b
khuch i tp thp cn thit k s c ba tng khuch i. H s khuch i ca b
3 tng khuch i theo dB: K
BK
= K
1
+K
2
+ K
3
trong : K
BK
l h s khuch i
ca b khuch i, K
1
; K
2
; K
3
l h s khuch i ca cc tng 1;2;3 tng ng.
m bo h s khuch i ca c b khuch i theo yu cu l 32dB, th
d kin phn b cho mi tng nh sau:
K
1
= 8dB; K
2
= K
3
= 12dB
H s tp ca b khuch i 3 tng c tnh:
2
3
1
2
1
1 1
K
NF
K
NF
NF NF
BKD
+
+ =
Trong : NF
BKD
l h s tp ca b khuch i; NF
1
l h s tp ca tng 1;
NF
2
l h s tp ca tng 2; NF
3
l h s tp ca tng 3.
T biu thc tnh NF
BKD
, nhn thy: trong mch khuch i cao tn tp m
thp c nhiu tng khuch i, h h s tp ca mch ch yu ph thuc vo h s
tp ca tng u vo (tng 1). Nhn nh ny gip ta c th n gin hn khi tnh
ton kho st h s tp ca mch (c th ch cn kho st cho tng u vo). V
cng t nhn nh trn, m bo ch tiu h s tp ca b khuch i tp thp l
3dB th ta chn h s tp ca tng u vo l NF
1
= 1,75dB.
91
4.1.1.4.2. Tnh ton tng u vo ca mch khuch i.
a. Tnh ton thin p.
Vic tnh ton thin p l rt quan trng bi v cc tham s tn x v cc
tham s tp m ca linh kin ph thuc vo cc tham s thin p V
DS
v I
DS
. Do
vic thin p phi c tnh ton trc m bo t c cc tham s cho.
Cn c vo bng tham s thin p ca linh kin ATF36077 cho v cc yu cu
k thut ca tng u vo ca b khuch i chn mch thin p ph hp. S
khi mch to thin p cho tranristor tng u vo nh sau:
S nguyn l c trnh by chi tit trong phn xy dng s nguyn l
ca b khuch i.
b. Tnh ton kho st min n nh ca transistor ATF ch khuch i.
Ta bit, h s n nh c tnh (3.96):
S S
S
S S
K
12 21
2 2 2
2
22 11
1
+
=
vi
S S S S
S
12 21 22 11
=
Theo bng kt qu ni suy tham s S ca transistor ATF ta ln lt tnh c:
- tn s trung tm 2,98 GHz ca di tn:
S = S
11
S
22
S
21
S
12
= (0,942 - 47,49
0
x 0,572 -38,05
0
) - (0,0426 55,4
0
x 4,759 132,78
0
)
= (0,539 - 85,54
0
- 0,203 188,18
0
)
= 0,539[cos(- 85,54
0
) + jsin(- 85,54
0
)] - 0,203[cos(188,18
0
) + jsin(188,18
0
)]
= 0,539[0,078 - j0,996] - 0,203[-0,989 - j0,142]
= 0,042 - j0,537 + 0,200 + j0,029 = 0,242 - j0,508
=
2 2
508 , 0 242 , 0 + -a rctg(0,508/0,242) = 0,563 - 64,53
0
n p o cc in p
+8V +18V
(100mA)
+5V
B phn p
-5V
Phn p
+1,5V
Cp cc D
Cp cc G
-0,2V
92
Nh vy ta c: S/(2,98GHz) = 0,563
Ta c: S
21
S
12
= (4,759 132,78
0
) x (0,0426 55,04
0
) = 0,203 187,82
0
V: S
21
S
12
= 0,203
V: K/(2,98GHz) = [1-(0,942)
2
(0,572)
2
+ (0,563)
2
] / [(2 x 0,203)]
K/(2,98GHz) = 0,254 < 1
Nh vy tn s trung tm 2,98GHz h s n nh K < 1 do mch s xy
ra t kch nu chng ta la chn tr khng ngun v tr khng ti khng cn thn.
xc nh min gii hn ca tr khng ngun v tr khng ti ca tng khuch
i chng ta v cc vng trn n nh trn u vo v u ra ca tng. To tm
v bn knh ca cc vng trn n nh u vo v u ra c xc nh theo biu
thc 3.119 v 3.120:
u vo:
2 2
11
22 11
1
S S
S S S
O
=
* *
2 2
11
21 12
1
S S
S S
R
=
u ra:
2 2
22
11 22
2
S S
S S S
O
=
* *
2 2
11
21 12
2
S S
S S
R
=
Vng trn n nh u vo v u ra c v ln trn gin Smith sau:
Nhn vo hnh 4.2, cc vng c t m l cc min ca tr khng u vo
v tr khng u ra ca tng khuch i, ng vi cc gi tr nm trong cc min ny
th b khuch i ti tn s trung tm (2,98GHz) s xy ra hin tng t kch. Min
cn li trn gin Smith l min gi tr ca tr khng ngun v tr khng ti bo
Hnh 4.2: Cc ng trn n nh u vo v
u ra tn s trung tm ca tng u vo.
Min tr khng
u ra
Min tr khng
u vo
93
m cho b khuch i lm vic n nh.
- hai tn s bin ca di tn (2,71 GHz, 3,10GHz):
Tnh ton tng t nh tn s trung tm, ta nhn c:
K/(2,71GHz) = 0,995 1 ; S/(2,71GHz) = 0,602
K/(3,10GHz) = 0,659 ; S/(3,10GHz) = 0,561
T kt qu tnh ton trn ta nhn thy:
Ti tn s bin di (2,71GHz) tng khuch i lm vic n nh vi bt k
tr khng ngun v tr khng ti no nn min gii hn ca tr khng ngun v tr
khng ti l ton b gin , v vy khng cn v gin trng hp ny.
Ti tn s bin trn (3,10GHz) tng khuch i lm vic khng n nh do h
s n nh K <1. xc nh min tr khng m tng lm vic n nh ta v vng
trn n nh ln trn gin Smith ging nh tn s trung tm (hnh 4.3).
tn s bin trn, h s n nh K <1 nhng ch c u vo ca tng khuch
i xy ra hin tng t kch. Trn th th vng t m l min gii hn tr
khng ti. ng vi cc gi tr ny ca tr khng th u vo ca tng khuch i s
lm vic khng n nh.
Trn gin Smith, ta ly giao ca cc min tr khng (ca 3 tn s) lm
cho b khuch i lm vic n nh. Nhn vo hai hnh 4.2 v 4.3 ta thy min lm
vic n nh ca tng khuch i u vo c 3 tn s c xc nh nh hnh 4.2.
T kt qu ny tnh ton phi hp tr khng m bo cc ch tiu k thut t ra.
Hnh 4.3: Vng trn n nh u vo v u ra hai
tn s bin ca tng u vo.
94
c. Tnh ton, v vng trn h s tp ca tng u vo trn gin Smith.
v h vng trn tp vo gin Smith, ta phi xc nh c tm v bn
knh ca cc vng trn da trn c s cc tham s tp ca transistor ATF36077.
T cng thc 3.178 ta xc nh c tm v bn knh ca h vng trn h s
tp ca tng khuch i u vo (tng 1) l:
1
1
1 N
C
opt
F
+
= v ( ) [ ]
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
opt F
N N
N
R +
+
=
Vi:
2
1
1
1
4
opt
e
Min
r
NF NF
N +
=
Trong : NF
1
l gi tr h s tp yu cu phi m bo ca tng khuch i
th nht m phn trc ta phn tch v chn bng 1,75. Vy nn, ta c gi tr
ca N
1
c vit li c th l:
2
1
1
4
75 , 1
opt
e
Min
r
NF
N +
=
Ta v cc vng trn h s tp ca tng khuch i th nht ba tn s ca di
tn lm vic ca b khuch i (trung tm; bin di v bin trn):
- tn s trung tm ca di tn (2,98GHz):
Thay cc gi tr r
e
(= R
n
/Z
0
); NF
Min
;
Opt
t bng gi tr ni suy tham s tp
ca linh kin ATF vo cng thc tnh gi tr N
1
:
2
0
1
) 85 , 33 854 , 0 ( 1
181 , 0 . 4
30 , 0 75 , 1
) 98 , 2 ( +
= GHz N
= 2,002|1+ 0,854cos33,85
0
+ j0,854sin33,85
0
|
2
= 2,002|1,709 + j0,476|
2
= 2,002 |1,774 15,56
0
|
2
= 2,002. (1,774)
2
= 6,300
Vy: N
1
(2,98GHz) = 6,300
Tm ca vng trn tp c xc nh:
0
0
1
85 , 33 117 , 0
30 , 6 1
) 85 , 33 854 , 0 (
) 98 , 2 ( =
+
= GHz C
F
Ta thy tm vng trn tp (2,98GHz) nm trn vct c gc pha bng 33,85
0
v
cch tm ca gin Smith mt gi tr l 0,117 (rt gn tm gin Smith).
Bn knh vng trn tp c xc nh:
881 , 0 )] 854 , 0 1 ( 30 , 6 30 , 6 [
30 , 6 1
1
) 98 , 2 (
2 / 1 2 2
1
= +
+
= GHz R
F
95
Biu din vng trn tp trn biu Smith nh hnh 4.4.
Vc t
OPT
Biu Smith
Tm vng trn tp
33,85
0
Hnh 4.4. Biu din vng trn tp ca tng u vo tn s trung tm 2,98GHz.
- cc tn s bin 2,71GHz v 3,10GHz:
Tnh ton tng t nh trn ta nhn c:
N
1
(2,71GHz) = 6,305; C
F1
(2,71GHz) = 0,11831,54
0
; R
F1
(2,71GHz) = 0,880
N
1
(3,10GHz) = 6,252; C
F1
(3,10GHz) = 0,11636,44
0
; R
F1
(3,10GHz) = 0,882
Tm vng trn tp (2,71GHz) nm trn vct c gc pha bng 31,54
0
v cch
tm ca gin Smith mt gi tr l 0,118 (rt gn tm gin Smith) v tm vng
trn tp (3,10GHz) nm trn vct c gc pha bng 36,44
0
v cch tm ca gin
Smith mt gi tr l 0,116 (rt gn tm gin Smith).
Ba vng trn tp ca mch u vo trn gin Smith uc th hin hnh 4.5.
H s phn x ngun c xc nh bng cch t tm biu Smith v mt
vct n tm ca vng trn tp. Vic tnh ton la chn tr khng ngun phi m
bo tho mn ng thi cc iu kin v n nh, h s tp v h s khuch i.
33,85
0
Hnh 4.5 Cc vng trn h s tp ca tng u vo.
96
d. Tnh ton, v vng trn h s khuch i tng u vo trn gin Smith.
Ta chn h s khuch i cn thit k ca tng u vo l 8dB, mt khc
theo cng thc 3.77 c h s khuch i cng sut ca tng l:
( )
( )
2
11
2
22
2 2
21
1
1
L L
L
P
S S S
S
G
= vi S = S
11
S
22
S
12
S
21
G = G
P
/ |S
21
|
2
v D
2
= |S
22
|
2
-|S|
2
v C
2
= (S
22
- SS
11
*
)
Theo 3.166 ta c phng trnh vng trn h s khuch i
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
22
2
2
21 12 21 12
2
2 2
22
11 22
1
2 1
1
S S G
G S S G S S K
S S G
G S S S
L
+
+
=
+
* *
y chnh l qu tch cc im ca h s phn x ti. To tm v bn knh
ca ng trn c xc nh nh sau:
Tm =
( )
( )
2 2
22
11 22
1 S S G
G S S S
+
* *
; Bnknh =
( )
2 2
22
2
2
21 12 21 12
1
2 1
S S G
G S S G S S K
+
+
Thay G (h s khuch i ca tng = 8), cc tham s S ca linh kin ATF ta
ln lt v c cc vng trn hng s khuch i trn gin Smith nh sau:
T cc vng trn n nh u vo v u ra, cc vng trn h s tp v cc
vng trn hng s khuch i ti tn s trung tm, tn s bin di v bin trn ca
di tn lm vic ca tng khuch i u vo ta c c hnh v 4.7:
Hnh 4.6:Vng trn hng s khuch i ti tn s
trung tm v hai tn s bin ca tng u vo.
97
Trn hnh 4.7, min gch cho l min tr khng s gy ra t kch trong mch
khuch i. y l c s cho tnh ton phi hp tr khng u vo v u ra ca
tng khuch i m bo c cc yu cu v h s tp v h s khuch i cng
nh cc tiu ch khc ca tng khuch i u vo. phn x trong mch l nh
nht, phi la chn h s phn x ngun, h s phn x ti l nh nht.
e. Phi hp tr khng u vo cho linh kin ATF ca tng u vo.
y l bi ton thc hin phi hp u vo ca linh kin khuch i ATF vi
ng truyn vo 50 da trn c s kt qu xc nh c hnh 4.7.
Theo cng thc 3.93, khi cho S
12
= 0 (khuch i mt pha) th lc h s
phn x u vo ca linh kin s l:
S
= S
11
T bng tham s tn x ca linh kin ATF ta thy S
11
ca n nm pha di gc
tri ca biu Smith, rt xa tm biu . Vic phi hp tr khng u vo ch
n thun l t u mt vct S
11
(im S
11
) i v hng ngun (theo chiu kim ng
h) sao cho n im tm ca biu Smith. Nhng trng hp ny, ti tm biu
Smith c khuch i u vo rt nh. Do , tm im cui cng phi ch c h
s khuch i, h s tp tho mn yu cu v mn ngoi vng khng n nh. Vic
lm ny s n gin vi mt gi tr tn s nhng cho c di tn (2,71GHz-3,10GHz)
s gp kh khn, khi phi lu u tin cho cc gi tr tn s cao ca di tn v h
s khuch i, h s tp nhng ng thi cng m bo s hi ho gia cc tn s
trong di tn lm vic.
Hnh 4.7:Cc ng trn h s tp, hng s khuch i v
cc ng trn n nh u vo, u ra ca tng u vo.
98
Ta xt ba im tn s: trung tm (2,98)GHz, bin di (2,71)GHz v bin trn
(3,10)GHz ca di tn. Thng s S
11
(ni suy) ca linh kin ATF ng vi ba tn s
ny cho bng sau:
S
11
\ f
2,71GHz 2,98GHz 3,10GHz
V tr A
1
A
2
A
3
S
11
0,949 - 44,19
0
[9,232 j 126,16]
0,942 - 47,49
0
[9,049 j 113,27]
0,936 - 50,59
0
[9,038 j 107,19]
S
11
/ 50
(Gi tr chun ho)
0,185 j 2,523
0,181 j 2,265
0,180 j 2,144
T cc v tr A
1
; A
2
; A
3
trn biu Smith (hnh 4.8) i v pha ngun trn
ng in cm ni tip khng i L
A
n cc im B
1
, B
2
v B
3
ti ni sun mch
cng hng ni tip C
B
cc im C
1
, C
2
v C
3
, qua on mang tnh cht t in ni
tip khng i C
C
cc im D
1
,
D
1
v D
3
cui cng l ni sun mch cng hng
ni tip C
D
cc im E
1
, E
2
v E
3
. Tr khng chun ho cc im E tng ng l
(0,5 + j 0,52), (1,7 + j 0,54) v (1,6 j 1,4). Cc im ny nm trong vng n nh,
h s tp nh v h s khuch i ln nht E
2
(2,98GHz). iu ny cha tho mn
yu cu l khuch i ln nht tn s 3,10GHz, nhng cho php n gin hn khi
thc hin mch phi hp.
Hnh 4.8. Biu din thc hin phi hp u vo ca linh kin ATF
di tn lm vic ca b khuch i trn biu Smith.
99
Cui cng, xc nh c mch phi hp u vo cho linh kin ATF ca tng
khuch i th nht hnh 4.9.
C
D
C
C
L
A
Vo 50 ATF
C
B
- V
GS
Hnh 4.9. Mch phi hp tr khng
u vo cho tng th nht ca b khuch i.
Trn s hnh 4.9, ta c:
L
A
: Dng dy dn m bc gim tp, c cc thng s 0,24x10,8mm, 8H.
C
C
: in cm phn b c cc thng s: Rng x Di = (5,94x4,7)mm.
C
B
: Cc mch ni sun ca cng hng ni tip gm 3 phn C
B1
:(1,3x12,65)mm;
C
B2
: (0,69x21,49)mm v C
B3
: (4,62x20,52)mm.
C
D
: Ni sun ca cng hng ni tip (1,42x9,19)mm.
u vo 50: (4,62x 20)mm (chiu di tu ).
Tng chiu di ca C
B2
v C
B3
bng 2 /
g
, h mch u cui s to ra im nt
sng v tr gia, ti im ny s cp ngun in p mt chiu m (- V
GS
) to thin
p cho ATF m khng b tn hao ngun cao tn vn rt nh.
rng hai on khc nhau to cun chn cao tn gp phn lm lm gim mt
mt tn hiu cao tn u vo.
g. Phi hp tr khng u ra.
Phi hp vi tr khng ng truyn ra 50. T cng thc 3.97, khi cho S
12
= 0
th h s phn x u ra ca linh kin s l:
S
= S
22
Thng s S
22
ca ATF ba tn s (2,71; 2,98; 3,10)GHz cho bng sau:
S
11
\ f
2,71GHz 2,98GHz 3,10GHz
V tr A
1
A
2
A
3
100
S
22
0,576 - 34,37
0
0,572 - 38,05
0
0,565 - 42,08
0
S
*
22
0,576 34,37
0
[81,106+j 84,49]
0,572 38,05
0
[76,859+j 82,31]
0,565 42,08
0
[73,797+j 79,98]
S
*
22
/ 50
(Gi tr chun ho)
1,622 + j 1,689
1,537 + j 1,646
1,476 + j 1,599
S phi hp tr khng y l lm th no i t tm biu Smith n im
S
*
22
(hoc vng trn phi hp quanh im S
*
22
). im xut pht ti tm biu
Smith, tng ng vi tr khng u ra ca ng truyn l 50, i v pha ngun
sao cho n im S
*
22
l im lin hp phc vi S
22
ca linh kin ATF36077.
T im 0 biu Smith qua on mang tnh cht in cm c nh mc sun L
B
im B
1
, B
2
v B
3
, qua on mang tnh cht in dung c nh ni tip C
A
im
A
1
, A
2
v A
3
. Do phi hp c di tn, nn A
1
, A
2
v A
3
khng cn l mt im m
n l cc vng trn phi hp. Biu din cc ng phi hp tr khng u ra ca
linh kin ATF ca tng u vo trn biu Smith c th hin hnh 4.10.
A
1
A
2
A
3
Hnh 4.10. Biu din thc hin phi hp u ra ca linh kin ATF
di tn lm vic ca b khuch i trn biu Smith.
Kt qu cui cng mch phi hp u ra cho linh kin ATF ca tng khuch
i u vo di tn lm vic (2,71-3,10)GHz c xc nh trn hnh 4.11.
101
Thng s ca cc on phi hp:
L
B
: Cun ngn mch u cui kch thc Rng x Di = (0,69x11,58)mm.
C
A
: Rng x Di = (1,00x8,34)mm.
Ngun +V
DS
cp cho ATF qua L
B
c t thot cao tn v cch ly ngun mt
chiu vi v.
Theo kinh nghim thc t, lm vic n nh ngi ta thng mc ni tip
mt in tr c gi tr (10-30) cc D ca transistor trng.
ATF C
A
Ra 50
L
B
+
V
DS
Hnh 4.11. Mch phi hp tr khng u ra
cho tng u vo ca b khuch i.
4.1.1.4.3. Tnh ton tng u ra ca mch khuch i.
Ta bit, yu cu c bn ca tng u ra ca b khuch i l h s khuch i
hp l cn h s tp khng phi l iu quan trng lm, v th m ta la chn
mch khuch i u ra gm hai tng khuch i vi hai phn t khuch i cng s
dng mt loi linh kin l tranritor ERA-3MMIC.
T cc thng s ca tranritor ERA-3 ( iu kin Z
0
= 50; I
CC
= 35mA) c th
nhn thy:
- H s khuch i d t c.
- Vic phi hp tr khng thc hin khng kh khn.
- K rt gn vng khng n nh.
V K 1, gn ri vo min khng n nh, nn ta tnh ton thit k vi h s
khuch i thp mi tng bo m n nh (hai tng khuch i ni tip nhau
s m bo mc cng sut tn hiu u ra b khuch i).
a. Tnh ton thin p.
Cn c vo bng tham s thin p ca linh kin EAR-3 cho v cc yu cu
102
k thut ca tng u ra ca b khuch i chn mch thin p. S khi mch
to thin p cho linh kin EAR nh sau:
S nguyn l c trnh by chi tit trong phn xy dng s nguyn l
ca b khuch i.
b. Phi hp tr khng u vo cho linh kin ERA-3.
Phi hp vi ng vo 50. Thng s tn x S
11
trong di tn lm vic ca b
khuch i (theo kt qu ni suy) cho bng sau:
S
11
\ f
2,71GHz 2,98GHz 3,10GHz
V tr A
1
A
2
A
3
S
11
0,168 69,78
0
[49,82 + j 17,15]
0,162 71,81
0
[52,78 + j 17,04]
0,157 78,79
0
[53,97 + j 16,92]
S
11
/ 50
(Gi tr chun ho)
0,996 + j 0,343
1,056 + j 0,341
1,079 + j 0,338
Ta thy, ba v tr A
1
; A
2
; A
3
gn tm biu Smith (cch xc nh tng t
nh i vi tng u vo ca b khuch i). kh phn khng ta ch cn a vo
mt on mang tnh cht in dung khng i C
A
ni sun cc im A
1
, A
2
v A
3
.
Kt qu tnh ton cho ta xc nh c mch phi hp u vo ca linh kin
ERA-3 di tn lm vic ca b khuch i (2,71-3,10)GHz th hin hnh 4.12.
ERA-3
u vo 50
C
A
Hnh 4.12.Mch phi hp u vo ca linh kin ERA-3
Vi in dung C
A
c kch thc: Rng x Di = (2,97 x 4,17)mm.
n p B phn p
+8V +18V
(100mA)
+5V
B phn p
3,3V
3,3V
Cp cc D
tng 3
Cp cc D
tng 2
103
c. Phi hp tr khng u ra cho linh kin ERA-3.
Phi hp vi ng ra 50. Ta bit, thng s tn x S
22
v S
*
22
ti ba im ca
di tn lm vic l:
S
11
\ f
2,71GHz 2,98GHz 3,10GHz
V tr A
1
A
2
A
3
S
22
0,2404 109,96
0
0,2400 106,11
0
0,2397 103,20
0
S
*
22
0,2404- 109,96
0
[38,881 - j 19,02]
0,2400- 106,11
0
[39,419 - j 19,18]
0,2397- 103,20
0
[39,906 - j 19,32]
S
*
22
/ 50
(Gi tr chun ho)
0,778 - j 0,380
0,788 - j 0,384
0,798 - j 0,386
S phi hp tr khng y l lm th no i t tm biu Smith n im
S
*
22
(hoc vng trn phi hp quanh im S
*
22
).
im xut pht ti tm biu Smith tng ng vi u ra ng truyn 50,
i v pha ngun sao cho n im S
*
22
, l im lin hp phc vi S
22
ca linh kin
ERA-3. T im 0 ca biu Smith qua on mang tnh cht in cm c nh
mc sun L
C
im C
1
, C
2
v C
3
, qua on mang tnh cht in cm c nh ni tip
L
B
im B
1
, B
2
v B
3
, sau qua on mang tnh cht in dung ni sun khng i
C
A
cc im A
1
, A
2
v A
3
. Do phi hp c di tn nn A
1
; A
2
; A
3
khng cn l mt
im m n l cc vng trn phi hp. Biu din cc ng phi hp tr khng u
ra trn biu Smith cng tng t nh phn phi hp u ra ca tng khuch i
u vo trn linh kin ATF.
Kt qu, mch phi hp u ra cho linh kin ERA-3 th hin hnh 4.13.
ERA-3 C
A
L
B
u ra 50
L
C
+V
CC
Hnh 4.13. Mch phi hp tr khng u ra
cho linh kin ERA-3.
104
Thng s ca cc on khng tham s phn b nh sau:
L
C
: Rng x Di = (1,33x17,04)mm.
L
B
: Rng x Di = (4,1x28,19)mm.
C
A
: Rng x Di = (2,01x7,44)mm.
Trong mch ta s dng t tp trung thot cao tn xung v v ngn cch
ngun mt chiu cp cho transistor.
Tng th ba ca b khuch i c tnh ton tng t nh tng th hai.
Vic ghp gia cc transistor trong b khuch i thc hin bng cc t tp
trung c tr s t 10pF n 30pF.
Cc gi tr dung khng v cm khng tham s phn b c thc hin ngay trn
tm nn mch in bng mch di cao tn RT5850.
4.1.1.4.4. Tnh ton ng truyn 50 trn mch di cao tn.
Mch di cao tn s dng trong b khuch i l loi RT5850, n c cu trc
hnh hc nh hnh v 3.5 v tit din mt ct ngang hnh 4.14. Cc tham s k
thut ca mch di RT5850 l:
TT Tn tham s K hiu Gi tr
1 Chiu dy lp nn (lp in mi) h 1,5 mm
2 Chiu dy lp dn (lp kim loi) t 0,035mm
3 Hng s in mi tng i di tn (2-4)GHz
2,2
w
t h
r
Hnh 4.14. Tit din ngang ca mch di cao tn RT5850
(w l chiu rng di dn c to ra).
Tr khng c tnh ca di dn (ng truyn mch di) c xc nh:
2
0
) 1 ( 44 , 0 42 , 2
1
.
120
w
h
w
h
h
w
Z
eff
+ +
=
Trong
ff
l hng s in mi hiu dng, xc nh bng:
2 / 1
)
10
1 (
2
1
2
1
+
+
+
=
w
h
r r
eff
105
0
,
g
l bc sng trong khng gian v trong mch di tng ng.
r g
/
0
=
Nh vy, vi yu cu ng truyn trong mch khuch i cao tn l ng
truyn 50 (Z
0
= 50) th ta tnh c gi tr chiu rng tng ng ca ng dn
trn mch di RT5850 l: w = 4,6mm.
4.1.1.4.5. Tnh ton kch thc hp ca b khuch i.
Trong hp mch khuch i cao tn ngoi mt sng chnh c truyn qua
thng xut hin cc mt sng k sinh khng c li (nhiu) m s xut hin ca n
c lin quan cht ch vi kch thc ca hp cha b khuch i. Kch thc ca
hp c la chn sao cho n l mt hp cng hng vi mt sng bc thp, tc l
trit tiu c cc dao ng k sinh trong hp.
Dng hp cng hng ca b khuch i th hin trn hnh 4.15, trong : H l
chiu cao ca hp (tnh t b mt ca tm mch di); h l chiu dy ca tm mch
di (tm nn); a l rng ca hp v l l chiu di ca hp.
H
w
h l
a
Hnh 4.15. Cu trc ca hp b khuch i cao tn.
Mt sng k sinh xut hin trong hp cng hng khi tho mn iu kin:
H = {h [1 (1/)] R} l (R-1)
Trong : R = (/2)
2
[(M/l)
2
+ (N/a)
2
]
Vi: l bc sng ca mt sng chnh ca hp cng hng; M v N l cc s
nguyn dng; l hng s in mi hiu dng ca mch di.
iu kin khng xut hin mt sng k sinh l:
R - 1 < 0 hay R < 1
Suy ra:
< 2/[(M/l)
2
+ (N/a)
2
]
-0,5
106
Nu chn M = N = 1 ta c:
< 2/(1/l
2
+ (1/a
2
)
-0,5
, iu kin ny cho ta thy
mi quan h gia bc sng chnh truyn trong hp v kch thc ca hp. Trong
thc t, khi tnh ton ngi ta thng chn (cho trc) chiu di l ca hp t s
tnh c chiu rng a ca hp. Vic tnh ton chn chiu di l c da trn c s
s tng khuch i trong mch vi chiu di in (theo bc sng) cn thit.
Vi kt qu tnh ton thit k mch khuch i phn trn v cc yu cu v
kch thc hnh hc ca hp (m bo ph hp vi khng gian ca v tr lp t b
khuch i cao tn trn thit b), ta xc nh c chiu di l (t u vo n u ra)
l: l = 130mm, theo xc nh c chiu rng ca tm mch di a = 56mm. C l
v a ta xc nh c R v H. Ta c: H = 26mm.
Nh vy, kch thc hp b khuch i c xc nh l:
H = 26mm; l = 130mm v a = 56mm
Chng ta va thc hin tnh ton thit k b khuch i cao tn tp m thp vi
cc yu cu k thut cho trc. Tuy nhin, cn phi hiu y mi ch l kt qu tnh
ton theo l thuyt. c c cc kt qu ph hp cn phi c cc php th
nghim v hiu chnh trong khi ch to chng, trong thc t vic lm ny lun lun
cn thit v n i hi nhiu kinh nghim ca ngi thit k ch to.
4.1.1.5. Xy dng s nguyn l ca mch khuch i cao tn tp thp.
Trn c s cc kt qu tnh ton thit k , ta xy dng c s nguyn l
mch in ca b khuch i tp thp cn ch to - hnh 4.16.
4.1.1.6. Xy dng bn v thit k cho ch to dng layout (phn mch in).
T cc kt qu tnh ton thit k v s nguyn l, xy dng c bn v
thit k dng layout ca mch khuch i cao tn tp thp - hnh 4.17.
Hnh 4.17. Bn v thit k phn mch in ca b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
107
4.1.2. Ch to b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
4.1.2.1. Gia cng mch di cao tn.
Do tnh cht ca mch in siu cao tn nn n i hi cn phi c chnh
xc rt cao trong vic gia cng mch in (tm mch di), c th l chnh xc ca
cc ng ni (ng mch in), cc linh kin c tham s phn b v v tr ca
chng. V vy, nu gia cng mch in theo phng php to phim m bn v cho n
mn in ho thng thng th s khng m bo chnh xc cao ca cc ng
mch. S khng chnh xc ny s to ra cc dao ng k sinh v lm thay i tnh
cht ca mch in.
Trn th gii ngi ta thc hin gia cng mch siu cao tn trn cc thit b
chuyn dng. Hin nay, trong D n Phng th nghim siu cao tn - Quang in
t ca Trung tm KHKT&CNQS mua mt thit b gia cng mch di siu cao
tn PROTOLADE ca CHLB c hin ti ang hun luyn s dng, cha a vo
vn hnh.
gia cng mch di, D n la chn c s Phng th nghim t ng
ho ca trng i hc bch khoa H Ni, y c thit b gia cng mch di ca
CHLB c, thit b ny hot ng trn c s cc chng trnh phn mm chuyn
dng c ci t. Bn v thit k mch cn gia cng (dng layout) c thc hin
trn chng trnh v k thut AUTOCAD. Kt qu gia cng mch di c kim
nghim c chnh xc rt cao (0,01%).
4.1.2.2. Cy dn v hn linh kin.
Linh kin ca b khuch i cao tn tp m thp bao gm cc loi: tranritor
trng, t chp, tr chp, cun chn, t lc ngun, IC n p v IC do ngun (o
cc tnh in p ngun). Vic cy cc linh kin ln mch di c thc hin theo
cc v tr c xc nh chnh xc khi gia cng mch di. V nguyn tc, do cc
linh kin ca b khuch i (c bit l t v tr chp) c kch thc nh nn m
bo chnh xc v tr ca n th trc khi hn ngi ta phi dn cc linh kin ny vo
mch di bng mt loi keo c bit (khng lm nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca
mch khuch i cao tn). Nhng iu kin hin ti, D n khng tm c loi
keo , do vy vic nh v cc linh kin trn mch di hn thic c thc hin
bng phng php th cng: gi kp linh kin bng loi panh nh khi hn. Vic lm
ny i vi b khuch i cao tn tp thp c th ny s khng gp kh khn g ln
108
v mt linh kin trn mch khng nhiu trong khi kch thc tm mch di li
tng i ln, nhng cch lm ny s khng ph hp vi cc mch c thit k
nh gn v mt linh kin dy c.
Do khng thc hin khu dn linh kin nn cng on hn linh kin vo
mch di c thc hin theo nguyn tc: hn ln lt tng loi linh kin vo mch
di, linh kin c kch thc nh (kh hn) s hn trc. Hn xong mt linh kin phi
kim tra (v tr v cht lng mi hn) bng knh lp nu m bo mi thc hin hn
linh kin tip theo. Ring cc bn dn trng s c hn sau cng trnh cc nh
hng v nhit n bn dn khi thc hin hn cc linh kin khc.
Trn c s , trnh t hn cc linh kin ca b khuch i c xc nh
nh sau:
1. Hn IC n p v IC o p
2. Hn tr chp v t chp.
3. Hn t lc ngun.
4. Hn cun chn.
5. Hn bn dn trng.
Yu cu chnh ca khu hn linh kin vo mch di l:
- Ch gia nhit ca m hn phi hp l (thi gian hn phi nhanh) trnh tnh
trng linh kin b hng do qu nng v nhit ca m hn (linh kin bn dn, c bit
l bn dn siu cao tn rt nhy cm vi nhit cao).
- Cht kt dnh gia linh kin v mch di (thic hn) phi sch v c nng ch
thp ( 40%) m bo tnh dn in tt v t lm thay i tr khng ca ng
truyn siu cao tn.
- Mi hn phi m bo tip xc u, khng b qu nhiu thic hn che ph ln b
mt v chn ca linh kin khng lm thay i kch thc v tham s ca ng
truyn siu cao tn, trnh cc nhiu k sinh.
hn linh kin, y ta s dng m hn thi chuyn dng tp trung
nhit trong mt phm vi hp ca linh kin, m bo ch gia nhit nhanh v hn
ch nh hng ca nhit hn n linh kin v lp dn ca mch di (c th lm
bc cc ng dn ca mch di).
4.1.2.3. Gia cng c kh.
Cc nguyn cng ca gia cng c kh bao gm:
109
- Gia cng hp b b khuch i.
- Gia cng cc u gic kiu N vo/ra ca b khuch i.
Vt liu gia cng v hp v u gic ca b hn ch c la chn trn c
s m bo hn ch s xy ho. V hp: vt liu l hp kim nhm m bo va hn
ch s xy ho va m bo gim trng lng ca hp so vi cc kim loi thng
dng khc. u gic: c hai loi vt liu chnh l ng n hi v teflon cao tn c
hng s in mi bng 2,3.
Ngoi ra, cc loi vt liu ni trn cn c u im l rt mm nn r gia cng
trn cc my cng c.
Phn ngoi ca v hp c sn tnh in, phn trong hp (tip xc vi mch
in) khng sn m bo tip xc tt (tip t) cho mch. u gic bng ng
sau khi gia cng c m bc m bo tip xc v dn in tt.
4.1.2.4. Lp rp b khuch i tp m thp.
Lp rp mch di vo hp: Yu cu phi m bo chnh xc v kch thc
khng tm mch di b cong vnh trong hp. Mt di ca tm mch di phi
c tip t (v hp) mt cch chc chn.
Lp rp cc u gic vo/ra: Cc u gic vo ra ca b hn ch c c nh
chc chn vi v hp bng bn vt M3. Phn ni gia u ti ca gic vi mch di
c hn bng thic, yu cu khi hn cng ging nh khi hn cc linh kin vo
mch di.
Np ca hp c bt vi hp bng cc vt M3. S lung vt bt nhiu m
bo kn kht gia hp v np hp.
4.1.3. Kim tra, nh gi tham s k thut ca b khuch i .
Ta thc hin php o c tuyn bin - tn s ca b khuch i. V khng
c my pht tp nn php o h s tp ca b khuch i khng thc hin c
trong phng th nghim, h s tp ca b khuch i s c nh gi thng qua bi
o nhy ton tuyn ca my thu raa trn i raa 37.
4.1.3.1. o c tuyn bin tn s bng my o tng hp siu cao tn 6200B.
S thc hin php o ch ra hnh 4.18. Cc thng s ca my 6200B c
t nh sau: Tn s u: 2,0GHz, tn s cui 4,0GHz; Mc cng sut ra: -30dBm.
Bi o c thc hin theo hai bc:
Bc 1: Quy chun my o (lm theo hng dn s dng ca my o 6200B).
110
Bc 2: Thc hin o c tuyn bin/tn ca b khuch i (lm theo hng dn s
dng ca 6200B).
+12,6V
Hnh 4.18.
T c tuyn bin/tn o c, ta xc nh c h s khuch i ca b
khuch i tp thp ti cc tn s lm vic nh sau:
Tn s
(GHz)
2, 60 2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10 3,20
H s K
(dB)
31.0 30,5 31,0 30,0 29,5 29,2 29,0
Nhn xt kt qu o:
- Ch tiu h s khuch i ca b khuch i di tn lm vic u m bo
cao. Ch tiu ny s gim (ph hp vi ch tiu ra ban u) khi lm vic phi hp
vi b hn ch cng sut, khi gi tr h s khuch i trn s gim mt lng
bng mc tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch.
- c tuyn khuch i ca b khuch i c bng phng tt (mc chnh
lch h s khuch i ca cc tn s trong di tn lm vic l 1,5dB).
- cc tn s ngoi di tn lm vic (c bit l tn s cao 3,2GHz) b khuch
i vn m bo c h s khuch i theo yu cu.
4.1.3.2. o h s khuch i bng my my pht tn hiu chun 4-80.
S thc hin php o th hin hnh 4.19. Khc vi my 6200B, 4-80
tn s lm vic v mc cng sut ra c thit lp bng tay thng qua tay quay t
tn s v suy gim chun ca my. Bi o c thc hin theo hai bc:
Bc 1: Quy chun bi o, c thc hin cho mi mt tn s bng cch ni
trc tip u tch sng vo u ra ca my 4-80 sau quay tay quay suy gim
chun kim ng h ch dng tch sng l 2A v ghi s ch (theo dB) ca b suy
gim chun - k hiu l A(dB).
My o tng hp siu cao tn
A Marconi 6200B RF
B khuch i
cao tn
u tch sng
6230A
111
Bc 2: o h s khuch i. Lp b khuch i vo mch o theo s o
cho sau quay tay quay suy gim chun kim ng h ch dng tch sng l
2A v ghi s ch (theo dB) ca b suy gim chun - k hiu l B(dB).
H s khuch i c xc nh: K(dB) = B(dB) - A(dB).
My pht tn hiu chun 4-80
+12,6V
Hnh 4.19.
Kt qu o c th hin cc bng s liu sau:
Tn s
(GHz)
2, 60 2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10 3,20
H s K
(dB)
31.5 30,7 31,3 30,1 29,1 29,0 29,2
Nhn xt: Kt qu o ph hp vi php o bng my 6200B.
4.2. Tnh ton thit k, ch to b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
4.2.1. Tnh ton thit k b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
4.2.1.1. Xc nh ch tiu k thut ca b hn ch cng sut.
Nh ta bit, my raa 37 c mc cng sut pht l 700KW xung v
khong 700W trung bnh (tng ng vi rng v tn s lp li ca xung pht l
2,6s v 375Hz). Qua kho st thc t cho thy mc cng sut cao tn cc i lt t
my pht qua thit b chuyn mch anten n u vo my thu l khong gn 2W
trung bnh, nh vy thc t th cch ly gia pht v thu ch t c t 26dB n
30dB. S d cch ly thp nh vy (theo tnh ton l thuyt n phi m bo c
t 32dB n 36dB) l do cht lng ca thit b chuyn mch anten (cht lng ca
cc n phng in bo v my thu) khng m bo. Trong khi , mc cng sut
cc i m bn dn trng tng u tin ca b khuch i siu cao tn tp m thp
Chn
tn s pht
My pht tn
hiu lin tc
B suy gim
chun
B khuch i
cao tn
u tch sng
siu cao tn
ng h ch
th dng (A)
112
(loi ATF36077) c th chu ng c l +10dBm (10mW trung bnh). Nh vy,
bo v c mch khuch i tp thp th b hn ch cng sut phi m bo
c mc hn ch cng sut tn hiu sau chuyn mch anten ti thiu l 23dB.
bo m nhy ton tuyn thu ca raa 37 theo yu cu ( 105dBm)
th b hn ch phi c tn hao thng qua nh i vi tn hiu siu cao tn yu - tn
hiu phn x t mc tiu. Kt hp vi ch tiu h s tp ca b khuch i cao tn
tp m thp th mc tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch c xc nh l 2dB.
Trn c s kt qu phn tch, ta xc nh chnh xc cc ch tiu k thut ca
b hn ch cng sut cao tn nh sau:
1. Di tn lm vic: (2,6 - 3,2)GHz
2. hn ch trong di tn (vi tn hiu cao tn cng sut ln): 28dB.
3. Tn hao thng qua (i vi tn hiu cao tn yu): 2dB.
4. Tr khng vo/ra (i vi tn hiu cao tn yu): 50.
5. H s sng ng u vo/ra (vi tn hiu cao tn yu): 1,25
6. Mc cng sut cao tn cc i u vo: 2W trung bnh v 2,3Kw xung.
4.2.1.2. Xc nh s chc nng ca b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
Xut pht t a ch ng dng c th ( tuyn thu i raa 37), phn tch la
chn cu hnh ca b hn ch cn thit k ch to.
1. Theo nguyn l hot ng, my pht ca i raa 37 lm vic vi bn ch
kch pht khc nhau tng ng vi tng rng v chu k lp li ca xung pht
x, c th l: Ch Kch tha1, rng v chu k lp ca xung pht x: (2,5-
2,9)s v 375Hz; Ch Kch tha2 l (2,5-2,9)s v 330Hz; Ch Kch
mau 1 l 1,4s v 750Hz; Ch Kch mau 2 l 2,0s v 750Hz.
Nh vy, c th ni ch kch pht ca raa 37 rt phc tp. iu ny c
ngha l s gp rt nhiu kh khn cho vic la chn kiu hn ch cng sut tch
cc, bi v trong hn ch tch cc cn phi to ra cc xung iu khin m cc xung
ny phi c ng b cht ch vi xung kch pht ca i raa, kh khn s ny
sinh ch: lm th no b to xung iu khin cm nhn c tt c s thay i
ch kch pht trong thi gian rt ngn theo nhim v tc chin ca i raa v
phi can thip vo i raa ly thm mt s ng tn hiu cho mch to xung
iu khin. V vy, gii php m D n la chn l: Hn ch cng sut siu cao tn
113
bng mch hn ch kiu th ng (khng cn xung iu khin).
2. Nh kt qu ca phn kho st thc t cho thy, mc cng sut trung bnh
cc i u vo my thu (u vo b khuch i cao tn) raa 37 c gi tr cc
i khong 2W, di tn lm vic ca i raa l (2,7-3,1)GHz. y l mc cng sut
v di tn s rt ph hp ng dng cc mch di siu cao tn thng dng (c
hng s in mi t 2-4) v cc linh kin bn dn thit k b hn ch cng sut.
3. Tuy c mt s kh khn trong vic to ng hi tip khp kn dng mt
chiu I
0
sinh ra bi it pin di tc ng ca cng sut cao tn, song so vi mt s
kiu mch hn ch khc thc hin trn ng sng ch nht hoc mch cng hng
ch nht th mch hn ch gm cc it pin lp song song vi ng truyn cao tn
c cng ngh ch to n gin v ph hp vi iu kin ca ta hin nay nhng vn
m bo c yu cu k thut c th ca tuyn thu raa 37. V vy, D n la
chn s chuyn mch v hn ch c tr khng khng i gm nhiu it pin mc
song song vi ng truyn cao tn bng mch di.
Theo phn tch trn, ta xy dng c s khi b hn ch cng sut cao tn
s dng trong b khuch i cao tn ca my thu raa 37 nh hnh 4.20.
Cng sut Cng sut
vo ra
t (V my)
Hnh 4.20. S chc nng ca b hn ch cng sut cao tn kiu th ng.
S lng cc tng it pin mc song song vi ng truyn (ph thuc vo
yu cu k thut ca b chuyn mch v hn ch) s c xc nh c th cc
bc tnh ton tip theo di y.
4.2.1.3. Chn vt t linh kin.
Ta bit, tr khng ca it pin bin i theo mc cng sut cao tn t vo
n. Cng sut cao tn t vo cng ln tr khng ca it pin cng nh v ngc li.
Mt khc, it pin thc hin suy gim cng sut cao tn bng vic tiu tn mt phn
ng truyn tn hiu siu cao tn tr khng 50 trn mch di
PIN
1
PIN
2
PIN
n
. . . . . .
114
trn n, phn cn li b phn x v truyn qua. S tiu tn cc i khi tr khng ca
it bng tr khng ng truyn. Bn cht s hn ch cng sut cao tn ca it
pin c th hiu thng qua hnh 4.21 di y:
Hnh 4.21.
Mc cng sut ln u vo P1 (ch yu l cng sut lt t my pht sang v
ch tn ti trong thi gian bng rng ca xung pht x) c tiu tn mt phn
trn it pin (P2), mt phn phn x li u vo (P3) v phn cn li (P4) c mc
nh c truyn n u ra. V nguyn tc, nu tr khng ca it pin bng tr
khng ng truyn (50) th cng sut vo P1 c tiu tn ton b trn it (P1 =
P2), tuy nhin tr khng it pin li thay i ph thuc vo mc cng sut ca tn
hiu u vo nn lun lun khng c s phi hp gia tr khng ca it vi ng
truyn do tn ti mt phn cng sut phn x li P3 v cng sut truyn qua P4.
Nh vy, hn ch c quyt nh bi hai yu t quan trng l: cng sut tiu tn
trn bn thn it pin v cng sut phn x li u vo b hn ch.
T s chc nng ca mch hn ch cng sut (hnh 4.20) nhn thy, tng
it pin u tin phi m bo chu ng c mc cng sut cc i u vo theo
yu cu (P
Vo
= 2W trung bnh), cc tng tip theo s thc hin hn ch vi mc
cng sut u vo ln lt l P
1
; P
2
v P
3
trong : P
vo
> P
1
> P
2
> P
3
> P
Ra
. Nh vy,
cc it pin trong mch hn ch phi c chn theo tng tng ( ph hp vi mc
cng sut t vo tng tng ), tc l phi chn cc it pin c mc cng sut tiu
tn khc nhau theo quy lut tng sau c cng sut tiu tn nh hn tng trc.
Trn c s , D n la chn cc pin it cho mch hn ch vi cc tham s
k thut c th hin bng 4.1, trong it 2A510A s dng cho tng u tin
v ln lt cc tng tip theo s l cc pin it 2A522A v 2A534A.
Bng 4.1
TT Tham s Gi tr
it pin 2A510A
1 Cng sut tiu tn
1W
2 in tr ca it vi dng mt chiu thun bng 100mA
1,5
P3
P2
PIN
P4
P1
115
3 in tr ca it khi mc cng sut cao tn 1mW tn s 4,5GHz:
- Khi nhit n +25
0
C
- Khi nhit n +125
0
C
15
25
4 Thi gian phc hi thun
1nS
5 Thi gian phc hi ngc
230nS
6 in p nh thng
110V
it 2A522A; 2A534A
1 Cng sut tiu tn:
- 2A522A
- 2A534A
0,30W
0,15W
2 in tr ca it vi dng mt chiu thun bng 100mA:
- 2A522A
- 2A534A
1,2
0,9
3 in p nh thng:
- 2A522A
- 2A534A
100V
110V
4 Thi gian phc hi thun:
- 2A522A
- 2A534A
0.8nS
0,6nS
5 Thi gian phc hi ngc:
- 2A522A
- 2A534A
120nS
90nS
4.2.1.4. Tnh ton thit k mch hn ch cng sut.
Ta bit rng, cng sut cao tn ln nht c th t vo it pin b gii hn bi
in p nh thng v kh nng tiu tn cng sut ca bn thn mi it. Mc cng
sut tiu tn trn it thng thp hn mc cng sut t vo it. T s gia cng
sut tiu tn v cng sut t vo ph thuc vo tr khng ca it c xt trn c
s cc mi lin quan: tr khng ca mch, s lng it v khong cch v tr gia
cc it . Khi tnh ton thit k, ta c th s dng c trng v s ph thuc ca
s nhn cng sut (trung bnh) vo tr khng ca pin it nh hnh 4.22 xc
nh mc cng sut cao tn t vo it. Th d, i vi mch song song (sun) mt
it c trang thi in tr thp l 1, theo th trn ta xc nh c s nhn cng
sut bng 11,3 (vi sai s 5,5%). Nh vy c ngha l nu it c cng sut tiu tn
1W th c th t vo it mc n 11,3W. Nu mc song song hai it th
cch ly tng cao hn, xc nh khong cch gia chng nh th no cng sut
c tiu tn ng u trn chng hoc it th nht ln hn it th hai.
Di tn lm vic ca raa 37 rt rng (t 2,71GHz n 3,10GHz) vi nm tn
116
s lm vic c nh tng ng vi nm knh thu v pht. Nh vy, vic tnh ton
thit k b hn ch m bo c cc ch tiu k thut trong c di tn rng s gp
rt nhiu kh khn trong vn phi hp tr khng. V nguyn tc, m bo tnh
chnh xc cn phi tnh cho tng tn s lm vic ca i raa, tc l cn nm loi b
hn ch khc nhau trong tuyn thu ca raa 37 (v cc tham s ca ng truyn
u tnh trn c s bc sng truyn qua), iu ny s gy kh khn cho vic m
bo s lng v tnh lp ln cc b khuch i cao tn tp m thp trong nm knh
thu ca i raa. dung ho yu t , D n thc hin chia di tn lm vic ca
i raa thnh hai phn tnh ton, tc l c hai loi b hn ch cng sut cao tn
nh sau:
B S
G
cho di tn (2,71 - 2,83)GHz.
B S
S
cho di tn (2,98 - 3,10)GHz.
S nhn cng sut
1000
Mch sun
100
Mch ni tip
10
1 in tr it ()
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Hnh 4.22.
4.2.1.4.1. Tnh ton s tng ca mch hn ch.
Tng u vo b hn ch cn phi chu c cng sut cao tn lin tc trn
2W vi suy gim phn x mc thp, s dng hai it 2A510A t st nhau (vi
khong cch 16 / ) s cng gnh chu cng sut cao tn. Chn tr khng tng
ng ca hai it khong 12 khi c cng sut cao tn. Theo th hnh 4.22 s
c h s nhn khong 2,0 ln mch sun. Nh th, cng sut cao tn u vo c th
n 2 x 2,0 = 4,0W, iu ny hon ton tho mn iu kin ca tng u vo.
117
hn ch ca 2 pin it tng u tin c xc nh (theo cng thc 3.182
trn h thng 50).
dB
x R
Z
sun
i
6 , 9 )
12 2
50
1 log( 20 )
2
1 log( 20 ) (
0
= + = + =
Nh vy, mc cng sut u ra tng th nht cn li l:
10log (P
Vo
/P
Ra
) = 9,6dB hay l: 10log(2W/P
Ra
) = 9,6dB
P
Ra
= 0,22W = 220mW
Mc cng sut 220mW s tip tc hn ch cc tng tip theo t c mc
cng sut u ra ca b hn ch theo yu cu (< 10mW).
Tng th hai ca b hn ch, s dng 1 it 2A510A (v cng sut u vo
ca tng th hai vn cn cao) ni sun vi ng truyn, khong cch so vi tng u
tnh ton sao cho tr khng ng truyn ti u ra ca it tng th hai cc i
tn s thp nht trn di tn. Chn tr khng tng ng ca it tng th hai
khong 17 khi c cng sut cao tn. hn ch ca it tng th hai l:
dB
x R
Z
sun
i
8 , 7 )
17 2
50
1 log( 20 )
2
1 log( 20 ) (
0
= + = + =
Mc cng sut u ra tng th hai cn li l:
10log (P
Vo
/P
Ra
) = 7,8dB hay l: 10log(0,22W/P
Ra
) = 7,8dB
P
Ra
= 0,04W = 40mW
Tng th ba ca b hn ch, s dng 1 it 2A522A ni sun vi ng truyn,
khong cch so vi tng th hai tnh ton sao cho tr khng ng truyn ti u ra
ca it tng th ba cc i tn s thp nht trn di tn. Chn tr khng tng
ng ca it tng th hai khong 25 khi c cng sut cao tn. hn ch ca
it tng th ba l:
dB
x R
Z
sun
i
6 )
25 2
50
1 log( 20 )
2
1 log( 20 ) (
0
= + = + =
Mc cng sut u ra tng th ba cn li l:
10log (P
Vo
/P
Ra
) = 6dB hay l: 10log(0,04W/P
Ra
) = 6dB
P
Ra
= 0,012W = 12mW
Tng th t ca b hn ch, s dng 1 it 2A534A ni sun vi ng truyn,
khong cch so vi tng th hai tnh ton sao cho tr khng ng truyn ti u ra
ca it tng th ba cc i tn s thp nht trn di tn. Chn tr khng tng
118
ng ca it tng th hai khong 30 khi c cng sut cao tn. hn ch ca
it tng th t l:
dB
x R
Z
sun
i
1 , 5 )
30 2
50
1 log( 20 )
2
1 log( 20 ) (
0
= + = + =
Nh vy, mc cng sut u ra tng th t cn li l:
10log (P
Vo
/P
Ra
) = 5,1dB hay l: 10log(0,012W/P
Ra
) = 5,1dB
P
Ra
= 0,0037W = 3,7mW
Ta thy, mc cng sut u ra tng th t ch cn li 3,7mW hon ton tho
mn yu cu ra cho mc cng sut u ra ca b hn ch l< 10mW.
Nh vy, s tng it pin ca b hn ch c xc nh l bn tng vi 3 loi
it: 2A510A; 2A522A v 2A534A. hn ch cng sut ca b hn ch s b
c c xc nh l tng mc hn ch ca bn tng hn ch v bng 28,5 dB, gi
tr ny tho mn hon ton yu cu k thut ca b hn ch ( hn ch 28dB).
4.2.1.4.2. Tnh ton ng truyn 50 v cc tham s phi hp trn mch di.
Mch di cao tn s dng trong b hn ch cng l loi RT5850 ging nh
s dng b khuch i cao tn tp thp.
Xt mt yu t mch di v it sun (hnh 4.23) tr khng ti u ra ca it
ln nht.
a L
1
b
D
3
D
4
L
D
c d
Hnh 4.23.
Vi: L
D
chiu di in tng ng ca it pin; L
1
l chiu di in ca on
ng truyn mch di 50.
tr khng im a nhn t D
3
v pha D
4
ln nht th L
1
+L
D
= 4 / tn s
thp nht trong di. Vic tnh c L
D
l kh, nn xc nh n bng thc nghim.
Mt khc, khi c tr khng cao ti u ra lm tng kh nng tiu tn cng sut cao
tn tng trc v cn lm cho s phi hp tr khng ton tuyn gim. m bo
s phi hp tr khng tt, ti cc im gia ca L
1
ta a vo on dy h mch u
cui, chin di ca n chn sao cho tr khng u ni vi L
1
b p s mt phi
hp do L
1
to ra. Chiu di in on ny khong 80
0
, tr khng 130 xc nh
119
bng thc nghim. Trong b hn ch dng cc it pin, vic thot dng mt chiu
bo m ch lm vic n nh, nu khng dng mt chiu tch t ngy mt
ln v dn n kh nng hn ch ngy cng gim. Mch ny l mt on dy di
4 / c tr khng ln c 100 (cho di thng rng) ngn mch u cui.
Tng t nh phn tnh ton cho mch khuch i cao tn tp thp, ta bit tr
khng c tnh ca mt di ph thuc vo w, h, t v hng s in mi
ff
theo biu
thc sau (vi iu kin: w/h > 1):
2
0
) 1 ( 44 , 0 42 , 2
1
.
120
w
h
w
h
h
w
Z
eff
+ +
=
Trong :
ff
l hng s in mi hiu dng, n lin quan n hng s in mi
tng i
+
+
=
w
h
r r
eff
Chiu di in lin quan n
g
xc nh theo biu thc:
r g
/
0
=
Vi
0
,
g
l bc sng trong khng gian v trong mch di tng ng.
Trn c Z
0
= 50, xc nh c w = 4,6mm v gi tr
g
mi di tn s.
4.2.1.4.3. Tnh ton kch thc hp ca b hn ch cng sut.
Vi lp lun v tnh ton tng t nh hp ca b khuch i cao tn tp thp
phn trc, cng vi vic chn l = 130mm ta xc nh c kch thc hnh hc ca
hp b hn ch cng sut nh sau:
H = 26mm; l = 130mm; a = 36mm.
4.2.1.5. Xy dng s nguyn l ca b hn ch cng sut.
T cc lp lun v kt qu tnh ton, ta xc nh c s nguyn l ca
mch hn ch cng sut cao tn nh hnh 4.24.
4 / 4 / 4 /
P
Vo
P
Ra
PIN
1
PIN
2
PIN
3
PIN
4
P
1
P
2
P
3
Hnh 4.24. S nguyn l b hn ch cng sut th ng bn tng pin it.
120
4.2.1.6. Xy dng bn v thit k cho ch to dng layout.
T cc kt qu tnh ton thit k v s nguyn l, ta xy dng c bn v
thit k (hnh 4.25) v bn v ch to dng layout (hnh 4.26).
0,5
5,25 21 21 21 21
8,5
Vo 4,6
50
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
17,6 12 12
0,7
0,5
a. Kch thc ng mch di ca b hn ch S
G
0,5
4,9 19,5 19,5 19,5 19,5
8,5
Vo 4,6
50
15,6 13 13
0,7
0.5
b. Kch thc ng truyn mch di ca b hn ch S
S
Hnh 4.25. Kch thc ng mch di ca b hn ch.
Hnh 4.26. Bn v gia cng mch di.
121
4.2.2. Ch to b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
4.2.2.1. Gia cng mch di.
Ging nh phn gia cng mch di ca b khuch i cao tn tp thp, mch
di ca b hn ch cng sut cng c gia cng ti c s Phng th nghim t
ng ho ca trng i hc bch khoa H Ni.
4.2.2.2. Cy dn v hn linh kin.
Linh kin chnh ca b hn ch cng sut l cc it pin hn ch siu cao
tn: 03 it 2A510A; 01 it 2A522A v 01 it 2A534A. Vic cy cc it ln
mch di c thc hin rt n gin v trn mch di xc nh v tr chnh xc v
c cc l c c trc theo kch thc ca tng loi it pin. Do cc it uc
nh v chc chn bng cc l trn mch di nn trong trng hp ny khng cn
phi thc hin khu dn linh kin vo mch di.
Yu cu c bn ca khu cy linh kin l:
- Khng c to ra cc va p c kh mnh n linh kin, v n c th gy
bin dng cc pin it;
- Phi m bo tip xc b mt tt gia pin it v mch di.
Khu hn linh kin vo mch di c bit quan trng. Yu cu chnh ca
khu ny l:
- Ch gia nhit ca m hn phi hp l, thi gian hn phi nhanh trnh
tnh trng linh kin b hng v nhit cao ca m hn.
- Thic hn phi sch v c nng ch 40% m bo tnh dn in tt
v t lm thay i tr khng ca ng truyn siu cao tn.
- Mi hn phi m bo tip xc u, khng b qu nhiu thic hn che ph
ln b mt v chn ca linh kin khng lm thay i kch thc v tham s ca
ng truyn siu cao tn, trnh cc nhiu k sinh.
Trn c s cc yu cu nh vy, D n la chn phng n hn linh kin l
dng m hn thi chuyn dng tp trung nhit trong mt phm vi hp ca linh
kin, m bo ch gia nhit nhanh hn ch nh hng nhit ca m hn
n linh kin v lp dn ca mch di (v lp dn ca mch di rt mng nn nhit
cao s lm bc cc ng dn).
4.2.2.3. Gia cng c kh.
Cc nguyn cng ca gia cng c kh bao gm:
122
- Gia cng hp b hn ch.
- Gia cng cc u gic kiu N vo/ra ca b hn ch.
Vt liu gia cng v hp v u gic ca b hn ch c la chn trn c
s m bo hn ch s xy ho. D n chn cc vt liu sau:
- V hp: Vt liu l hp kim nhm m bo va hn ch s xy ho va
m bo gim trng lng ca hp so vi cc kim loi thng dng khc.
- u gic: C hai loi vt liu chnh l ng n hi v teflon cao tn c
hng s in mi bng 2,3.
Phn ngoi ca v hp c sn tnh in, phn trong hp (tip xc vi mch
in) khng sn m bo tip xc tt (tip t) cho mch. u gic bng ng
sau khi gia cng c m bc m bo tip xc v dn in tt.
4.2.2.4. Lp rp b hn ch cng sut.
Vic lp rp c thc hin theo trnh t sau:
1. Lp rp mch di vo hp: Yu cu phi m bo chnh xc v kch thc
khng tm mch di b cong vnh trong hp. Mt di ca tm mch di phi
c tip t (v hp) mt cch chc chn.
2. Lp rp cc u gic vo/ra: Cc u gic vo ra ca b hn ch c c
nh chc chn vi v hp bng bn vt M3. Phn ni gia u ti ca gic vi mch
di c hn bng thic, yu cu khi hn cng ging nh khi hn cc it pin.
3. Lp np hp: Np ca hp c bt vi hp bng cc vt M3. S lung vt
bt nhiu m bo kn kht gia hp v np hp.
4.2.3. Kim tra, nh gi tham s k thut ca b hn ch .
4.2.3.1. nh gi tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch trong phng th nghim.
S thc hin php o c th hin trn hnh 4.27.
a. S nh gi tn hao thng qua bng my o tng hp siu cao tn 6200B.
My o tng hp siu cao tn
A Marconi 6200B Rf
B hn ch
cng sut
u tch sng
6230A
123
My pht tn hiu chun 4-80
b. S nh gi tn hao thng qua bng my pht tn hiu chun 4-80.
Hnh 4.27. S nh gi tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch.
o bng my o tng hp siu cao tn MARCONI 6200B.
Bi o c thit lp nh Hnh 4.27 a. Cc thng s ca my 6200B c t
nh sau: Tn s u: 2,0GHz, tn s cui 4,0GHz; Mc cng sut ra: -30dBm.
Bi o c thc hin theo hai bc:
Bc 1: Quy chun my o (lm theo hng dn s dng my o 6200B).
Bc 2: Thc hin o tn hao truyn (lm theo hng dn s dng my o 6200B).
Kt qu o c th hin cc bng s liu sau:
i vi b hn ch bng tn S
G
:
Tn s
(GHz)
2, 60 2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10
tn hao
(dB)
-4,34 -1,98 -2,00 -4,05 -4,43 -5,4
i vi b hn ch bng tn S
S
:
Tn s
(MHz)
2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10 3,20
tn hao
(dB)
-4,97 -4,34 -1,94 -1,86 -1,96 -5,15
Nhn xt kt qu o:
- Ch tiu tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch cc bng tn (Bng S
G
c hai
tn s lm vic: 2,71GHz v 2,83GHz; Bng S
S
c ba tn s lm vic: 2,98GHz,
3,01GHz v 3,10GHz) u m bo theo yu cu ra ( 2dB).
Chn
tn s pht
My pht tn
hiu lin tc
B suy gim
chun
B hn ch
cng sut
u tch sng
siu cao tn
ng h ch
th dng (A)
124
- cc tn s ngoi di tn s lm vic ca cc bng tn S
G
v S
S
, tn hao
thng qua tng i ln(> 4dB), iu th hin b hn ch cng sut c thit k
ging nh mt b lc di thng vi vai tr lc (hn ch) cc tn hiu c tn s ngoi
di tn lm vic ca b hn ch.
o bng my pht tn hiu chun 4-80.
Bi o c thit lp nh Hnh 4.27.b. Khc vi my 6200B, 4-80 tn s
lm vic v mc cng sut ra c thit lp bng tay thng qua tay quay t tn s
v suy gim chun ca my. Bi o c thc hin theo hai bc:
Bc 1: Quy chun bi o, c thc hin cho mi mt tn s bng cch ni
trc tip u tch sng vo u ra ca my 4-80 sau quay tay quay suy gim
chun kim ng h ch dng tch sng l 2A v ghi s ch (theo dB) ca b suy
gim chun - k hiu l A(dB).
Bc 2: o tn hao. Lp b hn ch cng sut vo mch o theo s o
4.18.b sau quay tay quay suy gim chun kim ng h ch dng tch sng l
2A v ghi s ch (theo dB) ca b suy gim chun - k hiu l B(dB).
Tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch c xc nh: (dB) = A(dB) - B(dB).
Cch o ny c u im l s dng c cc thit b o c nhiu ti cc n v,
nhng nhc im l chnh xc ca php o khng cao.
Kt qu o c th hin cc bng s liu sau:
i vi b hn ch bng tn S
G
:
Tn s
(GHz)
2, 60 2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10
tn hao
(dB)
-4,44 -2,00 -2,01 -4,35 -4,73 -5,46
i vi b hn ch bng tn S
S
:
Tn s
(MHz)
2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10 3,20
tn hao
(dB)
-5,07 -4,74 -1,98 -1,96 -2,00 -4,95
Nhn xt: Kt qu o tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch bng my pht tn
hiu chun 4-80 khng khc nhiu (c sai s) so vi kt qu o bng my o tng
hp siu cao tn 6200B. tn hao cc tn s lm vic ca tng b hn ch (bng
S
G
v bng S
S
) u m bo theo yu cu ra ( 2dB).
125
4.2.3.2. nh gi kh nng lm vic thc t ca b hn ch trn i raa 37.
Mc tiu ca s nh gi ny khng nh chc nng lm vic v cc ch tiu
k thut ca b hn ch c c m bo iu kin thc t ca i raa.
Nh tnh ton phn u, vi mc cng sut lt u vo l 2W trung bnh th
b khuch i tp m thp lm vic bnh thng (vi mccng sut u vo b
khuch i < 10mW) th b hn ch phi m bo mc hn ch ti thiu l 28dB.
Nh vy, vic th nghim thc t s cho kt lun v b hn ch c m bo c
mc hn ch l 28dB hay khng.
xc nh mc cng sut lt u vo my thu c hai phng php: th
nht l dng my o cng sut o trc tip mc cng sut lt (nh lm phn
kho st thc t), th hai o gin tip qua dng xung lt t my pht sang (bit
rng xung, chu lp li ca xung v bin ca xung lt s tnh c mc cng sut
trung bnh). Trong raa 37 ta bit: chu k lp li v rng ca xung pht x l
375Hz v 2,5S ( ch kch Tha 1), nh vy xc nh cng sut ch cn
xc nh bin ca xung lt u vo my thu. c th d dng s dng cc
my o thng dng, mc ny D n la chn phng php o th hai - xc nh
bin xung lt. S mch o bin xung lt c th hin trn hnh 4.28.
Anten Raa 37
My Pht
Xung ng b
Vo
Ra
Hnh 4.28.
Theo tnh ton, vi mc cng sut gii hn lm vic ca b khuch i tp m
thp l < 10mW trung bnh ( rng v chu k lp ca xung l 2,5S v 375Hz), th
tng ng vi mc bin ca xung lt l 1,4V. Nh vy, php o ny nu xc
nh cc mc bin ca xung lt > 1,4V tc l b hn ch khng m bo yu cu
Thit b chuyn
mch Anten
B chuyn i
ng sng - cp
B hn ch
cng sut (S
G
; S
S
)
u tch sng
cao tn
My hin sng
126
v hn ch cng sut di tn lm vic .
Mc bin xung lt 1,4V cng c kim chng bng thc nghim. Trong s
hnh 4.28 khi ta thay th b hn ch bng b suy gim chun 30dB th bin
xung lt u vo nm knh thu ca raa 37 xc nh c trn my hin sng
nm trong di t 1,05V n 1,27V. Bng php so snh ta thy nu bin xung lt
sau b hn ch 1,4V tc l b hn ch cng xut c ch to c hn ch t
c t 28,5dB n 30dB (yu cu l 28dB).
Bi o c thc hin trn i raa 37 ca trm raa 42/F371/Qun chng
PKKQ. Cc kt qu o c th c th hin bng sau:
i vi b hn ch cng sut lm vic bng tn S
G
:
Kim tra knh thu s 2 (tn s lm vic: 2,71GHz):
TT iu kin Dng pht Bin xung lt u ra b hn ch
knh thu s 2
1 Khi ch ni my pht 2 45 mA (1,10 - 1,25)V
2 Khi ni thm my pht s 5 45 mA (1,18 - 1,31)V
3 Khi ni thm my pht s 1 45 mA (1,21 - 1,34)V
4 Khi ni thm my pht s 3 45 mA (1,30 - 1,35)V
5 Khi ni thm my pht s 4 45 mA (1,38 - 1,36)V
Kim tra knh thu s 5 (tn s lm vic: 2,83GHz):
TT iu kin Dng pht Bin xung lt u ra b hn ch
knh thu s 5
1 Khi ch ni my pht s 5 45 mA (1,16 - 1,28)V
2 Khi ni thm my pht s 2 45 mA (1,20 - 1,30)V
3 Khi ni thm my pht s 1 45 mA (1,28 - 1,31)V
4 Khi ni thm my pht s 3 45 mA (1,31 - 1,34)V
5 Khi ni thm my pht s 4 45 mA (1,32 - 1,37)V
i vi b hn ch cng sut lm vic bng tn S
S
:
Kim tra knh thu s 1 (tn s lm vic: 2,98GHz):
TT iu kin Dng pht Bin xung lt u ra b hn ch
knh thu s 1
1 Khi ch ni my pht 1 45 mA (1,21 - 1,24)V
2 Khi ni thm my pht s 3 45 mA (1,23 - 1,30)V
127
3 Khi ni thm my pht s 4 45 mA (1,28 - 1,31)V
4 Khi ni thm my pht s 5 45 mA (1,30 - 1,32)V
5 Khi ni thm my pht s 2 45 mA (1,30 - 1,34)V
Kim tra knh thu s 3 (tn s lm vic: 3,01GHz):
TT iu kin Dng pht Bin xung lt u ra b hn ch
knh thu s 3
1 Khi ch ni my pht s 3 45 mA (1,23 - 1,29)V
2 Khi ni thm my pht s 1 45 mA (1,24 - 1,31)V
3 Khi ni thm my pht s 4 45 mA (1,25 - 1,32)V
4 Khi ni thm my pht s 5 45 mA (1,28 - 1,34)V
5 Khi ni thm my pht s 2 45 mA (1,30 - 1,35)V
Kim tra knh thu s 4 (tn s lm vic: 3,10GHz):
TT iu kin Dng pht Bin xung lt u ra b hn ch
knh thu s 4
1 Khi ch ni my pht s 4 45 mA (1,24 - 1,29)V
2 Khi ni thm my pht s 3 45 mA (1,26 - 1,31)V
3 Khi ni thm my pht s 1 45 mA (1,28 - 1,32)V
4 Khi ni thm my pht s 5 45 mA (1,30 - 1,35)V
5 Khi ni thm my pht s 2 45 mA (1,32 - 1,37)V
Nhn xt kt qu th nghim:
Kt qu th nghim thc t trn i raa cho thy cc b hn ch cng sut
cao tn do D n sn xut u m bo yu cu hn ch ti mi tn s lm vic ca
n (m bo bin xung lt u ra b hn ch 1,4V).
T kt qu t c, c th khng nh:
- Vi nhng c im k thut ca i raa 37, vic s dng b hn ch
cng sut cao tn kiu th ng vi linh kin pin it hn ch l hp l.
- Vic chia b hn ch cng sut cao tn thnh hai di tn (trong di tn s
lm vic ca raa 37) l ph hp vi mch s dng tnh cht cng hng.
4.3. Ghp ni h thng v th nghim tng th sn phm.
4.3.1. Ghp ni h thng.
Hp ca sn phm c chia lm hai ngn (ngn hn ch v ngn khuch i),
128
u vo v u ra ca tn hiu cao tn l cc u gic N. T hai u N vo v ra ca
hp, qua on cp chuyn i trung gian ghp vo my thu ca i raa, cp
trung gian cao tn 50 l loi RG213/U c tn hao 0,58dB/m di sng 10cm.
Ngun nui b khuch i c cp qua t xuyn tm thnh hp.
Hnh 4.29 v s lc hnh dng v kch thc hp ca sn phm.
Gic vo RG213/U Gic N B khuch i A-A
36
A
56
56
113
36
36 A
130
50 150 B hn ch
Gic ra
Hnh 4.29. Kch thc tng qut hp sn phm.
Hai bng mch c lp vo hp bng cc vt M3. tng cng kh nng tip
t ca mt di mch in, a vo si inc dng bi nhi. Ty truyn gia hai
mch dng dng ng tm sau hn hai pha bo m tr khng 50. Ngun
nui +12,6V t ngoi vo qua t xuyn (200 300)pF ngn cao tn t trong ra v
ngn nhiu cao tn t ngoi vo.
Sn phm b khuch i cao tn tp thp hon chnh c: Kt cu c kh chc
chn, c th c nh vo nc t pht raa 37 bng bn bulng M8; Kh nng
chng nhiu v cch ly cao tn tt; Thao tc tho lp trn i raa 37 nhanh v
thun tin. Thi gian thao tc tng t nh thao tc vi n YB394 ca Nga.
Vic cp ngun cho b khuch i rt n gin (ch cn mt loi ngun), t
thu ca raa 37 c sn ngun +12,6V c n nh cao v mc cng sut m
bo nui b khuch i (100mA) m khng nh hng n cht lng ngun
nui ca cc mch khc ca my thu cng s dng ngun +12,6V. cp +12,6V
cho b khuch i ta ch cn can thip vo mch ngun (trch ra t mt im) v
thng qua u gic chuyn dng (lp thm vo thnh ca t thu ca i raa).
129
4.3.2. nh gi tham s k thut v th nghim sn phm.
4.3.2.1. nh gi tham s k thut ca sn phm trong phng th nghim.
Nh bit, cu to ca b KCT tp thp gm hai phn: mch hn ch
cng sut (bo v) v mch khuch i cao tn tp thp. Trong iu kin hin nay,
phng th nghim ta ch xc nh c c tuyn bin tn s ca sn phm, tc l
ch xc nh cc thng s: h s khuch i; di thng v ng u ca h s
khuch i trong di tn lm vic (dng c tuyn bin tn s).
S o c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i cao tn bng my o
tng hp siu cao tn 6200B c th hin trn hnh 4.30.
+12,6V
Hnh 4.30.
T c tuyn bin tn s, cc tham s k thut c th c a ra bng
s liu sau:
Tn s
(GHz)
2, 60 2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10 3,20
H s K
(dB)
31.5 30,7 31,3 30,1 29,1 29,0 29,2
Di thng f (MHz)
(mc 0,7 gi tr bin max)
560
mp m ca h s khuch i trong di
tn lm vic (2,71-3,10)GHz (dB)
1,7
Cc thng s ca my 6200B c t nh sau: Tn s u: 2,0GHz, tn s
cui 4,0GHz; Mc cng sut ra: -30dBm.
4.3.2.2. nh gi nhy my thu raa 37 khi dng b khuch i tp thp.
Lp b khuch i tp m thp vo my thu raa 37.
ghp ni b khuch i cao tn tp thp vo my thu raa 37, phi tin
hnh theo trnh t cc ni dung cng vic sau:
1. To ngun cung cp: Ngun cung cp cho b khuch i cao tn c ly
My o tng hp siu cao tn
A Marconi 6200B RF
B khuch i
cao tn
u tch sng
6230A
130
t mch ngun +12,6V1000mA ca t thu PC5M ca raa 37. Ngun nui c
cp n b khuch i qua u gic trung gian loi 2PM18K4581:
- Khoan l thnh bn tri ca t thu PC5M lp u gic 2PM18K4581.
- Hn dy dn (gm hai dy: mt dy t v mt dy ngun +12,6V) t l kim tra
1-5 (+12,6V) ca t thu PC5M n u gic 2PM18K4581.
2. Lp b khuch i cao tn tp m thp vo v tr ca n khuch i YB99
ca raa 37 v c nh bng bn vt M8 ca n YB99.
3. Lp cp u ra ca b chuyn i ng sng-cp ng trc ca i raa vo
u gic vo ca b khuch i.
4. Lp cp u vo b trn BCC ca raa vi u gic ra ca b khuch i.
5. Lp cp ngun cho b khuch i (t u gic 2PM18K4581 bn
tri t thu PC5M).
S lp rp tng th b KCT tp m thp vo tuyn thu i raa 37 th
hin trn hnh v 4.31.
Thit b chuyn mch anten BC
o nhy ton tuyn my thu raa 37.
Do iu kin thc t hin nay, cc my o chuyn dng K4-21A i km
theo i raa 37 khng lm vic hoc lm vic khng tin cy, v vy o nhy
my thu raa 37 ta s dng my pht tn hiu chun 4-80. Vic o nhy ton
tuyn c thc hin vi knh thu bin (knh thu A), s mch o th hin trn
hnh v 4.32. Cc bc thc hin php o nh sau:
Bc1: Thit lp my pht tn hiu chun 4-80:
- Ni ngun cho my 4-80.
B chuyn i ng
sng sang cp
ng trc 50
B khuch i
cao tn tp m
thp
u
ra
u
vo
u
ra
T thit b thu
PC5M
B trn tn hiu
cao tn BCC
u vo
+12,6V
(L 1-5)
Hnh 4.31.
131
- t ch lm vic ca 4-80 ch pht tn hiu lin tc (H).
- Dng tay quay chn tn s ca 4-80 ph hp vi tn s lm vic ca my
pht tng ng vi knh thu cn o nhy (raa 37 c nm knh thu-pht).
- Dng tay quay suy gim t mc cng sut ra ca 4-80 tng ng vi
s ch suy gim ca my l (70-80)dB. Mc ch thit lp cng sut ban u ca
my pht 4-80 mc tng i ln khi pht vo tuyn thu ta cm nhn c r
rng s thay i ca kim ng h A t thu PC5M.
- Ni u ra ca 4-80 vi u vo b ghp nh hng ca thit b chuyn
mch anten ca i raa bng cp o chuyn dng i theo my 4-80.
- Tt ngun cho my 4-80 .
My pht 4-80
Thit b chuyn mch anten BC
My thu trung tn knh A
Hnh 4.32. S mch o nhy ton tuyn my thu raa 37.
My pht
(b dao ng)
tn s chun
Chn mc cng
sut ra (bng tay
quay suy gim)
Chn tn s
pht (bng
tay quay tn s)
Pht lin tc H
n phng
in bo v
my thu
B chuyn i
ng sng-cp
ng trc 50
B ghp nh
hng. Mc suy
gim: AdB
B khuch i cao tn tp thp
Mch khuch i Mch bo v
Tin khuch i
trung tn
B trn
tn hiu cao tn
BCC
Mch khuch
i di rng
Mch khuch i trung tn
knh thu A v mch tch
sng bin
ng h A ch th mt my
132
Bc 2: Thit lp my thu raa 37.
- Ni ngun ton b t thu ca i raa.
- Kim tra gi tr cc in p ngun bng ng h ch th A trn mt my.
- Bt cng tc ni ngun +12,6V cho b khuch i cao tn tp m thp.
- Vn chuyn mch o, chuyn mch ch kim tra v chuyn mch ch
lm vic trn mt t thu PC5M v cc v tr tng ng l: (Tch sng
knh A) v (Kim tra my thu) v .
- Vn chit p b tr trn panen mch khuch i trung tn
knh A iu chnh mc tn hiu ra ca mch khuch i trung tn knh thu A sao
cho kim ng h ch th A ch mc 30 vch (y l mc ni tp ca my thu).
Bc 3: o nhy.
- Ni ngun cho my pht tn hiu chun 4-80 pht tn hiu lin tc vo
my thu.
- Xoay tay quay suy gim mc cng sut ra ca 4-80 cho n khi kim ng
h ch th A ch cc i v tr bng 2/3 thang o ca ng h. Tinh chnh tn s
my pht 4-80 (bng tay quay chn tn s) v tn s b dao ng ngoi sai ca
my thu cho kim ng h A ch cc i. Tip tc xoay tay quay suy gim cng
sut ra ca 4-80 kim ca ng h A ch mc 45 vch, sau c s ch mc
suy gim cng sut ra my 4-80 v k hiu s ch ny l AdB.
- Xc nh gi tr nhy ton tuyn ca my thu:
Gi tr nhy (dB) = [AdB + BdB (Gi r suy gim ca b ghp nh
hng) + 2dB (gi tr suy gim ca on cp o)] - 50dB.
y, hiu bn cht ca s tr 50dB l: v my pht 4-80 mc 0dB tng
ng vi 1,0W nn nu tnh gi tr nhy theo n v dBm th s tr s l 30dB,
nhng i raa 37 ngi ta nh gi nhy ton tuyn ca my thu bng my
o chuyn dng K4-21A c mc 0dB tng ng vi 10W, v vy nu tnh gi tr
nhy theo mc cng sut 10W m phi s dng my o 4-80 th s tr phi l
(30 + 20) = 50dB.
Gi tr nhy xc nh c m 85dB th my thu ca i raa c coi
l tt, cn nu < 85dB th cn phi hiu chnh v c th phi sa cha li my thu.
133
Bng kt qu o nhy ton tuyn ca my thu raa 37 vi b khuch i
cao tn tp thp do D n ch to c th hin cc bng thng k s liu sau:
Kt qu o raa 37 trm C42F371 QCPKKQ ngy 16 thng 4 nm 2005:
K hiu
b khuch i
Knh thu, tn s lm vic
(GHz)
Gi tr nhy
(dB)
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,08
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,12 T2H-1.0 - 001 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,06
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,34
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,53 T2H-1.0 - 002 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,00
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,17
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 85,86 T2H-1.0 - 003 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,43
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 86,28 T2H-1.0 - 004 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 86,13
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 85,97 T2H-1.0 - 005 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 85,76
Kt qu o raa 37 trm C43F371 QCPKKQ ngy 20 thng 4 nm 2005:
K hiu
B khuch i
Knh thu, tn s lm vic
(GHz)
Gi tr nhy
(dB)
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,28
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,19 T2H-1.0 - 001 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,02
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,41
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,33 T2H-1.0 - 002 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,10
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,14
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 85,73 T2H-1.0 - 003 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,44
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 86,25 T2H-1.0 - 004 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 86,37
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 85,88 T2H-1.0 - 005 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 85,85
Nhn xt kt qu o:
1. Gi tr nhy ca cc knh thu khi lm vic vi b khuch i tp m thp
do D n sn xut iu m bo yu cu ( 85dB).
2. Cc b khuch i bng S
G
u lm vic tt c hai knh thu s 2 v s 5,
cc b bng S
S
cng lm vic tt ba knh thu s 1, s 3 v s 4 (m bo ch tiu
nhy ca ton tuyn thu).
134
4.3.3. Th nghim thc t sn phm trn i raa 37.
Phng php th nghim l a sn phm b khuch i cao tn tp thp vo
chin u thc t trn i raa 37 cc n v. T chc theo di v nh gi kt
qu th nghim.
Vic th nghim thc t sn phm gm hai giai on:
Th nghim trong qu trnh thit k. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny nhm hon
thin khu thit k bng yu t thc nghim, n c tin hnh theo cc khi chc
nng ca sn phm (c hai khi chc nng: mch hn ch cng sut v mch khuch
i cao tn tp thp). i vi mch hn ch cng sut, vic th nghim ch yu l
nh gi mc hn ch cng sut ln u vo my thu ca i raa v bn
ca cc pin it trc mc cng sut ln. Vi mch khuch i cao tn tp thp,
nh gi h s tp (thng qua nh gi ch tiu nhy ca ton tuyn thu) v h s
khuch i ca mch khuch i cao tn. Qu trnh th nghim ny c chng ti
thc hin thng xuyn ti n v trong qu trnh thit k sn phm, thc t cho thy
n tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc xong kt qu th rt c ngha v n
ch ra kp thi nhng vn cn phi khc phc (hiu chnh li vic tnh ton thit
k mch mt s khu) ngay ti cc khi chc nng ca sn phm.
Th nghim tng th sn phm. Mc ch qu trnh th nghim ny l nh
gi cc ch tiu k chin thut ca sn phm c ch to hon chnh. c s
ng ca Phng Raa/Cc KTPK-KQ v S on Khng qun 371, D n a
sn phm xung hai n v l Trm Raa 42E921F371 v Trm Raa 43E927F371
chin u th nghim trn hai i raa 37. Do iu kin va th nghim va
phi m bo yu cu tc chin thng xuyn ca n v, nn mi i trong thi
gian th nghim ch c lp 01 b khuch i cao tn tp m thp cho mt knh
thu c th. V sn phm ca D n gm hai loi lm vic hai bng tn khc nhau,
nn chng ti chn b KCT tp thp lm vic bng tn S
G
th nghim
knh thu s hai (tn s lm vic 2,71GHz) ca i raa 37 trm 42 cn b KCT
tp thp lm vic bng tn S
S
th nghim knh thu s bn (tn s lm vic
3,10GHz) ca i raa 37 trm 43. Mc ch lp t th nghim nh vy l
nh gi c tham s v kh nng lm vic ca b khuch i cao tn tp thp
trong c di tn lm vic ca i raa 37, c bit l pha tn s cao ca di tn.
Thi gian th nghim c tin hnh t 16/6/2005 n 8/8/2005, s gi chin
135
u ca mi b khuch i cao tn l 120 gi ( trm 42) v 100 gi ( trm 43).
Trong qu trnh th nghim b khuch i cao tn tp thp lun lm vic n nh
vi cc gi tr dng pht (cng sut) ca my pht khc nhau v l knh chin u
chnh ca hai i raa ni trn v l hai knh my thu c nhy t theo yu
cu 105dBm, cc knh thu nguyn bn ca i do iu kin chin u lu nn cht
lng n khuch i cao tn (YB99 hoc YB394) khng cn tt m v th nhy
ton tuyn ca my thu khng m bo theo yu cu.
Sau thi gian th nghim, trc khi thu hi sn phm t kim tra tin hnh
kim tra li nhy ton tuyn ca my thu. Kt qu kim tra cho thy b khuch
i cao tn tp thp vn lm vic bnh thng, nhy ton tuyn ca my thu
khng b suy gim so vi lc ban u (106dBm vi knh thu s 2 v 105dBm vi
knh thu s 4).
Kt qu qu trnh th nghim sn phm c xc nh bng cc vn bn php
l, cc vn bn c gii thiu trong phn ph lc ca bo co (trong cc vn
bn, gi tr nhy c xc nh theo mc 85dB/10W).
T kt qu th nghim thc t, chng ta c th khng nh: sn phm m
bo c cc ch tiu k thut ra, p ng c cc iu kin lm vic thc t
trn cc i raa 37 ca ta hin nay.
Phn nm
Xy dng quy trnh thit k ch to
sn phm B khuch i cao tn tp m thp
T qu trnh tnh ton thit k thnh cng sn phm b khuch i cao tn
tp m thp ng dng tuyn thu i raa 37, chng ti a ra quy trnh thit k
ch to b sn phm ny. Mc ch xy dng quy trnh thit k ch to l c th
chuyn giao cng ngh cho cc n v c nhu cu s dng v lm c s tham kho
khi thit k ch to cc sn phm c chc nng tng t.
5.1. Xy dng quy trnh thit k sn phm.
5.1.1. Quy trnh thit k b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
Bc mt: Xc nh chnh xc cc ch tiu k thut ca sn phm, bao gm:
- Di tn s lm vic f .
136
- Mc cng sut tn hiu cao tn u vo P
Vo
.
- Mc cng sut tn hiu u ra P
Ra
.
- Tn hao truyn qua
T
.
- Tr khng vo Z
Vo
.
- Tr khng ra Z
Ra
.
- Loi u gic cao tn vo/ra.
- Di nhit lm vic
T
.
- Kch thc hm hp v trng lng s b ca sn phm.
Bc hai: Chn s cu chc chc nng ca sn phm.
Trn c s cc ch tiu k thut v a ch ng dng c th ca sn phm,
phn tch la chn s chc nng ca mch hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn
(tch cc; th ng hay kt hp th ng v tch cc).
Bc ba: Chn vt t linh kin.
Phn tch chn; Phn t hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn (it pin; it
tch sng; n phng in c in p mi hoc khng c in p mi); Vt liu
nn cy ghp cc phn t hn ch (Mch di siu cao tn; ng sng kim loi; hp
cng hng bng kim loi) v cc tham s tng ng ca chng.
Bc bn: Tnh ton cc ch tiu thit k ca b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
- Tnh ton chn cc tham s ca ng truyn siu cao tn.
- Tnh ton s tng hn ch (s phn t hn ch) ca mch hn ch v phn
b ch tiu hn ch cho mi tng.
- Tnh ton phi hp tr khng vo/ra ca ng truyn trong b hn ch.
- Tnh ton phi hp tr khng ca tng phn t hn ch vi ng truyn
siu cao tn.
- Tnh ton mch hi tip cho phn t hn ch (mch thot dng mt chiu).
- Tnh ton kch thc hnh hc ca hp b hn ch.
- Kim tra li cc kt qu tnh ton c m bo hn ch v phi hp tr
khng ngun v tr khng ti hay khng.
Lu : Trong cc php tnh ton trn, nu c nhng kh khn v nguyn tc
th c th hiu chnh li bc hai v bc ba.
Bc nm: Xy dng s nguyn l ca mch hn ch.
Bcsu: Kim tra li ton b cc kt qu tnh ton theo cc bc.
137
Bc by: Xy dng cc bn v thit k chi tit di dng layout chuyn sang
cng on ch to sn phm.
Cc bn v thit k c xy dng trn c s s dng cc chng trnh phn
mm thit k v v k thut nh orcad hoc autocad. Cc bn v ny c th c in
ra giy can gia cng trn cc thit b thng thng hoc dng layout a vo
gia cng cc my cng c c lp trnh.
5.1.2. Quy trnh thit k b khuch i cao tn tp m thp.
Bc mt: Xc nh chnh xc cc ch tiu k thut ca sn phm, bao gm:
- Di tn s lm vic v tn s lm vic trung tm f
TT
.
- H s khuch i cng sut trong di tn lm vic K
K
.
- H s tp trong di tn lm vic N
MAX
.
- Di thng ca b khuch i f.
- c trng ca ngun tn hiu v ca ti.
- Tr khng vo/ra Z
Vo
; Z
Ra
.
- Loi u gic cao tn vo/ra.
- c trng ca ngun nui
- Di nhit lm vic
T
.
- Kch thc hm hp v trng lng s b ca sn phm.
Bc hai: Chn s cu chc chc nng ca b khuch i.
Trn c s cc ch tiu k thut v a ch ng dng c th ca sn phm,
phn tch la chn s chc nng ca mch khuch i cao tn. S chc
nng ca b khuch i ph thuc vo cng dng ca n. Yu cu c bn i vi b
khuch i cao tn trong my thu siu ngoi sai ca cc loi i raa cnh gii ni
chung l phi m bo h s khuch i ln trong khi mc tp bn thn nh nht.
Bc ba: Chn vt t linh kin.
Phn tch chn; Phn t khuch i tn hiu cao tn (Tranritor trng ni
tp nh); Tr chp, t chp; Vt liu nn cy ghp cc phn t hn ch (Mch di
siu cao tn) v xc nh cc tham s tng ng ca chng.
Bc bn: Tnh ton cc c trng ch yu ca phn t khuch i:
- Tnh ton s tng khuch i v phn b tham s thit k cho tng tng.
- Tnh ton mch thin p cho linh kin khuch i.
- Tnh ton cc gi tr ni suy tham s S ca phn t khuch i cc m
138
tn s trong min tn s lm vic ca b khuch i siu cao tn.
- Tnh ton h s khuch i cng sut ca phn t khuch i theo S.
- Tnh ton n nh ch khuch i ca phn t khuch i theo S.
- Tnh ton cc c trng tp ch khuch i ca phn t khuch i.
- Tnh ton phi hp tr khng u vo, u ra cho phn t khuch i theo S.
- Tnh ton cc tham s phn b trn mch di cao tn.
- Tnh ton kch thc hp ca sn phm.
- Kim tra li cc kt qu tnh ton c m bo h s khuch i cng sut,
h s tp, n nh v phi hp tr khng ngun v tr khng ti hay khng.
Lu : Trong cc php tnh ton trn, nu c nhng kh khn m khng th
m bo c cc yu cu k thut th c th hiu chnh li cc ni dung tnh
ton cc bc ba v bc bn, vic ny c th c lm i lm li nhiu ln t
c cc ch tiu thit k nh mong mun.
2.5. Bc nm: Xy dng s nguyn l ca mch khuch i cao tn.
Trn c s cc kt qu tnh ton bc bn, xc nh chnh xc s nguyn
l ca mch khuch i.
2.6. Bcsu: Kim tra li cc kt qu tnh ton theo cc bc c xc nh.
2.7. Bcby: Tng hp cc kt qu tnh ton, xy dng cc bn v thit k chi
tit di dng layout chuyn sang cng on ch to sn phm.
Trn y chng ta xc nh c quy trnh by bc tnh ton thit k
b khuch i cao tn tp m thp (phn hn ch cng sut cao tn v phn khuch
i cao tn). Qu trnh thc hin, nhn thy bi ton tnh ton thit k l mt bi
ton tnh ton bng s phc rt ln, nu khng c s tr gip ca gin Smith v
my tnh th rt kh c th tnh ton ht cc trng hp c th xy ra. Vic tnh ton
bng tay s tn rt nhiu thi gian v cho sai s tnh ton ln. Trong nhng nm
qua, cng ngh CAD (Computer Aid Design) pht trin rt mnh, vi cc chng
trnh thit k mch siu cao tn gip cho ngi thit k nhanh chng to ra cc
mu sn phm vi chnh xc cao m khng cn nng n v tnh ton. Trong
khun kh D n ny, bc u chng ti ng dng chng trnh phn mm thit
k mch siu cao tn h tr cho vic tnh ton mt s bc thit k - ch yu
bc 4 ca quy trnh thit k (b hn ch v b khuch i) xc nh trn.
By bc quy trnh thit k b hn ch, b khuch i th hin trn hnh 5.1.
139
Hnh 5.1. S quy trnh tnh ton thit k b KCT tp m thp.
Xc nh ch tiu k
thut ca sn phm
Bt u tnh ton
thit k
Xy dng s
chc nng ca mch
Xy dng s
nguyn l mch
Chn vt t
linh kin
Tnh ton
thit k mch
Xy dng bn v
thit k dng layout
Kt thc vic tnh
ton thit k
Kim tra li kt qu
tnh ton thit k
Tnh ton thit k
hm hp
Tnh ton xc nh
thng s mch di
140
5.2. Xy dng quy trnh ch to sn phm.
Quy trnh ch to sn phm (b hn ch cng sut cao tn v b khuch i cao tn tp m thp) c tng hp bng sau:
Th t
cc bc nguyn cng
S th t
ni dung cng vic
Phng php cng ngh
thc hin cc nguyn cng
Dng c cho thc hin
nguyn cng
Vt t
tiu hao
1. Gia cng khun c
phi.
Gia cng c kh trn cc my cng c to
dng khun vi cc kch thc thit k.
- Bn v k thut.
- My phay; khoan, tin
Thp 9XC.
2. c to phi hp Thc hin cng ngh c p lc m bo
mn ca phi.
- Bn v k thut.
- My c p lc
Nhm do.
3. Gia cng hp Gia cng c kh trn cc my cng c to
dng hp vi cc kch thc thit k.
- Bn v k thut.
- My phay; khoan.
Phi c bng
nhm do.
4. Gia cng ghp hp Gia cng c kh trn cc my cng c to
dng ghp vi cc kch thc thit k.
- Bn v k thut.
- My dp; ct tn.
Thp tm (tn)
CT3.
5. Gia cng u gic v
u chuyn i cao tn.
Gia cng c kh trn cc my cng c to
dng sn phm vi cc kch thc thit k.
- Bn v k thut.
- My phay; khoan, tin
ng n hi
6. Sn b mt sn phm Thc hin cng ngh sn tnh in vi
ghp hp (sn ton b), mt ngoi ca hp.
- L gia nhit.
- My phun bi sn.
Bi sn tnh
in.
I. Nguyn cng th nht:
Gia cng v x l b mt
cc sn phm c kh:
- Gia cng hm hp;
ghp hm hp; u gic v
u chuyn i cao tn cho
sn phm.
- X l b mt cho cc sn
phm c kh.
7. M u gic v u
chuyn i cao tn.
Thc hin theo cng ngh m in. B m in c nh Kim loi Bc
1. Gia cng mch di
(to tm nn mch in).
Thc hin trn my gia cng mch di vi
cng ngh n mn in ho.
Thit b gia cng mch
di
Mch di cao
tn RT5850
II. Nguyn cng th hai:
Gia cng mch di cao
tn. 2. M bc cc ng
dn trn mch di
M cc ng dn kim loi trn tm mch
di sau khi gia cng theo cng ngh m in
B m in c nh
Kim loi Bc
1. Lp IC ngun (n p-
IC1; o p - IC2) ca
mch khuch i.
Lp, hn IC1, IC2: Dng tay t tng IC vo
v tr, ni u m hn vi t, hn thic vo
chn linh kin vi mch di.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- IC n, o p
2. Lp cc in tr (t
R1 n R12) ca mch
khuch i.
Dng tay t tng in tr vo v tr, ni u
m hn vi t, ln lt hn thic vo chn
ca tng linh kin vi mch di.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- in tr chp.
III. Nguyn cng th ba:
Lp rp linh kin in t.
3. Lp cc t in (t
C1 n C27) ca mch
khuch i.
Dng tay t tng t in vo v tr, ni u
m hn vi t, ln lt hn thic vo chn
ca tng linh kin vi mch di.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- T in chp.
141
4. Lp cc cun cm (t
L1 n L6) ca mch
khuch i.
Dng tay t tng cun cm vo v tr, ni
u m hn vi t, ln lt hn thic vo
chn ca tng linh kin vi mch di.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- Cun cm
5. Lp cc bn dn
trng (t T1 n T3)
ca mch khuch i.
Dng tay (c eo vng ni t) t tng bn
dn trng vo v tr, ni u m hn vi t,
ln lt hn thic vo chn ca tng linh
kin vi mch di.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- Bn dn
trng
6. Lp cc pin it (t
D1 n D4) ca mch
hn ch.
Dng tay (c eo vng kim loi ni t) t
tng pin it vo v tr, ni u m hn vi
t, ln lt hn thic vo chn ca tng linh
kin vi mch di.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- PIN it
IV. Nguyn cng th t:
V sinh cng nghip cc
bng mch in t.
1. Ty ra lm sch cc
bng mch sau khi hn
linh kin.
Dng vi bng sch v cn cng nghip
ty ra cc mi hn v lm sch nha thng
trn cc tm bng mch.
Panh kp.
- Cn CN
- Vi bng.
1. Lp cc bng mch
vo hp.
Dng tay t cc tm bng mch vo v tr
ca tng ngn hp tng ng (khuch i,
hn ch) v c nh vi hp bng cc vt M3
theo cc l bt tng ng.
- Panh.
- Km ct c nh.
- Vn vt bn cnh.
Vt bt M3
2. Hn ng ni tm
bng mch hn ch vi
v tm mch khuch i
Dng tay v panh kp t ng ni (ng
truyn 50) gia hai tm bng mch vo v
tr (l xuyn qua thnh gia ca hp) v hn
vo mch di bng thic hn.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- Dy dn cao
tn 50.
3. Hn lp cc u gic
vo ra (u N) ca hp.
Dng tay t hai u gic N vo v tr v c
nh vi thnh hp bng cc vt bt M3. Hn
u ty ca gic vi mch di bng thic hn.
- Panh.
- M hn n nh nhit.
- Km ct c nh.
-Thic c nng
ch 40%.
- u N/50.
4. Ty ra lm sch cc
bng mch sau khi hn
cc u gic.
Dng vi bng sch v cn cng nghip
ty ra cc mi hn v lm sch nha thng
trn cc tm bng mch.
Panh kp.
- Cn CN
- Vi bng.
5. Lp np hp. t np hp vo v tr v c nh vi thnh
hp bng cc vt M3 theo cc l tng ng.
- Panh kp.
- Vn vt bn cnh.
Vt bt M3.
V. Nguyn cng th nm:
Tng lp rp sn phm.
6. Lp hp vo ghp. Dng tay t hp ln khi ghp v c
nh hp vi ghp bng bn vt M4 theo
cc l bt tng ng.
- Panh kp.
- Vn vt bn cnh.
Vt bt M4.
142
7. Lp u chuyn i
t u N sang u 50
tng ng vi i 37.
- Lp cp cao tn vo hai u chuyn i.
- Lp cc u chuyn i vo hai v tr tng
ng (u vo, u ra) trn khi ghp hp.
- M hn 100W.
- Vn vt bn cnh.
- Km ct.
- Cp cao tn
50 RG213/U.
- Thic hn.
5.3. Xy dng quy trnh kim tra - hiu chnh sn phm.
5.3.1. Quy trnh kim tra-hiu chnh trong phng th nghim.
T
T
Bi o
kim tra
Phng php
thc hin cc bi o kim tra
Gi tr
tham s o
Phng tin v
thit b o
I. Kim tra b hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn:
1 Kim tra gi tr in tr
thun v in tr nguc
ca mch hn ch.
Gi tr tr cn o l gi tr tr tng ng ca bn it pin mc song
song vi ng truyn cao tn trong mch hn ch. Dng ng h vn
nng ch th s cp chnh xc 1% ch o tr vi thang o X1
o gia im o 1 hnh 5.3 vi t ca mch hn ch.
- Tr thun:
R
T
= 4,2
- Tr ngc:
R
N
=
ng h vn nng ch
th s cp chnh xc
1% hoc cc thit b
o tng ng.
2 Kim tra gi tr tn hao
truyn qua ca mch hn
ch.
o bng my o MARCONI 6200B (hoc cc thit b o khc c tnh
nng tng t). S bi o cho hnh 5.4. Thit lp my 6200B: Bi
o tn hao; Tn s u 2GHz, tn s cui 4GHz; Mc cng sut cao
tn pht ra l -30dBm.
Gi tr tn hao
5 tn s lm
vic: 2dB.
My o tng hp siu
cao tn MARCONI (IFA)
6200B hoc cc thit
b o tng ng.
II. Kim tra b khuch i cao tn tp thp:
1. Kim tra in p u vo v u ra ca IC n p 7805: Dng ng
h vn nng ch th s cp chnh xc 1% ch o DC vi thang o
25V o ti cc im o 1 v 2 trn s hnh 5.2 vi t ca mch.
U
1
= +12,6V
U
2
= +5,0V
ng h vn nng
cp chnh xc 1%
hoc thit b o tng
ng.
2. Kim tra in p u vo, u ra ca IC o p 76660: Dng ng
h vn nng ch th s cp chnh xc 1% ch o DC vi thang o
10V o ti cc im o 3 v 4 trn s hnh 5.2 vi t ca mch.
U
3
= + 5,0V
U
4
= - 5,0V
ng h vn nng
cp chnh xc 1%
hoc thit b o tng
ng.
1 Kim tra ch in p
tnh ca b khuch i
cao tn tp thp.
3. Kim tra in p baz, clct ca transistor T1(ATF36077): Dng
ng h vn nng ch th s cp chnh xc 1% ch o DC, thang
o 10V, o ti cc im 5 v 6 trn s hnh 5.2 vi t ca mch.
U
5
= - 0,2V
U
6
= +3,0V
ng h vn nng
cp chnh xc 1%
hoc thit b o tng
ng.
143
4. Kim tra in p baz, clct ca transistor T2(EA3): Dng ng
h vn nng ch th s cp chnh xc 1% ch o DC, thang o
10V, o ti cc im 7 v 8 trn s hnh 5.2 vi t ca mch.
U
7
= +2,9V
U
8
= +3,2V
ng h vn nng
cp chnh xc 1%
hoc thit b o tng
ng.
5. Kim tra in p baz, clct ca transistor T3(EA3): Dng ng
h vn nng ch th s cp chnh xc 1% ch o DC, thang o
10V, o ti cc im 9 v 10 trn s hnh 5.2 vi t ca mch.
U
9
= +2,9V
U
10
= +3,2V
ng h vn nng
cp chnh xc 1%
hoc thit b o tng
ng.
2 Kim tra c tuyn bin
tn s ca b khuch
i cao tn tp thp.
o bng my o MARCONI 6200B (hoc cc thit b o khc c tnh
nng tng t). S bi o cho hnh 5.5. Thit lp my 6200B: Bi
o c tuyn bin tn s; Tn s u 2GHz, tn s cui 4GHz;
Mc cng sut cao tn pht ra l -30dBm.
H s khuch
i trong di
tn lm vic:
K 28 dB
My o tng hp siu
cao tn MARCONI (IFA)
6200B hoc cc thit
b o tng ng.
1
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Hnh 5.2.
S im o ca mch khuch
i cao tn tp m thp.
144
Hnh 5.4. S o tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch bng my o tng hp siu cao tn 6200B.
1
Hnh 5.3.
S im o ca mch hn ch
cng sut cao tn.
My o tng hp siu cao tn
A Marconi 6200B Rf
B hn ch
cng sut
u tch sng
6230A
1
145
+12,6V
Hnh 5.5. S mch o c tuyn bin tn s ca b KCT tp thp bng my o 6200B.
5.3.2. Quy trnh kim tra-hiu chnh trn i raa 37.
T
T
Bi o
kim tra
Phng php
thc hin cc bi o kim tra
Gi tr
tham s o
Phng tin v
thit b o
I. Kim tra b hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn:
1 Kim tra gi kh nng
hn ch cng sut thc
t ca b hn ch.
Vic nh gi kh nng hn ch cng sut thc t c thc
hin theo phng php o gin tip: o v xc nh bin xung
sau tch sng cao tn ca cng sut tn hiu my pht lt sang
my thu u ra b hn ch vi cc mc dng pht ca my
pht khc nhau. S o th hin hnh 5.6.
Bin xung
sau tch sng
u ra b
hn ch:
U
m
1,4v.
- u tch sng cao
tn.
- xil 100MHz.
II. Kim tra nhy tuyn thu raa 37 vi b khuch i cao tn tp thp:
1 Kim tra nhy tuyn
thu raa 37 vi b
khuch i cao tn tp
thp.
o nhy ton tuyn (nh gi h s tp ca b khuch i
cao tn tp thp), phi lp hon chnh b khuch i cao tn vo
tuyn thu (theo quy trnh lp) sau tin hnh bi o nhy
ton tuyn thu bng my pht tn hiu chun 4-80. S o
th hin trn hnh 5.7.
nhy ton
tuyn thu:
P
MIN
85dB
My pht tn hiu
chun 4-80.
My o tng hp siu cao tn
A Marconi 6200B RF
B khuch i
cao tn
u tch sng
6230A
146
Anten Raa 37
My Pht
Xung ng b
Vo
Ra
Hnh 5.6. S o bin xung lt sau b hn ch cng sut i raa 37.
Thit b chuyn
mch Anten
B chuyn i ng
sng - cp
B hn ch
cng sut (S
G
; S
S
)
u tch sng
cao tn
My
hin sng
147
My pht 4-80
Thit b chuyn mch anten BC
My thu trung tn knh A
Hnh 5.7. S mch o nhy ton tuyn my thu raa 37.
My pht
(b dao ng)
tn s chun
Chn mc cng
sut ra (bng tay
quay): B dB
Chn tn s
pht (bng
tay quay tn s)
Pht lin tc H
n phng
in bo v
my thu
B chuyn i
ng sng-cp
ng trc 50
B ghp nh
hng. Mc suy
gim: A dB
B khuch i cao tn tp thp
Mch K Mch bo v
Tin khuch i
trung tn
B trn
tn hiu cao tn
BCC
Mch khuch
i di rng
Mch khuch i trung tn
knh thu A v mch tch
sng bin
ng h A ch th mt my
nhy ton tuyn thu
c xc nh bng:
P
Min
(dB) = (A+B+2) - 50
148
5.4. Quy trnh lp t sn phm b KCT tp thp vo tuyn thu i raa 37
Th t
cc bc nguyn cng
S th t
ni dung cng vic
Phng php cng ngh
thc hin cc nguyn cng
Dng c cho thc
hin nguyn cng
Vt t
tiu hao
1. Tho t thu PC5M. Dng c l 17 tho bn vt hm t thu PC5M
vo thnh t pht ca raa 37. Dng tay tho
cc u cp vo t thu. a t thu xung sn ca
xe anten (b K) ca i raa 37.
C l 17. Khng
2. Lp u gic cp
ngun trn thnh t thu.
Khoan l 20 bn thnh tri ca t thu PC5M,
lp u gic bn chn loi 2PM18, v c nh
vi thnh t bng bn vt-cu M3.
- Khoan tay.
- Ra trn.
- Vn vt bn cnh.
-Gic 2PM18
-Vt, cu M3.
3. Hn dy ngun vo
u gic.
Dng hai dy in loi mt li nhiu si c bc
kim 1,5/.5A vi hai mu ( l +12,6V; en l
dy t). Dy hn t l 1-5 (+12,6V) ca t
thu n chn s 1 ca u gic 2PM18. Dy
en hn cc t ca t thu vi chn 2 ca u
gic 2PM18. B hai dy gn gng trong t thu.
- M hn 60W.
- Km ct.
-Dy in1,5
- Ghen 2,0
- Thic hn.
I. Nguyn cng th nht:
To mch cung cp ngun
nui +12,6V t t thu ca
i raa 37.
4. Lp t thu PC5M. Lp li t thu PC5M vo v tr c (nh ban u)
C l 17 Khng
1. Tho u gic cao
tn vo - ra n khuch
i cao tn..
Dng tay tho cc u gic cao tn vo - ra n
khuch i cao tn YB99 (hoc YB394) ang
dng trn i raa 37.
Thao tc bng tay Khng
2. Tho cc c hm n
khuch i cao tn,
Dng c l 12 tho bn c hm n YB99 vi
thnh t pht (hoc 2 c hm i vi n YB394)
C l 12 Khng
II. Nguyn cng th hai:
Tho n khuch i cao
tn ang dng trn i
raa 37.
3. a n khuch i
cao tn ra khi v tr c.
Dng tay nhc n khuch i cao tn YB99
(YB394) ra khi v tr c v bo qun n cn thn
Thao tc bng tay Khng
149
1. C nh b khuch
i vo v tr lm vic.
a b khuch i tp thp vo v tr ca n
YB99, dng c l 12 c nh vi gi n
YB99 bng bn vt bt M6 theo cc l nh trc
C l 12 Vt bt M6
2. Lp u cp cao tn
vo-ra b khuch i.
Dng tay vn cc u gic cao tn ca i raa
vo u vo v u ra ca b khuch i tp thp
Thao tc bng tay Khng
III. Nguyn cng th ba:
Lp n khuch i cao
tn tp thp ln raa 37.
3. Lp cp ngun cho
b khuch i.
Dng tay lp cp ngun t u gic ngun ra t
thu n u gic ngun vo ca b khuch i.
Thao tc bng tay Cp ngun
Thit b chuyn mch anten BC
Hnh 5.8. S lp ghp tng th b KCT tp m thp vo tuyn thu raa 37.
B chuyn i ng
sng sang cp
ng trc 50
B khuch i
cao tn tp m
thp
u
ra
u
vo
u
ra
T thit b thu
PC5M
B trn tn hiu
cao tn BCC
u vo
+12,6V
(L 1-5)
150
Phn su
Kt lun v kin ngh
Qua hn ba nm thc hin, D n hon thnh ton b cc ni dung nghin
cu ng k, t c mc tiu ra. Sn phm ca D n (cc b KCT tp m
thp T2H-1.0) thay th c cho cc b KCT ca LB Nga (YB99 v YB394)
cc i raa cnh gii dn ng 37 ca chng ta hin nay.
Nhng kt qu khoa hc chnh m D n t c l:
1. Tin hnh kho st v nh gi chnh xc tnh trng k thut thc t tuyn
siu cao tn ca cc i raa 37 hin c ca chng ta, t xy dng ch tiu k
thut b KCT tp thp cn thit k ch to cho ph hp. Cc ch tiu k thut ca
b KCT l c s (u bi) ca bi ton tnh ton thit k, ch to sn phm.
2. D n gii thiu mt s c s ca l thuyt siu cao tn phc v cho
vic nghin cu tnh ton thit k, ch to sn phm nh: Cc kin thc v ng
truyn sng, m hnh vt l v cc tham s s cp cng nh hin tng vt l xy ra
trn ng truyn trong qu trnh tuyn sng. Cc kin thc v l thuyt mng hai
cng, ma trn tn x, th dng tn hiu, gin Smith, phng php phi hp tr
khng bng th SmithCc kin thc v mch hn ch cng sut cao tn bao
gm: c s l thuyt cho tnh ton thit k b chuyn mch - hn ch cng sut cao
tn, m hnh cc b chuyn mch - hn ch cng sut cao tn v cc iu kin ng
dng ca n.
3. Hon chnh quy trnh tnh ton thit k b KCT s dng linh kin bn
dn c ni tp nh ng dng tuyn thu i raa 37, bao gm hai phn: mch bo
v v mch khuch i siu cao tn tp thp. Quy trnh tnh ton thit k c thc
hin trn c s s dng cng c gin Smith v b tham s k thut ca cc vt t
linh kin c chn (transistor trng; pin it; mch di cao tn). nghin cu
cu s dng mt s modul phn mm thit k mch siu cao tn trong cc bc tnh
ton ca quy trnh.
4. Hon chnh quy trnh ch to sn phm trn c s iu kin cng ngh
hin c ti Vit Nam.
5. Xy dng quy trnh kim tra v hiu chnh tham s k thut ca sn phm
trong phng th nghim v thc t trn i raa 37.
6. Cc b KCT tp thp (mi b) do D n ch to m bo tt cc ch
151
tiu k thut ra. Sn phm c hot ng th nghim thc t trn cc i raa
37 ca Qun chng PK-KQ khng nh kh nng lm vic tt, cu hnh ph
hp v tnh thun tin khi s dng.
7. Trong vic nghin cu thit k, ch to ra b KCT tp thp s dng cho
tuyn thu ca i raa 37, phn khuch i tuy kh nhng phn hn ch cng sut
cao tn cng kh hn v n va phi c kh nng hn ch mc cao cng sut cao
tn lt t my pht sang vn rt ln bo v mch khuch i cao tn tp thp, li
va m c tn hao cao tn rt nh khi thu m bo ch tiu nhy ca ton
tuyn thu. C th ni, vic nghin cu tm ra gii php thit k ch to b hn ch
cng sut cao tn ph hp vi tnh trng ca cc i raa 37 ca ta hin nay l
im mu cht dn n s thnh cng ca D n ny.
8. Vic trin khai thc hin thnh cng D n ny em li nhng kt qu
tch cc, l: To ra c nhng cn b nghin cu bit cch lm thit k, ch to
mt loi sn phm siu cao tn ng dng cho mt loi kh ti raa, t khng nh
tnh ch ng hon ton v k thut v cng ngh i vi sn phm. Trn c s ,
c th ch ng thit k ch to cc loi sn phm tng t ng dng cho nhiu
chng loi kh ti qun s khc. y l nhng kt qu mang nhiu ngha trong
iu kin hin nay khi m ngun vt t thay th cho cc kh ti qun s ngy cng
khan him.
Kin ngh: Chng ti xin c ngh Hi ng nghim thu cc cp tin
hnh nh gi nghim thu D n v cho php sn phm ca D n c ng dng
vo thc t gp phn gii quyt cc kh khn do thiu ngun vt t thay th trong
cckh ti raa 37 ca chng ta hin nay.
152
Ti liu tham kho
1. Phm Minh Vit; K thut siu cao tn; Nh xut bn KHKT-2002.
2. Volkop; Bin dch Trn Hu V; Thit k my thu raa xung; HVKTQS-1990.
3. Agilent Technologies. Innovating The HP Wave. Applications of PIN Diodes.
4. J.K.Hunton and A.G. Ryals. Microwave Variable Anttenuators and Modulators
Using PIN diodes IRE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, pp. 262-
273, July 1992.
5. Norm Dye, Helge Gran berg, Small Signal Amplifier Design, Radio Frequency
Transistors Principles and Practical Application, Motorola , Butterworth-Heinemam,
Boston London, pp.119-220.
6. (2-18)GHz Ultra Low Noise. Pseudomorphic HEMT. Technical Data.
7. H.Paul Shuch. Solid-State, Microwave Amplifiers Design. WAGUAM,
Microcomm,14908. Sandy Lane Jose, California 95124.
8. EEE194RF. Microwave Amplifiers. Design of Microwave Transistor Amplifiers
Using S Parameters.
9. Hewlett Pacard. Broadband Amplifier Design, Test & Measurement
Application Note 95-1 S-Parameter Techniques, pp.44-50.
10. Roberts, A Review of Solid-State Radar Receiver Protection Devices.
Microwave J., V34, No.2,121-122, February 1991.
11. N.V. Drozdovski, Microwave Passive Power Limiters Based on MESFETs,
Microwaves and Optoelectronics J., V.1, No.2, 26-36, April 1998.
12. I.V.Lebedev, A.S. Shnitnikov Microwave Power Limiter, Russian Patent
No.2075252, 1997.
13. L.M. Drozdovskaia & N.V. Drozdovski, Simple Microwave Waveguide Passive
Power Limiter , The 1998 IEEE Asia-Pacific, Conference on Circuits and Systems,
Ciangmai, Thailand, November 24-27,1998.
14. L.M. Drozdovskaia & N.V. Drozdovski, Novel Solid-state Passive Power
Limiters for Microwave Recciver protectors, The 21
st
International Symposium on
Space Technology and Science, Omiya, Japan. May 24-31, 1998.
15. ..Caoo, A.H. op, .A. M, . Moc
B 1981.
b khoa hc v cng ngh
D n sn xut th nghim c lp cp nh nc
trung tm khoa hc k thut v cng ngh qun s
Bo co tm tt
Hon thin cng ngh thit k, ch to
b khuch i siu cao tn tp thp
( sa cha theo kt lun ca H nghim thu c s ngy 13.07.2006)
H Ni 07. 2006
I. phn u bo co
1.1. Danh sch cc cn b trc tip tham gia d n
TT H v tn n v cng tc Ghi ch
A. Ch nhim d n:
TS - NCVC Trn Vn Hng
Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
B. Cc cn b tham gia trc tip:
1 ng Quang Thnh Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
2 Nguyn Ngc Lng Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
3 Tng Ch Thnh Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
4 V Xung H Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
5 Nguyn Kh Hu Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
Thc
tp KS
6 Nguyn Vn Hng Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
Thc
tp KS
7 Nguyn Vn Nhm Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
8 Bi Hng Nguyn Vin Raa
Trung tm KHKT&CNQS
9 Nguyn Vn Bng Phng Raa/Cc KT
Qun chng PK-KQ
1.2. Mc lc
I Phn u bo co...........................................................
Trang 3
1.1. Danh sch cc cn b trc tip tham gia d n....................... 3
1.2. Mc lc................................................................................... 4
II. Ni dung bo co............................................................
5
2.1. t vn ............................................................................... 5
2.2. Ni dung chnh ca bo co.................................................... 6
2.3. Kt lun v kin ngh.............................................................. 18
III. Li cm n..........................................................................
19
II. ni dung bo co
2.1. t vn :
Nm 1980 Vin K thut Qun s trin khai thc hin ti cp Vin:
Nghin cu thit k ch to v p dng th b khuch i siu cao tn tp m thp
vo tuyn thu raa di sng 10 cm v c nh gi xut xc, nhng ti
khng c pht trin tip do gp kh khn v vt t linh kin v kinh ph m bo.
Nm 1992 Vin K thut Qun s phi hp vi Vin K thut Phng khng
thc hin ti cp B Quc phng: Nghin cu ch to thay th khi, phn khi,
cm chi tit hay hng hc trong kh ti phng khng bng linh kin v cng ngh
mi, trong vic nghin cu ch to v p dng b khuch i siu cao tn bng
bn dn trng c ni tp nh vo tuyn thu ca i raa cnh gii dn ng lm
vic di sng 10 cm c nh gi tt v c ch lnh cho m ti p dng th.
Nm 1997 Vin K thut Qun s tham gia d n ci tin i raa cnh gii
dn ng 37 (lm vic di sng 10cm) ca Qun chng Phng khng ti Nh
my Quc phng A29 vi ni dung: ci tin tuyn thu cao tn, trong n khuch
i cao tn YB99 c thay th bng b khuch i cao tn bn dn trng tp thp.
Tuy kt qu t c l kh quan, song vn cn nhiu im tn ti nh: nhy
my thu khng ng u cc knh; kh m bo nhy ca knh thu lm vic
pha tn s cao; bn ca b khuch i (kh nng chu ng mc cng sut ln
u vo my thu) khng cao; tin cy lm vic thp Nguyn nhn chnh ca
nhng tn ti l do: Vic nghin cu tnh ton thit k cha hp l, khi thit k
cha thc s bm st cc yu cu tng th v ch tiu k thut v tnh trng hot
ng thc t ca i raa 37; Cng ngh ch to n gin, mang tnh th cng;
Cht lng vt t linh kin khng m bo; Trnh , kinh nghim thc t ca cn
b tham gia thc hin cha cao; S xung cp ca kh ti do thi gian khai thc s
dng di dn n s bin i cc tham s k thut mt cch kh kim sot c
Trn c s cc kt qu t c ca ti nghin cu v d n ci tin
raa, trc nhng yu cu cp bch v vt t thay th ca cc loi kh ti raa, nm
2001 Th trng B Quc phng giao cho Phn vin Raa (Vin Raa ngy nay)
ch tr thc hin d n sn xut th nghim cp Nh nc Hon thin cng ngh
thit k, ch to b khuch i siu cao tn tp thp. Ngy 15 thng 1 nm 2002
B trng B KHCNMT (nay l B KH-CN) ra quyt nh s 49/Q-BKHCNMT
ph duyt d n v d n c trin khai thc hin thng qua Hp ng nghin cu
khoa hc v pht trin cng ngh s 01/2002/H-DAL ngy 24.1.2002 gia B
Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng; B Quc phng v Trung tm Khoa hc, K
thut v Cng ngh Qun s.
Mc tiu ca D n l: Hon thin quy trnh cng ngh ch to b khuch i
siu cao tn tp thp cho raa cnh gii dn ng 37 lm vic di sng 10 cm
v tin ti thc hin thit k ch to cc b khuch i cao tn cho cc i raa lm
vic cc di sng khc ch ng ngun vt t thay th, m bo kh nng chin
u ca cc loi kh ti raa trong qun i ta hin nay.
D n ny tp trung gii quyt cc vn c bn sau:
- Kho st v nh gi chnh xc tnh trng k thut thc t tuyn siu cao
tn ca cc i raa37, trn c s xc nh li ch tiu k thut ca b khuch
i cao tn tp thp cho ph hp.
- Xc nh v xy dng quy trnh tnh ton thit k b khuch i cao tn tp
thp cho raa 37 (bao gm hai phn: mch bo v v mch khuch i siu cao tn
tp thp) trn c s nghin cu ng dng cng ngh v linh kin mi.
- Sn xut 10 b khuch i siu cao tn theo quy trnh tnh ton thit k
xc nh, lp t sn phm vo raa 37 chin u th nghim.
- T chc nh gi kt qu th nghim, trn c s a ra cc kt lun v
kin ngh c th tin hnh trin khai sn xut v a sn phm vo trang b.
2.2. Ni dung chnh ca bo co:
1. Kho st nh gi tnh trng thc tuyn cao tn raa 37:
Raa 37 m bo nhim v pht hin, xc nh to mc tiu v thc
hin dn ng cho khng qun, n c v tr quan trng trong mng cnh gii phng
khng. Tt c cc th h i raa 37 ca ta u do Lin X c sn xut t nhng
nm 60-70 ca th k trc, hin nay hu ht xung cp do qu thi gian khai
thc s dng. Mc ch kho st l a ra nh gi chnh xc thc trng ca
tuyn siu cao tn (tuyn c nh hng trc tip n cht lng v bn ca cc
b khuch i cao tn ca my thu raa), t xy dng ch tiu k thut b khuch
i cao tn tp m thp ca d n cho ph hp. Vic kho st c tin hnh trc
tip trn cc i 37 ca mt s trm raa ca QC PK-KQ nm c ba vng min
t nc v trn cc n KCT YB394 hng c thu hi.
Ni dung kho st:
- Kho st mc cng sut cao tn lt t my pht sang my thu thng qua
thit b chuyn mch anten ca i raa.
- Kho st mt s nh hng c trng ca iu kin mi trng lm vic
n kh nng v cht lng ca n KCT dng bn dn trng (YB394).
- Kho st tn sut hng ca n KCT dng bn dn trng (YB394).
Kt qu kho st cho thy:
V thc hin theo nguyn l chuyn mch r nhnh nn thit b chuyn mch
anten ca raa 37 c nhiu nhc im, mt trong nhng nhc im quan trng
ca loi chuyn mch ny l cng sut ca my pht lt sang pha my thu ln v
y l nguyn nhn ch yu lm hng n KCT nht l cc n s dng bn dn
trng ni tp nh. V cu to, chuyn mch anten raa 37 s dng phn t
chuyn mch l cc n phng in khng c in p mi nn tc chuyn mch
khng nhanh, mc hn ch cng sut khng cao v lp ghp phc tp, v th kh
nng lt cng sut pht vo my thu l rt ln.
n KCT YB394 do LB Nga sn xut, cu to gm hai phn: b KCT
dng bn dn trng ni tp nh v mch bo v trn cc pin it c chc nng bo
v b KCT t mc cng sut 1,3 KW xung v 1W trung bnh u vo. Vi
ngng cng sut u vo nh vy c th khng nh n YB394 khng p ng
c iu kin lm vic thc t trn cc i raa 37 ang c ta hin nay, v kt
qu kho st cho thy mc cng sut u vo my thu u ln hn hoc xp x
bng 1W trung bnh.
Mi trng kh hu ca nc ta cng l mt nguyn nhn quan trng lm nh
hng n cht lng ca n khuch i cao tn, c bit khi m vic x l cng
ngh n YB394 cha tt.
Tn sut hng ca n YB394 rt cao, hn na do c c im cng ngh
ch to nn khi khi n hng chng ta khng th sa cha, phc hi c v th m
hng nm cn phi nhp khu mt s lng ln nYB394.
2. Xy dng ch tiu k thut b KCT tp thp cho my thu i raa 37.
Trn c s kt qu kho st v tham chiu ch tiu k thut ca n KCT
YB394 (ca Nga), xy dng ch tiu k thut b KCT tp thp ca d n m bo
ph hp vi iu kin lm vic thc t raa 37 hin nay.
Ch tiu k thut ca b KCT tp thp:
tt Tn ch tiu vt Gi tr Ghi ch
1 Di tn lm vic GHz 2,7-3,1 Nh n YB394
2 H s khuch i trong di tn lm vic dB 28-32 Nh n YB394
3 H s tp trong di tn lm vic dB
3
Nh n YB394
4 Mc cng sut trung bnh max u vo W 2,0 n YB394 l 1,0
5 Mc cng sut xung max u vo Kw 2,3 n YB394 l 1,3
6 Mc hn ch cng sut tn hiu cao tn dB 28 n YB394 l 20
7 Tn hao thng qua ca b hn ch dB
2,0
n YB394 l 1,6
8 in p ngun nui V +(8-18) n YB394 l +5
9 Dng tiu th mA
100
Nh n YB394
10 Loi u gic vo - ra u N YB394 l u SMA
11 Vt liu lm v hp Nhm YB394: Thp (tn)
12 Dng hp Khi hp
ch nht
13 Kch thc hp (Di x Rng x Cao)mm 150 x 113 x 36
14 Trng lng Kg 0,9 n YB394 l 0,4
15 Thi gian tho, lp trn i raa Pht 3 Nh n YB394
16 S gi lm vic khng hng Gi 1.000 YB394 l 10.000
17 Kh nng sa cha phc hi khi hng
hc.
C kh
nng
YB394 khng c
kh nng sa cha.
18 Di nhit lm vic
0
C T -20
n +70
YB394
-60 n +70
3. C s l thuyt tnh ton thit k b KCT tp thp.
Nhng l thuyt siu cao tn c nu ra y nhm nhc li cc khi nim
c s nht lin quan n tnh ton thit k mch KCT, c th l:
ng truyn siu cao tn vi cc vn c bn: cc hin tng vt l xy
ra trn ng truyn v xc nh cc i lng vt l ca ng truyn siu cao
tn., s phn x sng trn ng truyn, cc dng tn hao trn ng truyn vi di...
Ma trn tn x vi cc ni dung: l thuyt mng hai cng bn cc, cc tnh
cht ca tham s tn x v th dng tn hiu. Ma trn tn x l b tham s quan
trng khi tnh ton thit k mch siu cao tn, bi v y l tham s c lin quan
trc tip n h s phn x, cng sut ca tn hiu truyn trong mch.
Gin Smith: c s xy dng v tnh ton phi hp tr khng trong mng
siu cao tn bng gin Smith.
Khi lng cng vic khi thit k b KCT l rt ln v phc tp i hi
phi c phng php hp l. D n s s dng phng php th da trn gin
Smith tnh ton thit k, bn cht ca phng php ny l da vo tham s tn x
ca linh kin tnh ton trn gin Smith cc thng s ca b khuch i: Min
tr khng u vo, u ra; iu kin lm vic n nh; Cc vng trn h s khuch
i v vng trn h s tp; H s phn x u vo, u ra cng nh cc h s phn
x ngun v h s phn x ti. Kh khn ch yu khi thit k b KCT l tnh ton
phi hp tr khng u vo-ra, phi hp mt tn s ring l th n gin nhng
c mt di tn s lm th rt kh nn i khi phi hy sinh mt yu cu no c
th t c mt b khuch i theo mong mun. Vi mch hn ch cng sut cao
tn cng vy, ngoi nhim v quan trng l bo v n cn gip vic nng cao di
ng ca b khuch i, tuy nhin n cng lm suy hao tn hiu truyn qua v lm
tng h s tp, v vy khi tnh ton cn phi bit hi ho cc ch tiu m vn m
bo c chc nng bo v quan trng ca n.
4. Thit k, ch to b KCT tp thp ng dng trong raa 37.
4.1. Thit k, ch to b KCT tp thp.
Tnh ton thit k mch KCT:
- Chn s khi ca mch KCT.
- Chn linh kin transistor cho mch KCT.
- Tnh s tng khuch i ca mch KCT
- Tnh ton cho tng u vo
- Tnh ton cho tng u ra
- Tnh ton kch thc hp ca b KCT
- Xy dng cc bn v thit k
Ch to b KCT:
- Gia cng mch di cao tn
- Cy dn v hn linh kin
- Gia cng cc chi tit c kh
- Lp rp b KCT.
Kim tra tham s k thut b KCT:
- Kim tra c tuyn bin - tn s (bng my MARCONI6200B)
- Kim tra h s khuch i (bng my pht tn hiu chun 4 - 80)
4.2. Thit k, ch to b hn ch cng sut cao tn.
Tnh ton thit k mch hn ch cng sut:
- Chn s khi ca mch hn ch
- Chn linh kin pin it cho mch hn ch
- Tnh s tng hn ch
- Tnh ton kch thc hp ca b hn ch
- Xy dng cc bn v thit k
Ch to b KCT:
- Gia cng mch di cao tn
- Cy dn v hn linh kin
- Gia cng cc chi tit c kh
- Lp rp b hn ch.
Kim tra tham s k thut b hn ch cng sut cao tn:
- Kim tra tn hao thng qua (bng my MARCONI6200B)
- Kim tra kh nng lm vic ca b hn ch cng sut trn i raa 37.
4.3. Ghp ni h thng v th nghim tng th sn phm.
nh gi tham s k thut v th nghim tng th sn phm:
- nh gi tham s k thut ca sn phm trong phng th nghim.
Cu to ca b KCT tp thp gm hai phn: mch hn ch cng sut v
mch KCT tp thp, hin nay phng th nghim ch o c c tuyn bin
tn s - tc l ch xc nh cc thng s: h s khuch i; di thng v ng u
ca h s khuch i trong di tn lm vic ca sn phm. S o c tuyn bin
tn s bng my o tng hp siu cao tn 6200B:
+12,6V
T c tuyn bin tn s, c cc tham s k thut c th l:
My o tng hp siu cao tn
A Marconi 6200B RF
B
Kct
u tch sng
6230A
Tn s
(GHz)
2, 60 2,71 2,83 2,98 3,01 3,10 3,20
H s K
(dB)
31.5 30,7 31,3 30,1 29,1 29,0 29,2
Di thng f (MHz)
(mc 0,7 gi tr bin max)
560
mp m ca h s khuch i trong di
tn lm vic (2,71-3,10)GHz (dB)
1,7
- nh gi nhy my thu raa 37 khi dng b KCT tp thp.
Lp b khuch i tp m thp vo my thu raa 37 theo trnh t:
1. To ngun cung cp: Ngun cung cp cho b khuch i cao tn c ly
t mch ngun +12,6V1000mA ca t thu PC5M ca raa 37. Ngun nui c
cp n b khuch i qua u gic trung gian loi 2PM18K4581:
- Khoan l thnh bn tri ca t thu PC5M lp u gic 2PM18K4581.
- Hn dy dn (gm hai dy: mt dy t v mt dy ngun +12,6V) t l kim tra
1-5 (+12,6V) ca t thu PC5M n u gic 2PM18K4581.
2. Lp b khuch i cao tn tp m thp vo v tr ca n khuch i YB99
ca raa 37 v c nh bng bn vt M8 ca n YB99.
3. Lp cp u ra ca b chuyn i ng sng-cp ng trc ca i raa vo
u gic vo ca b khuch i.
4. Lp cp u vo b trn BCC ca raa vi u gic ra ca b khuch i.
5. Lp cp ngun cho b khuch i (t u gic 2PM18K4581 bn
tri t thu PC5M).
S lp rp tng th b KCT tp m thp vo tuyn thu i raa 37:
Thit b chuyn mch anten BC
B chuyn i ng
sng sang cp
ng trc 50
B khuch i
cao tn tp m
thp
u
ra
u
vo
u
ra
T thit b thu
PC5M
B trn tn hiu
cao tn BCC
u vo
+12,6V
(L 1-5)
o nhy ton tuyn my thu raa 37: Do iu kin thc t hin nay, cc
my o chuyn dng K4-21A i km theo i raa 37 khng lm vic hoc lm
vic khng tin cy, v vy o nhy my thu raa 37 ta s dng my pht tn
hiu chun 4-80. Vic o nhy ton tuyn c thc hin vi knh thu bin
(knh thu A), s mch o th hin trn hnh v:
My pht 4-80
Thit b chuyn mch anten BC
My thu trung tn knh A
Cc bc thc hin bi o nh sau:
Bc1: Thit lp my pht tn hiu chun 4-80:
- Ni ngun cho my 4-80.
- t ch lm vic ca 4-80 ch pht tn hiu lin tc (H).
- Dng tay quay chn tn s ca 4-80 ph hp vi tn s lm vic ca my
pht tng ng vi knh thu cn o nhy (raa 37 c nm knh thu-pht).
My pht
(b dao ng)
tn s chun
Chn mc cng
sut ra (bng tay
quay suy gim)
Chn tn s
pht (bng
tay quay tn s)
Pht lin tc H
n phng
in bo v
my thu
B chuyn i
ng sng-cp
ng trc 50
B ghp nh
hng. Mc suy
gim: AdB
B KCT tp m thp
Mch khuch i Mch bo v
Tin khuch i
trung tn
B trn
tn hiu cao tn
BCC
Mch khuch
i di rng
Mch khuch i trung tn
knh thu A v mch tch
sng bin
ng h A ch th mt my
- Dng tay quay suy gim t mc cng sut ra ca 4-80 tng ng vi
s ch suy gim ca my l (70-80)dB. Mc ch thit lp cng sut ban u ca
my pht 4-80 mc tng i ln khi pht vo tuyn thu ta cm nhn c r
rng s thay i ca kim ng h A t thu PC5M.
- Ni u ra ca 4-80 vi u vo b ghp nh hng ca thit b chuyn
mch anten ca i raa bng cp o chuyn dng i theo my 4-80.
- Tt ngun cho my 4-80 .
Bc 2: Thit lp my thu raa 37.
- Ni ngun ton b t thu ca i raa.
- Kim tra gi tr cc in p ngun bng ng h ch th A trn mt my.
- Bt cng tc ni ngun +12,6V cho b khuch i cao tn tp m thp.
- Vn chuyn mch o, chuyn mch ch kim tra v chuyn mch ch
lm vic trn mt t thu PC5M v cc v tr tng ng l: (Tch sng
knh A) v (Kim tra my thu) v .
- Vn chit p b tr trn panen mch khuch i trung tn
knh A iu chnh mc tn hiu ra ca mch khuch i trung tn knh thu A sao
cho kim ng h ch th A ch mc 30 vch (y l mc ni tp ca my thu).
Bc 3: o nhy.
- Ni ngun cho my pht 4-80 pht tn hiu lin tc vo my thu.
- Xoay tay quay suy gim mc cng sut ra ca 4-80 cho n khi kim ng
h ch th A ch cc i v tr bng 2/3 thang o ca ng h. Tinh chnh tn s
my pht 4-80 (bng tay quay chn tn s) v tn s b dao ng ngoi sai ca
my thu cho kim ng h A ch cc i. Tip tc xoay tay quay suy gim cng
sut ra ca 4-80 kim ca ng h A ch mc 45 vch, sau c s ch mc
suy gim cng sut ra my 4-80 v k hiu s ch ny l AdB.
- Xc nh gi tr nhy ton tuyn ca my thu:
Gi tr nhy (dB) = [AdB + BdB (Gi r suy gim ca b ghp nh hng) +
2dB (gi tr suy gim ca on cp o)] - 50dB. y, hiu s tr 50dB l v
tnh gi tr nhy theo n v dB/10w ( my o K4-21A mc 0dB tng ng
vi 10W cn my pht 4-80 th mc 0dB tng ng vi 1,0W). Gi tr nhy
xc nh c m 85dB th my thu tt, nu < 85dB th phi sa cha, hiu chnh
li my thu. Kt qu o nhy ton tuyn ca my thu raa 37 vi b khuch i
cao tn tp thp do d n ch to c th hin cc bng sau:
Kt qu o raa 37 trm C42F371 QCPKKQ ngy 16 thng 4 nm 2005:
K hiu
b khuch i
Knh thu, tn s lm vic
(GHz)
Gi tr nhy
(dB)
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,08
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,12 T2H-1.0 - 001 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,06
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,34
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,53 T2H-1.0 - 002 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,00
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,17
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 85,86 T2H-1.0 - 003 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,43
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 86,28 T2H-1.0 - 004 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 86,13
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 85,97 T2H-1.0 - 005 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 85,76
Kt qu o raa 37 trm C43F371 QCPKKQ ngy 20 thng 4 nm 2005:
K hiu
B khuch i
Knh thu, tn s lm vic
(GHz)
Gi tr nhy
(dB)
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,28
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,19 T2H-1.0 - 001 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,02
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,41
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 86,33 T2H-1.0 - 002 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,10
Knh thu s N
0
1; 2,980 85,14
Knh thu s N
0
3; 3,010 85,73 T2H-1.0 - 003 (Bng S
S
)
Knh thu s N
0
4; 3,100 85,44
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 86,25 T2H-1.0 - 004 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 86,37
Knh thu s N
0
2; 2,710 85,88 T2H-1.0 - 005 (Bng S
G
)
Knh thu s N
0
5; 2,830 85,85
Nhn xt kt qu o: Gi tr nhy ca cc knh thu khi lm vic vi b
khuch i tp m thp do d n sn xut iu m bo yu cu ( 85dB). Cc b
khuch i bng S
G
u lm vic tt c hai knh thu s 2 v s 5, cc b bng S
S
cng lm vic tt ba knh thu s 1, s 3 v s 4 (m bo ch tiu nhy ca
ton tuyn thu).
- Th nghim thc t sn phm trn i raa 37.
Phng php: a sn phm vo chin u thc t trn i raa 37 cc n
v, t chc theo di v nh gi kt qu th nghim. Vic th nghim sn phm
gm hai giai on:
Th nghim trong qu trnh thit k. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny nhm hon
thin khu thit k bng yu t thc nghim, n c tin hnh theo cc khi chc
nng ca sn phm (mch hn ch cng sut v mch KCT tp thp). i vi
mch hn ch cng sut, vic th nghim ch yu l nh gi mc hn ch cng
sut ln u vo my thu ca i raa v bn ca cc pin it trc mc cng
sut ln. Vi mch KCT tp thp, nh gi h s tp (thng qua nh gi ch
tiu nhy ca ton tuyn thu) v h s khuch i ca mch KCT. Qu trnh th
nghim ny c chng ti thc hin thng xuyn ti n v trong qu trnh thit
k sn phm, thc t cho thy n tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc xong kt
qu th rt c ngha v n ch ra kp thi nhng vn cn phi khc phc (hiu
chnh li vic tnh ton thit k mch mt s khu) ngay ti cc khi chc nng
ca sn phm.
Th nghim tng th sn phm. Mc ch qu trnh th nghim ny l nh
gi cc ch tiu k chin thut ca sn phm c ch to hon chnh. c s
ng ca Phng Raa/Cc KTPK-KQ v S on Khng qun 371, d n a
sn phm xung hai n v l Trm Raa 42E921F371 v Trm Raa 43E927F371
chin u th nghim trn hai i raa 37. Do iu kin va th nghim va
phi m bo yu cu tc chin thng xuyn ca n v, nn mi i trong thi
gian th nghim ch c lp 01 b KCT tp m thp cho mt knh thu c th. V
sn phm ca d n gm hai loi lm vic hai bng tn khc nhau, nn chn b
lm vic bng tn S
G
th nghim knh thu s hai (2,71GHz) ca i 37 trm
42 cn b lm vic bng tn S
S
th nghim knh thu s bn (3,10GHz) ca i
37 trm 43 m bo nh gi sn phm trong c di tn lm vic ca raa 37.
Thi gian th nghim t 16/6/2005 n 8/8/2005, s gi chin u ca mi b
KCT l 120 gi ( trm 42) v 100 gi ( trm 43). Trong qu trnh th nghim
sn phm lun lm vic n nh vi cc gi tr dng pht (cng sut) ca my pht
khc nhau v l knh chin u chnh ca hai i raa ni trn v l hai knh my
thu c nhy t theo yu cu 85dB, cc knh thu khc ca i do iu kin
chin u lu nn cht lng n KCT (YB99; YB394) khng cn tt, v th
nhy ton tuyn ca my thu khng m bo theo yu cu.
Sau thi gian th nghim, trc khi thu hi sn phm t kim tra tin hnh
kim tra li nhy ton tuyn ca my thu. Kt qu kim tra cho thy b KCT
tp thp vn lm vic bnh thng, nhy ton tuyn ca my thu khng b suy
gim so vi lc ban u (86dB vi knh thu s 2 v 85dB vi knh thu s 4). Kt
qu th nghim sn phm c xc nh bng cc vn bn php l, t kt qu c
th khng nh sn phm m bo c cc ch tiu k thut ra, p ng c
cc iu kin lm vic trn cc raa 37 ca ta hin nay.
5. Xy dng quy trnh thit k, ch to, kim tra, lp t sn phm.
6. Tnh hnh thc hin d n so vi Hp ng.
6.1. V mc hon thnh cng vic: D n thc hin xong ton b cc ni dung
theo ng cc iu khon ca Hp ng, cc sn phm c th ca d n gm:
- Ti liu: C 01 b ti liu m t quy trnh cng ngh thit k, ch to b
khuch i cao tn tp m thp, bao gm: Quy trnh thit k b KCT tp thp;
Quy trnh thit k b hn ch cng sut cao tn; Quy trnh ch to sn phm; Quy
trnh kim tra, hiu chnh sn phm; Quy trnh lp t v s dng sn phm tuyn
thu i raa 37.
- Thit b: C 10 b sn phm b KCT tp thp (b KCT tp m thp v
b hn ch cng sut cao tn) hon chnh dng cho tuyn thu cao tn i raa 37.
6.2. V cc yu cu khoa hc v ch tiu c bn ca cc sn phm KHCN:
Cc sn phm KHCN ca d n u m bo tnh khoa hc v cc ch tiu k
thut c bn c xc nh Hp ng:
Mc cht lng
Mu tng t
T
T
Tn sn phm
Ch tiu cht lng ch yu
n
v
o
Cn t
Trong nc LB Nga
A. B KCT tp m thp:
1 Di tn lm vic GHz
2,7 3,1 2,7 3,1 2,7 3,1
2 H s khuch i trong di tn dB
28 32 28 32 23 30
3 H s tp m dB
3 3 3
4 Mc cng sut trung bnh max
u vo ca b khuch i
W
2 2 1
B. B quy trnh thit k, ch to sn phm:
- Hp l, khoa hc v y cc ni dung.
- D hiu v d thc hin.
- Hon ton ph hp vi kh nng cng ngh hin nay ca Vit Nam.
6.3. V tin thc hin:
- Tin thc hin theo Hp ng: T 01.2002 n 07.2003 - (18 thng).
- Tin thc hin trn thc t: T 02.2002 n 11.2005 - (46 thng).
6.4. V nhng ni dung ng gp mi ca d n:
Gii php KH-CN:
D n c t chc trin khai ng b theo quy trnh: thit k - ch to -
kim tra nh gi cht lng - th nghim sn phm, vi th t cc bc c th sau:
- Kho st nh gi tnh trng k thut thc t ca kh ti raa 37 - mi trng ng
dng sn phm ca d n.
- Trn c s kt qu kho st thc t, xy dng mi v hon thin b ch tiu tnh
nng chin k thut ca sn phm cho ph hp.
- Tnh ton thit k sn phm trn c s nghin cu s dng mt s modul phn
mm thit k mch siu cao tn ca cc nc pht trin.
- Cng ngh ch to sn phm: s dng dy truyn gia cng mch di siu cao
tn hin i mi c nhp vo Vit Nam (Trng H Bch khoa H Ni)
- Kim tra, nh gi, th nghim sn phm theo hai giai on: trong phng th
nghim (c thc hin lin tc t khi ch to cc phn t n cho n sn phm
hon chnh) v giai on th nghim trn i raa (theo di, nh gi kh nng lm
vic, tin cy ca sn phm trong qu trnh hot ng thc t).
D n xy dng c b quy trnh thit k, ch to sn phm p ng
c mc ch Hon thin cng ngh thit k, ch to b KCT tp m thp.
Phng php nghin cu:
- Xy dng nhim v chin - k thut cho b sn phm ca da n.
- Xy dng lun c khoa hc y , cht ch.
- Kt hp yu cu chin thut vi cc gii php k thut.
- Kt hp tnh ton l thuyt vi thit k m phng.
- Thit k lp li nhiu ln, ln sau c b sung v hon chnh hn ln trc.
- Thit k theo hng chun ho chc nng v modul ho sn phm.
- Tin hnh nh gi, th nghim tng cng on vi tng sn phm ring r
trc khi tch hp chng thnh sn phm chung ca d n.
- Kt hp s dng cc kt qu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc
- ng dng nhanh vo thc t.
Nhng ng gp mi khc:
- Tip cn v lm ch phng php nghin cu thit k, ch to cc loi sn
phm siu cao tn (tch cc v th ng) trn c s s dng cc cng c hin i.
- Xy dng c cc bi m phng, bi th nghim phc v vic o to nng
cao trnh thc hnh ca cc cn b nghin cu.
- Xy dng 02 chuyn phc v thc tp k s, thc tp tt nghip.
- Cng b mt phn kt qu nghin cu trn 01 bi bo.
2.3. Kt lun v kin ngh:
Kt lun: Qua hn ba nm thc hin, d n hon thnh ton b cc ni
dung theo yu cu, t c mc tiu ra. Sn phm ca d n (cc b KCT tp
thp T2H-1.0) thay th c cho cc b KCT ca Nga (YB99; YB394) cc
raa 37 ca ta hin nay. Nhng kt qu khoa hc chnh m d n t c l:
1. Tin hnh kho st v nh gi chnh xc tnh trng k thut thc t tuyn
siu cao tn ca cc i raa 37 hin c, t xy dng ch tiu k thut b
KCT tp thp cn thit k ch to cho ph hp. Cc ch tiu k thut ca b KCT
l c s (u bi) ca bi ton tnh ton thit k, ch to sn phm.
2. D n gii thiu mt s c s ca l thuyt siu cao tn phc v cho
vic nghin cu tnh ton thit k, ch to sn phm nh: Cc kin thc v ng
truyn sng, m hnh vt l v cc tham s s cp cng nh hin tng vt l xy ra
trn ng truyn trong qu trnh tuyn sng. Cc kin thc v l thuyt mng hai
cng, ma trn tn x, th dng tn hiu, gin Smith, phng php phi hp tr
khng bng th SmithCc kin thc v mch hn ch cng sut cao tn: c s
l thuyt tnh ton thit k b chuyn mch - hn ch cng sut cao tn, m hnh cc
b chuyn mch - hn ch cng sut cao tn v cc iu kin ng dng ca n.
3. Hon chnh quy trnh tnh ton thit k b KCT s dng linh kin bn
dn c ni tp nh, bao gm hai phn: mch bo v v mch KCT tp thp. Quy
trnh thit k c thc hin trn c s s dng cng c gin Smith v b tham
s k thut ca cc vt t linh kin c chn (transistor trng; pin it; mch di
cao tn). nghin cu cu s dng mt s modul phn mm thit k mch siu
cao tn trong cc bc tnh ton ca quy trnh.
4. Hon chnh quy trnh ch to sn phm trn c s iu kin cng ngh
hin c ti Vit Nam.
5. Xy dng quy trnh kim tra v hiu chnh tham s k thut ca sn phm
trong phng th nghim v thc t trn i raa 37.
6. Cc b KCT tp thp (mi b) do d n ch to m bo tt cc ch
tiu k thut ra. Sn phm c hot ng th nghim thc t trn cc i raa
37 ca Qun chng PK-KQ khng nh kh nng lm vic tt, cu hnh ph
hp v tnh thun tin khi s dng.
7. Trong vic nghin cu thit k, ch to ra b KCT tp thp s dng cho
tuyn thu ca i raa 37, phn khuch i tuy kh nhng phn hn ch cng sut
cao tn cng kh hn v n va phi c kh nng hn ch mc cao cng sut cao
tn lt t my pht sang vn rt ln bo v mch khuch i cao tn tp thp, li
va m c tn hao cao tn rt nh khi thu m bo ch tiu nhy ca ton
tuyn thu. C th ni, vic nghin cu tm ra gii php thit k ch to b hn ch
cng sut cao tn ph hp vi tnh trng ca cc i raa 37 ca ta hin nay l
im mu cht dn n s thnh cng ca d n ny.
8. Vic trin khai thc hin thnh cng D n ny em li nhng kt qu
tch cc, l: To ra c nhng cn b nghin cu bit cch lm thit k, ch to
mt loi sn phm siu cao tn ng dng cho mt loi kh ti raa, t khng nh
tnh ch ng hon ton v k thut v cng ngh i vi sn phm. Trn c s ,
c th ch ng thit k ch to cc loi sn phm tng t ng dng cho nhiu
chng loi kh ti khc. y l nhng kt qu mang nhiu ngha trong iu kin
hin nay khi m ngun vt t thay th cho cc kh ti ngy cng khan him.
Kin ngh: Chng ti xin c ngh Hi ng nghim thu cc cp tin
hnh nh gi nghim thu d n v cho php sn phm ca d n c ng dng
vo thc t gp phn gii quyt cc kh khn do thiu ngun vt t thay th trong
cc kh ti raa 37 hin nay.
III. li cm n
Trong sut qu trnh trin khai thc hin, d n lun nhn c s quan tm
ng h nhit tnh v hiu qu ca cc ngnh, cc cp ca B KH - CN; B QP; cc
n v phi hp v cc ng nghip. iu to iu kin rt thun li d n
thnh cng. Nhm thc hin d n - Vin Raa/Trung tm KHKT&CNQS xin chn
thnh cm n tt c nhng s ng h !